1.
Elmwood, Illinois
–
Elmwood is a city in Peoria County, Illinois, United States. The population was 1,945 at the 2000 census, Elmwood is part of the Peoria, Illinois Metropolitan Statistical Area. Growth in the city of Peoria is extending towards Elmwood, in addition to the village of Dunlap, the settlement is named after the mansion of William J. Phelps. There are plans to some of their most treasured buildings, such as the community center. Although Elmwood suffered a great deal from the tornado, many town businesses re-opened, Elmwood is located at 40°46′42″N 89°58′6″W. According to the 2010 census, Elmwood has an area of 1.43 square miles. As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 1,945 people,772 households, the population density was 1,577.1 people per square mile. There were 806 housing units at a density of 653.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 98. 71% White,0. 15% African American,0. 36% Native American,0. 15% Asian,0. 05% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 82% of the population. 24. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.99. In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 26. 5% under the age of 18,6. 1% from 18 to 24,27. 8% from 25 to 44,22. 8% from 45 to 64, the median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 88.5 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.8 males. The median income for a household in the city was $44,500, males had a median income of $37,981 versus $22,557 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,797, about 2. 4% of families and 2. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2. 6% of those under age 18 and 3. 5% of those age 65 or over. Elmwood is mentioned in Life and Times of Fredrick Douglass, Frederick Douglass gave a lecture in early February 1871 on one of the frostiest and coldest nights I have ever experienced. Needing a place to stay in Peoria the following night, Elmwood citizen E. R. Brown suggested to Douglass that orator Robert J. Ingersoll would gladly open his doors to you, Life and Times of Fredirick Douglass, p.536. Lorado Taft, sculptor, born in Elmwood L. R
2.
Illinois
–
Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
3.
Chicago
–
Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
4.
United States House of Representatives
–
The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
5.
United States Senate
–
The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
6.
Paul Douglas
–
Paul Howard Douglas was an American politician and Georgist economist. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a U. S, Senator from Illinois for eighteen years, from 1949 to 1967. During his Senate career, he was a prominent member of the liberal coalition, born in Massachusetts and raised in Maine, Douglas graduated from Bowdoin College and Columbia University. He served as a professor of economics at several schools, most notably the University of Chicago, during World War II, he served in the U. S. Marine Corps, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel and becoming known as a war hero. He was married to Emily Taft Douglas, a U. S, Douglas was born on March 26,1892 in the city of Salem, Massachusetts. When he was four, his mother died of natural causes, Douglas graduated from Bowdoin College with a Phi Beta Kappa key in 1913. He then moved on to Columbia University, where he earned a degree in 1915. In 1915, he married Dorothy Wolff, a graduate of Bryn Mawr College who also earned a Ph. D. at Columbia University, from 1915 to 1920, the Douglases moved six times. When working for the Emergency Fleet Corporation, he read John Woolmans journals, when teaching in Seattle, he joined the Religious Society of Friends. In 1919, Douglas took a job teaching economics at the University of Chicago, although Douglas enjoyed his job, his wife was unable to obtain a job at the university due to anti-nepotism rules. When she obtained a job at Smith College, in Massachusetts and he would then start teaching at Amherst College. Douglas soon decided that the situation was untenable and, in 1930. The following year, Douglas met and married Emily Taft Douglas, daughter of sculptor Lorado Taft, Emily was a political activist, former actress, and subsequent one-term congresswoman at-large from Illinois. Douglas was listed as a supporter of banking reforms suggested by University of Chicago economists in 1933 that were referred to as the Chicago plan. In 1939, he coauthored with five other notable economists a draft proposal titled A Program for Monetary Reform, the Chicago plan and A Program for Monetary Reform generated much interest and discussion among lawmakers, but the suggested reforms did not result in any new legislation. Douglas is probably best-known to economics students as the co-author of the 1928 article with Charles Cobb that first laid out the Cobb-Douglas production function, as the 1920s drew to a close, Douglas got more involved in politics. He served as an advisor to Republican Governor Gifford Pinchot of Pennsylvania. Along with Chicago lawyer Harold L. Ickes, he launched a campaign against public utility tycoon Samuel Insulls stock market manipulations, working with the state legislature, he helped draft laws regulating utilities and establishing old-age pensions and unemployment insurance
7.
President of the United States
–
The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
8.
William Howard Taft
–
William Howard Taft served as the 27th President of the United States and as the tenth Chief Justice of the United States, the only person to have held both offices. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Taft to be chief justice, Taft was born in Cincinnati in 1857. His father, Alphonso Taft, was a U. S. Attorney General, William Taft attended Yale and was a member of Skull and Bones secret society like his father, and after becoming a lawyer was appointed a judge while still in his twenties. He continued a rapid rise, being named Solicitor General and as a judge of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, in 1901, President William McKinley appointed Taft civilian governor of the Philippines. In 1904, Roosevelt made him Secretary of War, and he became Roosevelts hand-picked successor, despite his personal ambition to become chief justice, Taft declined repeated offers of appointment to the Supreme Court of the United States, believing his political work to be more important. With Roosevelts help, Taft had little opposition for the Republican nomination for president in 1908, in the White House, he focused on East Asia more than European affairs, and repeatedly intervened to prop up or remove Latin American governments. Taft sought reductions to trade tariffs, then a source of governmental income. Controversies over conservation and over antitrust cases filed by the Taft administration served to separate the two men. Roosevelt challenged Taft for renomination in 1912, Taft used his control of the party machinery to gain a bare majority of delegates, and Roosevelt bolted the party. The split left Taft with little chance of re-election, he took only Utah, after leaving office, Taft returned to Yale as a professor, continuing his political activity and working against war through the League to Enforce Peace. In 1921, President Harding appointed Taft as chief justice, an office he had long sought, Chief Justice Taft was a conservative on business issues, but under him, there were advances in individual rights. In poor health, he resigned in February 1930, after his death the next month, he was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, the first president and first Supreme Court justice to be interred there. Taft is generally listed near the middle in historians rankings of U. S. presidents, William Howard Taft was born September 15,1857 in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Alphonso Taft and Louise Torrey. The Taft family was not wealthy, living in a modest home in the suburb of Mount Auburn, Alphonso served as a judge, ambassador and in the cabinet, as War Secretary and Attorney General under Ulysses S. Grant. William Taft was not seen as brilliant as a child, but was a worker, Tafts demanding parents pushed him and his four brothers toward success. He attended Woodward High School in Cincinnati, at Yale College, which he entered in 1874, the heavyset, jovial Taft was popular. One classmate described him succeeding through hard work rather than being the smartest, in 1878, Taft graduated, second in his class out of 121. He attended Cincinnati Law School, and graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1880, while in law school, he worked on The Cincinnati Commercial newspaper, edited by Murat Halstead
9.
Fountain of the Great Lakes
–
It is a bronze work of art created between 1907-1913. The fountain depicts five women arranged so that the flows through them in the same way water passes through the Great Lakes. The Fountain is one of Tafts best known works, the fountain was originally installed facing south where it remained until 1963 when it was moved next to the Morton Wing addition facing west where it sits today. In its original location it was visible from the Jackson and Michigan Avenue intersection once known as route center to the south, the fountain was commissioned by the Benjamin Ferguson fund and one surface references the title B. F. Ferguson Fountain of the Great Lakes. There is a sculpture of Benjamin Ferguson on the rear panel that has been hidden from view since the fountain was moved. As the first commission from the Ferguson Fund, it experienced various funding delays, additionally, the legal environment for land use in Grant Park was in flux at the time the commission was made, which caused delays in location selection. Once erected, the fountain received largely positive reviews, but a few critics questioned symbolism of the sculpture, others were caught up in sociopolitical subtexts of the day, with regard to obscenity laws as it related to public art and this semi-nude work. Benjamin Fergusons 1905 $1 million charitable trust gift to memorialize events in American History funded The Fountain, by September 1905 his name was linked in the press to the fund as a possible deserving recipient of its first commission. During the 1905–1906 year he began to place emphasis on sculpture in the classes he taught at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. In Spring 1902, Taft had assigned his students a work entitled Spirit of the Great Lakes, five women had molded individual figures in response to an assignment and joined them in a tiered group with an imagined waterflow from the containers that they held. By mid-January 1906, Taft cast a version, which he exhibited to Ferguson Fund Trestee Charles L. Hitchinson on January 17 at Tafts Midway Studios. By the end of January, The Art Institute of Chicago displayed the work during its annual local works exhibition. The Municipal art League exhibition Chairperson, Mrs. William F. Grower, however, even after the probate court released the bequest to the trustees on May 23,1906, no commission was made because the trustees were undecided between a statuary and a portrait commission. Additionally, Grant Park has been protected since 1836 by forever open, clear, aaron Montgomery Ward twice sued the city of Chicago to force it to remove buildings and structures from Grant Park and to keep it from building new ones. The second suit was pending in 1906 and the legal cloud regarding deliberations of architectural limitations in Grant Park caused inaction. However, by the end of 1907 Taft and his connections with the Trust Fund resolved his commission, on October 31,1907, the Ferguson Trust Board voted Taft a commission, and on December 16, he signed a $38,000 contract to commence work. The commission was the first commission from the Ferguson fund, despite the financial agreement it would be some time before a determination of a site for the work. Wards suit continued to loom over the deliberations, the 1909 Art Institute annual report mentioned a proposal for a sunken garden with a focal fountain south of the Institute
10.
Lorado Taft Midway Studios
–
The Lorado Taft Midway Studios consist of a converted and relocated barn that became the art studio of Lorado Taft, one of the early 20th centurys most important sculptors. It sits in the Woodlawn community area of Chicago, Illinois, in 1906, Taft moved his main studio from the Chicago Loop to a brick barn near the Midway Plaisance. Later, he connected a pair of frame barns to the building to serve as male and female dormitories. The structure was redesigned by the firm of Pond and Pond to contain 13 studios for Taft. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark on December 21,1965 and it is one of the four Chicago Registered Historic Places from the original October 15,1966 National Register of Historic Places list. On December 1,1993, it was named a Chicago Landmark, today, the building is home to the universitys Department of Visual Arts and Creative Writing program, and has been renovated to be classrooms, offices, and studios for students and faculty
11.
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
–
The University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, also known as U of I, University of Illinois, UIUC, or simply Illinois, is a public research-intensive university in the U. S. state of Illinois. Founded in 1867 as a land-grant institution in the cities of Champaign and Urbana, it is the flagship campus of the University of Illinois system. In fiscal year 2015, total research expedentures at Illinois totaled $640 million, the campus library system possesses the second-largest university library in the United States after Harvard University. The university also hosts the National Center for Supercomputing Applications and is home to the fastest supercomputer on a university campus, the university comprises 17 colleges that offer more than 150 programs of study. Additionally, the university operates an extension that offers programs to more than 1.5 million registrants per year around the state of Illinois. The university holds 647 buildings on 4,552 acres and its operating budget in 2016 was over $2 billion. Even though Illinois is a university, only about 12% of the budget comes from the state. Between several cities, Urbana was selected in 1867 as the site for the new school, the University opened for classes on March 2,1868, and had two faculty members and 77 students. Gregory is largely credited with establishing the University as it is today, Gregorys grave is on the Urbana campus, between Altgeld Hall and the Henry Administration Building. His headstone reads, If you seek his monument, look about you, the Library, which opened with the school in 1868, started with 1,039 volumes. Subsequently, President Edmund J. James, in a speech to the Board of Trustees in 1912 and it is now one of the worlds largest public academic collections. In 1870, the Mumford House was constructed as a farmhouse for the schools experimental farm. The Mumford House remains the oldest structure on campus, the original University Hall was the fourth building built, it stood where the Illini Union stands today. During the Presidency of Edmund J. James, James is credited for building the foundation of the large Chinese international student population on campus, on June 11,1929, the Alma Mater statue was unveiled. The Alma Mater was established by donations by the Alumni Fund, the University replaced the original university hall with Gregory Hall and the Illini Union. After World War II, the university experienced rapid growth, the enrollment doubled and the academic standing improved. This period was marked by large growth in the Graduate College and increased federal support of scientific. During the 1950s and ’60s the university experienced the turmoil common on many American campuses, among these were the water fights of the fifties and sixties
12.
Homeschooling
–
Homeschooling, also known as home education, is the education of children inside the home. Home education is conducted by a parent or tutor. Many families that start out with a formal structure at home often switch to less formal ways of imparting education outside of school. Homeschooling is the commonly used in North America, whereas home education is more commonly used in the United Kingdom, elsewhere in Europe. Before the introduction of school attendance laws, most childhood education was imparted by the family or community. In several countries homeschooling, in the sense, is considered to be an alternative to attending public or private schools and is a legal option for parents. In other nations, homeschooling is considered illegal or restricted to conditions, as noted in the Homeschooling international status. According to the US National Household Education Surveys, about three percent of all children in the US were homeschooled in the 2011 and 2012 school year, and as of 2016, there are about 2.3 million home-schooled students in the United States. The studies found that of children,83 percent were White,5 percent were Black,7 percent were Hispanic. For much of history and in cultures, enlisting professional teachers was an option available only to the elite social classes. Thus, until recently, the vast majority of people, especially during early childhood, were educated by family members, family friends. The earliest public schools in modern Western culture were established in the early 16th century in the German states of Gotha and Thuringia. However, even in the 18th century, the majority of people in Europe lacked formal schooling, meaning they were homeschooled, tutored, in the middle colonies, the educational situation varied when comparing New York with New England until the 1850s. Formal schooling in a classroom setting has been the most common means of schooling throughout the world, especially in developed countries, since the early-, native Americans, who traditionally used homeschooling and apprenticeship, vigorously resisted compulsory education in the United States. Rushdoony was frequently called as a witness by the Home School Legal Defense Association in court cases. During this time, American educational professionals Raymond and Dorothy Moore began to research the academic validity of the rapidly growing Early Childhood Education movement. This research included independent studies by researchers and a review of over 8,000 studies bearing on early childhood education. They asserted that formal schooling before ages 8–12 not only lacked the anticipated effectiveness, the Moores published their view that formal schooling was damaging young children academically, socially, mentally, and even physiologically
13.
Bachelor's degree
–
A bachelors degree or baccalaureate is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to seven years. In some institutions and educational systems, some bachelors degrees can only be taken as graduate or postgraduate degrees after a first degree has been completed. The term bachelor in the 12th century referred to a knight bachelor, by the end of the 13th century, it was also used by junior members of guilds or universities. By folk etymology or wordplay, the word came to be associated with bacca lauri in reference to laurels being awarded for academic success or honours. An honours degree generally requires an academic standard than a pass degree. In most African countries, the university systems follow the model of their former colonizing power, for example, the Nigerian university system is similar to the British system, while the Ivorian system is akin to the French. The degree is typically identical to the program of Frances universities, bachelors degree programs cover most of the fields in Algerian universities, except some fields, such as Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science. Bachelors degrees at the University of Botswana normally take four years, the system draws on both British and American models. Degrees are classified as First Class, Second Class Division One, Second Class Division Two and Third as in English degrees, but without being described as honours. The main degrees are named by British tradition, but in recent years there have been a numbers of degrees named after specific subjects, such as Bachelor of Library, in Morocco, a bachelors degree is referred to as al-ʾijāzah. The course of study takes three years, which are divided into two cycles. The first cycle comprises the first, or propaedeutic, year, after successfully completing their first two years, students can pursue either theoretical specialization or professional specialization. The second cycle is one long, after whose completion students receive the licence détudes fondamentales or the licence professionnelle. This academic degree system was introduced in September 2003, University admission is extremely competitive, with attendant advantages and disadvantages. Nonetheless, it takes four to five years to complete a bachelors degree, in cases of poor performance, the time limit is double the standard amount of time. For example, one may not study for more than 10 years for a five-year course, students are normally asked to leave if they must take longer. B. Arch. and other specialized undergraduate degrees, such as B. Eng, Science undergraduate degrees may require six months or a semester dedicated to SIWES but it is usually mandatory for all engineering degrees. A semester for project work/thesis is required, not excluding course work, the classifications of degrees, first-class, second-class, third-class and a pass
14.
Augustin-Alexandre Dumont
–
Augustin-Alexandre Dumont, known as Auguste Dumont was a French sculptor. He was one of a line of famous sculptors, the great-grandson of Pierre Dumont, son of Jacques-Edme Dumont. In 1818, he started studies at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, in 1823, he was awarded the Prix de Rome for his sculptures, and went to study at the French Academy in Rome. In 1830, he returned to France, in 1853 he became a teacher at the École des Beaux-Arts. A disease kept him from working after 1875, histoire, doctrines, catalogue, École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, Paris,2003, p.146 Media related to Augustin-Alexandre Dumont at Wikimedia Commons
15.
Jean-Marie Bonnassieux
–
Jean-Marie Bienaimé Bonnassieux was a French sculptor. The son of a cabinet maker from Lyon, Bonnassieux showed talent as a boy and was educated at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, Paris, in 1836 he was the co-winner of the Prix de Rome, then completed his education in Rome under the direction of Ingres. Bonnassieux subsequently taught at the Ecole, and among his students in the 1880s was the young American Lorado Taft, and the British-American sculptor Henry Hudson Kitson. Bonnassieux is set in the context of rigid French academic training in the 19th century in a study of the careers of seventeen winners of the Prix de Rome by A. Le Normand, La Tradition Classique et lEsprit Romantique, Les sculpteurs de lacadémie de France à Rome de 1824 à1840, Bonnassieux is buried at Montparnasse Cemetery. Monument at the tomb of Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, Père Lachaise Cemetery,1868 architectural work at the Palais de Justice, Paris,1868 figure of Archbishop of Paris Georges Darboy, St
16.
Salon (Paris)
–
The Salon, or rarely Paris Salon, beginning in 1667 was the official art exhibition of the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Between 1748 and 1890 it was arguably the greatest annual or biennial art event in the Western world, at the 1761 Salon, thirty-three painters, nine sculptors, and eleven engravers contributed. From 1881 onward, it has been managed by the Société des Artistes Français, in 1667, the royally sanctioned French institution of art patronage, the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture, held its first semi-public art exhibit at the Salon Carré. The Salons original focus was the display of the work of recent graduates of the École des Beaux-Arts, exhibition at the Salon de Paris was essential for any artist to achieve success in France for at least the next 200 years. Exhibition in the Salon marked a sign of royal favor, in 1725, the Salon was held in the Palace of the Louvre, when it became known as Salon or Salon de Paris. In 1737, the exhibitions, held from 18 August 1737 to 5 September 1737 at the Grand Salon of the Louvre and they were held, at first, annually, and then biennially, in odd-numbered years. They would start on the feast day of St. Louis, once made regular and public, the Salons status was never seriously in doubt. In 1748 a jury of awarded artists was introduced, from this time forward, the influence of the Salon was undisputed. The Salon exhibited paintings floor-to-ceiling and on every inch of space. The jostling of artwork became the subject of other paintings. Printed catalogues of the Salons are primary documents for art historians, critical descriptions of the exhibitions published in the gazettes mark the beginning of the modern occupation of art critic. The French revolution opened the exhibition to foreign artists, the vernissage of opening night was a grand social occasion, and a crush that gave subject matter to newspaper caricaturists like Honoré Daumier. Charles Baudelaire, Denis Diderot and others wrote reviews of the Salons, the 1848 revolution liberalized the Salon. The amount of refused works was greatly reduced, the increasingly conservative and academic juries were not receptive to the Impressionist painters, whose works were usually rejected, or poorly placed if accepted. The Salon opposed the Impressionists shift away from traditional painting styles, in 1863 the Salon jury turned away an unusually high number of the submitted paintings. An uproar resulted, particularly from regular exhibitors who had been rejected, in order to prove that the Salons were democratic, Napoleon III instituted the Salon des Refusés, containing a selection of the works that the Salon had rejected that year. It opened on 17 May 1863, marking the birth of the avant-garde, the Impressionists held their own independent exhibitions in 1874,1876,1877,1879,1880,1881,1882 and 1886. In 1881, the government withdrew official sponsorship from the annual Salon, in December 1890, the leader of the Société des Artistes Français, William-Adolphe Bouguereau, propagated the idea that Salon should be an exhibition of young, not-yet awarded, artists
17.
School of the Art Institute of Chicago
–
The School of the Art Institute of Chicago is one of Americas largest accredited independent schools of art and design. It is located in the Loop in Chicago, Illinois, the school is associated with the museum of the same name, and The Art Institute of Chicago or Chicago Art Institute often refers to either entity. Providing degrees at the undergraduate and graduate levels, SAIC has been recognized by U. S, additionally it is accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board. Its downtown Chicago campus consists of seven buildings located in the vicinity of the AIC building. SAIC is in an partnership with the AIC and share many administrative resources such as design, construction. The campus, located in the Loop, comprises three buildings, the Michigan, the Sharp, and the Columbus. SAIC also owns additional buildings throughout Chicago that are used as student galleries or investments, the institute has its roots in the 1866 founding of the Chicago Academy of Design, which local artists established in rented rooms on Clark Street. It was financed by member dues and patron donations, four years later, the school moved into its own Adams Street building, which was destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Because of the financial and managerial problems after this loss, business leaders in 1878 formed a board of trustees. They expanded its mission beyond education and exhibitions to include collecting, in 1882, the academy was renamed the Art Institute of Chicago. The banker Charles L. Hutchinson served as its president until his death in 1924. Chancellor Walter E. Massey served as president from 2010–July 2016, the current president is Elissa Tenny, formerly the schools provost. SAIC also serves as a resource for issues related to the position, the primary mission of the program is to educate and foster a greater understanding and appreciation of contemporary art through discourse. VAP maintains a commitment to ethnic and gender diversity, it has been at the forefront of the movement toward a more socially engaged. Additionally, the Distinguished Alumni Series brings alumni back to the community to present their work, recent alumni speakers include Tania Bruguera, Jenni Sorkin, Kori Newkirk, Maria Martinez-Cañas, Saya Woolfalk, Jun Nguyen-Hatsushiba, and Sanford Biggers to name a few. Sullivan Galleries- Located to the 7th floor of the Sullivan Center at 33 S, with shows and projects often led by faculty or student curators, it is a teaching gallery that engages the exhibition process as a pedagogical model and mode of research. Student Union Galleries - Founded in 1994, The Student Union Galleries is SAICs fully student-run gallery system, paid student directors maintain the galleries with assistance from a faculty adviser. A volunteer student committee assists in maintenance and the selection of exhibitions and they have two locations, The LeRoy Neiman Gallery of the 37 South Wabash Avenue building, and Gallery X of the 280 South Columbus Drive building
18.
University of Chicago
–
The University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois. It holds top-ten positions in national and international rankings and measures. The university currently enrolls approximately 5,700 students in the College, Chicagos physics department helped develop the worlds first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction beneath the viewing stands of universitys Stagg Field. The university is home to the University of Chicago Press. With an estimated date of 2020, the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be housed at the university. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicagos curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences, the University of Chicago has many prominent alumni. 92 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the university as professors, students, faculty, or staff, similarly,34 faculty members and 16 alumni have been awarded the MacArthur “Genius Grant”. Rockefeller on land donated by Marshall Field, while the Rockefeller donation provided money for academic operations and long-term endowment, it was stipulated that such money could not be used for buildings. The original physical campus was financed by donations from wealthy Chicagoans like Silas B, Cobb who provided the funds for the campus first building, Cobb Lecture Hall, and matched Marshall Fields pledge of $100,000. Organized as an independent institution legally, it replaced the first Baptist university of the same name, william Rainey Harper became the modern universitys first president on July 1,1891, and the university opened for classes on October 1,1892. The business school was founded thereafter in 1898, and the law school was founded in 1902, Harper died in 1906, and was replaced by a succession of three presidents whose tenures lasted until 1929. During this period, the Oriental Institute was founded to support, in 1896, the university affiliated with Shimer College in Mount Carroll, Illinois. The agreement provided that either party could terminate the affiliation on proper notice, several University of Chicago professors disliked the program, as it involved uncompensated additional labor on their part, and they believed it cheapened the academic reputation of the university. The program passed into history by 1910, in 1929, the universitys fifth president, Robert Maynard Hutchins, took office, the university underwent many changes during his 24-year tenure. In 1933, Hutchins proposed a plan to merge the University of Chicago. During his term, the University of Chicago Hospitals finished construction, also, the Committee on Social Thought, an institution distinctive of the university, was created. Money that had been raised during the 1920s and financial backing from the Rockefeller Foundation helped the school to survive through the Great Depression, during World War II, the university made important contributions to the Manhattan Project. The university was the site of the first isolation of plutonium and of the creation of the first artificial, in the early 1950s, student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood
19.
World's Columbian Exposition
–
The Worlds Columbian Exposition was a worlds fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbuss arrival in the New World in 1492. The centerpiece of the Fair, the water pool, represented the long voyage Columbus took to the New World. Chicago bested New York City, Washington, D. C. the Exposition was an influential social and cultural event and had a profound effect on architecture, sanitation, the arts, Chicagos self-image, and American industrial optimism. The layout of the Chicago Columbian Exposition was, in part, designed by John Wellborn Root, Daniel Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted. It was the prototype of what Burnham and his colleagues thought a city should be and it was designed to follow Beaux Arts principles of design, namely French neoclassical architecture principles based on symmetry, balance, and splendor. The color of the generally used to cover the buildings facades gave the fairgrounds its nickname. Many prominent architects designed its 14 great buildings, artists and musicians were featured in exhibits and many also made depictions and works of art inspired by the exposition. The exposition covered more than 600 acres, featuring nearly 200 new buildings of predominantly neoclassical architecture, canals and lagoons, more than 27 million people attended the exposition during its six-month run. Dedication ceremonies for the fair were held on October 21,1892, the fair continued until October 30,1893. On October 9,1893, the day designated as Chicago Day, the debt for the fair was soon paid off with a check for $1.5 million. Chicago has commemorated the fair one of the stars on its municipal flag. Schwab, Chicago railroad and manufacturing magnate John Whitfield Bunn, and Connecticut banking, insurance, the fair was planned in the early 1890s during the Gilded Age of rapid industrial growth, immigration, and class tension. Worlds fairs, such as Londons 1851 Crystal Palace Exhibition, had been successful in Europe as a way to bring together societies fragmented along class lines, the first American attempt at a worlds fair in Philadelphia in 1876, drew crowds but was a financial failure. Nonetheless, ideas about distinguishing the 400th anniversary of Columbus landing started in the late 1880s. Civic leaders in St. Louis, New York City, Washington DC and Chicago expressed an interest in hosting a fair to generate profits, boost real estate values, Congress was called on to decide the location. What finally persuaded Congress was Chicago banker Lyman Gage, who raised several million dollars in a 24-hour period, over. The exposition corporation and national exposition commission settled on Jackson Park, Daniel H. Burnham was selected as director of works, and George R. Davis as director-general. Burnham emphasized architecture and sculpture as central to the fair and assembled the periods top talent to design the buildings, the temporary buildings were designed in an ornate Neoclassical style and painted white, resulting in the fair site being referred to as the “White City”
20.
Daniel Burnham
–
Daniel Hudson Burnham, FAIA was an American architect and urban designer. He was the Director of Works for the Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Burnham took a leading role in the creation of master plans for the development of a number of cities, including Chicago, Manila and downtown Washington, D. C. Burnham was born in Henderson, New York and raised in Chicago and his parents brought him up under the teachings of the Swedenborgian called The New Church, which ingrained in him the strong belief that man should strive to be of service to others. After failing admissions tests for both Harvard and Yale and a stint at politics, Burnham apprenticed as a draftsman under William LeBaron Jenney. At age 26, Burnham moved on to the Chicago offices of Carter, Drake, and Wight, Burnham and Root were the architects of one of the first American skyscrapers, the Masonic Temple Building in Chicago. Measuring 21 stories and 302 feet, the temple held claims as the tallest building of its time, under the design influence of Root, the firm had produced modern buildings as part of the Chicago School. Following Root’s premature death from pneumonia in 1891, the became known as D. H. Burnham & Company. Burnham and Root had accepted responsibility to design and construction of the Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago’s then-desolate Jackson Park on the south lakefront. The largest worlds fair to date, it celebrated the 400-year anniversary of Christopher Columbus famous voyage. Under Burnhams direction, the construction of the Fair overcame huge financial and logistical hurdles, including a financial panic. Considered the first example of a planning document in the nation, the fairground was complete with grand boulevards, classical building facades. Often called the White City, it popularized neoclassical architecture in a monumental and rational Beaux-Arts plan, the remaining population of architects in the U. S. were soon asked by clients to incorporate similar elements into their designs. Initiated in 1906 and published in 1909, Burnham and his co-author Edward H. Bennett prepared The Plan of Chicago and it was the first comprehensive plan for the controlled growth of an American city, and an outgrowth of the City Beautiful movement. The plan included proposals for the lakefront and river and declared that every citizen should be within walking distance of a park. Sponsored by the Commercial Club of Chicago, Burnham donated his services in hopes of furthering his own cause, plans and conceptual designs of the south lakefront from the Exposition came in handy, as he envisioned Chicago being a Paris on the Prairie. French-inspired public works constructions, fountains, and boulevards radiating from a central, City planning projects did not stop at Chicago though. Burnham had previously contributed to plans for such as Cleveland, San Francisco. The Plan for Manila never fully materialized due to the out of World War II
21.
White Rabbits (sculptors)
–
White Rabbits was the name given to a group of women sculptors who worked with Lorado Taft at the Worlds Columbian Exposition in 1893. As the date of the fairs opening grew closer Taft realized that he would not be able to complete the decorations, so he asked Daniel Burnham if he could use women assistants, an occurrence that was virtually unheard of at that time. Burnhams reply was that Taft could, Hire anyone, even white rabbits, from the ranks of the White Rabbits were to emerge some of the most talented and successful women sculptors of the next generation. Janet Scudder, Modeling My Life, New York, Harcourt, Brace and Company,1925
22.
Enid Yandell
–
Enid Yandell was an American sculptor from Louisville, Kentucky who studied with Auguste Rodin and Frederick William MacMonnies. Yandell was a prolific sculptor creating numerous portraits, garden pieces, the sculpture collection at Speed Art Museum in Louisville, Kentucky includes a large number of her works in plaster. Yandell was the eldest daughter of Dr. Lunsford Pitts Yandell, Jr. and Louise Elliston Yandell of Louisville, Enid Yandell completed degrees in chemistry and art at Hampton College in Louisville. She then attended the Cincinnati Art Academy, where she completed a program in two years, winning a first-prize medal upon graduation in 1889. Yandell also took advantage of apprenticeships with noted sculptors of the day and these included Lorado Taft, Philip Martiny and Karl Bitter. Yandell co-wrote a semi-autobiographical account of her involvement in planning the fair, in 1894, Yandell went to Paris, where she studied with Frederick William MacMonnies and other instructors at the Académie Vitti in Montparnasse. Yandell also worked with Auguste Rodin and she returned to Paris frequently, maintaining a studio there and exhibiting at the Paris Salon. In 1898 Yandell became the first woman member to join the National Sculpture Society, in 1899 her sister Elsie married the architect Donn Barber. Yandell died on June 13,1934, in Boston, Massachusetts, sculptures by Yandell include a nine-foot statue of Daniel Boone. The Daniel Boone sculpture was commissioned by the Filson Club of Louisville, Yandell completed a plaster cast which was shown at several exhibitions before C. C. Bickel finally arranged to have the work cast in bronze for the city of Louisville in 1906, the Daniel Boone sculpture survived the Super Outbreak of tornadoes on April 3,1974, and is now located in Cherokee Park, Louisville, Kentucky. Another casting of the Boone statue was made in 1967 and placed on the campus of Eastern Kentucky University in Richmond, at age 27, Yandell was commissioned to create a monumental sculpture of Pallas Athena for the 1897 Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition. The Greek sculpture was in keeping with Nashvilles nickname as The Athens of the South, Yandell created the statue in her studio in Paris. She based the design on the Pallas de Velletri, found near Rome, Italy, in the eighteenth century and it depicted Athena with one arm raised victoriously and the other arm with upturned palm in a gesture of welcome. The 40-foot sculpture was shipped to Nashville in sections by ship, the statue was assembled in Nashville and stood before the expositions Fine Arts Building, which was built as a full-size replica of the Parthenon in Athens. Like other statues in the exhibition, Yandells Athena was made from staff, the sculpture was never cast in bronze and within a year it deteriorated to pieces. The Nashville Parthenon was rebuilt in permanent materials, and still stands today, an entirely different Athena statue by Alan LeQuire, unveiled in 1990, stands inside the Nashville Parthenon. The Wheelmens Bench is another significant sculpture by Yandell, also in Louisville, it is located at the intersection of Third Street and Southern Parkway
23.
Carol Brooks MacNeil
–
Carol Brooks MacNeil was an American sculptor, born in Chicago where she studied at the Art Institute of Chicago under Lorado Taft. MacNeil modeled many charming and unique designs for vases, teapots, inkstands, the daughter of a painter father, MacNeil chose instead to work in sculpture. MacNeil studied in Paris under Frederick William MacMonnies and Jean Antoine Injalbert and she was one of the white rabbits who worked for Lorado Taft at the World Columbian Exposition of 1893, along with other female artists including Helen F. Mears. In 1895, she married Hermon Atkins MacNeil, a sculptor of American Indians and they had two sons, Claude A. MacNeil and Alden B. MacNeil evidently collaborated with her husband on at least one project, a sculpture of William McKinley in front of the Ohio Statehouse in Columbus, Ohio, MacNeil won an honorable mention at the International Exposition of 1900 and a silver medal in the same year at the Exposition Universelle. In 1904, she was awarded a medal for a fountain at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. She was a member of the National Sculpture Society, a longtime resident of the College Point neighborhood in Queens, New York, MacNeil died in the boroughs Jamaica Hospital. The Worlds Work, A History of Our Time and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Gilman, D. C. Thurston, H. T. Colby, F. M. eds. article name needed
24.
Bessie Potter Vonnoh
–
Bessie Potter Vonnoh was an American sculptor best known for her small bronzes, mostly of domestic scenes, and for her garden fountains. Bessie Potter was born in St Louis, Missouri, the child of Ohio natives Alexander. Her father died in 1874, in an accident, at age 38, by 1877, she and her mother had joined members of her mothers family in Chicago. In school she enjoyed clay-modeling class and decided at an age that she wanted to be a sculptor. In 1886, at age 14, she enrolled in classes at the Art Institute of Chicago and she was able to afford the tuition only because a local sculptor, Lorado Taft, hired her to work as a studio assistant, on Saturdays. From 1890 to 1891 she studied with Taft at the Art Institute, Vonnoh became one of the so-called White Rabbits, women artists who assisted Taft on the sculpture program for the Horticultural Building at the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago. She also produced an independent commission, the Personification of Art, in 1895, she traveled to Europe, and met Auguste Rodin. Her best-known statuette, Young Mother, used fellow White Rabbit Margaret Daisy Gerow Proctor, wife of sculptor Alexander Phimister Proctor, in 1898, she received the commission for a bust of General Samuel W. Crawford for the Smith Memorial Arch in Philadelphia. In 1899 she married impressionist painter Robert Vonnoh, at his home in Rockland Lake, New York, at the 1900 Exposition Universelle, she was awarded a Bronze Medal for Young Mother and for another statuette, Dancing Girl. In 1933, her husband died at age 75, in 1937, she completed her best-known large-scale work, the Frances Hodgson Burnett Memorial in Central Park. In mid-1903, the Vonnohs began summering in Old Lyme, Connecticut, in 1915, Vonnoh exhibited in the Armory Show. In 1921, she was elected an academician of the National Academy of Design and she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1931. In 1948, she remarried, to Dr. Edward L. Keyes, Jr. a widower and she died in New York City in 1955, at age 82. Vonnoh is buried alongside her first husband, Robert Vonnoh in the Duck River Cemetery in Old Lyme, baigell, Matthew Vonnoh, Bessie Potter Dictionary of American Art Harper & Row, Publishers, New York, Bowman, John S. and Carnes, Mark C. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. Bessie Potter Vonnoh Papers Online at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art
25.
Janet Scudder
–
Janet Scudder was an American sculptor. Born as Netta Deweze Frazee, Scudders childhood was marred by tragedy and her father was a hardworking Terre Haute, Indiana confectioner who was active in community affairs. Her mother died, aged 38, on September 6,1874, four of her seven siblings died before they reached adulthood. As a result of these tragedies, Scudder was raised by Hannah Hussey, the maid, cook and nurse. Scudder studied drawing as a child under Professor William Ames of Rose Polytechnic Institute of Technology, despite his fragile financial resources, her father enrolled her in the Cincinnati Art Academy so she could study sculpture with Louis Rebisso but woodcarving became her primary interest. While enrolled there she adopted the given name Janet and her father, William Scudder, died September 15,1888, while his precocious daughter was teaching woodcarving at Coates College for Women in Terre Haute. Three years later, she moved to Chicago where she was employed as a furniture carver before being asked by Lorado Taft to join the White Rabbits. She was also commissioned to create figures for the Indiana and Illinois buildings at the Worlds Columbian Exposition. Upon seeing Frederick W. MacMonnies fountain the Barge of State there she decided to go to Paris and work for him and she also studied at the Académie Colarossi. In 1896, after two years in Paris, Scudder returned to America and tried and failed to work as a sculptor. Eventually, through the intercession of another artist, she received a commission to model the seal for the New York Bar Association, from that point on she was to not lack for work, becoming one of the most prolific and successful makers of small fountains and garden sculptures. The themes of her works were frequently children, animals and pixies, fairies, Scudder was a feminist and suffragette who frequently marched in parades and demonstrations involved with womens issues. She opposed having separate exhibitions for male and female artists and did not think that Mrs. or Miss should be used before a woman artists name and she died on June 9,1940 in Rockport, Massachusetts. A portrait of Scudder in the National Academy of Design collection was painted by Margaret Bucknell Pecorini, conner, Janis and Joel Rosenkranz, Rediscoveries in American Sculpture, Studio Works 1893–1939, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 1989 Newton, Judith Vale and Carol Ann Weiss. Skirting the Issue, Stories of Indianas Historical Women Artists, Indiana Historical Society Press, Indianapolis
26.
Julia Bracken Wendt
–
Julia Bracken Wendt, a notable American sculptor, was born in Apple River, Illinois, the twelfth of thirteen children in an Irish Catholic family. Unsupported at home following the death of her mother when she was nine years old, by sixteen she was working as a domestic servant for a woman who recognized her talent and drive, and paid to enroll her in the Art Institute of Chicago. There she studied with Lorado Taft and by 1887 she had advanced to become his studio, aside from that she was awarded a commission to produce Illinois Welcoming the Nations for the Fair. The work was later cast in bronze and unveiled at the Illinois State Capitol, after successfully pursuing her career for a number of years, in 1906 she married painter William Wendt and moved to Los Angeles, California where she continued her success. Wendt was a member of the National Sculpture Society and exhibited and was featured in both the 1923 and 1929 Exhibitions and the resulting catalogues
27.
Frances Loring
–
Frances Norma Loring, a Canadian sculptor born on October 14,1887 in Wardner, Idaho and died February 5,1968 in Newmarket, ON. Loring was a Royal Canadian Academy of Arts member, Sculptors Society of Canada member and founding, Loring studied in Europe before enrolling at the Art Institute of Chicago where she studied with Lorado Taft. At the Institute she met Florence Wyle with whom she was to have a lifelong partnership, in 1911 the two moved to Toronto, eventually establishing a studio in a converted church schoolhouse at 110 Glenrose Avenue in the Moore Park neighborhood. In 1928 Loring and Wyle were founding members of the Sculptors Society of Canada in 1928 with Alfred Laliberté, Elizabeth Wyn Wood, Woods teacher and husband Emanuel Hahn and Henri Hébert. She was made a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts Her work was exhibited by the Womens Art Association of Canada. In 1960, works by Loring along with those of Edmund Alleyn, Graham Coughtry, Jean Paul Lemieux, Frances Loring is famous for her unique sculptures. She was a member and the founding of the Sculptors Society of Canada and the organizer of the Federation of Canadian Artists. Loring used to create her art based on the facts that were happening around her in history and she worked with a big variety of materials to make her sculptures, Loring was known as well for creating with Florence Wyle large sculptors. They became influences to life and art around Canada, “The Girls” how society call them at the time, were two women who lived together and were sculptors. They dedicated their lives to represent art in a traditional and modern ways of expressions. For instance, in 1928, at the University of Toronto they created a war memorial in Osgoode Hall, also, the Queen Elizabeth Way monument, that first was located in Toronto but now is in Ontario in 1975. She also created a portrait of the Robert Borden in bronze, during Lorings career, she produced and created hundreds of different pieces of art, including architectural sculptures, portraits, and garden sculptures. Loring is closely associated with fellow sculptor Florence Wyle, and they were known to become some of the first prominent Canadian sculptures. Loring and Wyle are usually connected with each other because their relationship, Loring and Wyle first met at the Art Institute of Chicago in 1905, which resulted in a long friendship. Even though the two women were after the commissions, they often collaborated on multiple projects with each other. After Loring and Wyles works have gained popularity, both artists contributed significant influence on Canadian art by showing that the art of sculpting is equally as important as any other art form. Loring and Wyle had moved into a church in 1920. After their sculptures gained some popularity, the church headquarters for the Sculptors Society of Canada. In 1913, Loring and Wyle moved in together in Toronto, after the War society started to have a movement for non-representational sculptures, towards this path Loring’s work started to lose the big popularity
28.
Frederick Ruckstull
–
Frederick Wellington Ruckstull was a French-born American sculptor and art critic. Born Ruckstuhl in Breitenbach, Alsace, France, his family moved to St. Louis, Missouri and he worked at a variety of unsatisfying jobs until his early twenties when an art exhibition in St. Louis inspired him to become a sculptor. He studied art locally, visited Paris and then worked for years as a toy store clerk to save enough to study in Paris for three years, in 1885, Ruckstull entered the Académie Julian, and studied under Gustave Boulanger, Camille Lefèvre, Jean Dampt and Antonin Mercié. He considered studying with Auguste Rodin, but claimed to be disgusted with his style, on returning to U. S. in 1892, Ruckstull opened a studio in New York City. His work Evening won the medal for sculpture at the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition. As a result of national exposure, he was commissioned to make an equestrian statue of Major-General John F. Hartranft for the Pennsylvania State University. In 1893, Ruckstull was appointed to teach modeling and marble carving at the Metropolitan Museum of Art Schools in New York City, Ruckstull was a founding member of the National Sculpture Society as well as the editor of the magazine Art World. In 1925 he wrote the book Great Works of Art and What Makes Them Great, a collection of essays he had published previously and his sculpture was in the figurative Beaux-Arts style, with its realism, and detailed modeling. He and other prominent sculptors of the era such as Daniel Chester French championed the French style of studio system teaching, art societies, following the Armory Show of 1913, he continued to represent the old guard of academic sculpture, a perspective clearly expressed in his book. Ruckstull married in 1896 and had one son and he died in New York at the age of 89 and was cremated. Capitol, Harrisburg Confederate Monument, Baltimore, Maryland Phoenicia New York Custom House Defense of the Flag, Little Rock, Arkansas Angels of the Confederacy, Columbia, frederick Ruckstull in American public collections, on the French Sculpture Census website
29.
Chautauqua
–
Chautauqua was an adult education movement in the United States, highly popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Chautauqua assemblies expanded and spread throughout rural America until the mid-1920s, the Chautauqua brought entertainment and culture for the whole community, with speakers, teachers, musicians, entertainers, preachers and specialists of the day. Former U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt was quoted as saying that Chautauqua is the most American thing in America, two years earlier, Vincent, editor of the Sunday School Journal, had begun to train Sunday school teachers in an outdoor summer school format. The organization founded by Vincent and Miller later became known as the Chautauqua Institution and it was called the Mother Chautauqua, because many independent, or daughter Chautauquas were developed under the same fashion. The educational summer camp format proved to be a choice for families and was widely copied by the daughter Chautauquas. Within a decade Chautauqua assemblies, named for the location in New York State. The Chautauqua movement may be regarded as a successor to the Lyceum movement earlier in the 19th century, as the Chautauqua assemblies began to compete for the best performers and lecturers, lyceum bureaus assisted with bookings. The original site in Chautauqua, New York, near Jamestown, has hosted such diverse speakers and performers as Bill Monroe, independent Chautauquas operated at permanent facilities, usually fashioned after the Chautauqua Institute in New York. Such a Chautauqua was generally built in an attractive semi-rural location a short distance outside a town with good rail service. At the height of the Chautauqua movement in the 1920s, several hundred of these existed, an addition to the list is the Pennsylvania Chautauqua in Mt. Gretna, Pennsylvania, which had operated continuously since 1892. Circuit Chautauquas were an itinerant manifestation of the Chautauqua movement, founded by Keith Vawter, although Vawter and Ellison were unsuccessful in their initial attempts to commercialize Chautauqua, by 1907 they had found a great amount of success in their adaptation of the concept. The program would be presented in tents pitched on a field near town. After several days, the Chautauqua would fold its tents and move on, the method of organizing a series of touring Chautauquas is attributed to Vawter. Among early Redpath comedians was Boob Brasfield, reactions to tent Chautauqua were mixed. That purpose, bluntly, was to make a million, frank Gunsaulus attacked Vawter, Youre ruining a splendid movement, Gunsaulus roared at Keith Vawter, whom he met at a railroad junction. Youre cheapening Chautauqua, breaking it down, replacing it with something what will have neither dignity nor permanence, in Vawters scheme, each performer or group appeared on a particular day of the program. First day talent would move on to other Chautauquas, followed by the second day performers, and so on, throughout the touring season. By the mid-1920s, when circuit Chautauquas were at their peak, they appeared in over 10,000 communities to audiences of more than 45 million, lectures were the mainstay of the Chautauqua
30.
Eagle's Nest Art Colony
–
The colony was populated by Chicago artists, all members of the Chicago Art Institute or the University of Chicago art department, who gathered in Ogle County to escape the summer heat of Chicago. The colony complex has been used as a campus for Northern Illinois University since 66 acres of Lowden State Park were turned over to the university by the state of Illinois. The Eagles Nest Art Colony Association was founded in 1898 by American sculptor Lorado Taft on the bluffs flanking the east bank of the Rock River, overlooking Oregon, Illinois. The colony was populated by Chicago artists, all members of the Chicago Art Institute or the University of Chicago art department, the colony was started by eleven men, all artists, architects and art lovers affiliated with Taft in Chicago. The original members were, Taft, Ralph Clarkson, Oliver Dennett Grover, Charles Francis Browne, Fuller, Hamlin Garland, Horace Spencer Fiske, James Spencer Dickerson, Allen Bartlit Pond, Irving Kane Pond and Clarence Dickerson. The original members first lived in tents at the colony, later, after the constitution was written, charter. The group began their search for a reprieve from Chicago a few years before the site along the Rock River was chosen. Their first colony, at Bass Lake, Indiana, ended after a malaria outbreak, as the colony founders searched for a home for their colony Chicago attorney and patron of the arts Wallace Heckman purchased the land that would eventually become the Eagles Nest Colony in 1898. Taft and his peers looked toward Wisconsin after leaving Bass Lake, Heckman offered to let the group set up camp there and they signed a lease for the site the same week. The lease provided 15 acres of land for US$1 per year with the stipulation that each colony member give a lecture or demonstration in the area. Other famous writers and artists who visited the colony include, James H. Breasted, Charles R. Crane, I. K. Friedman, George Barr McCutcheon, John T. McCutcheon, Harriet Monroe, William Vaughn Moody, Elia W. Peattie, Lucy Fitch Perkins, Bert Leston Taylor, Nellie Walker, and Donald Peattie. Leslie A. Holmes proposed a field campus for Northern Illinois Teachers College in his address as president in 1948. On August 7,1951 Illinois Governor Adlai E. Stevenson II signed a bill into law which transferred ownership of a 66-acre section of Lowden State Park to the college, now Northern Illinois University. The land encompassed the former 15-acre site of the Eagles Nest Art Colony and its buildings, the campus was named after Lorado Taft and is now known as the NIU Lorado Taft Field Campus. The buildings of the art colony, long neglected, were restored under the supervision of Paul Harrison, by 1954 work was completed on the Browne House, Poley Hall, and the Taft House. Harrison then served as field campus director from 1954–65, in October 1965 the campus was augmented by the addition of 71 acres. Tafts original studio at the colony was a converted barn northwest of the present day Directors House, a small wooden building, the studio had a highly sloped roof which allowed large figures to be built inside
31.
Oregon, Illinois
–
Oregon is a city in and the county seat of Ogle County, Illinois, United States. The population was 3,721 at the 2010 census, the land Oregon, Illinois was founded on was previously held by the Potawatomi and Winnebago Indian tribes. In fact, later, settlers discovered that the area contained a number of Indian mounds. Ogle County was a New England settlement, the original founders of Oregon and Rochelle consisted entirely of settlers from New England. These people were Yankees, that is to say they were descended from the English Puritans who settled New England in the 1600s and they were part of a wave of New England farmers who headed west into what was then the wilds of the Northwest Territory during the early 1800s. Most of them arrived as a result of the completion of the Erie Canal and they brought with them many of their Yankee New England values, such as a passion for education, establishing many schools as well as staunch support for abolitionism. They were mostly members of the Congregationalist Church though some were Episcopalian, culturally Bureau County, like much of northern Illinois would be culturally very continuous with early New England culture, for most of its history. The first European to visit the land was pioneer John Phelps, Phelps first visited the area in 1829 and returned in 1833 hoping to find a suitable site to settle. Phelps found a forest and river-fed valley which impressed him enough that he built his cabin there, other pioneers followed Phelps to this site, and Phelps helped create the first church, school, grocery store, blacksmith shop, and post office in Oregon. By December 4,1838, due in part to the efforts of Phelps. Phelps, the land was claimed, subdivided and certified by the Ogle County clerk as Oregon City, in 1839 Oregon City was renamed Florence after a visitor compared the scenic beauty of the Rock River to the Italian city of the same name. Florence was used for only three years when the city opted to revert to its original name, sans the word city. By 1847 the town had a store, sawmill, ferry,44 households. The population continued to grow through the 1850s and 1860s, a fact demonstrated by the number of churches in those decades. Industry followed the railroad and Oregon became home to a mill, furniture factory, chair factory, flour mill and a foundry, Paragon Foundry. The city of Oregon was first organized under an act of the Illinois General Assembly which was approved on April 1,1869, by the 1870s the town of Oregon and nearby area was home to around 2,000 people. James Gale was elected the citys first mayor on March 21,1870 and four men, Christian Lehman. Bennett, George M. Dwight and George P. Jacobs, were chosen as aldermen, on March 29,1873 the city was reorganized because of an act of the Illinois legislature which allowed the municipalities to incorporate as cities and villages
32.
National Academy Museum and School
–
Durand, Thomas Cole, Martin E. Thompson, and others to promote the fine arts in America through instruction and exhibition. The Academy is an honorary organization, a school. The school offers instruction, master classes, intensive critiques, various workshops. The museum houses a collection of over 7,000 works of American art from the 19th, 20th. The Academy has been located at several locations over the years, notable among them was a building built during 1863-1865, designed by architect P. B. Wight in Venetian Gothic style, which was modeled on the Doges Palace in Venice, another locale was at West 109th Street and Amsterdam Avenue in Manhattan. Since 1942 the academy has occupied a mansion that was the home of sculptor Anna Hyatt Huntington and Archer Milton Huntington at Fifth Avenue. The original founders of the National Academy of Design were students of the American Academy of the Fine Arts, samuel F. B. Morse and other students set about forming the drawing association to meet several times each week for the study the art of design. Still, the association was viewed as a dependent organization of the American Academy, an attempt was made to reconcile the difference and maintain a single academy by appointing six of the artists from the association as directors of the American Academy. When four of the nominees were not elected, however, the frustrated artists resolved to form a new academy, among the teaching staff were numerous artists, including Will Hicok Low, who taught from 1889 to 1892. The famous American poet William Cullen Bryant also gave lectures, architect Alexander Jackson Davis taught at the Academy. Painter Lemuel Wilmarth was the first full-time instructor Gulian C, verplanck, a Congressman and a man of letters, gave an address at the school in 1824. and Silas Dustin was a curator
33.
American Academy of Arts and Letters
–
The American Academy of Arts and Letters is a 250-member honor society, its goal is to foster, assist, and sustain excellence in American literature, music, and art. The Academys galleries are open to the public on a published schedule, opened in 2014, a permanent exhibit is the recreated studio of composer Charles Ives. The auditorium is sought out by musicians wishing to live because the acoustics are considered among the worlds finest. The Academy was created in 1904 by the membership of the National Institute of Arts, the first seven academicians were elected from ballots cast by the entire membership. In 1908 poet Julia Ward Howe was elected, and thus became the first female academician, in 1976 the two groups combined under the name American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. In 1992 members adopted the current organizational title, the oldest organization associated with the group was founded in 1865 at Boston. The American Social Science Association produced the National Institute of Arts, the qualification for membership in this body was to have made notable achievements in art, music, or literature. The membership was at first limited to 150, in 1904 the membership was increased by the Institutes introducing a two-tiered structure,50 elite members and 200 regular members. The people in the group were gradually elected over the next several years. The larger group was called the Institute, while the group was called the Academy. The strict two-tiered system persisted for 72 years, in 1976 members created an organization called the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. The combined Academy/Institute structure had a maximum of 250 living United States citizens as members, plus up to 75 foreign composers, artists and it also established the annual Witter Bynner Poetry Prize in 1980 to support the work of a young poet. The two-tiered system persisted until 1993, when it was completely abandoned, the Academy holds a Congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code, which means that it is one of the comparatively rare Title 36 corporations in the United States. The 1916 statute of incorporation established this institution amongst a number of other patriotic. The federal incorporation was originally construed primarily as an honor, the special recognition neither implies nor accords Congress any special control over the Academy, which remains free to function independently. Active sponsors of Congressional action were Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts, the process which led to the creation of this federal charter was accompanied by controversy, and the first attempt to gain the charter in 1910 failed. Sen. Lodge re-introduced legislation which passed the Senate in 1913, the Academy was incorporated under the laws of the State of New York in 1914, which factors in decision-making which resulted in Congressional approval in 1916. The Academy occupies three buildings on the west end of the Audubon Terrace complex created by Archer M. Huntington, the heir to the Southern Pacific Railroad fortune and a noted philanthropist
34.
United States Commission of Fine Arts
–
Commission of Fine Arts is an independent agency of the federal government of the United States, and was established in 1910. The CFA has review authority over the design and aesthetics of all construction within Washington, in accordance with the Old Georgetown Act, the CFA appoints the Old Georgetown Board. The Old Georgetown Board has design authority over all semipublic. The CFA mandate does not apply to the United States Capitol, President George Washington granted the government of the District of Columbia the power to regulate architectural design and urban planning. These powers were suspended by President James Monroe in 1822, in 1900, the United States Congress created the Senate Park Commission to reconcile competing visions for the development of Washington, D. C. and especially the National Mall and nearby areas. It also proposed clearing large spaces north and south of the National Mall, realigning some streets, the commission also proposed significant expansion of the districts park system, the creation of a system of parkways, and extensive renovation and beautification of existing parks. Roosevelt wrote back the day, agreeing to the proposal. On January 19,1909, Roosevelt issued Executive Order 1010, the Council met only once, on February 9,1909, during which it approved the site for the Lincoln Memorial. William Howard Taft was inaugurated as President in March 1909, Taft revoked Executive Order 1010 on May 21,1909. There are differing explanations for Tafts actions, historians Sue Kohler and Christopher Thomas state that Taft supported the idea of a fine arts commission, but wanted it to have a basis in legislation. The newspaper said the legislation was intended to defund the Council of Fine Arts, later in 1909, Senator Elihu Root drafted legislation establishing an advisory commission of fine arts. Representative Samuel W. McCall introduced the bill, H. R.19962, the House passed the legislation on February 9,1910. The House bill made the members of the subject to approval by the Senate, gave their term of office as four years. In addition to having a capacity on all questions of art and design. Root managed the House bill through the Senate, Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon opposed the bill, and it was bottled up the Committee on the Library. But in mid-March, a group of renegade Republicans joined forces with Democrats to strip Speaker Cannon of much of his power, the fine arts commission bill quickly passed through the committee and was brought up for a vote on the Senate floor. The Senate amended the bill, and passed it on May 3,1910, one amendment, to bar statues of any person not dead 50 years, was turned down. The Senate changed the qualifications of the commissioners to seven well qualified judges of the fine arts and it struck the commissions authority to site monuments and statues, making the authority advisory only
35.
American Institute of Architects
–
The American Institute of Architects is a professional organization for architects in the United States. The AIA also works with members of the design and construction team to help coordinate the building industry. The AIA is currently headed by Robert Ivy, FAIA as EVP/Chief Executive Officer and Thomas V. Vonier, wells, with Richard Upjohn serving as the first president. They met on February 23,1857 and decided to invite 16 other prominent architects to join them, including Alexander Jackson Davis, Thomas U. Prior to their establishment of the AIA, anyone could claim to be an architect and they drafted a constitution and bylaws by March 10,1857, under the name New York Society of Architects. Walter, of Philadelphia, later suggested the name be changed to American Institute of Architects, the members signed the new constitution on April 15,1857, having filed a certificate of incorporation two days earlier. As of 2008, AIA has more than 300 chapters, the AIA is headquartered at 1735 New York Avenue, NW in Washington, D. C. A design competition was held in the mid-1960s to select an architect for a new AIA headquarters in Washington, mitchell/Giurgola won the design competition but failed to get approval of the design concept from the United States Commission of Fine Arts. The firm resigned the commission and helped select The Architects Collaborative to redesign the building, the design, led by TAC principals Norman Fletcher and Howard Elkus, was ultimately approved in 1970 and completed in 1973. More than 90,000 licensed architects and associated professionals are members, AIA members adhere to a code of ethics and professional conduct intended to assure clients, the public, and colleagues of an architects dedication to the highest standards in professional practice. There are five levels of membership in the AIA, Architect members are licensed to practice architecture in the United States, international associate members hold an architecture license or the equivalent from a licensing authority outside the United States. Emeritus members have been AIA members for 15 successive years and are at least 65 years of age or are incapacitated, allied membership is a partnership with the AIA and the American Architectural Foundation. The AIA’s most prestigious honor is the designation of a member as a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects and this membership is awarded to members who have made contributions of national significance to the profession. Slightly more than 2,600, or 2% of all members, have elevated to the AIA College of Fellows. Foreign architects of prominence may be elected to the College as Honorary Fellows of the AIA, the AIA is governed by a Board of Directors and has a staff of over 200 full-time employees. Although the AIA functions as an organization, at its heart are some 300 local. The components are spread throughout the United States, United Kingdom, Europe, Japan, by speaking with a united voice, AIA architects influence government practices that affect the practice of the profession and the quality of American life. The AIA monitors legislative and regulatory actions and uses the power of its membership to participate in decisionmaking by federal, state
36.
Archives of American Art
–
The Archives of American Art is the largest collection of primary resources documenting the history of the visual arts in the United States. More than 20 million items of material are housed in the Archives research centers in Washington, D. C. As a research center within the Smithsonian Institution, the Archives houses materials related to a variety of American visual art, all regions of the country and numerous eras and art movements are represented. Among the significant artists represented in its collection are Jackson Pollock, Lee Krasner, Marcel Breuer, Rockwell Kent, John Singer Sargent, Winslow Homer, John Trumbull, and Alexander Calder. In addition to the papers of artists, the Archives collects documentary material from art galleries, art dealers, the Archives of American Art was founded in Detroit in 1954 by then Director of the Detroit Institute of Art, E. P. Richardson, and art collector Lawrence A. Fleischman, concerned about the lack of material relating to American art, the two organized the Archives of American Art with the support of scholars and businessmen. Their intention was to collect materials related to American artists, art dealers, institutions and writers, in 1970 the Archives became part of the Smithsonian Institution, moving its processing center and storage facility from Detroit to the Old Patent Office Building in Washington, D. C. Currently the collection and offices are located at the Victor Building, on 9th Street NW, every year the Archives honors individual contributions to the American art community with the Archives of American Art Medal and art historians with the Lawrence A. Fleischman Award for Scholarly Excellence in the Field of American Art History and these awards are presented at the Archives annual benefit and have been rewarded to Mark di Suvero, Chuck Close, John Wilmerding and others. C. Boston, Detroit, and at the DeYoung Museum in San Francisco, todays affiliates consist of the DeYoung, Boston Public Library, the Amon Carter Museum and The Huntington Library. The Archives also offers microfilm for interlibrary loan at no charge, microfilm is no longer being produced at the Archives as it has been superseded by digitization. With funding from the Terra Foundation for American Art Digitization Program, the Archives has fully digitized numerous collections, the Archives relies heavily on grants and private donations to fund the archival processing and care of collections. In 2009 the Archives acquired 88 collections totaling 717 linear feet, the Archives holds a unique collection of material from notable artists, dealers, critics and collectors. While papers and documents make up a portion of the Archives. These include a bird nest and a Kewpie doll from the collection of artist Joseph Cornell, painter George Luks death mask, and a cast iron model car that belonged to Franz Kline. The earliest letter in the collection was written by John Smibert in 1743, the Archives maintain over 50 paper collections of African American artists. Subjects covered in these personal papers include the experience, racism within the arts. The collection includes the sketchbooks of Palmer Hayden, Horace Pippins illustrated journal of his service during World War I
37.
Quincy, Illinois
–
Quincy, known as Illinoiss Gem City, is a city on the Mississippi River and the county seat of Adams County, Illinois, United States. The 2010 census counted a population of 40,633 in the city itself, as of July 1,2015, the Quincy Micro Area had an estimated population of 77,220. During the 19th Century, Quincy was a transportation center as riverboats and rail service linked the city to many destinations west. It was once Illinois second-largest city, surpassing Peoria in 1870, Quincys location along the Mississippi River has attracted settlers for centuries. The first known inhabitants to the region were of the Illiniwek tribe, Years later, following numerous incursions, the Sauk, Fox and Kickapoo also called the site home. The French became the first European presence to colonize the region, after Louis Jolliet, Jacques Marquette, fur goods became a valuable commodity of the region, and European explorers and merchants alike were attracted to the prospects of the growing fur trade of the North American frontier. The Mississippi River, acting as a superhighway for transporting goods downstream, following the events of the Seven Years War, which ended in 1763, Great Britain took control of New France, including that of the Illinois Territory. The Illinois Territory changed hands again a few decades later during the American Revolutionary War, after the British failed to regain their former colonies in the War of 1812, the American government granted military tracts to veterans as a means to help populate the West. Peter Flinn, having acquired the land from veteran Mark McGowan for his service in 1819, ended up selling 160 acres of land acquisitions to Moravia. John Wood later founded Quincy, which at the time was coined Bluffs, in 1825, Bluffs renamed their community Quincy and became the seat of government for Adams County, both named after newly elected President John Quincy Adams. Quincy incorporated as a city in 1840, in 1838, following the signing of Missouri Executive Order 44, many members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints fled persecution in Missouri and found shelter in Quincy. Despite being vastly outnumbered by Mormon refugees, residents provided food, joseph Smith then led members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 40 miles upstream to Nauvoo, Illinois, in hopes of finding a permanent home. Also in 1838, Quincy sheltered the Pottawatomie tribe as they were relocated from Indiana to Kansas. The 1850s and 1860s brought increased prosperity to Quincy, steamboats and railroads began linking Quincy to places west, making the city a frequent destination for migrants. In 1860, Quincy founder and Lieutenant Governor John Wood inherited the governorship after William H. Bissell died while in office, at the time, he was overseeing business interests and the construction of his mansion. The Illinois legislature allowed him to stay in Quincy during his tenure and his absence from the official Governors office in Springfield provided Abraham Lincoln a space for planning his Presidential run. The matter of slavery was a religious and social issue in Quincys early years. Dr. Richard Eells, who was a staunch abolitionist, built his home in Quincy in 1835 and his home became a major stop on the Underground Railroad
38.
National Historic Landmark
–
A National Historic Landmark is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Of over 85,000 places listed on the countrys National Register of Historic Places, a National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties. Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed, prior to 1935, efforts to preserve cultural heritage of national importance were made by piecemeal efforts of the United States Congress. The first National Historic Site designation was made for the Salem Maritime National Historic Site on March 17,1938. In 1960, the National Park Service took on the administration of the data gathered under this legislation. Because listings often triggered local preservation laws, legislation in 1980 amended the procedures to require owner agreement to the designations. On October 9,1960,92 properties were announced as designated NHLs by Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton, more than 2,500 NHLs have been designated. Most, but not all, are in the United States, there are NHLs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Three states account for nearly 25 percent of the nations NHLs, three cities within these states all separately have more NHLs than 40 of the 50 states. In fact, New York City alone has more NHLs than all but five states, Virginia, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, there are 74 NHLs in the District of Columbia. Some NHLs are in U. S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states. There are 15 in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U. S. commonwealths and territories,5 in U. S. -associated states such as Micronesia, over 100 ships or shipwrecks have been designated as NHLs. About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned, the National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. A friends group of owners and managers, the National Historic Landmark Stewards Association, works to preserve, protect, if not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs, american Water Landmark List of U. S
39.
Fountain
–
A fountain is a piece of architecture which pours water into a basin or jets it into the air to supply drinking water and/or for a decorative or dramatic effect. Fountains were originally purely functional, connected to springs or aqueducts and used to drinking water and water for bathing and washing to the residents of cities, towns. Until the late 19th century most fountains operated by gravity, and needed a source of higher than the fountain, such as a reservoir or aqueduct. In addition to providing drinking water, fountains were used for decoration, Roman fountains were decorated with bronze or stone masks of animals or heroes. In the Middle Ages, Moorish and Muslim garden designers used fountains to create versions of the gardens of paradise. King Louis XIV of France used fountains in the Gardens of Versailles to illustrate his power over nature, the baroque decorative fountains of Rome in the 17th and 18th centuries marked the arrival point of restored Roman aqueducts and glorified the Popes who built them. By the end of the 19th century, as indoor plumbing became the source of drinking water. Mechanical pumps replaced gravity and allowed fountains to recycle water and to force it high into the air, the Jet dEau in Lake Geneva, built in 1951, shoots water 140 metres in the air. The highest such fountain in the world is King Fahds Fountain in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, fountains are used today to decorate city parks and squares, to honor individuals or events, for recreation and for entertainment. A Splash pad or spray pool allows city residents to enter, get wet, the musical fountain combines moving jets of water, colored lights and recorded music, controlled by a computer, for dramatic effects. Drinking fountains provide clean drinking water in buildings, parks. Ancient civilizations built stone basins to capture and hold precious drinking water, a carved stone basin, dating to around 2000 BC, was discovered in the ruins of the ancient Sumerian city of Lagash in modern Iraq. The ancient Assyrians constructed a series of basins in the gorge of the Comel River, carved in rock, connected by small channels. The lowest basin was decorated with carved reliefs of two lions, the ancient Greeks were apparently the first to use aqueducts and gravity-powered fountains to distribute water. In the 6th century BC the Athenian ruler Peisistratos built the fountain of Athens. It had nine large cannons, or spouts, which supplied drinking water to local residents. Greek fountains were made of stone or marble, with water flowing through bronze pipes, most Greek fountains flowed by simple gravity, but they also discovered how to use principle of a siphon to make water spout, as seen in pictures on Greek vases. The Ancient Romans built a system of aqueducts from mountain rivers and lakes to provide water for the fountains
40.
Fountain of Time
–
This location is in the Washington Park community area on Chicagos South Side. Although the fountains water began running in 1920, the sculpture was not dedicated to the city until 1922, the sculpture is a contributing structure to the Washington Park United States Registered Historic District, which is a National Register of Historic Places listing. It was said to be the first of any kind of finished work of art made of concrete, before the completion of Millennium Park in 2004, it was considered the most important installation in the Chicago Park District. Time is one of several Chicago works of art funded by Benjamin Fergusons trust fund, Time has undergone several restorations because of deterioration and decline caused by natural and urban elements. During the late 1990s and the first few years of the 21st century it underwent repairs that corrected many of the caused by these earlier restorations. Time, along many other public works in Chicago, was funded by Benjamin Fergusons 1905 gift of $1 million. As part of the plan, the two ends of the Midway were to be connected by a canal in the deep depressions linking lagoons in Jackson and Washington Parks. In 1907, Taft had won the first commission from the Ferguson Fund to create the Fountain of the Great Lakes at the Art Institute of Chicago, immediately afterwards, inspired by Daniel Burnhams Make no little plans quote, he begin lobbying for a grand Midway beautification plan. In 1912, Art Institute Trustee Frank G. Logan formally presented Tafts plans to the administrators at the Art Institute of Chicago. Tafts proposed Midway Plaisance beautification plan included two possible commemoration themes and his first choice was to honor the memory of the Worlds Columbian Exposition that had been held in Jackson Park in 1893. His alternative was to commemorate the centennial of the 1814 Treaty of Ghent marking a century of perfect understanding between England and America. Since other plans to commemorate the Exposition were under way, the second choice was adopted as the justification for a second Taft commission from the Ferguson Fund. Contemporary newspaper accounts anticipated that Tafts entire Midway beautification plan would be approved easily and this would enable the model to be evaluated in 1918. Taft first created a 20-foot quarter-scale model which received the Trustees approval in May 1915 and he eventually produced his full-scale plaster model,100 feet in width peaking in the center, with an equestrian warrior and a robed model of Father Time with a height of 20 feet. Time is in the Chicago Park District, in the Washington Park community area on Chicagos South Side, Time is considered to be the most important piece of monumental art in the Park District, which hosts over 100 art works. Its importance stems from its sculptor, its message, the era in which it was created, and the design of its reflecting pool by Howard Van Doren Shaw. Robert Jones, director of design and construction for the Art Institute of Chicago at the time, the sculpture is located a few blocks from Tafts studio, the Lorado Taft Midway Studios, now a Chicago Landmark and National Historic Landmark, located at 60th Street and Ingleside Avenue. Other notable sculptures nearby include Henry Moores National Historic Landmark Nuclear Energy, there is little agreement on the dimensions of Time, with various sources describing it as between 102 to 127 feet long
41.
Midway Plaisance
–
The Midway Plaisance, known locally as the Midway, is a Chicago public park on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois. It is one mile long by 220 yards wide and extends along 59th and 60th streets, joining Washington Park at its east end and Jackson Park at its west end. It divides the Hyde Park community area to the north from the Woodlawn community area to the south,6 miles south of the downtown Loop, near Lake Michigan. Today, the Midway runs through the portion of the University of Chicago campus, with university. It early came to prominence when it hosted amusements at the Worlds Columbian Exposition in 1893, lending the name Midway to areas at county, instead, the Midway is landscaped with a fosse or dry ditch where the canal would have been. Later designers and artists added their vision to the Midway, a pet project of the University of Chicago and almost a part of its campus, it has remained essentially a green area. The area was a lakefront marsh ecosystem, the firm of Olmsted, Vaux, and Co. famous for creating New York Citys Central Park, was hired to design the urban oasis. The South Park Commission office, where all the plans were stored, was burned in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. The expense of rebuilding the city eliminated the funds to cover expenditures that the plans would have entailed, the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 was held in the underdeveloped parts of the South Park. The worldwide celebration of Columbus transfer of the torch of civilization to the New World in 1492 was one of the most successful and it covered over 600 acres and attracted exhibitors and visitors from all over the world. George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. s original Ferris Wheel carried over 1.5 million passengers, the Midways money-making concessions and sideshows made over $4 million in 1893 dollars, and it was the more memorable portion of the Exposition for many visitors. In the years after the Exposition closed, midway came to be used in the United States to signify the area for amusements at a county or state fair, circus, the Midway Plaisance represented Africans as cannibals and other races as inferior and primitive. The organization of the expo led visitors from the Midway Plaisance to the Womens Building and it was used to show the dominance of American expansion and the white race. Following the Exposition, the Midway Plaisance was returned to a park setting, over the ensuing decades, the Midway gradually came to be a part of the University of Chicago, which expanded in 1926 to be located on either side of it. Later designers and artists, including Lorado Taft, and Eero Saarinen added or sought to add their vision to the Midway and it has remained essentially a green area, a public resource subject to much speculation, and various periodic plans of redevelopment. The sunken panels, home now to soccer players and a new ice skating and sports facility, the bridges. In 1999, a new plan for the Midway Plaisance done by OLIN, a landscape architecture firm, was unveiled by the University of Chicago. The program has since been reinstated, and the Maroons play at Stagg Field on 55th street, the Midway, Lorado Tafts Boulevard of Broken Dreams, OConnor, Jerome, Chicago Tribune, October 25,1965
42.
Henry Austin Dobson
–
Henry Austin Dobson, commonly Austin Dobson, was an English poet and essayist. He was born at Plymouth, the eldest son of George Clarisse Dobson, when he was about eight, the family moved to Holyhead, and his first school was at Beaumaris in Anglesey. He was later educated at Coventry, and the Gymnase, Strasbourg and he returned at the age of sixteen with the intention of becoming a civil engineer. At the beginning of his career, he continued to study at the South Kensington School of Art, in his spare time, but without definite ambition. In December 1856 he entered the Board of Trade, gradually rising to the rank of principal in the harbour department, in 1868, he had married Frances Mary, daughter of the distinguished civil engineer Nathaniel Beardmore of Broxbourne, Hertfordshire, and settled at Ealing. Dobson died in 1921 and his funeral was held on 6 September at St Peters Church and he is buried in the Westminster Cemetery, Uxbridge Rd, Hanwell, Middlesex. His official career was uneventful, but as a poet and biographer he was distinguished and those who study his work are struck by its maturity. It was about 1864 that he turned his attention to writing prose and verse. Many of his poems in their original form were illustrated—some, indeed, were written to support illustrations, by the autumn of 1873 Dobson had produced enough verse for a volume, and published Vignettes in Rhyme, which quickly went through three editions. During the period of their appearance in the magazine the poems had received attention, George Eliot, among others. The little book immediately introduced him to a larger public, the period was an interesting one for a first appearance, since the air was full of metrical experiment. Swinburnes bold excursions into classical metre had broken new ground, it was hopeless to attempt to compete, and the poets of the day were looking for fresh forms and variations. Early in 1876, a body of English poets discovered the French forms of Théodore de Banville, Clément Marot and François Villon. Austin Dobson, who had made successful use of the triolet, was at the head of this movement. This he followed by English versions of the rondel, rondeau, the experiment was deemed a success. In 1883 Dobson published Old-World Idylls, which contained some of his most characteristic work, in Beau Brocade, the pictorial quality of his work is at its very best. He has been compared with Randolph Caldecott, with which it has much in common, at the Sign of the Lyre was the next of Dobsons separate volumes of verse, and he also published a volume of Collected Poems. At the Sign of the Lyre contains much variety, contrasting with these are the light occasional verses, influenced by Winthrop Mackworth Praed, but also quite individual
_Control_IAS_76008067.jpg)
.jpg)
.JPG)
Texts on Wikisource:
