1.
Los Angeles City Fire Department
–
The Los Angeles Fire Department provides fire prevention, firefighting, emergency medical services, technical rescue, hazardous materials to the city of Los Angeles, California, United States. The LAFD is responsible for approximately 4 million people who live in the agencys 471 square miles jurisdiction. The Los Angeles Fire Department founded in 1886 is one of the largest municipal fire departments in the United States, after the New York City Fire Department and the Chicago Fire Department. Another possible reason is that the city and the unincorporated County are often bordering each other, the department is currently under the command of chief Ralph Terrazas. The Los Angeles Fire Department has it origins in the year 1871, in September of that year, George M. Fall, the County Clerk for Los Angeles County organized Engine Company No.1. It was a volunteer firefighting force with an Amoskeag fire engine, the equipment was hand-drawn to fires. In the spring of 1874, the company asked the Los Angeles City Council to purchase horses to pull the engine. The Council refused and the company disbanded. Many of the members of Engine Company No.1 reorganized under the name of Thirty-Eights No.1 in May 1875. No.2 was organized under the name Confidence Engine Company, Los Angeles acquired its first hook and ladder truck for the Thirty-Eights. It proved to be too cumbersome and was ill-adapted to the needs of the city and it was sold to the city of Wilmington. In 1876, another hook and ladder truck was purchased, serving in the city until 1881, in 1878, a third fire company was formed by the residents in the neighborhood of Sixth Street and Park. It was given the name of Park Hose Co, East Los Angeles formed a hose company named East Los Angeles Hose Co. The final volunteer company was formed in the fall of 1883 in the Morris Vineyard area and this company was called Morris Vineyard Hose Co. All of these remained in service until February 1,1886. In 1877, the first horses were bought for the city fire department, the department would continue to use horses for its equipment for almost fifty years, phasing out the last horse drawn equipment on July 19,1921. By 1900, the Department had grown to 18 fire stations with 123 full-time paid firefighters and 80 fire horses, the city had also installed 194 fire-alarm boxes allowing citizens to sound the alarm if a fire was spotted. 660 fire hydrants were placed throughout the city, giving access to a reliable water source
Los Angeles City Fire Department
–
Los Angeles Fire Department
Los Angeles City Fire Department
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LAFD on the scene of a fire in the
Bradbury Building, Downtown Los Angeles in 1947.
Los Angeles City Fire Department
–
LAFD
Bell 412 Helicopter.
Los Angeles City Fire Department
–
LAFD on the scene of a "Major Emergency Structure Fire".
2.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
U.S. state
–
U.S. states
3.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
California
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A forest of redwood trees in
Redwood National Park
California
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Flag
California
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Mount Shasta
California
–
Aerial view of the
California Central Valley
4.
County (United States)
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In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
County (United States)
–
A highway sign designating the border between
Nicholas and
Greenbrier counties in
West Virginia along a secondary road.
County (United States)
–
County
5.
Los Angeles County, California
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Los Angeles County, officially the County of Los Angeles, is the most populous county in both the United States and the state of California, the countrys most populous state. Its population is larger than that of 42 individual U. S. states and it has 88 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas and at 4,083 square miles, it is larger than the combined areas of the U. S. states of Delaware and Rhode Island. The county is home to more than one-quarter of California residents and is one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the U. S and its county seat, the City of Los Angeles, is also its most populous city at about four million. Los Angeles County is one of the counties of California. The county originally included parts of what are now Kern, San Bernardino, Riverside, as the population increased, sections were split off to organize San Bernardino County in 1853, Kern County in 1866, and Orange County in 1889. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 4,751 square miles, Los Angeles County borders 70 miles of coast on the Pacific Ocean and encompasses mountain ranges, valleys, forests, islands, lakes, rivers, and desert. The western extent of the Mojave Desert begins in the Antelope Valley, most of the population of Los Angeles County is located in the south and southwest, with major population centers in the Los Angeles Basin, San Fernando Valley and San Gabriel Valley. Other population centers are found in the Santa Clarita Valley, Pomona Valley, Crescenta Valley, the county is divided west-to-east by the San Gabriel Mountains, which are part of the Transverse Ranges of southern California, and are contained mostly within the Angeles National Forest. Los Angeles County includes San Clemente Island and Santa Catalina Island, non-Hispanic whites numbered 2,728,321, or 28% of the population. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race numbered 4,687,889, 36% of Los Angeles Countys population was of Mexican ancestry,3. 7% Salvadoran, and 2. 2% Guatemalan heritage. The largest Asian groups of the 1,346,865 Asians in Los Angeles County are 4. 0% Chinese,3. 3% Filipino,2. 2% Korean,1. 0% Japanese,0. 9% Vietnamese,0. 8% Indian, and 0. 3% Cambodian. The racial makeup of the county is 48. 7% White,11. 0% African American,0. 8% Native American,10. 0% Asian,0. 3% Pacific Islander,23. 5% from other races, and 4. 9% from two or more races. 44. 6% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race, the largest European-American ancestry groups are German, Irish, English and Italian. 45. 9% of the population reported speaking only English at home,37. 9% spoke Spanish,2. 22% Tagalog,2. 0% Chinese,1. 9% Korean,1. 87% Armenian,0. 5% Arabic, and 0. 2% Hindi. At the census of 2000, there were 9,519,338 people,3,133,774 households, the population density was 2,344 people per square mile. There were 3,270,909 housing units at a density of 806 per square mile. 25% of all households were made up of individuals and 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.61. In the county, the population was out with 28% under the age of 18, 10% from 18 to 24, 33% from 25 to 44, 19% from 45 to 64
Los Angeles County, California
Los Angeles County, California
Los Angeles County, California
Los Angeles County, California
6.
EMS level
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This is most likely an emergency department at a hospital. In such services, the EMS is not summoned by members of the public, in some jurisdictions, EMS units may handle technical rescue operations such as extrication, water rescue, and search and rescue. Training and qualification levels for members and employees of emergency medical services vary widely throughout the world, in some systems, members may be present who are qualified only to drive ambulances, with no medical training. In contrast, most systems have personnel who retain at least basic first aid certifications, additionally many EMS systems are staffed with Advanced Life Support personnel, including paramedics, nurses, or, less commonly, physicians. Emergency care in the field has been rendered in different forms since the beginning of recorded history, the New Testament contains the parable of the Good Samaritan, where a man who was beaten is cared for by a Samaritan. Luke 10,34 - He went to him and bandaged his wounds, pouring on oil, then he put the man on his own donkey, took him to an inn and took care of him. Also during the Middle Ages, the Knights Hospitaller were known for rendering assistance to wounded soldiers in the battlefield, the first use of the ambulance as a specialized vehicle, in battle came about with the ambulances volantes designed by Dominique Jean Larrey, Napoleon Bonapartes chief surgeon. Larreys projects for flying ambulances were first approved by the Committee of Public Safety in 1794, in civilian ambulances, a major advance was made with the introduction of a transport carriage for cholera patients in London during 1832. This tenet of ambulances providing instant care, allowing hospitals to be spaced further apart, the first known hospital-based ambulance service operated out of Commercial Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio by 1865. In June 1887 the St John Ambulance Brigade was established to provide first aid and it was modelled on a military-style command and discipline structure. Named the Vienna Voluntary Rescue Society, it served as a model for similar societies worldwide and this was followed in 1900 by New York City, who extolled its virtues of greater speed, more safety for the patient, faster stopping and a smoother ride. These first two ambulances were electrically powered with 2 hp motors on the rear axle. Canadian historians dispute this with the city of Toronto claiming The first formal training for ambulance attendants was conducted in 1892, two-way radios became available shortly after World War I, enabling for more efficient radio dispatch of ambulances in some areas. Prior to World War II, there were areas where a modern ambulance carried advanced medical equipment, was staffed by a physician. In many locations, however, ambulances were hearses - the only vehicle that could carry a recumbent patient - and were thus frequently run by funeral homes. These vehicles, which could serve either purpose, were known as combination cars, prior to World War II, hospitals provided ambulance service in many large cities. With the severe manpower shortages imposed by the war effort, it became difficult for many hospitals to maintain their ambulance operations, City governments in many cases turned ambulance services over to the police or fire department. No laws required minimal training for personnel and no training programs existed beyond basic first aid
EMS level
–
An ambulance in
Lausanne (
Switzerland) marked with multiple
Stars of Life (representing emergency medical services).
EMS level
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Emergency medical services prepare to airlift the victim of a car accident to hospital
EMS level
–
A 1973
Cadillac Miller-Meteor ambulance. Note the raised roof, with more room for the attendants and patients
EMS level
–
A 1948 Cadillac Meteor ambulance
7.
Advanced life support
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Advanced Life Support is a set of life-saving protocols and skills that extend Basic Life Support to further support the circulation and provide an open airway and adequate ventilation. ALS assumes that basic life support are administered, the main algorithm of ALS, which is invoked when actual cardiac arrest has been established, relies on the monitoring of the electrical activity of the heart on a cardiac monitor. Depending on the type of arrhythmia, defibrillation is applied. Oxygen is administered and endotracheal intubation may be attempted to secure the airway, at regular intervals, the effect of the treatment on the heart rhythm, as well as the presence of cardiac output, is assessed. Medication that may be administered may include adrenaline, amiodarone, atropine, bicarbonate, saline or colloids may be administered to increase the circulating volume. A major new worldwide consensus has been based upon the best available scientific evidence. The ratio of compressions to ventilations is now recommended as 30,2 for adults, to produce higher coronary, defibrillation is now administered as a single shock, each followed immediately by two minutes of CPR before rhythm is re-assessed. Many healthcare providers are trained to some form of ALS. In out-of-hospital settings trained emergency medical technicians, paramedics or medics typically provide this level of care, canadian paramedics may be certified in either ALS or in Basic Life Support. Emergency medical technicians are often skilled in ALS, although they may employ slightly modified version of the Medical algorithm, in the United States, Paramedic level services are referred to as Advanced Life Support. Services staffed by basic EMTs are referred to as Basic Life Support, in the Republic of Ireland, Advanced Life Support is provided by an Advanced paramedic. This terminology extends beyond emergency cardiac care to describe all capabilities of the providers, in hospitals, ALS is usually given by a team of physicians and nurses, with some clinical paramedics practicing in certain systems. Cardiac arrest teams, or Code Teams, generally include junior doctors or senior nurses and technicians from various specialties such as medicine, anesthetics. UK Resuscitation Council ALS page About First Aid ALS Definition
Advanced life support
–
An ALS Rescue Unit of
Palm Beach County Fire-Rescue used for
EMS in
Palm Beach County, Florida.
Advanced life support
–
A
HSE advanced paramedic vehicle, at
Aviva Stadium,
Dublin, Ireland
8.
International Association of Fire Fighters
–
The International Association of Fire Fighters is a labor union representing professional fire fighters and emergency medical services personnel in the United States and Canada. The IAFF was formed in 1918 and is affiliated with the AFL-CIO in the United States, the IAFF has more than 300,000 members in more than 3,200 affiliates in every U. S. state and in Canada. IAFF members protect 85 percent of the U. S. population, the IAFF is one of the most active lobbying organizations in Washington. Its Political Action Committee, FIREPAC, is among the top 25 federal PACs among the more than 4,000 in the country, the IAFF was formed in 1918 when fire fighters worked 24-hour shifts on continuous duty and received salaries as low 29 cents an hour. The IAFF has fought for better wages, benefits and working conditions and improved safety for its members, the IAFF is a member driven organization — for fire fighters, by fire fighters. The IAFF has announced plans to open the Center of Excellence for Behavioral Health Treatment and Recovery in 2017 located in Upper Marlboro, the center also will serve to train and educate peer support members in the treatment of post-traumatic stress and substance abuse in the fire fighter population. The ultimate goal is to develop protocols for fire departments to use to fire fighters. It endorsed the successful gubernatorial candidacies of Rick Perry, Terry McAuliffe, and Mitch Daniels, examples of the IAFF’s endorsement of Republicans in 2010 include Senators Lisa Murkowski and Chuck Grassley, and Representatives Sam Graves, John Shimkus, Geoff Davis and Peter King. Each year the IAFF hosts a national conference in Washington. The IAFF legislative conference is the largest legislative conference of any union in the country, FIREPAC is the federally registered political action committee of the IAFF. FIREPAC was established in 1978 and has grown into the top one percent of all federally registered PACs, during the 2009 –2010 election cycle FIREPAC raised $5.3 million and was the tenth largest PAC in terms of donations to federal candidates. Within organized labor, FIREPAC has been the most bi-partisan PAC during the last decade, the IAFF follows a simple philosophy when it supporting candidates – they support those who support them, regardless of party affiliation or one’s political leanings. The IAFF Fallen Fire Fighter Memorial is a permanent remembrance of IAFF members, an annual memorial observance is held each year in September in Colorado Springs, Colorado. More than 7,400 names of fallen IAFF members are etched on the wall, the International Association of Fire Fighters is the largest national sponsor of the Muscular Dystrophy Association. The 300,000 members of the IAFF in the United States, the contributions of fire fighters go towards MDAs summer camps for children, professional and public health education and other programs. IAFF members have donated nearly $558 million to MDA since 1954, ^ - Membership information from IAFF website. ^ - IAFF 48th Convention resolutions, retrieved 16 November 2006
International Association of Fire Fighters
–
IAFF
9.
Firefighting apparatus
–
A firefighting apparatus describes any vehicle that has been customized for use during firefighting operations. These vehicles are highly customized depending on their needs and the duty they will be performing and these duties can include firefighting, vehicle extrication, dangerous goods investigations, urban search and rescue, medical emergency, swift water rescue and plane crashes. While fire engine red remains the most common color for firefighting apparatus, for example, the Chicago Fire Department has a long-standing tradition of painting their apparatus black over red. Neighboring departments will often use different colors to distinguish their apparatus. For example, the Santa Barbara Fire Department uses the fire engine red while the neighboring Santa Barbara County Fire Department elects to use blue over white. A study by the American Psychological Association published in February 2014 indicated that lime-yellow is a significantly safer color for emergency vehicles because of its increased visibility, the study showed that lime-yellow fire apparatus were half as likely to be involved in accidents as red vehicles. See Fire Department Rehab Water tender - also known as a tanker, the fire pump was reinvented in Europe during the 16th century, reportedly used in Augsburg in 1518 and Nuremberg in 1657. A book of 1655 inventions mentions a steam pump used to raise a column of water 40 feet. Colonial laws in America required each house to have a bucket of water on the front stoop during fires at night and these buckets were intended for use by the initial bucket brigade that would supply the water at fires. Philadelphia obtained a hand-pumped fire engine in 1719, years after Lynns 1654 model appeared there, made by Joseph Jencks, by 1730, Richard Newsham, in London, had made successful fire engines, the first used in New York City were of his make. The amount of manpower and skill necessary for firefighting prompted the institution of a fire company by Benjamin Franklin in 1737. Thomas Lote built the first fire engine made in America in 1743 and these earliest engines are called hand tubs because they are manually powered and the water was supplied by bucket brigade dumped into a tub where the pump had a permanent intake pipe. An important advancement around 1822 was the invention of an engine which could draft water from a water source doing away with the bucket brigade, philadelphia fire engine manufacturers Sellers and Pennock model the Hydraulion is said to be the first suction engine produced in 1822. Some models had the hard, suction hose fixed to the intake, the earliest engines were small and were carried by four men or mounted on skids and dragged to a fire. The earliest four-wheel carriage mounted engines were pulled to the fire by hand, as the engines grew larger they became horse-drawn and later self-propelled by steam engines. John Ericsson is credited with building the first American steam-powered fire engine, john Braithwaite built the first steam fire-engine in Britain. Until the mid-19th century, most fire engines were maneuvered by men, the first self-propelled steam-driven fire engine was built in New York in 1841. It was the target of sabotage by firefighters and its use was discontinued and that same year, the Knox Automobile Company of Springfield, Massachusetts began selling what some have described as the worlds first modern fire engine
Firefighting apparatus
–
An example of a
fire engine from the
Fort Johnson Fire Company in the
United States
Firefighting apparatus
Firefighting apparatus
–
A ladder truck from the United States
Firefighting apparatus
–
A tanker from the United States, holding 2,000 gallons of water.
10.
Fire station
–
It may also have dormitory living facilities and work areas for the use of fire fighters. Living areas are arranged above the garage bays where personnel without specific station duties during the night shift are allowed to sleep unless a dispatch is called. In that situation, firefighters may have special means to allow entry to the floor quickly when a call for help is received. This arrangement also allows for an area to hang hoses to dry to prevent damage. In a single station, a tower-like structure is sometimes used for hose hanging. An occupied station will usually have an alarm system for receiving and annunciating an alarm. However, sometimes the only alarm is a telephone that is rung in case of emergency. In a volunteer fire department where volunteers do not staff the station, in a more structured operation, full-time or on-call volunteer or career firefighters staff the station some or all of the time. There may be office space for the officers, a library of reference and other materials, activities in a fire station include regular inspection and cleaning of the apparatus and equipment, and continuing education in the fire service. Weekly or bi-weekly routine typically includes various drills in which practice their skills. The approaches to a station are often posted with warning signs. In larger cities fire stations are named for the primary fire companies and apparatus housed there, such as Ladder 49. Rural fire stations are named for the county, town or village. Fire department Firemans pole Olathe, Kan, Fire Department West Jackson Fire Department, GA Raleigh and Wake County, NC fire departments Killorglin Fire & Rescue, County Kerry, Ireland
Fire station
–
Fire station in
Kostroma,
Russia (1823-26)
Fire station
–
Parque de Bombas, a 19th-century fire station in
Ponce, Puerto Rico
Fire station
–
Marblehead, Massachusetts, United States fire station
Fire station
–
Fire Station in
Upernavik,
Greenland
11.
Fire engine
–
A fire engine is a vehicle designed primarily for firefighting operations. In addition, many fire departments/fire services often employ their vehicles for other uses including emergency medical services. The terms fire engine and fire truck are used interchangeably. The primary purposes of an engine include transporting firefighters to an incident scene, providing water with which to fight a fire. Many fire vehicles are based on standard vehicle models and they are normally fitted with audible and visual warnings, as well as communication equipment such as two-way radios and mobile computer technology. The standard fire engine is an apparatus designed primarily for firefighting operations, the tools carried on the fire engine will vary greatly based on many factors including the size of the department and what sort of terrain the department must handle. For example, departments located near bodies of water or rivers are likely to have some sort of water rescue equipment. Standard tools found on all fire engines include ladders, hydraulic rescue tools, floodlights, fire hose, fire extinguishers, self-contained breathing apparatus. The exact layout of what is carried on an engine is decided by the needs of the department, some fire engines have a fixed deluge gun, also known as a master stream, which directs a heavy stream of water to wherever the operator points it. An additional feature of engines are their preconnected hose lines, commonly referred to as preconnects, the preconnects are attached to the engines onboard water supply and allow firefighters to quickly mount an aggressive attack on the fire as soon as they arrive on scene. The name is derived from the fact that the ladder is mounted on a turntable on the back of a truck chassis. To increase its length, the ladder is telescopic, modern telescopic ladders are either hydraulic or pneumatic. These mechanical features allow the use of ladders which are longer, sturdier and they may also have pre-attached hoses or other equipment. A ladder can also be mounted behind the cab and this is sometimes called mid-ship and the arrangement allows a lower travel height for the truck, and also can be more stable in certain conditions. In some cases, there may also be a monitor at the top of the ladder for ease of use, other appliances may simply have a track-way which will hold a manually-run hose reel securely, and prevent it from falling to the ground. In the United States, a truck, also known as a tractor-drawn aerial, tiller ladder. Unlike a commercial semi, the trailer and tractor are permanently combined and it has two drivers, with separate steering wheels for front and rear wheels. One of the features of the tiller-truck is its enhanced maneuverability
Fire engine
–
Fire engine operated by the
London Fire Brigade in the United Kingdom
Fire engine
–
An example of a tower from the
United States
Fire engine
–
An example of an engine, which can be identified in part by the pump panel on the side. Compartments in the rear hold essential tools for different types of emergency calls, and the apparatus often holds a reserve of water as well. This truck contains about 1,000 gallons of water.
Fire engine
–
Conventional pumper of
Fire and Rescue NSW in
Wagga Wagga,
Australia
12.
Fire truck
–
A fire engine is a vehicle designed primarily for firefighting operations. In addition, many fire departments/fire services often employ their vehicles for other uses including emergency medical services. The terms fire engine and fire truck are used interchangeably. The primary purposes of an engine include transporting firefighters to an incident scene, providing water with which to fight a fire. Many fire vehicles are based on standard vehicle models and they are normally fitted with audible and visual warnings, as well as communication equipment such as two-way radios and mobile computer technology. The standard fire engine is an apparatus designed primarily for firefighting operations, the tools carried on the fire engine will vary greatly based on many factors including the size of the department and what sort of terrain the department must handle. For example, departments located near bodies of water or rivers are likely to have some sort of water rescue equipment. Standard tools found on all fire engines include ladders, hydraulic rescue tools, floodlights, fire hose, fire extinguishers, self-contained breathing apparatus. The exact layout of what is carried on an engine is decided by the needs of the department, some fire engines have a fixed deluge gun, also known as a master stream, which directs a heavy stream of water to wherever the operator points it. An additional feature of engines are their preconnected hose lines, commonly referred to as preconnects, the preconnects are attached to the engines onboard water supply and allow firefighters to quickly mount an aggressive attack on the fire as soon as they arrive on scene. The name is derived from the fact that the ladder is mounted on a turntable on the back of a truck chassis. To increase its length, the ladder is telescopic, modern telescopic ladders are either hydraulic or pneumatic. These mechanical features allow the use of ladders which are longer, sturdier and they may also have pre-attached hoses or other equipment. A ladder can also be mounted behind the cab and this is sometimes called mid-ship and the arrangement allows a lower travel height for the truck, and also can be more stable in certain conditions. In some cases, there may also be a monitor at the top of the ladder for ease of use, other appliances may simply have a track-way which will hold a manually-run hose reel securely, and prevent it from falling to the ground. In the United States, a truck, also known as a tractor-drawn aerial, tiller ladder. Unlike a commercial semi, the trailer and tractor are permanently combined and it has two drivers, with separate steering wheels for front and rear wheels. One of the features of the tiller-truck is its enhanced maneuverability
Fire truck
–
Fire engine operated by the
London Fire Brigade in the United Kingdom
Fire truck
–
An example of a tower from the
United States
Fire truck
–
An example of an engine, which can be identified in part by the pump panel on the side. Compartments in the rear hold essential tools for different types of emergency calls, and the apparatus often holds a reserve of water as well. This truck contains about 1,000 gallons of water.
Fire truck
–
Conventional pumper of
Fire and Rescue NSW in
Wagga Wagga,
Australia
13.
Water tender
–
A water tender, also known as a tanker in some regions, is a specialized firefighting apparatus designed for transporting water from a water source to a fire scene. Water tenders are capable of drafting water from a stream, lake or hydrant and this class of apparatus does not necessarily have enough pumping capacity to power large hose lines, though it utilizes a smaller pump to draft from bodies of water. Water tenders are used there is no working fire hydrant within reach of other fire equipment. Most water tenders are designed to carry loads of 1000 gallons or more, in the US,1000 gallons is the requirement in the NFPA standards. Some may carry up to or even upwards of 5000 gallons of water – even more with a trailer, typically water tenders support engines and/or trucks like aerials in fires. Water tenders can be used also in chemical accidents, to clean highways after collisions, some water tenders carry fire fighting equipment and crew much like an engine. These water tenders are able to operate relatively independently, some water tenders actually combine a fire engine and water tender. This kind of unit may have seats for up to six firefighters, a tank of more than 3000 gallons. This configuration may be found, for example, in rural areas, very light water tenders are sometimes used in wildfires. For example, a tank of 265 gallons can be carried by a cross-country vehicle to extinguish smoldering stubs on rough terrain. A water tender typically carries some fire fighting equipment, there are various national standards and recommendations on equipment to be carried on water tenders. Some water tenders may carry various kinds of hoses and spray nozzles for use in forest, building, or industrial fires, as well as a portable water tank. In addition, tools like axes, flashlights, chemical fire extinguishers, a water extinguisher, an SCBA, a first aid kit, adapters. Some tenders carry also foaming agents, and extinguishing powders or gases, sometimes these materials are carried in larger amounts on very specialized, separate units like hose trucks, powder trucks, carbon dioxide extinguishing trucks etc. Specialized Airport Crash Tenders are used at airports to larger amounts of water. Several areas also own converted semi-trailer fuel tankers, capable of holding thousands of litres of petrol. These are most often used in severe HazMat situations, such as oil refinery fires or fuel tanker accidents, Fire Chiefs Vehicle Heavy rescue vehicle Fire apparatus Fireboat Portable water tank
Water tender
–
A water tender in
Finland
Water tender
–
A light water tender of
Germany for
wildfires
Water tender
–
Old German water tender type TLF 15 /
Daimler-Benz OM 312
Water tender
–
Water tender of
Hofgeismar in
Germany
14.
Hazardous materials apparatus
–
A Hazardous Material Apparatus is a specialized piece of firefighting equipment used by firefighters responding to calls involving potentially hazardous materials. Due to the nature of dangerous goods, these vehicles are highly customized to fit the needs of the fire department responsible for the apparatus. The needs of a small town such as Santa Barbara will not be the same as that of a big city such as Los Angeles. In the United States NFPA regulation 471 details the Recommended Practice For Responding To Hazardous Materials Incidents, while no specifications are given for the HazMat vehicle, the document does outline some of the equipment required including a radiation detector, pH meter and other air sampling devices. A typical HazMat vehicle will have a dedicated to a command. Often fitted with computers, televisions, two-way radios and other equipment and this command center is usually located in a portion of the vehicle that slides out or expands much like is found on a typical recreational vehicle. HazMat vehicles also come with a portable lab complete with sinks
Hazardous materials apparatus
–
The
Santa Barbara Fire Department HazMat vehicle staged at an incident.
Hazardous materials apparatus
–
HazMat Response unit with the
ACT Fire & Rescue Service in
Canberra.
15.
Urban search and rescue
–
Urban Search and Rescue involves the location, extrication, and initial medical stabilization of victims trapped in structural collapse due to natural disasters, mines and collapsed trenches. The causes of USAR incidents can be categorised as accidental and deliberate, structural collapse incidents can comprise unstable or collapsed structures in an unsafe position. Usually collapse incidents leave voids inside the debris that can result in numerous casualties trapped under large amounts of very heavy, USAR services can be faced with complex rescue operations within hazardous environment. Incidents experience shows that people are found alive many hours and days after rescue operations commence. USAR teams in different countries may be organised in a variety of ways, USAR task forces are often categorized for standardization. Depending upon the classification of the force, there can be close to 70 positions. But to be sure a full team can respond to an emergency, a task force is often a partnership between local fire departments, law enforcement agencies, federal and local governmental agencies and private companies. In the United States, these can be federally endorsed teams or state teams activated through mutual aid agreements, in England, the responsibility for USAR lies with local authority fire and rescue services. Equipment supplied to them is part of a government initiative known as the New Dimension programme which provides the training, the training that teams receive is an ongoing procedure combining classes from the local fire and rescue services and government agencies. USAR task forces are expected to be totally self-sufficient for the first 72 hours of a deployment, the equipment cache used to support a task force can weigh more than 60,000 pounds and is worth more than $1.4 million US. Katrina proved the difficulty of coordinating disaster response teams from around the country when some used ICS. Gather facts and make decisions on the course of action, for example, what types of structures are involved, the extent of damage, the layout of the building involved, what hazards are present, and what rescue personnel and equipment are available. Structural damage can be categorized as light, moderate, or heavy, sizeup is an ongoing process which should continue during all phases of search and rescue so operations can be modified as needed. Searchers should use a system or two-in, two-out system and have backup teams available. Techniques for searching for potential victims are based on identifying possible locations of victims, areas of entrapment inside damaged structures are called voids. There are several types of voids, such as the void. Voids can also include spaces where victims may have entered for self-protection during a disaster - such as under desks or in bathtubs or closets, possible search patterns include triangulation, a right/left search pattern, or a bottom-up/top-down search pattern. Searchers should stop frequently to listen for noises or attempted communication from victims, trapped victims are removed and medical aid rendered as necessary
Urban search and rescue
–
Rescuers with a victim of the
2008 Sichuan earthquake.
Urban search and rescue
–
Rescue teams evacuating residents from flooded areas during
Hurricane Katrina.
Urban search and rescue
–
USAR truck, First Company,
Santiago de Chile FD.
Urban search and rescue
–
A picture taken in
New Orleans 's
Lower Ninth Ward demonstrating FEMA's marking system
16.
Wildland fire engine
–
Most commonly used by the United States Forest Service, there are multiple types of wildfire apparatus which are used in different scenarios. Depending on where the engine is stationed it may carry as much as twice the standard in fire hose. In areas where there is rugged terrain that keeps engines from driving directly to the fire, in desert areas with moderate terrain, less hose is used as it is easier to access the fire. Often the technique of pump-and-roll is used where the vehicle drives with the pump engaged while a firefighter uses a hose to water on the fire. This technique allows a team of two to flank the perimeter of a fire, Wildland engines are traditionally smaller than standard fire engines and are primarily used for vegetation fires or wildland fires. They also respond to emergencies in the country where traditional engines cannot respond. Most wildland engines feature four-wheel drive capability and can climb hills. In the fall of 2007, the National Wildfire Coordinating Group agreed on a set of standards for all engines that are used for wildland firefighting. As structure engines are used on wildland fires, though primarily for structure protection. Per the standards there are 7 types of fire engines, the Type 3 Engines traditionally have four-wheel drive to make driving over rough terrain easier, they can also be produced with standard rear wheel drive. Additionally the cab can either be 2-door or 4-door holding up to five people, almost all Type 3s have 4 doors as a crew size of five is optimum. Type 3s are required to have a minimum of 500 US gallons of water and they have a typical GVWR of 26,000 pounds. The Type 3 is the most popular engine in California due to the road access of most fires. The Type 4 engine trades a smaller pump and less hose for a 50% larger tank and they are required to carry a minimum of 750 US gallons of water, but only pump 50 US gallons per minute at a pressure of 100 pounds per square inch. The typical GVWR is at least 26,000 pounds, Type 5s are normally used as an initial attack engine atop a medium duty chassis. The GVWR of the chassis is around 20,000 pounds, Type 6 Engines are built on a pickup truck frame with a medium duty chassis giving a GVWR of 9, 000–16,000 pounds. They are required to carry a minimum of 150 US gallons of water, in California these engines are staffed with one firefighter and used for patrols. Most other dispatch areas require the Type 6 to have a minimum of 3 personnel, Type 7s are patrol vehicles with a small pump and tank
Wildland fire engine
–
A Type 6 engine from the
United States
Wildland fire engine
–
An example of a
type 3 fire engine from the
United States
Wildland fire engine
–
Type 3
Angeles National Forest Engine ANF 13
Wildland fire engine
–
A Type 6 Wildland Engine belonging to the
Kern County Fire Department.
17.
Type 3 fire engine
–
Most commonly used by the United States Forest Service, there are multiple types of wildfire apparatus which are used in different scenarios. Depending on where the engine is stationed, it may carry as much as twice the standard in fire hose. In areas where there is rugged terrain that keeps engines from driving directly to the fire, in desert areas with moderate terrain, less hose is used as it is easier to access the fire. Often the technique of pump-and-roll is used where the vehicle drives with the pump engaged while a firefighter uses a hose to water on the fire. This technique allows a team of two to flank the perimeter of a fire, Wildland engines are traditionally smaller than standard fire engines and are primarily used for vegetation fires or wildland fires. They also respond to emergencies in the country where traditional engines cannot respond. Most wildland engines feature four-wheel drive capability and can climb hills. In the fall of 2007, the National Wildfire Coordinating Group agreed on a set of standards for all engines that are used for wildland firefighting. As structure engines are used on wildland fires, though primarily for structure protection. Per the standards there are 7 types of fire engines, the Type 3 Engines traditionally have four-wheel drive to make driving over rough terrain easier, they can also be produced with standard rear wheel drive. Additionally the cab can either be 2-door or 4-door holding up to five people, almost all Type 3s have 4 doors as a crew size of five is optimum. Type 3s are required to have a minimum of 500 US gallons of water and they have a typical GVWR of 26,000 pounds. The Type 3 is the most popular engine in California due to the road access of most fires. The Type 4 engine trades a smaller pump and less hose for a 50% larger tank and they are required to carry a minimum of 750 US gallons of water, but only pump 50 US gallons per minute at a pressure of 100 pounds per square inch. The typical GVWR is at least 26,000 pounds, Type 5s are normally used as an initial attack engine atop a medium duty chassis. The GVWR of the chassis is around 20,000 pounds, Type 6 Engines are built on a pickup truck frame with a medium duty chassis giving a GVWR of 9, 000–16,000 pounds. They are required to carry a minimum of 150 US gallons of water, in California these engines are staffed with one firefighter and used for patrols. Most other dispatch areas require the Type 6 to have a minimum of 3 personnel, Type 7s are patrol vehicles with a small pump and tank
Type 3 fire engine
–
A Type 6 engine from the
United States
Type 3 fire engine
–
Type 3
Angeles National Forest Engine ANF 13
Type 3 fire engine
–
An example of a
type 3 fire engine from the
United States
Type 3 fire engine
–
A Type 6 Wildland Engine belonging to the
Kern County Fire Department.
18.
Type 6 fire engine
–
Most commonly used by the United States Forest Service, there are multiple types of wildfire apparatus which are used in different scenarios. Depending on where the engine is stationed, it may carry as much as twice the standard in fire hose. In areas where there is rugged terrain that keeps engines from driving directly to the fire, in desert areas with moderate terrain, less hose is used as it is easier to access the fire. Often the technique of pump-and-roll is used where the vehicle drives with the pump engaged while a firefighter uses a hose to water on the fire. This technique allows a team of two to flank the perimeter of a fire, Wildland engines are traditionally smaller than standard fire engines and are primarily used for vegetation fires or wildland fires. They also respond to emergencies in the country where traditional engines cannot respond. Most wildland engines feature four-wheel drive capability and can climb hills. In the fall of 2007, the National Wildfire Coordinating Group agreed on a set of standards for all engines that are used for wildland firefighting. As structure engines are used on wildland fires, though primarily for structure protection. Per the standards there are 7 types of fire engines, the Type 3 Engines traditionally have four-wheel drive to make driving over rough terrain easier, they can also be produced with standard rear wheel drive. Additionally the cab can either be 2-door or 4-door holding up to five people, almost all Type 3s have 4 doors as a crew size of five is optimum. Type 3s are required to have a minimum of 500 US gallons of water and they have a typical GVWR of 26,000 pounds. The Type 3 is the most popular engine in California due to the road access of most fires. The Type 4 engine trades a smaller pump and less hose for a 50% larger tank and they are required to carry a minimum of 750 US gallons of water, but only pump 50 US gallons per minute at a pressure of 100 pounds per square inch. The typical GVWR is at least 26,000 pounds, Type 5s are normally used as an initial attack engine atop a medium duty chassis. The GVWR of the chassis is around 20,000 pounds, Type 6 Engines are built on a pickup truck frame with a medium duty chassis giving a GVWR of 9, 000–16,000 pounds. They are required to carry a minimum of 150 US gallons of water, in California these engines are staffed with one firefighter and used for patrols. Most other dispatch areas require the Type 6 to have a minimum of 3 personnel, Type 7s are patrol vehicles with a small pump and tank
Type 6 fire engine
–
A Type 6 engine from the
United States
Type 6 fire engine
–
Type 3
Angeles National Forest Engine ANF 13
Type 6 fire engine
–
An example of a
type 3 fire engine from the
United States
Type 6 fire engine
–
A Type 6 Wildland Engine belonging to the
Kern County Fire Department.
19.
Bulldozer
–
Bulldozers can be found on a wide range of sites, mines and quarries, military bases, heavy industry factories, engineering projects and farms. The term bulldozer correctly refers only to a tractor fitted with a dozer blade, a very small bulldozer is sometimes called a calfdozer, Google search for images. Most often bulldozers are large and powerful tracked heavy equipment, the tracks give them excellent ground holding capability and mobility through very rough terrain. Wide tracks help distribute the weight over a large area. Extra wide tracks are known as tracks or LGP tracks. Bulldozers have transmission systems designed to take advantage of the track system, another type of bulldozer is the wheeled bulldozer, which generally has four wheels driven by a 4-wheel-drive system and has a hydraulic, articulated steering system. The blade is mounted forward of the joint, and is hydraulically actuated. The bulldozers primary tools are the blade and the ripper, the word bulldozer is sometimes used inaccurately for other similar construction vehicles such as a large front loader. The bulldozer blade is a metal plate on the front of the tractor, used to push objects. Dozer blades usually come in three varieties, A straight blade which is short and has no lateral curve and no side wings, a universal blade which is tall and very curved, and has large side wings to carry more material. An S-U combination blade which is shorter, has less curvature and this blade is typically used for pushing piles of large rocks, such as at a quarry. Blades can be fitted straight across the frame, or at an angle, the bottom edge of the blade can be sharpened, e. g. to cut tree stumps. Sometimes a bulldozer is used to push another piece of moving equipment known as a scraper. Many dozer blades have a center section with this purpose in mind. In military use, dozer blades are fixed on combat engineering vehicles and can optionally be fitted on other vehicles, Dozer blades can also be mounted on main battle tanks, where it can be used to clear antitank obstacles, mines, and dig improvised shelters. Combat applications for dozer blades include clearing battlefield obstacles and preparing fire positions, the ripper is the long claw-like device on the back of the bulldozer. Rippers can come as a single or in groups of two or more, usually, a single shank is preferred for heavy ripping. The ripper shank is fitted with a replaceable tungsten steel alloy tip, ripping rock breaks the ground surface rock or pavement into small rubble easy to handle and transport, which can then be removed so grading can take place
Bulldozer
–
A working bulldozer from the
First Tractor Company, on
Xinbu Island, Hainan, China.
Bulldozer
–
A
Caterpillar D10 N bulldozer equipped with a single shank ripper.
Bulldozer
–
Bulldozer blade
Bulldozer
–
Multi-shank ripper
20.
Helicopter
–
A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by rotors. This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forward, backward and these attributes allow helicopters to be used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft and many forms of VTOL aircraft cannot perform. English language nicknames for helicopter include chopper, copter, helo, heli, Helicopters were developed and built during the first half-century of flight, with the Focke-Wulf Fw 61 being the first operational helicopter in 1936. Some helicopters reached limited production, but it was not until 1942 that a helicopter designed by Igor Sikorsky reached full-scale production, with 131 aircraft built. Though most earlier designs used more than one rotor, it is the single main rotor with anti-torque tail rotor configuration that has become the most common helicopter configuration. Tandem rotor helicopters are also in use due to their greater payload capacity. Coaxial helicopters, tiltrotor aircraft, and compound helicopters are all flying today, quadcopter helicopters pioneered as early as 1907 in France, and other types of multicopter have been developed for specialized applications such as unmanned drones. The earliest references for vertical flight came from China, since around 400 BC, Chinese children have played with bamboo flying toys. This bamboo-copter is spun by rolling a stick attached to a rotor, the spinning creates lift, and the toy flies when released. The 4th-century AD Daoist book Baopuzi by Ge Hong reportedly describes some of the ideas inherent to rotary wing aircraft, designs similar to the Chinese helicopter toy appeared in Renaissance paintings and other works. In the 18th and early 19th centuries Western scientists developed flying machines based on the Chinese toy. It was not until the early 1480s, when Leonardo da Vinci created a design for a machine that could be described as an aerial screw, that any recorded advancement was made towards vertical flight. His notes suggested that he built flying models, but there were no indications for any provision to stop the rotor from making the craft rotate. As scientific knowledge increased and became accepted, people continued to pursue the idea of vertical flight. In July 1754, Russian Mikhail Lomonosov had developed a small coaxial modeled after the Chinese top but powered by a spring device. It was powered by a spring, and was suggested as a method to lift meteorological instruments. Sir George Cayley, influenced by a fascination with the Chinese flying top, developed a model of feathers, similar to that of Launoy and Bienvenu. By the end of the century, he had progressed to using sheets of tin for rotor blades and his writings on his experiments and models would become influential on future aviation pioneers
Helicopter
–
A police department
Bell 206 helicopter
Helicopter
–
A decorated Japanese taketombo bamboo-copter
Helicopter
–
Leonardo's "aerial screw"
Helicopter
–
Prototype created by
M. Lomonosov, 1754
21.
Fireboat
–
A fireboat is a specialized watercraft with pumps and nozzles designed for fighting shoreline and shipboard fires. The first fireboats, dating to the late 18th century, were tugboats, older designs derived from tugboats and modern fireboats more closely resembling seafaring ships can both be found in service today. Some departments would give their multi-purpose craft the title of fireboat also and they are frequently used for fighting fires on docks and shore side warehouses as they can directly attack fires in the supporting underpinnings of these structures. They also have an unlimited supply of water available, pumping directly from below the hull. Some modern fireboats are capable of pumping tens of thousands of gallons of water per minute. An example is Fire Boat #2 of the Los Angeles Fire Department, fireboats are most usually seen by the public when welcoming a fleet or historical ships with a display of their water moving capabilities, throwing large arcs of water in every direction. Occasionally fireboats are used to carry firefighters, Emergency Medical Technicians, some may be used as icebreakers, like the Chicago Fire Departments Victor L. Schlaeger which can break 8 to 12 inch ice. They may also carry divers or surface water rescue workers, passengers from ships in danger can be also transferred to various kind of rescue boats. Also hydrocopters, rigid-hulled inflatable boats, fanboat and even hovercrafts and helicopters are used in fire, rescue, cities with fireboats are usually located on a large body of water with port facilities. Smaller fire departments lacking resources will use rigid-hulled inflatable boat or borrow boats from local rescue agencies, the first recorded fire-float was built in 1765 for the Sun Fire Insurance Company in London. This was a pump in a small boat, rowed by its crew to the scene of the fire. A similar craft was built in Bristol by James Hillhouse for the Imperial Fire Insurance Office in the 1780s. All fire fighting in Bristol was carried out either by private companies or the Docks Company until the formation of the Bristol Fire Brigade as a branch of the police in 1876. In New York City, a boat with a hand-pump was used to fight marine fires as early as 1809. By the middle of the century, self-propelled steam-fire-floats were beginning to be introduced. The FDNY leased the salvage tug John Fuller as the citys first powered fireboat in 1866, prior to the John Fuller, as early as the late 1700s, the FDNY used hand-pumpers mounted to barges and large rowboats. The first purpose built steam driven boats were introduced by Boston Fire Department, the first European fireboat to appear in Bristol was the Fire Queen, built by Shand Mason & Co. London, in 1884 for service in the city docks, the 53 ft. long craft was equipped with a three-cylinder steam pump supplying two large hose reels, one of these was replaced with a monitor, or water cannon, in 1900
Fireboat
–
London Fire Brigade fireboat, River Thames, London
Fireboat
–
Toronto Fireboat WL Mackenzie
Fireboat
–
Toronto Fireboat WL Mackenzie demonstrating its capabilities
Fireboat
–
Italian fireboat CLASS M
22.
Light and air unit
–
During prolonged emergencies, particularly structure fires, where firefighters must remain on air, these air bottles will need to be replaced and refilled. The light and air unit has the ability to refill the SCBA bottles while in the field using onboard air compressors and it also carries a supply of spare air cylinders. These units are customizable and can vary greatly between departments. These multifunctional units are equipped with diesel generators which supplies electricity to power portable lights. This is usually done via a roof mounted telescoping light bank, the unit also has the ability to supply electrical power in an emergency to a shelter, base camp, or medical facility. In the United States, Chapter 24 of National Fire Protection Association regulation 1901 outlines specifications for any air system mounted on firefighting apparatus
Light and air unit
–
Santa Monica Fire Department Light and Air 1.
Light and air unit
–
The
SCBA bottle filler on the back of
SMFD Light and Air 1.
23.
Firefighting
–
Firefighting is the act of attempting to prevent the spread of and extinguish significant unwanted fires in buildings, vehicles, woodland, etc. A firefighter suppresses and extinguishes fires to protect lives and to prevent the destruction of property, firefighters may provide other services to their communities. Additional hazards include falls and structural collapse that can exacerbate the problems entailed in a toxic environment, to combat some of these risks, firefighters carry self-contained breathing equipment. The first step in an operation is reconnaissance to search for the origin of the fire, to identify the specific risks. Fires can be extinguished by water, fuel or oxidant removal, the earliest known firefighters were in the city of Rome. In 60 A. D. emperor Nero established a Corps of Vigils to protect Rome after a disastrous fire and it consisted of 7,000 people equipped with buckets and axes, and they fought fires and served as police. In the 4th century B. C. an Alexandrian Greek named Ctesibius made a force pump called a siphona. As water rose in the chamber, it compressed the air inside, in the 16th century, syringes were also used as firefighting tools, the larger ones being mounted on wheels. Another traditional method that survived was the brigade, involving two lines of people formed between the water source and the fire. Typically, men in one of the lines would pass along the full buckets of water toward the fire while in the other women and children would pass back the empty buckets to be refilled. In the 17th century, fire engines were made, notably in Amsterdam, ancient Rome did not have municipal firefighters. Instead, private individuals relied on their slaves or supporters to take action and they would not only form bucket brigades or attempt to smother smaller fires, but would also demolish or raze nearby buildings to slow the spread of the fire. However, there is no mention of fires being extinguished, rather they were contained and burned themselves out, ancient Rome did not have an organized firefighting force until the Vigiles were formed in the reign of Augustus. Prior to the Great Fire of London in 1666, some parishes in the UK had begun to organize rudimentary firefighting, after the Great Fire, Nicholas Barbon introduced the first fire insurance. In order to reduce costs, Barbon also formed his own fire brigade. By the start of the 1800s, insured buildings were identified with a badge or mark, in 1833, these companies in London merged to form The London Fire Company Establishment. In World War II, the Auxiliary Fire Service and later the National Fire Service were established to supplement local fire services, at that time, there was no countrywide standard for firefighting terms, procedures, ranks, or equipment. These were standardized after World War II, in January 1608, a fire destroyed many of the colonists provisions and lodgings in Jamestown, Virginia
Firefighting
–
Firefighters at a major fire involving an abandoned convent in Canada, 2006
Firefighting
–
Firefighting in
Jyväskylä, Finland
Firefighting
–
Bulgarian firefighters in action, 1930s
Firefighting
–
A hose team training to fight an aircraft fire aboard a US aircraft carrier, 2006
24.
La Habra
–
La Habra is a city in the northwestern corner of Orange County, California, United States. In the 2010 census, the city had a population of 60,239 and its related city, La Habra Heights, is located to the north of La Habra, and is in Los Angeles County. The name referred to the “Pass Through the Hills, ” the natural pass through the hills to the north first discovered and used by Spanish explorers of the Portola expedition on July 30,1769. In 1839, when the area was part of Alta California, vast herds of cattle and horses grazed over the hills, mariano Reyes Roldan was granted 6,698 acres in that year and named his land Rancho Cañada de La Habra. In the 1860s, Abel Stearns purchased Rancho La Habra, La Habra was founded in 1896. The first post office in the town was established in 1898 in a corner of Coys Store at Central, the city was incorporated under general law on January 20,1925, with a population of 3,000. The police force was organized in 1926 and employed a chief, traffic officer, by 1928, the city was the largest avocado center in Southern California. In 1930, the first fire department building was constructed followed by the original City Hall in 1935, by 1950, the population reached nearly 5,000. The Civic Center took shape when the existing County Library was dedicated in 1966, followed by the present administration building in 1969. For more than 70 years, La Habra was known as the city just south of La Habra Heights where the Hass avocado, the fruit from this tree has since become one of the most popular avocado cultivars worldwide. The Hass Mother Tree succumbed to root rot in 2002, the La Habra Stakes, run since 1973 at the Santa Anita Park Thoroughbred race track, is named for La Habra. Although La Habra lies within Orange County, the city contracts with the Los Angeles County Fire Department for EMS, law enforcement is provided by the La Habra Police Department, which in 2008 employed about 70 officers. From 2004 to 2008, they ranked third in the number of officer-involved shootings among twenty Orange County municipal police departments. One case among these, the 2007 death of Michael Cho, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.4 square miles,99. 92% of it land and 0. 08% of it water. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, La Habra has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, the 2010 United States Census reported that La Habra had a population of 60,239. The population density was 8,166.8 people per square mile. The racial makeup of La Habra was 35,147 White,1,025 African American,531 Native American,5,653 Asian,103 Pacific Islander,15,224 from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 34,449 persons. The Census reported that 59,899 people lived in households,169 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 1,158 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 119 same-sex married couples or partnerships
La Habra
–
Seal
25.
Orange County, California
–
Orange County is a county in the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 3,010,232 making it the third-most populous county in California, the sixth-most populous in the United States and its county seat is Santa Ana. It is the second most densely populated county in the state, the countys four largest cities, Anaheim, Santa Ana, Irvine, and Huntington Beach each have populations exceeding 200,000. Several of Orange Countys cities are on the Pacific coast, including Huntington Beach, Newport Beach, Laguna Beach, Orange County is included in the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Thirty-four incorporated cities are located in the county, the newest is Aliso Viejo, Anaheim was the first city, incorporated in 1870, when the region was still part of neighboring Los Angeles County. Whereas most population centers in the United States tend to be identified by a major city and it is mostly suburban except for some traditionally urban areas at the centers of the older cities of Anaheim, Fullerton, Huntington Beach, Orange, and Santa Ana. There are several edge city-style developments such as Irvine Business Center, Newport Center, the county is famous for its tourism as the home of attractions like Disneyland, Knotts Berry Farm, and several beaches along its more than 40 miles of coastline. It is part of the Tech Coast, members of the Tongva, Juaneño, and Luiseño Native American groups long inhabited the area. After the 1769 expedition of Gaspar de Portolà, a Spanish expedition led by Junipero Serra named the area Valle de Santa Ana, on November 1,1776, Mission San Juan Capistrano became the areas first permanent European settlement. Among those who came with Portolá were José Manuel Nieto and José Antonio Yorba, both these men were given land grants—Rancho Los Nietos and Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana, respectively. The Nieto heirs were granted land in 1834, the Nieto ranches were known as Rancho Los Alamitos, Rancho Las Bolsas, and Rancho Los Coyotes. Yorba heirs Bernardo Yorba and Teodosio Yorba were also granted Rancho Cañón de Santa Ana and Rancho Lomas de Santiago, other ranchos in Orange County were granted by the Mexican government during the Mexican period in Alta California. A severe drought in the 1860s devastated the industry, cattle ranching. In 1887, silver was discovered in the Santa Ana Mountains, attracting settlers via the Santa Fe and this growth led the California legislature to divide Los Angeles County and create Orange County as a separate political entity on March 11,1889. The county is said to have named for the citrus fruit in an attempt to promote immigration by suggesting a semi-tropical paradise–a place where anything could grow. Other citrus crops, avocados, and oil extraction were important to the early economy. Orange County benefited from the July 4,1904 completion of the Pacific Electric Railway, the link made Orange County an accessible weekend retreat for celebrities of early Hollywood. It was deemed so significant that Pacific City changed its name to Huntington Beach in honor of Henry E. Huntington, president of the Pacific Electric, Transportation further improved with the completion of the State Route and U. S. Route 101 in the 1920s
Orange County, California
Orange County, California
Orange County, California
Orange County, California
26.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
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Flag
United States
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The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
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The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
27.
New York City Fire Department
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The New York City Fire Department is the largest municipal fire department in the United States and the second largest in the world after the Tokyo Fire Department. The FDNY employs approximately 10,200 uniformed firefighters and over 3,940 uniformed EMTs, paramedics and its regulations are compiled in title 3 of the New York City Rules. The FDNYs motto is New Yorks Bravest, the FDNY serves more than 8 million residents within a 320 square mile area. The FDNY headquarters is located at 9 MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn, there are Three Bureau of Fire Communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units. One office, at 11 Metrotech Center in Brooklyn, houses Citywide, Brooklyn, the Bronx houses Manhattan and the Bronx, and Queens houses Queens. The current Fire Commissioner is Daniel A. Nigro, who took over the position from Salvatore J. Cassano in June 2014. Staff chiefs include the seven citywide tour commanders, the Chief of Safety, the Chief of Fire Prevention, operationally and geographically, the department is nominally organized into five Borough Commands for the five traditional Boroughs of New York City. Within those five Borough Commands exists nine firefighting Divisions, each headed by a Deputy Division Chief, within each Division are four to seven Battalions, each led by a Battalion Chief. Each Battalion consists of three to eight firehouses and consists of approximately 180–200 firefighters and officers, each firehouse consists of one to three fire companies. Each fire company is led by a captain, who commands three lieutenants and nine to twenty firefighters, there are currently four shifts of firefighters in each company. Tours can be either night tours or day tours, the FDNY faces highly multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to New York. The origins of the New York City Fire Department go back to 1648 when the first fire ordinance was adopted in what was then the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam. Peter Stuyvesant, within one year of his arrival, appointed four fire wardens to wooden chimneys of thatched-roofed wooden houses, the first four fire wardens were Martin Krieger, Thomas Hall, Adrian Wyser, and George Woolsey. Hooks, ladders and buckets were financed through the collection of fines for dirty chimneys, an organization known as the prowlers but given the nickname the rattle watch patrolled the streets with buckets, ladders and hooks from nine in the evening until dawn looking for fires. Leather shoe buckets,250 in all, were manufactured by local Dutch shoemakers in 1658, in 1664 New Amsterdam became an English settlement and was renamed New York. The first New York fire brigade entered service in 1731 equipped with two hand-drawn pumpers which had transported from London, England. These two pumpers formed Engine Company 1 and Engine Company 2, the citys first firehouse was built in 1736 in front of City Hall on Broad Street. In 1865, the fire department was abolished by a state act which created the Metropolitan Fire District
New York City Fire Department
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An FDNY deputy chief during rescue efforts at the
World Trade Center following the
September 11, 2001 attacks.
New York City Fire Department
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Fire Department of the City of New York
New York City Fire Department
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Former headquarters of the Brooklyn Fire Department, near
MetroTech Center; it was designed by architect
Frank Freeman and built in 1892.
New York City Fire Department
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Mid 19th century Chief
28.
Chicago Fire Department
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The Chicago Fire Department provides fire suppression and emergency medical services to the city of Chicago, Illinois, United States, under the jurisdiction of the Mayor of Chicago. The Chicago Fire Department is the third largest municipal fire department in the United States after the New York City Fire Department and Cal Fire and it is also one of the oldest major organized fire departments in the nation. The Chicago Fire Department is led by the Fire Commissioner, who is Jose A. Santiago, the Fire Commissioner is appointed by the Mayor. The Fire Commissioner is assisted by the First Deputy Commissioner, who is Charles Stewart III, there are four bureaus under the First Deputy Commissioner, Operations, Fire Prevention, Administrative Services & Logistics. The Chicago Fire Department receives over 500,000 emergency calls annually, there are four Bureaus of Operation within the Chicago Fire Department, Operations, Administrative Services, Logistics and Fire Prevention. The four Bureaus are commanded by the 1st Deputy Fire Commissioner, Charles Stewart III, the Bureau of Operations is the largest Bureau within the Chicago Fire Department. The Bureau of Operations commands the following Divisions, Fire Suppression & Rescue, Emergency Medical Services, Special Operations, the Bureau of Operations is composed of over 4,500 Firefighters and Paramedics and is commanded by a Deputy Fire Commissioner. The Bureau of Administrative Services commands the following Divisions, Personnel, Training, the Photo Unit, Administrative Services is commanded by a Deputy Fire Commissioner. The Bureau of Logistics is commanded by a Deputy Fire Commissioner, the Bureau of Fire Prevention commands the following Divisions, Code Compliance and Inspections. Fire Prevention is commanded by a Deputy Fire Commissioner, the Bureau of Operations is one of four Bureaus within the organization of the Chicago Fire Department. Like the other three Bureaus, the Bureau of Operations is commanded by a Deputy Fire Commissioner, who reports to the 1st Deputy Commissioner, the Fire Suppression and Rescue Division is commanded by an Assistant Deputy Fire Commissioner. The Special Operations Division and the EMS Division are also commanded by an Assistant Deputy Commissioner, the Office of Fire Investigation is under the command of the Commanding Fire Marshall, equivalent to the rank of Deputy District Chief. The Fire Suppression and Rescue Division is commanded by an Assistant Deputy Fire Commissioner, the Division consists of five Fire Districts, each commanded by a District Chief. The Emergency Medical Services Division is commanded by an Assistant Deputy Fire Commissioner, the Division consists of two Field Divisions, the North Division, and the South Division. Each Division is commanded by an Assistant Deputy Chief Paramedic per shift, the two Assistant Deputy Chief Paramedics report to the Assistant Deputy Fire Commissioner of the Division. Within the two Field Divisions, there are eight EMS Districts, each EMS District is under the command of a Paramedic Field Chief. Each EMS Districts Paramedic Field Chief is in charge of all EMS, the Special Operations Division is commanded by an Assistant Deputy Commissioner and is divided into several subsections, including Hazardous Materials and Air-Sea Rescue. Subdivision is commanded by a Deputy District Chief, the Air Sea Rescue subdivision is commanded by two Deputy District Chiefs, one in charge of Air Operations, and one in charge of SCUBA Operations
Chicago Fire Department
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Chicago firefighters responding to a call on Michigan Ave. wearing pre-2006 turnout gear.
Chicago Fire Department
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Chicago Fire Department (CFD)
Chicago Fire Department
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The Scuba Team vehicle on
Lake Shore Drive in
Hyde Park
Chicago Fire Department
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CFD 1st Battalion Chief's SUV
United States of America
California
Los Angeles
