1.
Lord Great Chamberlain
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In the United Kingdom, the Lord Great Chamberlain is the sixth of the Great Officers of State, ranking beneath the Lord Privy Seal and above the Lord High Constable. The Lord Great Chamberlain has charge over the Palace of Westminster, on formal state occasions, he wears a distinctive scarlet court uniform and bears a gold key and a white stave as the insignia of his office. The position is a one, held since 1780 in gross. At any one time, a person actually exercises the office of Lord Great Chamberlain. For instance, the Marquesses of Cholmondeley hold one-half of the office, the office of Lord Great Chamberlain is distinct from the non-hereditary office of Lord Chamberlain of the Household, a position in the monarchs household. This office arose in the 14th century as a deputy of the Lord Great Chamberlain to fulfil the duties in the Royal Household. The office was held by Robert Malet, a son of one of the leading companions of William the Conqueror. In 1133, however, King Henry I declared Malets estates and titles forfeit, thereafter, the Earls of Oxford held the title almost continuously until 1526, with a few intermissions due to the forfeiture of some Earls for treason. In 1526, however, the fourteenth Earl of Oxford died, the earldom was inherited by a more distant heir-male, his second cousin. The Sovereign then decreed that the office belonged to The Crown, the Sovereign appointed the fifteenth Earl to the office, but the appointment was deemed for life and was not heritable. The familys association with the office was interrupted in 1540, when the earl died and Thomas Cromwell. Later, Queen Mary I ruled that the Earls of Oxford were indeed entitled to the office of Lord Great Chamberlain on an hereditary basis. The House of Lords eventually ruled that the office belonged to the male, Robert Bertie, 14th Baron Willoughby de Eresby. The office remained vested in the Earls of Lindsey, who later became Dukes of Ancaster, in 1779, however, the fourth Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven died, leaving two sisters as female heirs, and an uncle as an heir male. The uncle became the fifth and last Duke, but the House of Lords ruled that the two sisters were jointly Lord Great Chamberlain and could appoint a Deputy to fulfil the functions of the office, the younger sister later married the first Marquess of Cholmondeley. The office of Lord Great Chamberlain, however, was divided between Priscilla and her younger sister Georgiana, priscillas share was eventually split between two of her granddaughters, and has been split several more times since then. By contrast, Georgianas share has been inherited by a male heir each time, that individual has in each case been the Marquess of Cholmondeley. The fractions show the share in the office, and the date they held it
2.
William Peel, 3rd Earl Peel
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Lord Peel is the eldest son of Arthur Peel, 2nd Earl Peel, and Kathleen McGrath, daughter of Michael McGrath. He is a great-great-grandson of Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel and he attended Ampleforth College, and then went on to the University of Tours in France and the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. Lord Peel was a member of the Princes Council, part of the Duchy of Cornwall, from 1993 to 2006 and he was a member of the Nature Conservancy Council, with English Nature, from 1991 to 1996. He is President of the Game Conservancy Trust and was President of the Yorkshire Wildlife Trust from 1989 to 1996, Lord Peel was also on the Yorkshire Dales National Park Committee for six years and became a Deputy Lieutenant of North Yorkshire in 1998. He is an elected hereditary crossbench member of the House of Lords, in June 2006 it was announced that Lord Peel would succeed Lord Luce as Lord Chamberlain. On 11 October 2006, he kissed hands with The Queen upon his appointment and was invested as a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, on 14 November 2006, Lord Peel was sworn in as a Member of the Privy Council. Lord Peel married Veronica Naomi Livingston Timpson and they had two children, Ashton Robert Gerard Peel, Viscount Clanfield, and Lady Iona Joy Julia Peel. The marriage was dissolved in 1987 and he married, secondly, the Honourable Charlotte Clementine Soames, daughter of Lord Soames and his wife, Mary Churchill, daughter of Sir Winston Churchill, on 15 April 1989. They have one daughter, Lady Antonia Mary Catherine Peel, Lord Peels son, Lord Clanfield, married Matilda Rose Aykroyd in 2004. Matilda is the daughter and fourth child of second lieutenant of the Coldstream Guards David Peter Aykroyd. Lord and Lady Clanfield have three daughters and one son, Lord Peels daughter by his first wife, Lady Iona Peel, married Robert Alexander Edward Bowen on 14 May 2005. The Earl Peel The Rt Hon, the Earl Peel DL The Rt Hon. The Earl Peel GCVO DL The Rt Hon
3.
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
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The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The monarchs title is King or Queen, the current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952. The monarch and his or her immediate family undertake various official, ceremonial, diplomatic, as the monarchy is constitutional, the monarch is limited to non-partisan functions such as bestowing honours and appointing the Prime Minister. The monarch is, by tradition, commander-in-chief of the British Armed Forces, from 1603, when the Scottish monarch King James VI inherited the English throne as James I, both the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign. From 1649 to 1660, the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England, the Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Roman Catholics, or those who married Catholics, from succession to the English throne. In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain, and in 1801, the British monarch became nominal head of the vast British Empire, which covered a quarter of the worlds surface at its greatest extent in 1921. After the Second World War, the vast majority of British colonies and territories became independent, George VI and his successor, Elizabeth II, adopted the title Head of the Commonwealth as a symbol of the free association of its independent member states. The United Kingdom and fifteen other Commonwealth monarchies that share the person as their monarch are called Commonwealth realms. In the uncodified Constitution of the United Kingdom, the Monarch is the Head of State, oaths of allegiance are made to the Queen and her lawful successors. God Save the Queen is the British national anthem, and the monarch appears on postage stamps, coins, the Monarch takes little direct part in Government. Executive power is exercised by Her Majestys Government, which comprises Ministers, primarily the Prime Minister and the Cabinet and they have the direction of the Armed Forces of the Crown, the Civil Service and other Crown Servants such as the Diplomatic and Secret Services. Judicial power is vested in the Judiciary, who by constitution, the Church of England, of which the Monarch is the head, has its own legislative, judicial and executive structures. Powers independent of government are legally granted to public bodies by statute or Statutory Instrument such as an Order in Council. The Sovereigns role as a monarch is largely limited to non-partisan functions. This role has been recognised since the 19th century, the constitutional writer Walter Bagehot identified the monarchy in 1867 as the dignified part rather than the efficient part of government. Whenever necessary, the Monarch is responsible for appointing a new Prime Minister, the Prime Minister takes office by attending the Monarch in private audience, and after kissing hands that appointment is immediately effective without any other formality or instrument. Since 1945, there have only been two hung parliaments, the first followed the February 1974 general election when Harold Wilson was appointed Prime Minister after Edward Heath resigned following his failure to form a coalition. Although Wilsons Labour Party did not have a majority, they were the largest party, the second followed the May 2010 general election, in which the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats agreed to form the first coalition government since World War II
4.
Privy Council of the United Kingdom
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Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council, usually known simply as the Privy Council, is a formal body of advisers to the Sovereign of the United Kingdom. Its membership mainly comprises senior politicians, who are present or former members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords, the Council also holds the delegated authority to issue Orders of Council, mostly used to regulate certain public institutions. The Council advises the sovereign on the issuing of Royal Charters, which are used to grant special status to incorporated bodies, otherwise, the Privy Councils powers have now been largely replaced by the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. The Judicial Committee consists of judges appointed as Privy Counsellors, predominantly Justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The Privy Council of the United Kingdom was preceded by the Privy Council of Scotland, the key events in the formation of the modern Privy Council are given below, Witenagemot was an early equivalent to the Privy Council of England. During the reigns of the Norman monarchs, the English Crown was advised by a court or curia regis. The body originally concerned itself with advising the sovereign on legislation, administration, later, different bodies assuming distinct functions evolved from the court. The courts of law took over the business of dispensing justice, nevertheless, the Council retained the power to hear legal disputes, either in the first instance or on appeal. Furthermore, laws made by the sovereign on the advice of the Council, powerful sovereigns often used the body to circumvent the Courts and Parliament. During Henry VIIIs reign, the sovereign, on the advice of the Council, was allowed to enact laws by mere proclamation, the legislative pre-eminence of Parliament was not restored until after Henry VIIIs death. Though the royal Council retained legislative and judicial responsibilities, it became an administrative body. The Council consisted of forty members in 1553, but the sovereign relied on a smaller committee, by the end of the English Civil War, the monarchy, House of Lords, and Privy Council had been abolished. The remaining parliamentary chamber, the House of Commons, instituted a Council of State to execute laws, the forty-one members of the Council were elected by the House of Commons, the body was headed by Oliver Cromwell, de facto military dictator of the nation. In 1653, however, Cromwell became Lord Protector, and the Council was reduced to thirteen and twenty-one members, all elected by the Commons. In 1657, the Commons granted Cromwell even greater powers, some of which were reminiscent of those enjoyed by monarchs, the Council became known as the Protectors Privy Council, its members were appointed by the Lord Protector, subject to Parliaments approval. In 1659, shortly before the restoration of the monarchy, the Protectors Council was abolished, Charles II restored the Royal Privy Council, but he, like previous Stuart monarchs, chose to rely on a small group of advisers. Under George I even more power transferred to this committee and it now began to meet in the absence of the sovereign, communicating its decisions to him after the fact. Thus, the British Privy Council, as a whole, ceased to be a body of important confidential advisers to the sovereign and it is closely related to the word private, and derives from the French word privé
5.
Middle Ages
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In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or Medieval Period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance, the Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history, classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is subdivided into the Early, High. Population decline, counterurbanisation, invasion, and movement of peoples, the large-scale movements of the Migration Period, including various Germanic peoples, formed new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire. In the seventh century, North Africa and the Middle East—once part of the Byzantine Empire—came under the rule of the Umayyad Caliphate, although there were substantial changes in society and political structures, the break with classical antiquity was not complete. The still-sizeable Byzantine Empire survived in the east and remained a major power, the empires law code, the Corpus Juris Civilis or Code of Justinian, was rediscovered in Northern Italy in 1070 and became widely admired later in the Middle Ages. In the West, most kingdoms incorporated the few extant Roman institutions, monasteries were founded as campaigns to Christianise pagan Europe continued. The Franks, under the Carolingian dynasty, briefly established the Carolingian Empire during the later 8th, the Crusades, first preached in 1095, were military attempts by Western European Christians to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslims. Kings became the heads of centralised nation states, reducing crime and violence, intellectual life was marked by scholasticism, a philosophy that emphasised joining faith to reason, and by the founding of universities. Controversy, heresy, and the Western Schism within the Catholic Church paralleled the conflict, civil strife. Cultural and technological developments transformed European society, concluding the Late Middle Ages, the Middle Ages is one of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme for analysing European history, classical civilisation, or Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Modern Period. Medieval writers divided history into periods such as the Six Ages or the Four Empires, when referring to their own times, they spoke of them as being modern. In the 1330s, the humanist and poet Petrarch referred to pre-Christian times as antiqua, leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodisation in his History of the Florentine People. Bruni and later argued that Italy had recovered since Petrarchs time. The Middle Ages first appears in Latin in 1469 as media tempestas or middle season, in early usage, there were many variants, including medium aevum, or middle age, first recorded in 1604, and media saecula, or middle ages, first recorded in 1625. The alternative term medieval derives from medium aevum, tripartite periodisation became standard after the German 17th-century historian Christoph Cellarius divided history into three periods, Ancient, Medieval, and Modern. The most commonly given starting point for the Middle Ages is 476, for Europe as a whole,1500 is often considered to be the end of the Middle Ages, but there is no universally agreed upon end date. English historians often use the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 to mark the end of the period
6.
Parliament of England
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The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England. Over the centuries, the English Parliament progressively limited the power of the English monarchy which arguably culminated in the English Civil War, the Act of Union 1707 merged the English Parliament with the Parliament of Scotland to form the Parliament of Great Britain. When the Parliament of Ireland was abolished in 1801, its members were merged into what was now called the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Under a monarchical system of government, monarchs usually must consult, early kings of England had no standing army or police, and so depended on the support of powerful subjects. The monarchy had agents in every part of the country, however, under the feudal system that evolved in England following the Norman Conquest of 1066, the laws of the Crown could not have been upheld without the support of the nobility and the clergy. The former had economic and military bases of their own through major ownership of land. The Church was virtually a law unto itself in this period as it had its own system of law courts. In order to seek consultation and consent from the nobility and the clergy on major decisions. A typical Great Council would consist of archbishops, bishops, abbots, barons and earls, when this system of consultation and consent broke down, it often became impossible for government to function effectively. The most prominent instances of prior to the reign of Henry III are the disagreements between Thomas Becket and Henry II and between King John and the barons. Becket, who served as Archbishop of Canterbury between 1162 and 1170, was murdered following a long running dispute with Henry II over the jurisdiction of the Church. John, who was king from 1199 to 1216, aroused such hostility from many leading noblemen that they forced him to agree to Magna Carta in 1215, johns refusal to adhere to this charter led to civil war. The Great Council evolved into the Parliament of England, the term itself came into use during the early 13th century, deriving from the Latin and French words for discussion and speaking. The word first appears in documents in the 1230s. As a result of the work by historians G. O. Sayles and H. G. Richardson, during the 13th and 14th centuries, the kings began to call Knights of the Shire to meet when the monarch saw it as necessary. A notable example of this was in 1254 when sheriffs of counties were instructed to send Knights of the Shire to parliament to advise the king on finance, initially, parliaments were mostly summoned when the king needed to raise money through taxes. Following the Magna Carta this became a convention and this was due in no small part to the fact that King John died in 1216 and was succeeded by his young son Henry III. Leading peers and clergy governed on Henrys behalf until he came of age, among other things, they made sure that Magna Carta would be reaffirmed by the young king
7.
Early modern
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The early modern period of modern history follows the late Middle Ages of the post-classical era. Historians in recent decades have argued that from a worldwide standpoint, the period witnessed the exploration and colonization of the Americas and the rise of sustained contacts between previously isolated parts of the globe. The historical powers became involved in trade, as the exchange of goods, plants, animals, and food crops extended to the Old World. The Columbian Exchange greatly affected the human environment, New economies and institutions emerged, becoming more sophisticated and globally articulated over the course of the early modern period. This process began in the medieval North Italian city-states, particularly Genoa, Venice, the early modern period also included the rise of the dominance of the economic theory of mercantilism. The European colonization of the Americas, Asia, and Africa occurred during the 15th to 19th centuries, the early modern trends in various regions of the world represented a shift away from medieval modes of organization, politically and economically. Historians typically date the end of the modern period when the French Revolution of the 1790s began the modern period. Early modern themes Other In 16th century China, the Ming Dynastys economy was stimulated by trade with the Portuguese, Spanish. China became involved in a new trade of goods, plants, animals. Trade with Early Modern Europe and Japan brought in massive amounts of silver, during the last decades of the Ming the flow of silver into China was greatly diminished, thereby undermining state revenues and the entire Chinese economy. This damage to the economy was compounded by the effects on agriculture of the incipient Little Ice Age, natural calamities, crop failure, the ensuing breakdown of authority and peoples livelihoods allowed rebel leaders such as Li Zicheng to challenge Ming authority. The Ming Dynasty fell around 1644 to the Qing Dynasty, which was the last ruling dynasty of China, during its reign, the Qing Dynasty became highly integrated with Chinese culture. The Azuchi-Momoyama period saw the unification that preceded the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate. The Edo period from 1600 to 1868 characterized early modern Japan, the Tokugawa shogunate was a feudal regime of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family. This period gets its name from the city, Edo. The Tokugawa shogunate ruled from Edo Castle from 1603 until 1868, in 1392, General Yi Seong-gye established the Joseon Dynasty with a largely bloodless coup. Joseon experienced advances in science and culture, King Sejong the Great promulgated hangul, the Korean alphabet. The period saw various other cultural and technological advances as well as the dominance of neo-Confucianism over the entirety of Korea, during the late 16th and early 17th centuries, invasions by the neighboring Japanese and Qing Chinese nearly overran the Korean peninsula
8.
Lord Steward
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The Lord Steward or Lord Steward of the Household, in England, is an important official of the Royal Household. Until 1924, he was always a member of the Government, until 1782, the office was one of considerable political importance and carried Cabinet rank. The Lord Steward receives his appointment from the Sovereign in person and bears a white staff as the emblem and he is the first dignitary of the court. In an Act of passed in 1539 for placing of the lords and he presided at the Board of Green Cloth, until the Board of Green Cloth disappeared in the reform of local government licensing in 2004, brought about by the Licensing Act 2003. In his department are the Treasurer of the Household and Comptroller of the Household and these officials were usually peers or the sons of peers and Privy Councillors. They also sat at the Board of Green Cloth, carry white staves, the offices are now held by Government whips in the House of Commons. However, by the Coroners Act 1988, the Lord Steward still appoints the Coroner of the Queens Household. He is not named in the Black Book of Edward IV or in the Statutes of Henry VIII and is entered as master of the household and clerk of the green cloth in the Household Book of Queen Elizabeth. But he has superseded the lord steward of the household, as the steward of the household at one time superseded the Lord High Steward of England. In the Lord Stewards department were the officials of the Board of Green Cloth, the Coroner, and Paymaster of the Household, and the officers of the Royal Almonry. The Lord Steward had formerly three courts besides the Board of Green Cloth under him—the Lord Stewards Court, superseded in 1541 by the Marshalsea Court, the Lord Steward or his deputies formerly administered the oaths to the members of the House of Commons. In certain cases the lords with white staves are the persons to bear communications between the Sovereign and the Houses of Parliament.1485 The Lord FitzWalter 1485–aft. 1486 The Lord Willoughby de Broke 1488–1502 The Earl of Shrewsbury 1502–1538 The Earl of Sussex 1538–1540
9.
Master of the Horse
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The Master of the Horse was a position of varying importance in several European nations. The Magister Equitum served as the Dictators main lieutenant, the nomination of the Magister Equitum was left to the choice of the Dictator, unless a senatus consultum specified, as was sometimes the case, the name of the person who was to be appointed. The Magister Equitum was granted a form of imperium, but at the level as a praetor. In the Dictators absence, the Magister Equitum became his representative and it was usually but not always necessary for the man nominated as Magister Equitum to have already held the office of Praetor. Accordingly, the Magister Equitum had the insignia of a praetor, the toga praetexta, the most famous Master of the Horse is Mark Antony, who served during Julius Caesars first dictatorship. After the constitutional reforms of Augustus, the office of Dictator fell into disuse, the title magister equitum was revived in the late Empire, when Constantine I established it as one of the supreme military ranks, alongside the Magister Peditum. Eventually, the two offices would be amalgamated into that of the Magister Militum, the title Constable, from the Latin comes stabuli or count of the stables, has a similar history. The Master of the Horse in the United Kingdom was once an important official of the sovereigns household, the master of the horse is the third dignitary of the court, and was always a member of the ministry, a peer and a privy councillor. All matters connected with the horses and formerly also the hounds of the sovereign, as well as the stables and coachhouses, the stud, mews and previously the kennels, are within his jurisdiction. The practical management of the Royal Stables and stud devolves on the chief or Crown Equerry, the Clerk Marshal had the supervision of the accounts of the department before they are submitted to the Board of Green Cloth, and was in waiting on the Sovereign on state occasions only. They were always officers of the army, and each of them was on duty for about the time as the lords. They are youths aged from twelve to sixteen, selected by the sovereign in person, at the Coronation they assisted the groom of the stole in carrying the royal train. The current Master of the Horse is Samuel Vestey, 3rd Baron Vestey, today the Master of the Horse has a primarily ceremonial office, and rarely appears except on state occasions, and especially when the Sovereign is mounted. The Crown Equerry has daily oversight of the Royal Mews, which provides transport for the Sovereign. Train travel is arranged by the Royal Travel Office, which also co-ordinates air transport, the Pages of Honour, who appear only on ceremonial occasions, and the Equerries, were nominally under the authority of the Master of the Horse. The former are now controlled by the Keeper of the Privy Purse, the latter are effectively independent, and are functionally closer to the Private Secretarys Office. There are now three equerries to the Sovereign, and a number of extra equerries - usually retired officers with some connection to the Royal Household. The extra equerries are rarely if ever required for duty, for some years the senior Equerry has also held the position of Deputy Master of the Household
10.
Groom of the Stool
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The Groom of the Stool was the most intimate of an English monarchs courtiers, responsible for assisting the king in the performance of the bodily functions of excretion and ablution. The physical intimacy of the role led to him becoming a man in whom much confidence was placed by his royal master. It also appears as Grom of the Stole as the word Groom comes from the Old Low Franconian word Grom, the function had been transformed into that of a virtual minister of the royal treasury, being then an essential figure in the kings management of fiscal policy. In the early years of Henry VIIIs reign, the title was awarded to court companions of the king who spent time with him in the privy chamber and these were generally the sons of noblemen or important members of the gentry. In time they came to act as personal secretaries to the king, carrying out a variety of administrative tasks within his private rooms. The position was an especially prized one, as it allowed one unobstructed access to the king, david Starkey writes, The Groom of the Stool had the most menial tasks, his standing, though, was the highest. Clearly then, the royal body service must have seen as entirely honourable. Further, the word of the Gentleman of the Privy Chamber was sufficient evidence in itself of the kings will. The office effectively came to an end when it was neutralised in 1559, the office was exclusively one serving male monarchs, so on the death of Elizabeth and the accession of James I the office was revived. The holder of the position became in the Stuart Era the senior Lord of the Bedchamber, the position had considerable power because of its intimate access to the king. During the reign of Charles I the term appears to have lost its original signification of chair. The office was discontinued following the accession of King Edward VII in 1901. Often when the visit of a monarch is planned, for example during the construction of a new building. Hugh Denys of Osterley, Middlesex Hugh Denys performed an important function in controlling the private and he told them he doubted her virginity, on account of her brests so slacke. Michael Stanhope –1643, Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland 1643–c.1649, William Seymour, 1st Marquess of Hertford c.1649, 1877–1883, Sir William Knollys 1883–1901, James Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Abercorn Groom of the Robes Valet de chambre
11.
Yeomen of the Guard
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The Queens Body Guard of the Yeomen of the Guard are a bodyguard of the British Monarch. The oldest British military corps still in existence, it was created by Henry VII in 1485 at the Battle of Bosworth, as a token of this venerability, the Yeomen still wear red and gold uniforms of Tudor style. There are 60 Yeomen of the Guard, drawn from retired members of the British Army, Royal Marines and Royal Air Force and this ban on Royal Navy Personnel was lifted in 2011 and two sailors joined the ranks of the Yeomen of the Guard. However, the role of the Captain of the Queens Bodyguard of the Yeomen of the Guard is a political appointment — the captain is always the government Deputy Chief Whip in the House of Lords, today the Yeomen of the Guard have a purely ceremonial role. Armed with a Wilkinson sword and an ornamental partizan, they accompany the Sovereign at the annual Royal Maundy Service, investitures and summer Garden Parties at Buckingham Palace, in modern times officers from the Metropolitan Police carry out a more sophisticated additional search. In the eighteenth century some 40 Yeomen were on duty daily and this only ceased in 1813, and thereafter only one division was required daily until about 1837. Today they are only mustered when required, and receive three weeks duty notice in advance. They are active on some 30 occasions yearly, so each division appears for some 6–8 days a year. The Yeomen of the Guard are often confused with the Yeomen Warders of Her Majesty’s Royal Palace and Fortress the Tower of London, popularly known as Beefeaters, a similar but distinct body. Gilbert and Sullivans operetta, The Yeomen of the Guard, is set in the 16th century, however, the Guard wear a red cross-belt, which distinguishes them from the Yeomen Warders. The current Guard is the size of a company in the British Army. The Guard has a total of six officers, the senior officer is the Captain, which is a political appointment. Ranking below the Captain is the Lieutenant, the Clerk of the Cheque and Adjutant, the Ensign and two Exons, all of whom are required to have achieved a rank of at least Major. Each division has its own Divisional Sergeant-Major, plus pair of junior NCOs, the Yeoman Bed Hanger and Yeoman Bed Goer, the lowest rank in the Guard is Yeoman, which form the bulk of the strength. All Yeomen are over 42 years of age on appointment, and they must have at least reached the rank of sergeant or equivalent. They must also have had at least 22 years service and have awarded the Army, Royal Navy or RAF Long Service. On reaching the age of 70 years they become supernumerary and no longer are called for service, there are an average of four vacancies a year, which are filled by the Lord Chamberlain, who recommends the names to the Sovereign. The average age of members is perhaps 60 years
12.
Gentlemen Pensioners
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Her Majestys Bodyguard of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms is a bodyguard to the British Monarch. Until 17 March 1834, they were known as The Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners. The corps was formed as the Troop of Gentlemen in 1509 by King Henry VIII to act as an escort, armed with spear and lance to protect the sovereign. As his Body Guard, it accompanied Henry to France in 1513 and took part in the Battle of Guinegate, in 1526, they became a dismounted bodyguard armed with battleaxes. They last saw service in battle during the English Civil War and they were always intended as a primarily ceremonial unit, but were on regular duty until the 19th century. Under Henry VIII, the Troop of Gentlemen varied in size, as the Nearest Guard to the Monarch, the unit attracted an aristocratic and aspiring membership, which could be utilised as a cadre of young officers when levies were raised for overseas service. They also have three mess dinners annually, the Corps today consists of five Officers and 27 Gentlemen. The senior Officer is the Captain, an appointee who is now always the Government Chief Whip in the House of Lords. The senior permanent officer is the Lieutenant, the Clerk of the Cheque and Adjutant issues all orders to the Corps. The Harbinger runs the Mess and assists the Clerk, the Mess, at St. Jamess Palace, is run by a permanent Axekeeper and Butler also assisted by the house keeper. All Officers must have served in the Corps prior to promotion to officer rank, in the 17th century, there was also the office of Paymaster of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms and Co-Paymaster of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms. All subordinate officers, and all Gentlemen, must be under the age of 55 years on joining, the Gentlemen retain their prior military ranks. They must retire at 70 years, although all Gentlemen are retired officers, uniquely one recent member is also a clergyman. Colonel the Reverend Richard H. Whittington, MBE joined the Corps in 1999 after retiring from the Corps of Royal Engineers and he was ordained a deacon in 1993 and a priest in 1994. He was Chaplain of the Royal Hospital Chelsea from 2001-13, the uniform is that of a Dragoon Guards officer of the 1840s. It has a skirted red coatee with Garter blue velvet cuffs, helmets with white swan feather plumes are worn when on duty, even in church. Cavalry swords are worn, and long ceremonial battle-axes, over 300 years old, are carried by all the Gentlemen, the uniforms are produced by the royal warrant holder Gieves & Hawkes from Savile Row in London. In the case of the Gentlemen at Arms, this is a standard of crimson edged in gold
13.
Chapel Royal
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A Chapel Royal is, in both Canada and the United Kingdom, an eccesiastical body of clergy, singers and vestry officers appointed to serve the spiritual needs of the countrys reigning sovereign. In the UK, it is a department of the Ecclesiastical Household, the household is further divided into two parts, an ecclesiastical household each for Scotland and England, belonging to the Church of Scotland and the Church of England respectively. The latter was designated as a Chapel Royal in 2004 by Queen Elizabeth II and is under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Ontario, in April 2016 the Queen approved in principle that St. Catherines Chapel, Massey College, Toronto be designated a Chapel Royal. In their early history, the English and Scottish Chapels Royal travelled, like the rest of the court, with the monarch, the first records of the Scottish Chapel Royal date from the eleventh century. James IV of Scotland established a building for the Chapel Royal in Stirling Castle in 1501, the Italianate building was used for the christening of Jamess son, Prince Henry. The English Chapel Royal had emerged as a body by the eleventh century. The chapel achieved its greatest eminence during the reign of Elizabeth I, the Master of the Children had, until at least 1684, the power to impress promising boy trebles from provincial choirs for service in the chapel. In the 17th century the Chapel Royal had its own building in Whitehall, in the 18th century the choristers sang the soprano parts in performances of Handels oratorios and other works. Under Charles II, the choir was augmented by violinists from the royal consort, at various times the chapel has also employed composers, lutenists. The Chapel Royal refers not to a building but to an establishment in the Royal Household, the term is also, however, applied to those buildings used as chapels by the priests and singers of the Chapel Royal for the performance of their duties. The two currently regularly used British Chapels Royal are located in St. Jamess Palace in London, the Chapel Royal, since such establishments are outside the usual diocesan structure, they are classified as royal peculiars. He is assisted by the Revd William Whitcombe and the Revd Richard Bolton, the Chapels Royal are served by a choir, six Gentlemen-in-Ordinary and ten Children of the Chapel— all boys. The current Director of Music of the English Chapel Royal is Huw Williams who is assisted by a sub organist, the Chapel Royal occupies a number of buildings. The Chapel Royal conducts the Service of Remembrance at the Cenotaph in Whitehall and this building has been used regularly since 1702 and is the most commonly used facility today. Located in the block of St Jamess Palace, it was built circa 1540 and altered since. The large window to the right of the gatehouse is in the north wall of this chapel which is laid out on a north-south rather than the usual east-west axis. Its ceiling richly decorated with initials and coats of arms is said to have been painted by Holbein. From the 1690s it was used by Continental Protestant courtiers and became known as the German chapel, after the adjacent apartments burnt down in 1809 they were not replaced, and in 1856-57 Marlborough Road was built between the palace and the chapel
14.
Jewel House
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The Jewel House is a vault housing the British Crown Jewels in the Waterloo Block at the Tower of London. It was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1994 and refurbished in 2012, Regalia have been kept in various parts of the Tower since the 14th century after a series of successful and attempted thefts at Westminster Abbey. A Keeper of the Crown Jewels was appointed in 1207, over the subsequent centuries his title varied, from Keeper of the Kings Jewels, Master of the Jewel House, Master and Treasurer of the Kings Jewels and Plate, or Keeper of the Jewel House. He was also Treasurer of the Chamber, a division of the Royal Household of the monarch, in this position he was also called Keeper of the Court Wardrobe, Keeper of the Privy Wardrobe, or Receiver of the Chamber. In this capacity, he represented the Lord Treasurers interests in the regalia, because of this, the Receiver of the Chamber exercised delegated authority over the Crown Jewels, especially those kept at the Tower of London. This Jewel House stood by the now-demolished Wardrobe Tower, in 1378, the keeper gained control over at least a part of the royal jewels, and had a box in which he kept them, with two keys, one for himself and the other for the Lord Treasurer. This was the beginning of the Jewel House Department, the royal treasure was usually kept in the Tower of London, and at the Great Treasury, Westminster. Additionally, coronation regalia was, over the centuries, kept in the Chamber of the Pyx in Westminster Abbey, from the foundation of the abbey in c.1050 until 1303, the Chamber of the Pyx also held the general royal treasury. Most crowns were kept in the Tower of London from the time of Henry III, as were coronation regalia from 1643, following Richard de Podnecotts attempted robbery of the Chamber of the Pyx in 1303, some regalia were moved to the Tower of London for safekeeping. A new Jewel House was built near the White Tower in 1378, Regalia were kept on the upper floor and plate on the lower floor. The coronation regalia would remain at Westminster Abbey until the 17th century, the first keeper after the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Sir Gilbert Talbot, was the last to exercise day-to-day control over the Jewel House. At that time, he was styled as Master and Treasurer of the Jewels, spare plate was kept at the Palace of Whitehall, and later, probably, at St Jamess Palace. From 1660, as the Privy Wardrobe was no longer at the Tower of London and he later became known as the Keeper of the Regalia or Keeper of the Jewel Office at the Tower. From this appointment, a branch of the Jewel House Department developed. When the latter was closed down, the Tower of London Jewel House alone remained, from 1665, the regalia were on show to the public, and over time this activity of the Jewel House became increasingly important. In 1669, the regalia were moved to a new chamber in the Martin Tower, a custodian named Talbot Edwards showed the jewels to visitors for a small fee. At first, this was an informal arrangement, with Edwards taking the regalia out of a locked cupboard to show it. The arrangement was ended in 1671, when Colonel Thomas Blood overpowered the custodian, tied him up and, all the items were recovered, though some had been damaged, St Edwards Crown had been crushed with a mallet, and the Sovereigns Orb took a dent
15.
Theatres Act 1843
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The Theatres Act 1843 was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom. It amended the regime established under the Licensing Act 1737 for the licensing of the theatre in the UK, a licence, once granted, could be also withdrawn. The Licensing Act 1737 also limited spoken drama to the patent theatres, originally only the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane and Theatre Royal, Covent Garden in London. The regime was relaxed slightly by the Theatrical Representations Act 1788, penny plain, tuppence coloured, the theatrical spectacular. Consuming Passions, Leisure and Pleasure in Victorian Britain
16.
Hair (musical)
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Hair, The American Tribal Love-Rock Musical is a rock musical with a book and lyrics by James Rado and Gerome Ragni and music by Galt MacDermot. A product of the counterculture and sexual revolution of the late 1960s. The musicals profanity, its depiction of the use of drugs, its treatment of sexuality, its irreverence for the American flag. The musical broke new ground in musical theatre by defining the genre of musical, using a racially integrated cast. Simultaneous productions in cities across the United States and Europe followed shortly thereafter, since then, numerous productions have been staged around the world, spawning dozens of recordings of the musical, including the 3 million-selling original Broadway cast recording. Some of the songs from its score became Top 10 hits, a Broadway revival opened in 2009, earning strong reviews and winning the Tony Award and Drama Desk Award for best revival of a musical. In 2008, Time magazine wrote, Today Hair seems, if anything, Hair was conceived by actors James Rado and Gerome Ragni. The two met in 1964 when they performed together in the Off-Broadway flop Hang Down Your Head and Die, the main characters were autobiographical, with Rados Claude being a pensive romantic and Ragnis Berger an extrovert. Their close relationship, including its volatility, was reflected in the musical, Rado explained, We were great friends. It was a kind of relationship that we directed into creativity, into writing. We put the drama between us on stage, Rado described the inspiration for Hair as a combination of some characters we met in the streets, people we knew and our own imaginations. He recalled, There was so much excitement in the streets and the parks and the hippie areas and we hung out with them and went to their Be-Ins let our hair grow. Many cast members were recruited right off the street, Rado said, It was very important historically, and if we hadnt written it, thered not be any examples. You could read about it and see film clips, but youd never experience it and we thought, This is happening in the streets, and we wanted to bring it to the stage. Rado and Ragni came from different artistic backgrounds, in college, Rado wrote musical revues and aspired to be a Broadway composer in the Rodgers and Hammerstein tradition. He went on to acting with Lee Strasberg. Ragni, on the hand, was an active member of The Open Theater, one of several groups, mostly Off-off Broadway. He introduced Rado to the theatre styles and methods being developed at The Open Theater
17.
Godfrey Kneller
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Kneller was born Gottfried Kniller in the Free City of Lübeck, the son of Zacharias Kniller, a portrait painter. Kneller studied in Leiden, but became a pupil of Ferdinand Bol, the brothers came to England in 1676, and won the patronage of the Duke of Monmouth. He was introduced to, and painted a portrait of, Charles II, in England, Kneller concentrated almost entirely on portraiture. His portraits set a pattern that was followed until William Hogarth, nevertheless, he established himself as a leading portrait artist in England. When Sir Peter Lely died in 1680, Kneller was appointed Principal Painter to the Crown by Charles II, in the 1690s, Kneller painted the Hampton Court Beauties depicting the most glamorous ladies-in-waiting of the Royal Court for which he received his knighthood from William III. He produced a series of Kit-cat portraits of 48 leading politicians and his paintings were praised by Whig luminaries such as John Dryden, Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, and Alexander Pope. On the landing in Horsham Museum hang works of art from the Museums extensive painting collection, featuring a large 18th-century portrait of Charles Eversfield and his wife, in the painting Eversfield is giving his wife some violets which signifies fidelity, love and honesty. It is likely that the picture was cut down at some time as it was unusual to stop just below the knee and he married a widow, Susanna Grave, on 23 January 1704 at St Brides Church, London. She was the daughter of the Reverend John Cawley, Archdeacon of Lincoln and Rector of Henley-on-Thames, Kneller died of fever in 1723 at Great Queen Street and his remains were interred at Twickenham. He had been a churchwarden at St Marys, Twickenham when the 14th-century nave collapsed in 1713 and was active in the plans for the reconstruction by John James. His widow was buried at Twickenham on 11 December 1729, a memorial was erected in Westminster Abbey. Knellers will gave a pension of £100 a year to his assistant Edward Byng, Byng also inherited the drawings in Knellers studio. Kneller and his wife had no children together, the site of the house Kneller built in 1709 in Whitton, near Twickenham, became occupied by the mid-19th century Kneller Hall, home of the Royal Military School of Music. As to thinking better or worse of mankind from experience, some cunning people will not be satisfied unless they have put men to the test, there is a very good story told of Sir Godfrey Kneller, in his character of a Justice of the peace. In his hometown Lübeck there are works to be seen in the St. Annen Museum and his former works at St. Marys Church were destroyed by the Bombing of Lübeck 1942. A large oil portrait of James VII of Scotland hangs on the staircase of private members Club, The Caledonian Club, in Belgravia
18.
House of Lords
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The House of Lords of the United Kingdom, referred to ceremonially as the House of Peers, is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster, officially, the full name of the house is, The Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. Unlike the elected House of Commons, all members of the House of Lords are appointed, the membership of the House of Lords is drawn from the peerage and is made up of Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal. The Lords Spiritual are 26 bishops in the established Church of England, of the Lords Temporal, the majority are life peers who are appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister, or on the advice of the House of Lords Appointments Commission. However, they include some hereditary peers including four dukes. Very few of these are female since most hereditary peerages can only be inherited by men, while the House of Commons has a defined 650-seat membership, the number of members in the House of Lords is not fixed. There are currently 805 sitting Lords, the House of Lords is the only upper house of any bicameral parliament to be larger than its respective lower house. The House of Lords scrutinises bills that have approved by the House of Commons. It regularly reviews and amends Bills from the Commons, while it is unable to prevent Bills passing into law, except in certain limited circumstances, it can delay Bills and force the Commons to reconsider their decisions. In this capacity, the House of Lords acts as a check on the House of Commons that is independent from the electoral process, Bills can be introduced into either the House of Lords or the House of Commons. Members of the Lords may also take on roles as government ministers, the House of Lords has its own support services, separate from the Commons, including the House of Lords Library. The Queens Speech is delivered in the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament, the House also has a Church of England role, in that Church Measures must be tabled within the House by the Lords Spiritual. This new parliament was, in effect, the continuation of the Parliament of England with the addition of 45 MPs and 16 Peers to represent Scotland, the Parliament of England developed from the Magnum Concilium, the Great Council that advised the King during medieval times. This royal council came to be composed of ecclesiastics, noblemen, the first English Parliament is often considered to be the Model Parliament, which included archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and representatives of the shires and boroughs of it. The power of Parliament grew slowly, fluctuating as the strength of the monarchy grew or declined, for example, during much of the reign of Edward II, the nobility was supreme, the Crown weak, and the shire and borough representatives entirely powerless. In 1569, the authority of Parliament was for the first time recognised not simply by custom or royal charter, further developments occurred during the reign of Edward IIs successor, Edward III. It was during this Kings reign that Parliament clearly separated into two chambers, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The authority of Parliament continued to grow, and, during the fifteenth century
19.
Court uniform and dress in the United Kingdom
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Court uniform and dress were required to be worn by those in attendance at the royal Court in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Specifically, court uniform was worn by those holding particular offices, a range of office-holders were entitled to wear it, with different grades of uniform specified for different grades of official. It is still today on state occasions by certain dignitaries both in the UK and abroad. Court dress, on the hand, is a stylized form of clothing deriving from fashionable eighteenth-century wear. For men, it comprises a matching tailcoat and waistcoat, breeches and stockings, lace cuffs and cravat, cocked hat, for women, a white or cream evening dress is directed to be worn, together with a train and other specified accoutrements. Male court dress is worn today as part of the formal dress of judges and Queens Counsel, and is also worn by certain Lord Mayors, parliamentary officials. Female court dress was at one time required wear for debutantes being presented at Court, precise descriptions, both of court uniform and of court dress, were laid down in an official publication called Dress Worn at Court which was published by the Lord Chamberlains Office. The 1937 edition remains authoritative for those circumstances in which court uniform or court dress are still required. Court dress was worn by all men not entitled to court uniform or military uniform on occasions of state where such were customarily worn, such occasions are now rare, but formerly they included state balls, evening state parties, courts and levées. It consists of a tail-coat with matching waistcoat and breeches, lace cuffs and jabot, silk stockings, buckled shoes, cocked hat, white gloves and a sword. At one time suits of various colours were to be seen, often gold or silver embroidery, but black is now the predominant colour. Peers robes were worn over normal dress, which gradually became stylised as the court suit and it was only from the late eighteenth century that court dress became fossilised. By the early to mid eighteenth century velvet was largely confined to court dress, Court dress was obligatory in Westminster Abbey for all not wearing official or lordly apparel. The first produced the court suit, a coat with tails, waistcoat and knee breeches, worn with stockings, and a formal court sword with a cut-steel hilt and embellishments. The court suit has undergone a number of changes since the eighteenth century, however, apart from changes in the cut of the sleeves and shoulders, there was little basic alteration until the third quarter of the nineteenth century. In the eighteenth century, dress worn at court comprised gold and silver stuff, brocades, velvets and cloth coats. They were always embroidered, and worn with waistcoats generally of a different colour- gold or silver brocade, damask, silk or satin, from the 1730s at least cloth was popular for court wear. By the 1780s dress was established as dark cloth or velvet, embroidered in silk or metal, single-breasted silk waistcoat, from 1810, the Lord Chamberlain laid down regulations for court dress
20.
Thomas Erpingham
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Sir Thomas Erpingham KG was an English knight who became famous as the commander of King Henry Vs longbow wielding archers at the Battle of Agincourt. He was immortalised as a character in the play Henry V by William Shakespeare. Erpinghams career as a soldier led him to serve in France during the Hundred Years War, in Spain, in Scotland against the Scots, in Prussia and The Holy Land, and spanned nearly 50 years. Beginning with his service in Aquitaine under the Black Prince in 1368 and concluding with his role at the Battle of Agincourt, Thomas joined John of Gaunts service in 1380 as an esquire, and was knighted by him. He followed Gaunt to Spain in pursuit of the throne of Castile, after becoming a retainer of Gaunts, Erpingham served in the Scottish campaign of 1385, against the Duke of Brittany at the relief of Brest in 1385, he fought again in Spain in 1386. In 1390, he joined John of Gaunts son Henry Bolingbroke, then simply Earl of Derby, in 1392 he again accompanied Henry to Prussia and on from there on a journey through Europe and on to Jerusalem. Returning through Italy, it is thought he obtained the fabric for the Chasuble which bears his name, now in the possession of the Victoria, in July 1399, he landed at Ravenspur with Henry Bolingbroke, launching the campaign which led to the latters seizure of the throne. He was to hold the two posts until 1409. He served as Chamberlain until 1404, served briefly as Steward of the Household the same year, in 1401 was made a Knight of the Garter, and later a member of the Privy Council. Despite the martial nature of his offices, Erpingham took little part in the warfare of the years of Henry IVs reign. He was to hold this post until at least 1415, in April 1415, Erpingham indentured to serve with a company of 80 men on King Henrys forthcoming expedition to France. The 80 included 20 men-at-arms and 60 archers, when the company mustered in Southampton it consisted of 24 men-at-arms and 73 archers. The army crossed to France in August and Sir Thomas men were involved in the siege of Harfleur, after Harfleur, the remaining men of Thomas company marched with the King towards Calais. October, the English fought the French army at Agincourt, Sir Thomas was stationed in the main battle, alongside King Henry. Despite his long career, it was his first major battle. As an experienced soldier, however, Henry gave him the task of marshaling the armys archers and he is recorded as having ridden across the front of the army to carry out his duties. When he was satisfied that the archers were in position, he threw his marshals baton into the air and this has most commonly been interpreted as a rendition of Now Strike. Other interpretations are Now stretch or knee stretch, Erpingham then dismounted and joined the king
21.
Richard Grey, 4th Baron Grey of Codnor
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Richard Grey, 1st or 4th Baron Grey of Codnor KG was an English soldier and diplomat. In 1400 he was appointed Admiral of the fleet from the Thames to the north. In 1402 he was one of the appointed to treat with Owain Glyndŵr for the release of Reginald Grey. He was appointed justice of South Wales in 1403, a position he held until 1407, and from 1404 to 1413 served as Chamberlain of the Household. In 1405 Grey submitted certain considerations on the state of Wales to the king and council and on 2 December he was appointed Lieutenant of South Wales, and held the post till 1 February 1406. In 1405 Grey was also engaged in a controversy with Henry Beaumont, 5th Baron Beaumont as to which of them was entitled to precedency, from 1412 he was constantly employed on diplomatic missions. In 1413 he was one of the ambassadors to treat for a marriage between Henry, Prince of Wales, and Anne, daughter of John, Duke of Burgundy. Next year he was one of those appointed to procure a prolongation of the truce with France, in August 1415 he was employed to negotiate a truce with Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, regent of Scotland, and shortly after was made Warden of the Eastern Marches. In 1418 he was Governor of the Castle of Argentan in Normandy, Grey was summoned to parliament from 17 September 1397, and was made a Knight of the Garter in about 1404. He died on 1 August 1418, possibly in France, and was buried at Aylesford Priory in Kent, Grey was the son of Henry de Grey, and succeeded his grandfather John de Grey to the Grey of Codnor barony. The barony fell into abeyance between the three following the death of the seventh baron, the termination of the abeyance in 1989 was granted in the favour of a descendant of Lucy. Bibliography This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Kingsford. Burkes Peerage and Baronetage in Great Britain and Ireland, cokayne, George E. Gibbs, Vicary, Doubleday, Harry. The Complete Peerage of Great Britain and Ireland
22.
Henry FitzHugh, 3rd Baron FitzHugh
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Henry FitzHugh, 3rd Baron FitzHugh KG was an English administrator and diplomat who served under Henry IV and Henry V. Summoned to parliament in 1388, FitzHugh became active in public affairs following Henry IVs succession and he was engaged in Anglo-Scottish diplomacy, taking part in the Battle of Humbleton Hill in 1402 and negotiating the surrender of his uncle, Archbishop of York Richard le Scrope, in 1405. The next year he travelled to Denmark as part of the escort of Philippa, Henrys daughter, for her marriage to Eric of Pomerania, king of Denmark, Norway, at the coronation of Henry V in 1413, FitzHugh was Constable. During Henrys reign, he served as Chamberlain of the Household and he participated in the Battle of Agincourt in 1415 and subsequent diplomacy with the French, which led to the Treaty of Troyes in 1420. He travelled with the king to France, and he escorted the remains back to England following his death in 1422. He was an executor of Henrys will and was a feoffee of lands in the will and he became a Knight of the Garter about 1409. After his death on 11 January 1425, FitzHugh was buried at Jervaulx Abbey in Yorkshire at his request, an English order was established in 1415 at Twickenham with the assistance of Henry V. He also attended the Council of Constance in 1415, a descendant of Akarius Fitz Bardolph, FitzHugh was the first son of Hugh FitzHugh, 2nd Baron FitzHugh, and Joan, daughter of Henry Scrope, 1st Baron Scrope of Masham. He married Elizabeth Grey, daughter of Sir Robert de Grey and his wife, Robert was a son of John de Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Rotherfield and Avice Marmion. They had eight sons and six daughters, including, William FitzHugh, 4th Baron FitzHugh, married to Margery Willoughby, daughter of William Willoughby, 5th Baron Willoughby de Eresby. Robert FitzHugh, Bishop of London Eleanor FitzHugh, who married firstly to Philip Darcy, 6th Lord Darcy of Knayth, they were parents to Elizabeth Darcy, Eleanor married secondly to Thomas Tunstall and thirdly to Henry Bromflete, 1st Baron Vesci. Elizabeth FitzHugh, married firstly on 10 December 1427 to Sir Ralph Gray of Chillingham and secondly, in 1445 and her only issue was by her first husband. Elizabeth was a lady-in-waiting to queen consort Margaret of Anjou, maud FitzHugh, wife of Sir William Eure of Witton. Laura or Lora FitzHugh, wife of Sir Maurice de Berkeley of Beverstone, Gloucestershire
23.
Ralph de Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell
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Ralph de Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell was an English politician and diplomat. A Privy Councillor from 1422, he served as Treasurer of England and he also owned and developed a number of properties, including Tattershall Castle in Lincolnshire. In his youth he served in the household of Thomas, Duke of Clarence, Cromwell served Henry V at the battle of Agincourt in 1415, and throughout the reign he continued fighting in France. In 1417 he was present when Henry took Caen by assault and he was present at the capture of Courtonne on 6 March 1418, of Chambrays on the 9th, and of Rivière-Thibonville on the 11th. In May 1420 he was one of the commissioners who assisted Henry in negotiating the Treaty of Troyes. Cromwell gained the confidence of Henry V and of his brother John, Duke of Bedford and he was first summoned to parliament on 29 September 1422, and in November he was one of the lords appointed in parliament to form the council of regency. Soon afterwards he was appointed Chamberlain of the Household, and on 29 January 1426 he was one of those sent to mediate with Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester and reconcile him with Cardinal Beaufort. In the following May he was warned not to bring more than his usual retinue to parliament and he complained that he had been dismissed without cause shown and contrary to the ordinances of 1429, by which the councils proceedings were regulated. He appealed to testimonials from Bedford as to the value of his services in France, in the summer of 1433 Bedford returned to England, and during his visit the disgraced ministers were restored to power, with Cromwell made Treasurer of England. During his tenure, the French war was the single biggest drain on resources, instead he took the position of Chamberlain of the Exchequer, a post he held until 1455. Cromwell does not again come prominently forward until 1449, one of Suffolks partisans was William Tailboys, a Lincolnshire squire, with whom Cromwell had had some local disputes, and on 28 November 1449 Cromwell was attacked by Tailboys. Cromwell began legal proceedings against Tailboys, but was blocked by Suffolk, Tailboys was sent to the Tower of London and later convicted in February 1450. Suffolk was impeached by the Commons in January 1450 and later murdered on crossing to France, Cromwell was reappointed Chamberlain of the Household in the same year. The fall of Suffolk let loose a flood of personal jealousies and this included a bitter disagreement over lands with Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter. Cromwell died on 4 January 1456 at South Wingfield in Derbyshire and was buried at the church at Tattershall in Lincolnshire, Cromwell financed a number of projects in his lifetime. These included properties at Collyweston in Northamptonshire and at South Wingfield in Derbyshire and he instructed in his will that the church at Lambley in Nottinghamshire be rebuilt, where his parents and grandparents were buried. He inherited Tattershall Castle in Lincolnshire, which became his primary residence, here, he funded the construction of several buildings, including the Grand Tower at the castle, the college, the Holy Trinity church and two almshouses. Cromwell acquired a manor in Wymondham in Norfolk which still bears his name today, Cromwell was the son of Ralph de Cromwell, 2nd Baron Cromwell and his wife Joan, daughter of the chronicler Thomas Grey
24.
William Phelip, 6th Baron Bardolf
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William Phelip, 6th Baron Bardolf, KG was Treasurer of the Kings Household and Royal Chamberlain. Sir William Phelip was son of Sir John Phelip of Dennington and he is described as being a valiant soldier in the wars in France during the reign of Henry V. He became Treasurer of the Kings Household, and on the Kings decease had the chief conduct of his funeral. He is said to have been created Lord Bardolf by Letters Patent of Henry VI and he was later also a Knight of the Garter, and Chamberlain to King Henry VI. By Letters Patent dated 23 October 1440, Sir William Phelip held the lordship of Horstead Manor and he married Joan, daughter and co-heir of the attainted Thomas Bardolf, 5th Lord Bardolf, and it was by this route that he acquired his peerage. The Norfolk Visitations mention the will, dated 1 September 1438, of William Phelipp, Lord Bardolf, in which John Heydon, esquire, was appointed one of the executors. His wife died before 1447, as in year the executors of Joan, Lady Bardolf, sold her property of Erpingham manor, in St. Martins at the Palace, at Norwich. Lord Bardolf left a daughter, Elizabeth Phelip, who married John Beaumont, 1st Viscount Beaumont and he was killed at the Battle of Northampton. Corder, Joan, FSA. editor, The Visitation of Suffolk 1561 made by William Hervy, Clarenceux King of Arms, London,1981, part 1, p.186
25.
Ralph Boteler, 1st Baron Sudeley
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Ralph Boteler, 1st Baron Sudeley and 6th Baron Sudeley KG was an English baron and aristocrat. He was the Captain of Calais and Treasurer of England, Ralph Boteler was the youngest surviving son of Thomas Boteler of Sudeley Castle, Gloucestershire and Alice Beauchamp, daughter of Sir John Beauchamp of Powick, Worcestershire. About 1418 he married commercial wealth, in the person of Elizabeth, widow of John Hende, late Mayor of London. She died in 1462, and in the year he married Alice, daughter of John, Baron Deyncourt, and widow of William, Baron Lovel of Titchmarsh, Northamptonshire. The Barony of Sudeley was conferred upon him by Letters Patent, the title passed to both his elder brothers, John who died unmarried and childless in 1410 and William, who despite being married, also died childless seven years later. Williams widow, Alice, was appointed governess of Henry VI in 1424 and he is thought to have served with King Henry V of England in France as he was awarded grants of land there in 1420-21. He was captain of Arques and Crotoy in 1423 and took muster in Calais in 1425 and he served as Lord High Treasurer of England from 1443 to 1446. Along with the title, Ralph inherited Sudeley Castle, which he rebuilt in the 1440s, unfortunately he failed to gain royal permission to crenellate it and had to seek Henry VIs pardon. He lost it in 1469 due to his support for the Lancastrian cause, Sudeley left no surviving male heir from either marriage, for his son Thomas predeceased him, also without a male heir. The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama
26.
James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele
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James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele was an English soldier and politician, son of Sir William Fiennes and wife Elizabeth Batisford. Fiennes fought in the Hundred Years War and served as High Sheriff of Kent in 1436 and High Sheriff of Surrey and he was Constable of Dover and Warden of the Cinque Ports from 1447 to 1450, and Lord High Treasurer of England from 1449 to 1450. He was summoned to Parliament from 1446 to 1449 and is said to have been created Baron Saye, Saye and Sele was a supporter of William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, the principal power behind the throne of Henry VI. After Suffolks deposition and murder in 1450 he was imprisoned in the Tower and he was succeeded in the barony by his son William. New York, St Martins Press,1990
27.
Thomas Stanley, 1st Baron Stanley
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Stanley was the son of Sir John Stanley, of Liverpool, Lathom, and Knowsley, Lancashire, by his wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Nicholas Harington of Farleton, Lancashire. He represented Lancashire in the House of Commons in 1427,1433,1439,1442,1447,1449,1450,1453,1455, in 1424 he was attacked in his fathers tower at Liverpool by Sir Richard Molyneaux, who was arrested. During the Parliament at Westminster in 1450-1 the House of Commons demanded his removal from the Royal presence with others of the Duke of Suffolks party. Stanley married Joan Goushill, eldest daughter and co-heiress of Sir Robert Goushill, Knt. of Hoveringham, Nottinghamshire, by Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Fitzalan, 11th Earl of Arundel. They had four sons, Thomas, K. G. William, K. G. John, Esq. and James and his wife, Joan, died shortly before 27 April 1466. Both were interred in Burscough Priory and he was succeeded by his eldest son Thomas, who was created Earl of Derby in 1485, his senior line died out in 1736. His second son William Stanley was executed for treason by King Henry VII in 1495, the children were, Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby, who married Eleanor de Neville, Margaret Beaufort. Sir William Stanley, invested as Knight of the Garter in 1487 and he was beheaded for his alleged part in the Perkin Warbeck conspiracy in 1495. Sir John Stanley, ancestor of the Barons Stanley of Alderley Elizabeth Stanley, who married Thomas le Stange, and Sir Richard Molyneux. Margaret Stanley, who married Sir William Troutbeck, who was killed in the Battle of Blore Heath on 23 September 1459, John le Boteler, Katherine Stanley married Sir John Savage, K. B. of Clifton, Cheshire. New York, St Martins Press,1990
28.
Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury
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Richard Neville, jure uxoris 5th Earl of Salisbury and 7th and 4th Baron Montacute KG PC was a Yorkist leader during the early parts of the Wars of the Roses. Richard Neville was born in 1400 at Raby Castle in County Durham, although he was the third son of Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, Richard Neville was the first son to be born to Ralphs second wife, Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmoreland. The children of Earl Ralphs first wife had made good marriages to local nobility, three of Richards sisters married dukes, and Richard himself married Alice Montacute, daughter and heiress of Thomas Montacute, the Earl of Salisbury. The date of Richard and Alices marriage is not known, but it must have been before February 1421, at the time of the marriage, the Salisbury inheritance was not guaranteed, as not only was Earl Thomas still alive, but in 1424 he remarried. However, this marriage was without issue and when the Earl Thomas Montacute died in 1428, Richard Neville and Alice were confirmed as the Earl. From this point on, Richard Neville will be referred to as Salisbury, Salisbury came into possession of greater estates than, as a younger son, he could reasonably have expected. Strangely, his elder half-brother John apparently agreed to many of the rights to the Neville inheritance being transferred to Joan Beaufort – Salisbury would inherit these on her death in 1440 and he also gained possession of the lands and grants made jointly to Ralph and Joan. Only Raby Castle returned to the senior branch, the Neville–Neville feud was later to become absorbed into the destructive Percy-Neville feud. Salisburys marriage gained him his wifes quarter share of the Holland inheritance, ironically, his Salisbury title came with comparatively little in terms of wealth, though he did gain a more southerly residence at Bisham Manor in Berkshire. The defence of the Scottish Border was carried out by two Wardens– that of the East March and that of the West March at Carlisle, but Hotspur rebelled, and his father was held to be complicit in his treason. After Hotspur was killed at the Battle of Shrewsbury, Ralph Neville was employed by King Henry V to capture the elder Percy and his reward was to succeed the Percys as Warden of both Marches. Under Henry V, the Percys were restored to their lands, the West March, however, was to become an almost hereditary Neville appointment. Salisbury became Warden of the West March in 1420 and it was one of the most valuable appointments in England, worth £1,500 in peacetime and four times that if war broke out with Scotland. Salisbury must have been high in Henry Vs estimation, as he was also appointed Justice of the Peace in Cumberland, Westmoreland, in 1431 he accompanied the young King Henry VI to France for his coronation, and on his return was made Warden of the East March. In 1436 however, he resigned both posts, although this may have intended as a means of forcing the crown to make good its arrears of payment. When his resignation was accepted, he accompanied his brother-in-law Richard, Duke of York, to France, taking 1,300 men-at-arms and he returned the following year, and in November became a member of the Kings Council. He did not resume either of the Wardenships, as the Percy-Neville dispute took up most of his time, although this was at a reduced fee of just under £1,000, the money was secured on specific sources of Crown income, not on the frequently uncollectable tallies. This may reflect his experiences of 1436, at the end of 1443, from his principal seat at Middleham Castle in Wensleydale, Salisbury could look with some satisfaction at his position
29.
William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings
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William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings KG was an English nobleman. A loyal follower of the House of York during the Wars of the Roses, he became a friend and one of the most important courtiers of King Edward IV. At the time of Edwards death he was one of the most powerful and he was summarily executed following accusations of treason by Edwards brother and ultimate successor, Richard III. William Hastings, born about 1431, was the eldest son of Sir Leonard Hastings, Hastings succeeded his father in service to the House of York and through this service became close to his distant cousin the future Edward IV, whom he was to serve loyally all his life. He was High Sheriff of Warwickshire and High Sheriff of Leicestershire in 1455 and he was knighted on the field of battle. He was also created Baron Hastings, a title reinforced by grants of land and office, in 1462 he was invested as a Knight of the Garter. In 1474, he was awarded royal licence to crenellate at three of his landholdings in Leicestershire, at Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Kirby Muxloe, and at Bagworth. He built extensively at Ashby, mostly making additions to the manor house built by the de la Zouch family in the thirteenth century. His greatest achievement at Ashby was the Hastings Tower, at Kirby Muxloe Castle he began an intricate fortified house of red brick, one of the first of its kind in the county. Thanks to English Heritage, the castles at Ashby and Kirby can still be seen and his importance in these years is recorded in a number of sources and was recognised by the greatest peer in the realm, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick. In 1462, Warwick arranged for Hastings to marry his widowed sister, despite this matrimonial relationship with the Nevilles, when Warwick drove Edward IV into exile in 1470, Hastings went with Edward and accompanied the king back the following spring. Hastings raised troops for Edward in the English Midlands and served as one of the captains of the Yorkist forces at both Barnet and Tewkesbury. His service, loyalty and ability, along with the fall of his Neville in-laws and he continued to serve as Chamberlain and was awarded the position of Chamberlain of the Exchequer in 1471, which he held until 1483. He was also appointed Lieutenant of Calais, which him a important player in foreign affairs. At court, he was involved in two lengthy feuds with members of Queen Elizabeth Woodvilles family, most notably with her son Thomas Grey, Hastings, who had long been friendly with Richard and hostile to the Woodvilles, was a key figure in checking these manoeuvres. While keeping the Woodvilles in check in London, Hastings informed Richard of their proceedings, Richard intercepted the young king, who was on his way to London, with his Woodville relatives. Hastings then supported Richards formal installation as Lord Protector and collaborated with him in the royal council, while the other alleged conspirators were imprisoned, Hastings was immediately beheaded on Richards orders over a log in the courtyard of the Tower. The summary execution of the popular Hastings was controversial among contemporaries and has been interpreted differently by historians, others have been more open to the possibility of such a conspiracy and that Richard merely reacted to secure his position
30.
Henry VI of England
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Henry VI was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471, and disputed King of France from 1422 to 1453. Henry inherited the long-running Hundred Years War, where Charles VII contested his claim to the French throne. Henry married Charless niece, Margaret of Anjou, partially in the hope of achieving peace in 1445, the war recommenced, with France taking the upper hand, by 1453, Calais was Henrys only remaining territory on the continent. Henry experienced a breakdown after the failure of the war. Civil war broke out in 1460, leading to a period of dynastic conflict known as the Wars of the Roses. Henry was taken prisoner by Richard of York at Northampton on 10 July 1460 but was rescued that December by forces loyal to Margaret and he was deposed on 29 March 1461 following the victory at Towton by Richards son, who took the throne as Edward IV. Henry suffered another breakdown and, despite Margaret continuing to lead a resistance to Edward, he was captured by Edwards forces in 1465 and imprisoned in the Tower of London. Richard Neville, the Earl of Warwick, restored Henry to the throne in 1470, Henry died in the Tower during the night of 21 May 1471, possibly killed on the orders of Edward. He was buried at Chertsey Abbey, before being moved to Windsor Castle in 1484, miracles were attributed to Henry after his death, and he was informally regarded as a saint and martyr until the 16th century. He left a legacy of educational institutions, having founded Eton College, Kings College and All Souls College, William Shakespeare wrote a trilogy of plays about his life, depicting him as weak-willed and easily influenced by his wife, Margaret. Henry was the child and heir of King Henry V. He was born on 6 December 1421 at Windsor Castle and he succeeded to the throne as King of England at the age of nine months upon his fathers death on 31 August 1422, he was the youngest person ever to succeed to the English throne. A few weeks later on 21 October 1422 in accordance with the Treaty of Troyes of 1420 and his mother, Catherine of Valois, was then 20 years old. As Charles VIs daughter, she was viewed with suspicion by English nobles and was prevented from playing a full role in her sons upbringing. On 28 September 1423, the nobles swore loyalty to Henry VI and they summoned Parliament in the Kings name and established a regency council to govern until the King should come of age. One of Henry Vs surviving brothers, John, Duke of Bedford, was appointed regent of the realm and was in charge of the ongoing war in France. During Bedfords absence, the government of England was headed by Henry Vs other surviving brother, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester and his duties were limited to keeping the peace and summoning Parliament. Henry Vs half-uncle Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester, had an important place on the Council, after the Duke of Bedford died in 1435, the Duke of Gloucester claimed the Regency himself, but was contested in this by the other members of the Council
31.
Francis Lovell, 1st Viscount Lovell
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Francis Lovell, 9th Baron Lovell, 6th Baron Holand, later 1st Viscount Lovell KG was an English nobleman who was an ally of King Richard III of England. Sir William Catesby, Sir Richard Ratcliffe and he were Richards closest supporters, famously called the Cat, in addition to being an ally, Lovell was Richards best friend. Francis was the son of John Lovell, 8th Baron Lovell and Joan Beaumont, daughter of John Beaumont, when his father died, the either seven- or nine-year-old Francis inherited the titles of Baron Lovell and Baron Holand. He became a ward of Edward IV of England, who gave him into the charge of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick and it was there that the two young men first formed their close association. By 1466, he was married to Anne FitzHugh, daughter of Henry FitzHugh, FitzHugh had married the Earl of Warwicks sister Alice Neville and supported Warwicks rebellion against Edward IV in 1470. As the pardon issued to Henry, Lord FitzHugh includes Francis Lovell it can be assumed that Francis lived with his father-in-law at this time. When Edward IV had re-established his rule in 1471, he granted the wardship of Francis Lovell, who was still underage, to his sister Elizabeth and her husband John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk. Upon the death of his paternal grandmother Alice Deincourt in 1474 he inherited an estate, including the lands of the baronies of Deincourt, Grey of Rotherfield. He was now one of the wealthiest barons in England not holding an earldom or dukedom, Lovell served under Richard in the expedition to Scotland in 1480, and was knighted by Richard for it, the same year. After the death of Edward IV on 9 April 1483 he became one of his patron’s strongest supporters and he had been created a viscount on 4 January 1483, and while still Lord Protector Richard made him Chief Butler and constable of Wallingford Castle. Richard acceded to the throne on 26 June 1483, at his coronation on 6 July 1483, Lovell was promoted to the office of Lord Chamberlain, replacing the late William Hastings, and was made a Knight of the Garter in 1483. Lovell helped in the suppression of Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham’s rebellion, in July 1484, William Collingbourne, a Tudor agent, tacked up a lampooning poem to St. In June 1485, Lovell was appointed to guard the south coast to prevent the landing of Henry Tudor, however, Henry Tudor landed in Wales near Milford Haven avoiding the stronger defences of the English south coast. While no chronicle account of the battle mentions Lovell, it seems certain that he fought for Richard at the Battle of Bosworth Field, two reports written in the immediate aftermath of the battle list him as among the fallen. After the battle, Lovell fled to sanctuary at Colchester and from there escaped the following year to organise a revolt in Yorkshire that attempted to seize Henry VII, as a chief leader of the Yorkist party, Lovell took a prominent part in Lambert Simnel’s enterprise. With John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, he accompanied the pretender to Ireland and he was seen escaping from the battle and seems to have eventually fled to Scotland, where on 19 June 1488 James IV issued a safe conduct to him. There is no indication he ever arrived or lived in Scotland, Francis Lovells wife, Anne Fitzhugh, was granted an annuity of £20 in 1489. She was still alive in 1495, the date of her death is not known, Francis Bacon relates that according to one report he lived long after in a cave or vault
32.
William Stanley (Battle of Bosworth)
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Sir William Stanley KG was an English soldier and the younger brother of Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby. Stanley fought with his troops in battles of the Wars of the Roses. Born at Lytham, Lancashire, Sir William was the son of Thomas Stanley. In 1465 he married Joan, daughter of John Beaumont, 1st Viscount Beaumont and he married secondly, c.1471, Elizabeth Hopton, daughter of Thomas Hopton with whom he had a daughter, Jane Stanley. In 1465 he was granted the Skipton lands and castle of the dispossessed Lancastrian Cliffords, following the Battle of Tewkesbury in 1471, it was he who captured Queen Margaret of Anjou, who led the Lancastrian faction, and he was made a Knight Banneret by the king. In 1483 he was made Chief Justice of North Wales, Richard III, shortly after becoming king, rewarded Sir William by granting him land in North Wales. Having been loyal to Richard, Stanley nevertheless changed sides in 1485, Stanley is best known for his action at the Battle of Bosworth, where he decisively attacked the Yorkists under Richard, helping to secure Henry VIIs victory. This was in contrast to the attitude of his elder brother, Henrys stepfather. In gratitude for his intervention, the new king bestowed many favours on Sir William. However, in 1495 Stanley was convicted of treason and executed for his support of the pretender Perkin Warbeck, though the evidence was circumstantial, he admitted the offence in the hope that through a full confession he would escape execution. Indeed, the King, partly to avoid antagonizing his mother and stepfather, was at first inclined to spare Sir Williams life, yet ultimately the King feared that by showing clemency, he would be endangering himself through encouraging other potential conspirators. As a consequence, Sir William was condemned to death, and a few days later, beheaded
33.
Giles Daubeney, 1st Baron Daubeney
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Giles Daubeney, 1st Baron Daubeney, KG was an English soldier, diplomat, courtier and politician. He was probably born at South Petherton in Somerset, where his father seems to have been resident. In 1475 he went over to France with Edward IV, from whom he obtained a license before going to make a trust-deed of his lands in the counties of Somerset and Dorset and he was then designated esquire, and he went in command of four men-at-arms and fifty archers. Soon after he became one of the esquires for the kings body, M. P. for Somerset in 1477–8, he was knighted before the end of King Edwards reign. He was also present at the coronation of Richard III on 6 July 1483 and he was consulted before any one else by Reginald Bray to the projected invasion of Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, planned with Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. On the failure of Buckinghams rebellion he with others fled to Richmond in Brittany, the custody of Petherton Park was granted to Richard FitzHugh, 6th Baron FitzHugh and Daubeneys lands in Somerset, Lincolnshire and Cornwall were confiscated. His fortunes were revived when Henry became King Henry VII in 1485 and his attainder was reversed in Henrys first parliament, and he became a privy councillor. On 2 November he was appointed Master of the Mint, an office in which Bartholomew Reed of London, goldsmith, as the practical worker of monies, was associated with him in survivorship. On 7 March 1486 he was appointed Lieutenant of Calais for a term of seven years, as reward for his services to the king, and on 12 March he was created Baron Daubeney with succession in tail male. On 15 December 1486 he was named at the head of an embassy to treat for a league with Maximilian. About this time he was made a knight of the Garter, on 25 November 1487 he was present at the coronation of Elizabeth of York. On 20 December 1487 he was appointed one of the chamberlains of the receipt of the exchequer and he appears about this time to have gone on an embassy to France, and then was with the king at Greenwich on Twelfth Night,1488. In 1489 he crossed to Calais, raised the siege of Dixmude, and took Ostend from the French. In 1490 he was sent to the Duchess Anne in Brittany to arrange the terms of a treaty against France, no settlement, however, was arrived at, and the king four months later invaded France and besieged Boulogne. The French then at once agreed to treat, and Daubeney was commissioned to arrange a treaty with the Sieur des Querdes, in 1495, after the execution of Sir William Stanley, he was made Lord Chamberlain. On the meeting of parliament in October the same year he was elected one of the triers of petitions and he set on the rebels at Deptford Strand, and they took him prisoner, but soon after let him go and were defeated. The siege of Exeter was raised on his approach, and Perkin soon left, in 1500 Daubeney accompanied Henry VII to Calais, and was present at his meeting with the Archduke Philip. In 1501 he had charge of many of the arrangements for Catherines reception in London, on Thursday 18 May 1508, after riding with the king from Eltham to Greenwich, he was taken suddenly ill
34.
Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester
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Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester, KG was the legitimised bastard son of Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset by his mistress Joan Hill. He was born in about 1460, an son of Henry Beaufort. He was invested as a Knight of the Garter in about 1496, on 1 February 1514 he was created Earl of Worcester and was at some time appointed Lord Chamberlain of the Household to King Henry VIII. As Lord Chamberlain, Somerset was largely responsible for the preparations for the Field of Cloth of Gold in 1520. He married three times, although his marriage is uncertain, Firstly on 2 June 1492, to Elizabeth Herbert. Secondly to Elizabeth West, daughter of Sir Thomas West, 8th Baron De La Warr and his supposed marriage to Elizabeth West, however, may be an error made by Dugdale, repeated by later writers. Thirdly to Eleanor Sutton, daughter of Edward Sutton, 2nd Lord Dudley, Somerset died on 15 April 1526 and was buried with his first wife at St. Georges Chapel. Burke, John, Burkes genealogical and heraldic history of peerage, baronetage and knightage, G. P. Putnams Sons, gurney, E. Henry, Reference handbook for readers, students, and teachers of English history, Ginn & Company, Boston,1890. McClain, Molly, Beaufort, the duke and his duchess, 1657-1715, Yale University Press,2001
35.
William FitzAlan, 18th Earl of Arundel
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William FitzAlan, 18th Earl of Arundel, 8th Baron Maltravers KG was an English peer, styled as Lord Maltravers from 1487 to 1524. He succeeded to the title of 18th Earl of Arundel on the death of his father Thomas in 1524, FitzAlan bore the Sceptre with the Dove at the coronation of Anne Boleyn in 1533 and later took part in her trial in 1536. During the Dissolution of the Monasteries he was given large areas of land in Sussex and he died in 1544 and was buried at Arundel Castle. His only son was Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel, the Complete Peerage, edited by H. A
36.
William Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys
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William Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys of the Vyne KG was an English Tudor diplomat, Lord Chamberlain and favourite of King Henry VIII. William was the son of Sir William Sandys of The Vyne, a Tudor mansion in Sherborne St. John, near Basingstoke, Hampshire and it now belongs to the National Trust. His mother was his fathers wife, Margaret, the daughter of Sir John Cheney of Shurland on the Isle of Sheppey. As a young man, he gained preferment at Court and was associated with Prince Henry, assisting at his knighthood. William remained a friend of Henry when he became king. He was made a Knight of the Garter the following year and was instrumental in organising the Royal meeting at the Field of the Cloth of Gold. He was made Baron Sandys of the Vyne soon afterwards and he became Lord Chamberlain in 1526 and Henry visited him three times at the Vyne, once with Anne Boleyn whom Sandys was later to escort to her imprisonment in the Tower. Although his sister Edith had married Lord Darcy, one of the leaders of the Pilgrimage of Grace, there is no evidence that Sandys played any part in the uprising, Sandys later retired from court life and died in Calais on 4 December 1540. He was the founder of the Guild of the Holy Ghost in Basingstoke and was buried in its chapel, amongst the ruins of which part of his tomb may still be seen. He had married Margaret, the daughter of his cousin, John Bray, half-brother to Sir Reginald Bray, the statesman and architect and he is a minor character in the historical novel The Man on a Donkey by H. F. M
37.
William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester
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Paulet was the eldest son of Sir John Paulet of Basing Castle at Old Basing, near Basingstoke, in Hampshire and Nunney Castle in Somerset. His mother was his fathers cousin, Alice, the daughter of Sir William, William had six siblings, including Sir George Paulet of Crondall Manor in Hampshire and Eleanor Paulet, wife of William Giffard of Itchell Manor at Ewshot, also in Hampshire. There is some disagreement over his date of birth, with different authorities quoting 1483 or 1485, a claim that he was ninety-seven at his death would place his birth in 1474 or 1475. There is also uncertainty about where he was born, but it may have been at Fisherton Delamere in Wiltshire, William Paulet was High Sheriff of Hampshire in 1512,1519,1523, and again in 1527. Knighted before the end of 1525, he was appointed Master of the Kings Wards in November 1526, in 1536, he was granted the keepership of Pamber Forest, and on 9 March 1539 was created Baron St John. He became steward of the bishopric of Winchester, and became an associate of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey. He was also Comptroller of the Royal Household, and held other high positions. In 1535 and 1536, he served as one of the judges for the trials of John Fisher, Sir Thomas More, and the alleged accomplices of Anne Boleyn, in 1535, he became Lord Chamberlain. He partially led the forces against the Pilgrimage of Grace, a rebellion that broke out in the autumn of 1536. In 1540, he became the master of Henrys Court of Wards and Liveries, a Knight of the Garter in 1543, in 1546, he became Lord President of the Council, and in 1547, he was an executor of the will of King Henry VIII. When Warwick was created Duke of Northumberland on 11 October 1551, six weeks later, he served as Lord High Steward in the Duke of Somersets trial. It was said that Northumberland and Winchester ruled the court of the minor King Edward VI, mary I affirmed him in all of his positions. Late in life, he opposed any support of Continental Protestantism. Paulet enjoyed a long career during the English Reformation. Starting out as a Catholic, he was persuaded to see things Henrys way once the breach with Rome had been decided on. He was rewarded with former Church properties following the dissolution of the monasteries, under Edward VI he became an evangelical Protestant and persecuted Roman Catholics and Henrician Conservatives alike. On Elizabeths succession, he once again shifted his sails and became an advocate of middle road Anglicanism, all in all, he professed five changes in religious course. Once, when asked how he managed to survive so many storms, not only unhurt, Paulet was still in office when he died, a very old man, at Basing House on 10 March 1572, a house that he held to rebuild and fortify
38.
Henry Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel
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Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel KG was an English nobleman, who over his long life assumed a prominent place at the court of all the later Tudor sovereigns, probably the only person to do so. At 15, Henry FitzAlan became a page at the court of King Henry VIII, when he came of age, in 1533, he was summoned to Parliament as Lord Maltravers, a subsidiary title of his father, who was still alive. He attended the trials of Anne Boleyn and her alleged lover Lord Rochford in May 1536, in 1540 he was appointed deputy of Calais. He remained there, improving the fortifications at his own expense and he returned to England to assume the earldom, and was made a Knight of the Garter. War with France soon brought him back to the continent, where he spent much of 1544 and he then returned to England, where the king appointed him Lord Chamberlain. After King Henrys death in 1547, the Earl was Lord High Constable at Edward VIs coronation and he continued as Lord Chamberlain, and in addition, by the terms of Henrys will, was designated one of the council of 12 assistant executors. Under the new Kings uncle, Lord Protector Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, Arundels influence diminished, in early 1550 Warwick removed Arundel and Southampton, who were religious conservatives, from office. Arundel was placed under house arrest under charges of peculation. Within a few months he was cleared of the charges, but the experience pushed him into the camp of the Duke of Somerset, when Somerset was again arrested in 1551, Arundel was implicated in some of his plots, and was himself arrested and imprisoned for a year. He was eventually pardoned and returned to his place on the Council in May 1553, King Edwards health was seriously declining, and on 21 June 1553 Arundel was among those who signed Edwards letters patent which conferred the succession on Lady Jane Grey. After the Kings death, and after Northumberland had left London, however, together with the Earl of Pembroke, taking the great seal and a letter of submission by the Council, he then rode off to Framlingham, where Mary was staying. At Marys coronation, Arundel was for the second time High Constable and he served in various roles in her court, being, for example, one of the nobles who received her husband Philip II of Spain when he landed at Southampton. Although Elizabeth I did not trust him, he was too powerful to be slighted or ignored, for the third time, he had a high place at a royal coronation. Arundel took part in some of the conspiracies of Elizabeths reign. Coaches were introduced into England from France by Henry Fitzalan, who traveled widely on the Continent in the mid-1560s, Henry Fitzalan, 19th Earl of Arundel, was first married to Katherine Grey, daughter of Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset, and Margaret Wotton. His second wife was Mary, daughter of Sir John Arundell of a prominent Cornish family, Arundels portrait was painted several times, including once by Hans Holbein and by Hans Eworth. Lady Jane Grey, A Tudor Mystery, intrigue and Treason, The Tudor Court, 1547–1558. Sir Henry Fitzalan, 19th Earl of Arundel
39.
Thomas Wentworth, 1st Baron Wentworth
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Thomas Wentworth, 1st Baron Wentworth and de jure 6th Baron le Despencer, PC was an English peer and courtier during the Tudor dynasty. The Wentworths were originally from Yorkshire but a branch of the family had settled in Nettlestead, Suffolk in the mid-fifteenth century, where Wentworth was born. He was the eldest son of Sir Richard Wentworth, de jure 5th Baron le Despencer of the 1387 creation, and was a nephew of Margery Wentworth and his mother was Anne, the daughter of Sir James Tyrrell, the supposed murderer of the Princes in the Tower. He had two brothers, Philip and Richard, and five sisters, Anne, Elizabeth, Dorothy, Margery. Circa 1520 Wentworth married Margaret Fortescue, the eldest daughter of Sir Adrian Fortescue and they had a large family of eight sons and nine daughters, including Thomas, later 2nd Baron Wentworth and Mary, who married Sir William Drury. Another daughter, Dorothy, married the explorer Martin Frobisher, in 1523, Wentworth took part in Suffolks failed invasion of France and was knighted by him. In 1529, he was also created Baron Wentworth in the Peerage of England, in 1536, he was present at the trials of Anne Boleyn and her brother, Lord Rochford and at those of Lord Montagu and the Marquess of Exeter in 1538. In 1550, Lord Wentworth was appointed Lord Chamberlain to Edward VI and his funeral was held at Westminster Abbey and he was buried in the abbeys Chapel of St John the Baptist. His title passed to his eldest son, Thomas, carter, P. R. N. - Wentworth, Thomas, first Baron Wentworth, nobleman - Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Richardson, Douglas. Everingham, Kimball G. ed. Plantagenet Ancestry, A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, will of Sir Richard Wentworth, proved 21 November 1528, PROB 11/22/654, National Archives Retrieved 30 July 2013
40.
Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy of Chiche
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Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy of Chiche KG was an English courtier during the reign of Edward VI. He served as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household and Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard between 1550 and 1551 before his appointment as Lord Chamberlain of the Household and he was placed under house arrest for his support of Lady Jane Grey as Edwards successor. Thomas Darcy, born in 1506, was the son and heir of Roger Darcy by Elizabeth Wentworth. After the death of Roger Darcy, Elizabeth married secondly, as his wife, Sir Thomas Wyndham of Felbrigg, Norfolk. She married thirdly, as his wife, John Bourchier. After his fathers death, Thomas Darcy became the ward of Sir John Raynsford and he had married Raynsfords daughter Audrey in 1521. She died childless in 1527 and he later married Elizabeth, daughter of John de Vere, 15th Earl of Oxford and they had five or eight children, including John, who succeeded as 2nd Baron Darcy of Chiche. He married Frances, daughter of Richard Rich, 1st Baron Rich and he was knighted in 1532, and sat in parliament for Essex in 1539,1545 and 1547, and possibly in 1536. Following the death of the Earl of Oxford in 1540, he held offices usually held by the de Veres, Steward of St. Osyths, Keeper of Colchester Castle and Keeper of Tendring Hundred. His position in court was assisted though his relations with the de Veres and his cousin, Edward Seymour and he was appointed a Carver of the Kings Table in 1540, a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber by 1544, and a Principal Gentleman of the Privy Chamber in 1549. He was sworn of the Privy Council on 24 January 1550, on 5 April 1551, he was created Baron Darcy of Chiche to serve as Lord Chamberlain of the Household, and in this role he led a commission to reform the revenue courts. He was elected to the Order of the Garter on 6 October and he was one of the signatories to the letters patent enabling Lady Jane Grey to succeed Edward VI, and this support led to his house arrest by Mary I. He was pardoned, but lost his offices and council membership and he died on 28 June 1558 at Wivenhoe in Essex and was buried at St Osyths Priory. He was succeeded by his eldest son John as 2nd Baron Darcy of Chiche, the Complete Peerage edited by Vicary Gibbs. Everingham, Kimball G. ed. Magna Carta Ancestry, A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, everingham, Kimball G. ed. Magna Carta Ancestry, A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families. Darcy, Sir Thomas, of Danbury, Wivenhoe and St. Osyth, Essex A biography at The History of Parliament Thomas Darcy, Baron Darcy of Chiche Family tree
41.
John Gage (Tudor politician)
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Sir John Gage KG was an English courtier during the Tudor period. He held a number of offices, including Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Comptroller of the Household, Constable of the Tower, John Gage was born on 28 October 1479 at Burstow manor in Surrey and baptized at the parish church there on the same day. He was the son of William Gage and Agnes Bolney. He married Philippa, daughter of Sir Richard Guildford, in 1502 and they were the parents of eight children, Sir Edward Gage - married Elizabeth, daughter of John Parker and also Joan, daughter of Sir Richard Sackville. James Gage - married Jane, daughter of James Delves and widow of John Bellingham, robert Gage - married Elizabeth, daughter of Nicholas Wilford. William Gage - died without issue, alice Gage – married Sir Anthony Browne KG. Ann Gage – married John Thatcher, Elizabeth Gage – married Sir John Jenyns. Cicily Gage - married Sir George Baynham, an Esquire of the Body to both Henry VII and Henry VIII, he served offices in the Pale of Calais, becoming Comptroller in 1524. After receiving a knighthood in 1525, he moved to the post of Vice-Chamberlain of the Household in 1526 and he also represented Sussex three times in the parliaments of Henry VIII. He remained active, attending, in 1537, the baptism of Prince Edward and he returned to favour, and 1540 saw his appointment as Comptroller of the Household, Constable of the Tower and as a Privy Counsellor. In his role as Constable of the Tower, he supervised the arrangements for the execution of Catherine Howard, in 1541 he became a Knight of the Garter and in 1542 he succeeded as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. In 1544 he undertook an important role for the invasion of France, organising transport and supplies for the army, present at the funeral of Henry VIII, he was appointed one of the executors of the kings will and a member of Edward VIs Regency Council. Differences soon arose between him and The Duke of Somerset, who expelled him from the council and from his posts of Comptroller and he re-joined the council, before resigning upon the accession to power of The Earl of Warwick, later Duke of Northumberland. He was suspended as Constable for not supporting Northumberlands attempt to install Lady Jane Grey as Edwards successor, the accession of Mary I saw his restoration as Constable and appointment as Lord Chamberlain. He bore her train at her coronation and at her marriage to Philip of Spain, as Constable, he guarded Princess Elizabeth in 1555, he was described by Heylyn as her bitter enemy, but more for love of the Pope than for hate of her person. Gage died at his house, Firle Place, on 18 April 1556 and their alabaster altar tomb in the north chapel of that church is the work of Garret Johnson of Southwark and, along with monuments for some other members of their family, was erected in about 1595. His will, made on 20 February 1555/6, was proved at the Prerogative Court of Canterbury on 10 June 1556, a lengthy and detailed household inventory was added as a schedule to the will and points to the wealth and lifestyle that Sir John enjoyed. An introduction and transcription of the inventory has been published and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Bradley, Emily Tennyson
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