1.
Stanley Mosk
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Stanley Mosk was an Associate Justice of the California Supreme Court for 37 years, and holds the record for the longest-serving justice on that court. Before sitting on the Supreme Court, he served as Attorney General of California and as a court judge. Mosk was the last Justice of the California Supreme Court to have served in elected office prior to his appointment to the bench. The Los Angeles County Courthouse is named after him, Mosk was born in San Antonio, Texas, but his parents moved when he was three years old, and he grew up in Rockford, Illinois. His parents, Paul and Minna, were Reform Jews who did not believe in religious observances. Since Rockford sits next to the Wisconsin border, Mosks parents followed Wisconsin politics and were supporters of Progressive Wisconsin Senator Robert M. La Follette, Sr. Mosk graduated from the University of Chicago in 1933 with a degree in philosophy. Mosks life was affected by the Great Depression. He earned a LL. B from Southwestern University School of Law in 1935 and was admitted to the bar that same year. Thanks to the Depression, none of the major L. A. firms were hiring, Mosk opened his own practice and shared an office with four other solos. During those difficult years, Mosk was a practitioner who took whatever walked in the door. During Olsons last days in office, after his defeat for re-election by Republican Earl Warren, he appointed Mosk a Superior Court judge at the age of 31, Mosk faced opposition at his first retention election, but prevailed. Mosk left the Superior Court to volunteer for service in the U. S. Army during World War II as a private, after his honorable discharge, he returned to California and resumed his judicial career. As a Superior Court judge, in 1947, he declared the enforcement of restrictive covenants unconstitutional before the U. S. Supreme Court did so in Shelley v. Kraemer. He also presided over many widely reported cases and he was re-elected by a large margin in 1962. He served as the California National Committeeman to the Democratic National Committee and was a supporter of John F. Kennedy for President. He remained close to the Kennedy family, as attorney general for nearly six years, he issued approximately 2,000 written opinions and appeared before the U. S. Supreme Court in the Arizona v. California water case and other landmark cases. Mosk established the Attorney Generals Civil Rights Division and successfully fought to force the Professional Golfers Association of America to amend its bylaws denying access to minority golfers and he also established Consumer Rights, Constitutional Rights, and Antitrust divisions
Stanley Mosk
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Mosk as Attorney General in 1960
Stanley Mosk
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Stanley Mosk Courthouse, Grand Avenue entrance
2.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
California
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A forest of redwood trees in
Redwood National Park
California
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Flag
California
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Mount Shasta
California
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Aerial view of the
California Central Valley
3.
Los Angeles County, California
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Los Angeles County, officially the County of Los Angeles, is the most populous county in both the United States and the state of California, the countrys most populous state. Its population is larger than that of 42 individual U. S. states and it has 88 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas and at 4,083 square miles, it is larger than the combined areas of the U. S. states of Delaware and Rhode Island. The county is home to more than one-quarter of California residents and is one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the U. S and its county seat, the City of Los Angeles, is also its most populous city at about four million. Los Angeles County is one of the counties of California. The county originally included parts of what are now Kern, San Bernardino, Riverside, as the population increased, sections were split off to organize San Bernardino County in 1853, Kern County in 1866, and Orange County in 1889. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 4,751 square miles, Los Angeles County borders 70 miles of coast on the Pacific Ocean and encompasses mountain ranges, valleys, forests, islands, lakes, rivers, and desert. The western extent of the Mojave Desert begins in the Antelope Valley, most of the population of Los Angeles County is located in the south and southwest, with major population centers in the Los Angeles Basin, San Fernando Valley and San Gabriel Valley. Other population centers are found in the Santa Clarita Valley, Pomona Valley, Crescenta Valley, the county is divided west-to-east by the San Gabriel Mountains, which are part of the Transverse Ranges of southern California, and are contained mostly within the Angeles National Forest. Los Angeles County includes San Clemente Island and Santa Catalina Island, non-Hispanic whites numbered 2,728,321, or 28% of the population. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race numbered 4,687,889, 36% of Los Angeles Countys population was of Mexican ancestry,3. 7% Salvadoran, and 2. 2% Guatemalan heritage. The largest Asian groups of the 1,346,865 Asians in Los Angeles County are 4. 0% Chinese,3. 3% Filipino,2. 2% Korean,1. 0% Japanese,0. 9% Vietnamese,0. 8% Indian, and 0. 3% Cambodian. The racial makeup of the county is 48. 7% White,11. 0% African American,0. 8% Native American,10. 0% Asian,0. 3% Pacific Islander,23. 5% from other races, and 4. 9% from two or more races. 44. 6% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race, the largest European-American ancestry groups are German, Irish, English and Italian. 45. 9% of the population reported speaking only English at home,37. 9% spoke Spanish,2. 22% Tagalog,2. 0% Chinese,1. 9% Korean,1. 87% Armenian,0. 5% Arabic, and 0. 2% Hindi. At the census of 2000, there were 9,519,338 people,3,133,774 households, the population density was 2,344 people per square mile. There were 3,270,909 housing units at a density of 806 per square mile. 25% of all households were made up of individuals and 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.61. In the county, the population was out with 28% under the age of 18, 10% from 18 to 24, 33% from 25 to 44, 19% from 45 to 64
Los Angeles County, California
Los Angeles County, California
Los Angeles County, California
Los Angeles County, California
4.
Justice of the Peace
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A justice of the peace is a judicial officer, of a lower or puisne court, elected or appointed by means of a commission to keep the peace. In past centuries the term commissioner of the peace was used with the same meaning. Depending on the jurisdiction, such justices dispense summary justice or merely deal with local administrative applications in common law jurisdictions, some jurisdictions have varying forms of training for JPs. In 1195, Richard I of England and his Minister Hubert Walter commissioned certain knights to preserve the peace in unruly areas and they were responsible to the King for ensuring that the law was upheld and preserving the Kings peace. Therefore, they were known as keepers of the peace, the title justice of the peace derives from 1361, in the reign of Edward III. The peace to be guarded is the sovereigns, the maintenance of which is the duty of the Crown under the royal prerogative, Justices of the peace still use the power conferred or re-conferred on them since 1361 to bind over unruly persons to be of good behaviour. The bind over is not a punishment, but a preventive measure, the justices alternative title of magistrate dates from the 16th century, although the word had been in use centuries earlier to describe some legal officials of Roman times. Being an unpaid office, undertaken voluntarily and sometimes more for the sake of renown or to confirm the justices standing within the community, the justices of the peace conducted arraignments in all criminal cases, and tried misdemeanours and infractions of local ordinances and bylaws. The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 stripped the power to appoint normal JPs from those municipal corporations that had it and this was replaced by the present system, where the Lord Chancellor nominates candidates with local advice, for appointment by the Crown. Until the introduction of elected county councils in the 19th century, JPs, in quarter sessions, also administered the county at a local level. Women were not allowed to become JPs in the United Kingdom until 1919, the first woman being Ada Summers, the Mayor of Stalybridge, emily Murphy of Edmonton, Canada, preceded her by some three and a half years. Now in the UK, 50% of JPs are women, in special circumstances, a justice of the peace can be the highest governmental representative, so in fact gubernatorial, in a colonial entity. This was the case in the Tati Concessions Land, a concession in the Matabele kingdom. Criteria for appointment vary widely, depending on the state, for example, in Queensland, a justice of the peace must complete an exam prior to being eligible for appointment, whereas in Victoria, a person need only prove good character by way of references. Generally speaking, a justice of the peace cannot act in relation to a document which is to be used in a foreign country. One exception to this, however, is that countries in the Commonwealth frequently accept documents so certified, documents which are to be used in a foreign country that does not provide for a foreign JP to witness them should be dealt with by a notary public. This is the same for all countries where the office of justice of the peace exists, notaries public are often solicitors or barristers, and the best way to locate one is to contact your local law society. Some justices are appointed as justice of the peace, usually in remote aboriginal communities, in Queensland, a lawyer may be appointed as a Justice of the Peace without further education or qualification and has the full powers of a JP
Justice of the Peace
5.
California Constitution
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The Constitution of the State of California is the document that establishes and describes the duties, powers, structure and function of the government of the U. S. state of California. Article 3, Section 2 of the current Constitution references the original boundaries as stated in the 1849 Constitution at Article 7. The result of Progressive mistrust of elected officials, the 1879 constitution is the third longest in the world, californias constitution is one of the longest collections of laws in the world, taking up 110 pages. Part of this length is caused by the fact that many voter initiatives take the form of a constitutional amendment, the constitution can be changed by initiatives passed by voters. Initiatives can be proposed by the governor, legislature, or by popular petition, many of the individual rights clauses in the state constitution have been construed as protecting rights even broader than the Bill of Rights in the federal constitution. This caused the California Supreme Court to find Capital Punishment unconstitional on state Constitutional grounds in the 1972 case of People v. Anderson, the constitution has undergone numerous changes since its original drafting. It was rewritten from scratch several times prior to the drafting of the current 1879 constitution, from 1911, the height of the U. S. Progressive Era, to 1986, the California Constitution was amended or revised over 500 times, the constitution gradually became increasingly bloated, leading to abortive efforts towards a third constitutional convention in 1897,1914,1919,1930,1934 and 1947. By 1962 the constitution had grown to 75,000 words and that year, the electorate approved the creation of a California Constitution Revision Commission, which worked on a comprehensive revision of the constitution from 1964 to 1976. The Commission ultimately removed about 40,000 words from the constitution, many of the signatories to the states original 1849 constitution were themselves prominent in their own right, and are therefore listed below. The list is notable for the inclusion of several Californios, the California Constitution is one of the longest in the world. Unlike other state constitutions, the California Constitution strongly protects the corporate existence of cities and counties, the Constitution gives charter cities, in particular, supreme authority over municipal affairs, even allowing such cities local laws to trump state law. By specifically enabling cities to pay counties to perform governmental functions for them, many of the individual rights clauses in the state constitution have been construed as protecting rights broader than the Bill of Rights in the federal constitution. The constitution also confers upon women equality of rights in entering or pursuing a business, profession, vocation and this is the earliest state constitutional equal rights provision on record. Two universities are expressly mentioned in the constitution, the University of California, UC is one of only nine state-run public universities in the United States whose independence from political interference is expressly guaranteed by the state constitution. Since 1900, Stanford has enjoyed the benefit of a constitutional clause shielding Stanford-owned property from taxes as long as it is used for educational purposes. The constitution of California distinguishes between constitutional amendments and revisions, the latter of which is considered to be a change to the entire constitution. A less extensive change in one or more of its provisions, both require passage of a California ballot proposition by voters, but they differ in how they may be proposed. S
California Constitution
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Colton Hall in Monterey, site of the 1849 Constitutional Convention
6.
Supreme Court of California
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The Supreme Court of California is the court of last resort in the courts of the State of California. It is headquartered in San Francisco and regularly holds sessions in Los Angeles and its decisions are binding on all other California state courts. Under the original 1849 California Constitution, the Court started with a chief justice, the court was expanded to five justices in 1862. Under the current 1879 constitution, the Court expanded to six associate justices and one chief justice, the justices are appointed by the Governor of California and are subject to retention elections. The Commission holds a hearing and if satisfied with the nominees qualifications. The nominee can then immediately fill a vacancy, or replace a departing justice at the beginning of the next judicial term. If a nominee is confirmed to fill a vacancy that arose partway through a judicial term, voters then determine whether to retain the justice for the remainder of the judicial term. At the terms conclusion, justices must again undergo a statewide election for a full 12-year term. If a majority votes no, the seat vacant and may be filled by the Governor. The electorate has occasionally exercised the power not to retain justices, Chief Justice Rose Bird and Associate Justices Cruz Reynoso and Joseph Grodin were staunchly opposed to capital punishment and were subsequently removed in the 1986 general election. Newly reelected Governor George Deukmejian was then able to elevate Associate Justice Malcolm M. Lucas to Chief Justice, four current justices were appointed by Republicans and three by a Democrat. There is one Filipino-American justice, one Hispanic, one African-American, the justices do not publicly discuss their religious views or affiliations. Two justices earned undergraduate degrees from a University of California school, in March 2017, Werdegar announced her intent to retire on August 31,2017. Between 1879 and 1966, the court was divided into two panels, Department One and Department Two. The chief justice divided cases evenly between the panels and also decided which cases would be heard en banc by the Court sitting as a whole, after a constitutional amendment in 1966, the Court currently sits as a whole when hearing all appeals. The procedure for all justices recuse themselves from a case has varied over time. In an average year the Court will decide to hear 83 cases, the Court is open for business year-round. The Court hears oral argument at least one week per month,10 months each year, since 1878, it has regularly heard oral argument each year at San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Sacramento
Supreme Court of California
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Justices of the California Supreme Court: Standing, from left: Justice Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar, Justice Carol A. Corrigan, Justice Goodwin H. Liu, and Justice Leondra R. Kruger. Seated, from left: Justice Kathryn M. Werdegar, Chief Justice Tani G. Cantil-Sakauye, and Justice Ming W. Chin
Supreme Court of California
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Seal of the Supreme Court of California
Supreme Court of California
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Cantil-Sakauye, Tani
Tani Cantil-Sakauye
Supreme Court of California
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Werdegar, Kathryn
Kathryn Werdegar
7.
Juvenile delinquency
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Juvenile delinquency, also known as juvenile offending, is participation in illegal behavior by minors. Most legal systems prescribe specific procedures for dealing with juveniles, such as detention centers. A juvenile delinquent in the United States is a person who is typically below 18 years of age, depending on the type and severity of the offense committed, it is possible for people under 18 to be charged and treated as adults. Juvenile crimes can range from status offenses, to property crimes, however, juvenile offending can be considered normative adolescent behavior. This is because most teens tend to offend by committing non-violent crimes, only once or a few times, repeated and/or violent offending is likely to lead to later and more violent offenses. When this happens, the offender often displayed antisocial behavior even before reaching adolescence, according to the developmental research of Moffitt, there are two different types of offenders that emerge in adolescence. Juvenile delinquency occurrences by males are largely disproportionate to the rate of occurrences by females and this great gap between the crimes reinforce the connotations of traditional masculinity to be the center of violence, aggression, and competition. This is largely based on the notion that as males, it is their duty to take what they feel they deserve through these means to define themselves and play the role of provider and independent figure. Because aggression is not a characteristic, it has caused more commotion when females perform crimes that are often attributed to males. The acts of delinquency begin with the expectations of their perceived roles through the direction of adults of both genders. Sandra Lee Bartky expresses these claims thoroughly in her work Foucault, Femininity, and the Modernization of Patriarchal Power by examining close observation of diction, action, and decorum. Boys learn to take as much space as possible when sitting, dress appropriately to stand out, thus, delinquent behavior is expressed as an outlet especially to those of lower socioeconomic backgrounds that cannot gain precedence through conventional means. Gender role for females is to become more unnoticeable, a follower that does not need to stand out, because of their condition to be more docile and dependent, the instinctive need to gain precedence is not as highly valued. Even respect comes in the form of different terms, as it is through how appropriately she conducts herself that seems innocent and this is also influenced by fellow peers such as mothers and other female figures apart from the authoritative male figure. In this instance, there is no need to urge to commit delinquency as the female is expected to rely on the male for his role as provider. It is through the act of needing to become dependent that enforces the feminine characteristics to seem as an alternative to delinquency, in fact, it has been largely stated that while masculinity induces such violent behavior, femininity is seen as the antithesis to delinquency. The answers were predominantly that males were to provide through aggressive terms, while females should be the more docile, the bipolarity assumption suggests that masculinity and femininity are opposites, and the assumption of unidimensionality implies that gender differences form a single scale. Interestingly, the impact of feminism has because the formation of a new trend as female delinquency has gone up
Juvenile delinquency
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Criminology and
penology
Juvenile delinquency
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1936 poster promoting planned housing as a method to deter juvenile delinquency, showing silhouettes of a child stealing a piece of fruit and a child involved in armed robbery.
8.
Beverly Hills, California
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Beverly Hills is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States, surrounded by the cities of Los Angeles and West Hollywood. By 2013, its population had grown to 34,658, sometimes referred to as 90210, one of its primary ZIP codes, it was home to many actors and celebrities throughout the 20th century. The city includes the Rodeo Drive shopping district and the Beverly Hills Oil Field, gaspar de Portolá arrived in the area that would later become Beverly Hills on August 3,1769, travelling along native trails which followed the present-day route of Wilshire Boulevard. The area was settled by Maria Rita Quinteros de Valdez and her husband in 1828 and they called their 4,500 acres of property the Rancho Rodeo de las Aguas. in 1854, she sold the ranch to Benjamin Davis Wilson and Henry Hancock. By the 1880s, the ranch had been subdivided into parcels of 75 acres and was being bought up by anglos from Los Angeles. Henry Hammel and Andrew H. Denker acquired most of it, at this point, the area was known as the Hammel and Denker Ranch. By 1888, Denker and Hammel were planning to build a town called Morocco on their holdings and they did not find enough to exploit commercially by the standards of the time, though. In 1906, therefore, they reorganized as the Rodeo Land and Water Company, renamed the property Beverly Hills, subdivided it, the development was named Beverly Hills after Beverly Farms in Beverly, Massachusetts and because of the hills in the area. The first house in the subdivision was built in 1907, although sales remained slow, Beverly Hills was one of many all-white planned communities started in the Los Angeles area around this time. Restrictive covenants prohibited non-whites from owning or renting property unless they were employed as servants by white residents and it was also forbidden to sell or rent property to Jews in Beverly Hills. Burton Green began construction on The Beverly Hills Hotel in 1911, the hotel was finished in 1912. The visitors drawn by the hotel were inclined to purchase land in Beverly Hills and that same year, the Rodeo Land and Water Company decided to separate its water business from its real estate business. The Beverly Hills Utility Commission was split off from the company and incorporated in September 1914, buying all of the utilities-related assets from the Rodeo Land. In 1919, Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford bought land on Summit Drive and built a mansion, finished in 1921, the glamor associated with Fairbanks and Pickford as well as other movie stars who built mansions in the city contributed to its growing appeal. By the early 1920s the population of Beverly Hills had grown enough to make the water supply a political issue, in 1923 the usual solution, annexation to the city of Los Angeles, was proposed. There was considerable opposition to annexation among such famous residents as Pickford, Fairbanks, Will Rogers, the Beverly Hills Utility Commission, opposed to annexation as well, managed to force the city into a special election and the plan was defeated 337 to 507. In 1925, Beverly Hills approved an issue to buy 385 acres for a new campus for UCLA. The cities of Los Angeles, Santa Monica and Venice also issued bonds to pay for the new campus
Beverly Hills, California
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Beverly Hills at the corner of Rodeo Drive & Via Rodeo
Beverly Hills, California
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Seal
Beverly Hills, California
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Aerial view, 3D computer generated image
Beverly Hills, California
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Hammel and Denker ranch, c. 1905
9.
West Los Angeles
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West Los Angeles is a term for two residential and commercial areas in the city of Los Angeles, California, mapped differently by different sources and on opposite sides of the Interstate 405 Freeway. Each of them lies within the larger Westside region of Los Angeles County, the borders of the official West Los Angeles Neighborhood Council correspond closely to this second definition. Specifically, its district stretches from the 405 freeway in the east to Centinela Avenue in the west and Wilshire Boulevard in the north, in 2003, a Los Angeles Times correspondent noted that, The meaning of the term West Los Angeles varies widely. Some use it to describe the entire Westside including Santa Monica, Venice, sections of West L. A. run the gamut from stylish Cheviot Hills to a cluster of generic homes east of Bundy Drive. Her report on the meaning of West Los Angeles also included Rancho Park and its density of 13,319 people per square mile, about was average for the city of Los Angeles but among the highest densities for the county. The percentage of Asian people is high for the county and the area is highly compared to both City of Los Angeles and County of Los Angeles averages. Mexico and Iran are the most common places of birth. Notably,49. 8% of residents 25 and older have a four-year degree, the percentages of never married males and never married females are among the countys highest. Its density of 12,061 people was average for the city of Los Angeles. It had a high percentage of white people compared with the county at large,76. 7%. Others ethnicities were Asian,11. 4%, Latino,5. 3%, black,2. 3%, and other,4. 1%. The median household income in east Mapping L. A. area was $86,403 in 2008 dollars, the percentage of households earning $125,000 and up was high for the county. Median age of residents was 38, old compared with other locality in the city, the average household size was 1.9, low for both the city and the county. 51% of residents rented their living quarters, and 49% owned them, the percentage of widowed men and women was among the countys highest. Iranian and Russian were the most common ancestries, the east Mapping L. A. area was highly educated, with 60. 4% of residents 25 and older holding a four-year degree, a higher ratio than found in the rest of the city or the county. The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services SPA5 West Area Health Office serves West Los Angeles, Los Angeles Police Department operates the West Los Angeles Community Police Station at 1663 Butler Avenue. Los Angeles Fire Department Station 59 at 11505 W. Olympic Boulevard serves the area, West Los Angeles is part of the Los Angeles Unified School District. Middle schools are Emerson, Palms, and Webster, High schools are Hamilton High School, Los Angeles Center for Enriched Studies, University High School and Indian Springs Continuation, both on the same site
West Los Angeles
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University High School
West Los Angeles
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Daniel Webster Middle School
West Los Angeles
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Notre Dame Academy
10.
Malibu, California
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Malibu is a beach city in Los Angeles County, California, situated 30 miles west of Downtown Los Angeles. Known for its Mediterranean climate, a 21-mile strip of the Malibu coast incorporated in 1991 into the City of Malibu, the area is known for being the home of Hollywood movie stars, people in the entertainment industry, and other affluent residents. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 12,645, signs around the city proclaim 27 miles of scenic beauty, referring to the historical 27-mile Malibu coast spanning from Tuna Canyon west to Point Mugu in Ventura County. Most Malibu residents live within a few hundred yards of Pacific Coast Highway, for many residents of the unincorporated canyon areas, Malibu has the closest commercial centers and are included in the Malibu zip codes. The city is bounded by Topanga to the east, the Santa Monica Mountains to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the south. Nicknamed the Bu by surfers and locals, beaches along the Malibu coast include Surfrider Beach, Zuma Beach, Malibu Beach, Topanga Beach, Point Dume Beach, County Line and they named it Humaliwo or the surf sounds loudly. The citys name derives from this, as the Hu syllable is not stressed, explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo is believed to have moored at Malibu Lagoon, at the mouth of Malibu Creek, to obtain fresh water in 1542. The Spanish presence returned with the California mission system, and the area was part of Rancho Topanga Malibu Sequit—a 13 and that ranch passed intact to Frederick Hastings Rindge in 1891. Few roads even entered the area before 1929, when the state won another court case, by then May Rindge was forced to subdivide her property and begin selling and leasing lots. In 1926, in an effort to selling land to stave off insolvency. At its height, Malibu Potteries employed over 100 workers, and produced decorative tiles which furnish many Los Angeles-area public buildings, the factory, located one-half mile east of the pier, was ravaged by a fire in 1931. Although the factory reopened in 1932, it could not recover from the effects of the Great Depression. A distinct hybrid of Moorish and Arts and crafts designs, Malibu tile is considered highly collectible. Fine examples of the tiles may be seen at the Adamson House and Serra Retreat, the unfinished building was sold to the Franciscan Order in 1942 and is operated as a retreat facility, Serra Retreat. It burned in the 1970 fire and was using many of the original tiles. Most of the Big Rock Drive area was purchased in 1936 by William Randolph Hearst and he sold the lower half of his holdings there in 1944 to Art Jones. Jones was one of the prominent early realtors in Malibu, starting with the leases of Rindge land in Malibu Colony. He was also the owner/part-owner of the Malibu Inn, Malibu Trading Post, mcAnany Way is named after him
Malibu, California
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Aerial view of Downtown Malibu and surrounding neighborhoods
Malibu, California
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Seal
Malibu, California
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Sign proclaiming "27 miles of scenic beauty", referring to Malibu's original length before the city was incorporated in 1991
Malibu, California
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Dawn in the
Santa Monica Mountains
11.
Huntington Park, California
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Huntington Park is a city in the Gateway Cities district of southeastern Los Angeles County, California. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 58,114. To this day, about 30% of its residents work at factories in nearby Vernon, the vacuum was filled almost entirely by two groups of Latinos, upwardly mobile families eager to leave the barrios of East Los Angeles, and recent Mexican immigrants. A weekly certified farmers market is now hosted at Salt Lake Park every Wednesday from 9am-1, on November 18,1930, the Warners Theater at 6714 Pacific Boulevard, opened and its first attraction was The Life of the Party. This theater has been closed for decades and it was bought by Pacific Boulevard Holdings/ Retail Management Corp for $1,600,000. California Theatre opened on 1925 and was operated by Fox Theatres as the Fox California Theatre, in the 80s it was known as the California 3 Theatre. This theatre closed in 2006 and was converted into a retail space. It was renamed California 2 Theatres and now there is a Tuxedo shop along with retail stores. During the 2014 World Cup, Mexico won the game with Croatia to move on to the next round, all retail stores and restaurants were told to close. The cops were in riot gear and on horseback to keep the residents safe, five people were arrested at the moment. Huntington Park is located at 33°59′N 118°13′W, before California abolished judicial townships, Huntington Park was located in San Antonio Township. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.0 square miles. Cities surrounding Huntington Park include Bell, Cudahy, Los Angeles, Maywood, South Gate, in addition unincorporated areas, including Florence-Graham and Walnut Park, are adjacent to Huntington Park. The 2010 United States Census reported that Huntington Park had a population of 58,114, the population density was 19,270.0 people per square mile. The Census reported that 57,859 people lived in households,248 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 1,377 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 81 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 1,644 households were made up of individuals and 694 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.96. There were 12,296 families, the family size was 4.19. The median age was 28.9 years, for every 100 females there were 99.6 males
Huntington Park, California
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Pacific Boulevard and Clarendon Avenue, 2009
Huntington Park, California
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Pedestrians on the Pacific Boulevard shopping district
12.
Whittier, California
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Whittier is a city in Southern California located within Los Angeles County, California. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 85,331, reflecting an increase of 1,631 from the 83,680 counted in the 2000 Census, like nearby Montebello, the city constitutes part of the Gateway Cities. Whittier was incorporated in February 1898 and became a city in 1955. The city is named for the poet John Greenleaf Whittier and is home to Whittier College, Whittiers roots can be traced to Spanish soldier Manuel Nieto. In 1784, Nieto received a Spanish land grant of 300,000 acres, Rancho Los Nietos, as a reward for his military service, the area of Nietos land grant was reduced in 1790 as the result of a dispute with Mission San Gabriel. Nieto built a rancho for his family near Whittier, and purchased cattle and horses for his ranch, when Nieto died in 1804, his children inherited their fathers property. At the time of the Mexican-American War, much of the land that would become Whittier was owned by Pio Pico, a rancher, Pio Pico built a hacienda here on the San Gabriel River, known today as Pio Pico State Historic Park. Gerkens would later become the first chief of police of the Los Angeles Police Department, gerkens land was owned by several others before a group of Quakers purchased it and expanded it to 1,259 acres, with the intent of founding a Quaker community. The area soon became known as a thriving citrus ranching region, later, walnut trees were also planted, and Whittier became the largest walnut grower in the United States. In addition to walnuts and citrus, Whittier was also a producer of pampas grass. For many years, the means of transport from this area to Los Angeles was on foot, or via horse and wagon over rough dirt roads, impeding settlement, development. Thus in 1887 enterprising and aggressive businessmen contracted with the Southern Pacific Railroad to build the first railroad spur to Whittier, by 1906,650 carloads of oranges and 250 carloads of lemons were shipped annually by rail. In 1904, the Pacific Electric opened the line known as Big Red Cars from Los Angeles to Whittier. In the first two decades, over a million passengers a year rode to and from Los Angeles on the Whittier line, groves of walnuts were planted in 1887 and eventually Whittier was known as the primary walnut growing town in the United States. After World War II Whittier grew rapidly and the sub-dividing of orange groves began, in 1955 the new Civic Center complex was completed and the City Council met in new chambers for the first time on March 8,1955. The city continued to grow as the City annexed portions of Whittier Boulevard, the 1961 annexation added over 28,000 people to the population, bringing the total to about 67,000. In the founding days of Whittier, when it was an isolated town, Jonathan Bailey and his wife. They followed the Quaker religious faith and practice, and held meetings on their porch
Whittier, California
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Skyline of Whittier, California.
Whittier, California
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Whittier, California, late 19th century
Whittier, California
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Jonathan Bailey House
Whittier, California
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C.W.Harvey Home
13.
Pomona, California
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Pomona is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Pomona is located in the Pomona Valley, between the Inland Empire and the San Gabriel Valley, as of the 2010 United States Census, the citys population was 149,058. The area was occupied by the Tongva or Gabrielino Native Americans. The city is named for Pomona, the ancient Roman goddess of fruit, the first Anglo-Americans arrived in prior to 1848 when the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo resulted in California becoming part of the United States. By the 1880s, the arrival of railroads and Coachella Valley water had made it the anchor of the citrus-growing region. Pomona was officially incorporated on January 6,1888, in the 1920s Pomona was known as the Queen of the Citrus Belt, with one of the highest per-capita levels of income in the United States. In the 1940s it was used as a location for major motion picture studios to see how their films would play to modally middle class audiences around the country. Religious institutions are deeply embedded in the history of Pomona, there are now more than 120 churches, representing most religions in todays society. The historical architecture of these churches provide glimpses of the European church design, in 2005, Pomona citizens elected Norma Torres, the first woman of Guatemalan heritage to be elected to a mayoral post outside of Guatemala. Pomona is an area of Los Angeles County in the Pomona Valley. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 22.964 square miles. Pomona is approximately 27 miles east of downtown Los Angeles,25 miles north of Santa Ana,31 miles west of Riverside, the Los Angeles/San Bernardino county line forms most of the citys southern and eastern boundaries. Pomona has a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild, damp winters, august is the warmest month with an average daytime high temperature of 92 °F. Summers are characterized by days and very little rainfall during the months of June through September. Fall brings cooler temperatures and occasional showers, as well as seasonal Santa Ana winds originating from the northeast, december is the coolest month with an average high temperature of 68 °F. Winter also brings the majority of annual precipitation, snowfall is virtually unheard of, but frost can occur once or twice a year. The 2010 United States Census reported that Pomona had a population of 149,058, the population density was 6,491.2 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Pomona was 71,564 White,10,924 African American,1,763 Native American,12,688 Asian,282 Pacific Islander,45,171 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 105,135 persons
Pomona, California
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The
Los Angeles County Fair at Pomona in September 2008
Pomona, California
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View to the west-southwest down San Jose Creek from Pomona Park (now Ganesha Park) in 1904. Elephant Hill in the center distance.
Pomona, California
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View of the
Pomona Valley
Pomona, California
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1910 postcard image of
Pomona Valley with
Mt. Baldy in distance.
14.
San Pedro, Los Angeles
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San Pedro is a community within the city of Los Angeles, California. Formerly a separate city, it consolidated with Los Angeles in 1909, the Port of Los Angeles, a major international seaport, is partially located within San Pedro. The district has grown from being dominated by the industry to become primarily a working class community within the city of Los Angeles. The site, at the end of the Palos Verdes Peninsula. The peninsula, including all of San Pedro, was the homeland of the Tongva-Gabrieleño Native American people for thousands of years, in other areas of the Los Angeles Basin archeological sites date back 8, 000–15,000 years. The Tongva believe they have been here since the beginning of time, once called the lords of the ocean, due to their mastery of oceangoing canoes, many Tongva villages covered the coastline. Their first contact with Europeans in 1542 with João Cabrilho, the Portuguese explorer who also was the first to write of them, chowigna and Suangna were two Tongva settlements of many in the peninsula area, which was also a departure point for their rancherias on the Channel Islands. Legend has it that the Native Americans blessed the land of Palos Verdes, the Tongva called the San Pedro area Chaaw. San Pedro was named for St. Peter of Alexandria, a bishop in Alexandria. His feast day is November 24 on the ecclesiastical calendar of Spain. Santa Catalina Island, named after Catherine of Alexandria, was claimed for the Spanish Empire the next day, on her feast day, in 1602–1603, Sebastián Vizcaíno officially surveyed and mapped the California coastline, including San Pedro Bay, for New Spain. The anglicized pronunciation, popularized by the English-speaking people of Midwestern America, is san-PEE-dro, european settlement began in 1769 as part of an effort to populate California, although trade restrictions encouraged more smuggling than regular business. Rancho San Pedro is the site of the first Spanish land grant in Alta California, the land was granted in 1784 by King Carlos III to Juan Jose Dominguez, a retired Spanish soldier who came to California with the Gaspar de Portolà expedition. When New Spain won its independence from the Spanish Empire and Alta California became part of Mexico, the restrictions were lifted. In 1888, the War Department took control of a tract of land next to the bay and this became Fort MacArthur in 1914 and was a coastal defense site for many years. Woodrow Wilson transferred 200 United States Navy ships from the Atlantic to the Pacific in 1919 when tension arose between the United States and Japan over the fate of China. San Diego Bay was considered too shallow for the largest ships, local availability of fuel oil minimized transportation costs, and consistently good weather allowed frequent gunnery exercises off the nearby Channel Islands of California. The heavy cruisers of the Scouting Force were transferred from the Atlantic to San Pedro in response to the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria, by 1934,14 battleships, two aircraft carriers,14 cruisers, and 16 support ships were based at San Pedro
San Pedro, Los Angeles
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Boundaries of San Pedro as drawn by the Los Angeles Times
San Pedro, Los Angeles
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1859 survey map of the Rancho San Pedro
San Pedro, Los Angeles
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The
Sea Princess in Port of Los Angeles
San Pedro, Los Angeles
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A cyclist on Beacon Street around the time of annexation by Los Angeles in 1909
15.
Santa Catalina Island, California
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Santa Catalina Island, often called Catalina Island, or just Catalina, is a rocky island off the coast of the U. S. state of California in the Gulf of Santa Catalina. The island is 22 miles long and 8 miles across at its greatest width, the island is located about 22 miles south-southwest of Los Angeles, California. The highest point on the island is 2,097 feet Mt. Orizaba, Santa Catalina is part of the Channel Islands of California archipelago and lies within Los Angeles County. Catalina was originally settled by Native Americans who called the island Pimugna or Pimu, the first Europeans to arrive on Catalina claimed it for the Spanish Empire. Over the years, territorial claims to the transferred to Mexico. Since the 1970s, most of the island has been administered by the Catalina Island Conservancy and its total population in the 2010 census was 4,096 people,90 percent of whom live in the islands only incorporated city, Avalon. The second center of population is the village of Two Harbors at the islands isthmus. Development occurs also at the settlements of Rancho Escondido and Middle Ranch. The remaining population is scattered over the island between the two population centers, the Tongva called the island Pimu or Pimugna and referred to themselves as the Pimugnans or Pimuvit. Archeological evidence shows Pimugnan settlement beginning in 7000 BC, the Pimugnans had settlements all over the island at one time or another, with their biggest villages being at the Isthmus and at present-day Avalon, Shark/Little Harbor, and Emerald Bay. The Pimugnans were renowned for their mining, working and trade of soapstone which was found in quantities and varieties on the island. This material was in demand and was traded along the California coast. The first European to set foot on the island was the Portuguese explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, on October 7,1542, he claimed the island for Spain and christened it San Salvador after his ship. Over half a century later, another Spanish explorer, Sebastián Vizcaíno, vizcaino renamed the island in the saints honor. The colonization of California by the Spanish coincided with the decline of the Pimugnans because of diseases brought by them from Europe. By the 1830s, the entire native population had migrated to the mainland to work in the missions or as ranch hands for the many private land owners. Franciscan friars considered building a mission on Catalina, but abandoned the idea because of the lack of water on the island. While Spain maintained its claim on Catalina Island, foreigners were forbidden to trade with colonies, russian hunters from the Aleutian Islands, and America set up camps on Santa Catalina and the surrounding Channel Islands to hunt otters and seals around the island for their pelts
Santa Catalina Island, California
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Santa Catalina Island satellite image
Santa Catalina Island, California
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Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo
Santa Catalina Island, California
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Tourists enjoying the waters off Catalina in 1889
Santa Catalina Island, California
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The
Catalina Casino as it appeared in 2007
16.
Michael D. Antonovich
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Michael Dennis Antonovich is a politician and was a member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors. He represented the Fifth District, which covers northern Los Angeles County, including the Antelope Valley, Santa Clarita, Pasadena, Antonovich was born in Los Angeles, California, and attended Thomas Alva Edison Junior High, where one of his classmates was Henry Waxman. He graduated from John Marshall High School and enlisted in the United States Army Reserve in 1957, a member of Sigma Nu fraternity, Antonovich graduated from California State University, Los Angeles in 1963 with a bachelors degree and a Masters degree in 1966. Antonovich taught in the Los Angeles Unified School District and later at Pepperdine University, in 1969, Antonovich was elected to the newly formed Los Angeles Community College District Board of Trustees. In 1972, he was elected to the California State Assembly and for three terms represented Glendale, Burbank, Sunland, Tujunga, Atwater, Griffith Park, Lakeview Terrace and he served as a Republican Whip in the Assembly from 1976 to 1978. Antonovich ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for Lieutenant Governor of California in 1978 against Mike Curb, after Curb defeated him in the primary and in the general election, he declined to specifically endorse Curb, but instead endorsed the entire Republican ticket. Curb defeated incumbent Mervyn Dymally in the general election, in 1984 Antonovich was elected chairman of the California Republican Party and served for two years. He served as Chairman of the Board of Supervisors in 1983,1987 and 1991 and he ran for the U. S. Senate in 1986 in a three-way primary. Antonovich received the endorsement of television evangelist Pat Robertson and he and Bruce Herschensohn were unsuccessful, and Ed Zschau went on to lose to the incumbent, Alan Cranston. Antonovich lost the San Fernando Valley to Herschensohn, on November 8,2016, Antonovich lost the California State Senate election for the 25th District to Democrat Anthony Portantino by a 57 percent to 43 percent. He was re-elected to the Board of Supervisors in 2012 and can serve until 2016, from 2007 to 2013, Antonovich received $1,862,796.59 in campaign contributions, reported by Los Angeles Registrar-Recorder/County Clerk records. Michael D. Antonovich Trail near San Dimas, California, Antonovich objected to the appointment of Duke University professor Erwin Chemerinsky to be dean of the new law school at the University of California, Irvine, and lobbied against it. The university rescinded the appointment, then restored it. On February 15,1998, he married Christine Hu Huiling, Hu has two children with Antonovich, a son, Michael Jr. born in 1999, and a daughter, Mary Christine, born in 2000. Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, official Supervisor Antonovich — District 5 website Metropolitan News-Enterprise, Antonovich profile
Michael D. Antonovich
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Michael Antonovich
17.
Clara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center
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The Clara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center is the county courthouse in downtown Los Angeles, California, United States. It is located at 210 West Temple Street, between Broadway and Spring Street, the building houses the main offices of the Los Angeles County Public Defender. McDevitt, Ray, Ronald M. George, Chief Justice of California, courthouses of California, an Illustrated History. Clara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center Offices of the Los Angeles County Public Defender
Clara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center
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The Criminal Justice Center was dedicated as the Criminal Courts Building in 1972.
18.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
United States dollar
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Series of 1917
$1 United States bill
United States dollar
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Federal Reserve Notes
United States dollar
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Spanish silver real or
peso of 1768
United States dollar
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Obverse of rare 1934 $500 Federal Reserve Note, featuring a portrait of President
William McKinley.
19.
James Hahn
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James Kenneth Jim Hahn is an American lawyer, politician and member of the Democratic Party. Hahn was elected the 40th mayor of Los Angeles in 2001 and he served until 2005, at which time he was defeated in his bid for re-election. Prior to his term as mayor, Hahn served in other capacities for the city of Los Angeles, including deputy city attorney, city controller. Hahn is the individual in the citys history to have been elected to all three citywide offices. He is currently a judge on the Los Angeles County Superior Court. As mayor, Hahn appointed Bill Bratton, the former NYPD commissioner, as chief of Los Angeles. Brattons appointment is seen as leading to the sharp declines in Los Angeles crime rate. Hahn also led the campaign to defeat secession in the San Fernando Valley, Hollywood. Hahn was born on July 3,1950 in Los Angeles, the son of Ramona and Kenneth Hahn, Hahn attended Manchester Avenue Elementary School, Daniel Freeman Elementary School, Horace Mann Junior High School, and Los Angeles Lutheran Middle & Senior High School. He graduated from the Los Angeles campus of Pepperdine University in California magna cum laude with a degree in english. He received his Juris Doctor degree from the Pepperdine University School of Law, in 1994, he was selected as the School of Laws distinguished alumnus. Upon graduation in 1975 until 1979, Hahn worked as a prosecutor, from 1979–1981, he was in private practice with Robert Horner. In 1981 he was elected the city controller of Los Angeles. He was at the time the youngest person elected to that position. Hahn served from 1985 to 2001 as Los Angeles city attorney, as city attorney, Hahn worked to rid LAs neighborhoods of gang activity through the use of gang injunctions. He was involved in crafting state legislation regarding gang enforcement by writing the Street Terrorism Enforcement, during Hahns tenure as city attorney, he led the litigation to stop the Joe Camel ad campaign and reached a settlement of 312 million dollars for the city. He then created the Tobacco Enforcement Project to prevent the sale of tobacco to minors and he re-established a domestic violence unit and sponsored over 30 pieces of relevant legislation, ensuring that California had tough domestic violence laws. Special units in the office included AIDS/HIV discrimination, environmental protection, housing enforcement, consumer protection, special enforcement and he also managed a dispute resolution program
James Hahn
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James Hahn in 2010 at the Long Beach Port
20.
Shirley Hufstedler
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Shirley Ann Mount Hufstedler was an American lawyer and judge who served as the first United States Secretary of Education, under President Jimmy Carter. At the time of her appointment, she was the highest ranking woman in the federal judiciary. Shirley Mount Hufstedler was born August 24,1925 in Denver, as a teenager she was befriended by famed war correspondent Ernie Pyle after her father built the Pyle house in Albuquerque. She attended the University of New Mexico and Stanford Law School, Hufstedler had a distinguished career at the highest levels of legal and public service. She began in private practice in Los Angeles in 1950, from 1960 to 1961, she served as Special Legal Consultant to the Attorney General of California in the complex Colorado River litigation before the U. S. Supreme Court. In 1961, she was appointed Judge of the Los Angeles County Superior Court, in 1966, she was appointed Associate Justice of the California Court of Appeal. President Lyndon Johnson appointed her Judge of the U. S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in 1968. She was not the first woman to serve on a federal Court of Appeals and she served on the Court of Appeals for eleven years before President Jimmy Carter appointed her to be the first U. S. Secretary of Education in 1979. In 1979, the Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed, one of the cards featured Hufstedlers name, in 1981, Hufstedler returned to private life, teaching and practicing law. She was a partner in the firm Hufstedler & Kaus, now merged into Morrison & Foerster and she was the recipient of 20 honorary doctoral degrees from American universities. She served on boards of trustees, governing boards and visiting committees for numerous foundations, institutions, corporations, Hufstedler was considered to be a candidate for the Supreme Court if a vacancy had occurred under the Jimmy Carter presidency. On March 30,2016, Hufstedler died in Glendale, California and she is interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park. Shirley Hufstedler at Find a Grave
Shirley Hufstedler
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Shirley Hufstedler
Shirley Hufstedler
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Secretary of State
21.
Loren Miller (judge)
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Loren Miller, was an American, California Superior Court Justice, County of Los Angeles, appointed by former governor Edmund G. Brown in 1964, serving until 1967. Miller argued some of the most historic civil rights cases ever heard before the U. S. Supreme Court and he was chief counsel before the court in the decision that led to the outlawing of racial covenants. Loren Miller was born 1903, in Pender, Nebraska, to John Bird Miller and his family moved to Kansas when he was a boy, and he graduated from high school in Highland, Kansas. Later, he attended the University of Kansas, Howard University, and Washburn University, in Topeka, Kansas and he was admitted to the Kansas bar the same year, and practiced law there before moving to California to pursue his first interest, journalism. In early 1930s, Miller moved to Los Angeles, California, where he began to publish in the California Eagle, Miller returned to the field of law and was admitted to the California State Bar in 1933. Millers fiery Depression-era journalism earned wide respect in Los Angeless black community, as an attorney, Miller brought the same keen intellect and incisive rhetorical style to the courtroom. Longtime friend and client Don Wheeldin remembered that Miller was so dynamic that other lawyers would actually postpone their own cases just to hear him, by the 1940s, he was raising his voice in protest over policies and practices that discriminated against African Americans. In the wake of World War II, many blacks had left their rural homes to seek economic opportunity in California, only to face discrimination and bias. In the ensuing struggle for housing restrictive covenants were used to keep the migrants from spreading out beyond the area of original Negro settlement, the war workers had to find living space somewhere, and the white middle class began to look for better homes. The result was wholesale disregard for, and violation of, racial covenants, a staggering number of lawsuits were brought, approximately two hundred were filed in Los Angeles in a four-year period, and other cities had much the same experience. Miller won the court case Fairchild v. Raines, a decision for a black Pasadena, but some whites, refusing to be comforted, had drawn up a racial restriction covenant among themselves. For seven years they had tried to sell it to the other whites, Superior Judge Thurmond Clarke decided to visit the disputed ground—popularly known as Sugar Hill. Next morning, Judge Clarke threw the case out of court and his reason, It is time that members of the Negro race are accorded, without reservations or evasions, the full rights guaranteed them under the 14th Amendment to the Federal Constitution. Judges have been avoiding the issue too long. By 1947, Miller had represented more than one hundred plaintiffs seeking to invalidate housing covenants that prevented blacks from purchasing or renting housing in certain areas. The son of a slave, Miller found that discrimination was among the most explosive social problems in the nation. As a board member of the American Civil Liberties Union, he became a spokesman for the rights of minorities to enjoy equal access to housing. He was openly critical of the Federal Housing Authority, declaring that FHA policies fostered a Jim Crow policy that kept blacks confined to tight ghettos, in 1948, Miller wrote in The Nation
Loren Miller (judge)
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In his law office 1943
22.
Robert Mitsuhiro Takasugi
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Robert Mitsuhiro Takasugi was a United States federal judge of Japanese descent. Takasugi was born in Tacoma, Washington, when he was 12 years old, he and his family were interned in the Tule Lake War Relocation Center, part of the World War II internment of 130,000 Japanese Americans. After the war, Takasugi attended Belmont High School in Los Angeles and he received a B. S. from the University of California at Los Angeles in 1953 and a J. D. from the University of Southern California Law School in 1959. He was a Corporal in the United States Army during the Korean War, from 1953 to 1955, after obtaining his law degree, he entered private practice in Los Angeles, California from 1960 to 1973. He was a Hearing examiner, Los Angeles Police Commission from 1962 to 1965, on April 14,1976, Takasugi was nominated by President Gerald Ford to a seat on the United States District Court for the Central District of California vacated by Elisha Avery Crary. Takasugi was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 6,1976 and he assumed senior status on September 30,1996, remaining active in that capacity until April 2009. He died on Tuesday, August 4,2009 at 78, robert Mitsuhiro Takasugi at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center
Robert Mitsuhiro Takasugi
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Robert Mitsuhiro Takasugi
23.
United States magistrate judge
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In the United States federal courts, magistrate judges are judges appointed to assist district court judges in the performance of their duties. Magistrate judges are authorized by 28 U. S. C. §631 et seq, the position of magistrate judge or magistrate also exists in some unrelated state courts. As of March 2009 there are 517 full-time and 42 part-time authorized magistrate judgeships, as well as one position combining magistrate judge, Magistrate judges generally oversee first appearances of criminal defendants, set bail, and conduct other administrative duties. Occasionally Presidents nominate magistrate judges for district judge vacancies, the Federal Magistrate Judges Association is the professional association for magistrate judges. Rather than fixing the duties of magistrate judges nationwide, the Federal Magistrates Act allows each district court to assign duties to the judges as fits the needs of that court. The Supreme Court has held in Peretz v. United States that magistrate judges may supervise the jury selection in a felony trial unless a party objects, in civil proceedings, magistrate judges typically manage discovery and other pretrial matters. They are authorized to issue orders in pretrial matters as long as the order is not dispositive of the case as a whole and they may also be assigned to write reports and recommendations to the district judge as to dispositive matters. With the consent of the parties, they may adjudicate civil cases in the manner as a district judge. Normally, a newly filed federal action is assigned by the clerk of the court to a district judge. In some districts, magistrates judges are assigned to work with district judges. In other districts, magistrate judges are assigned to cases. The clerk runs a selection procedure based on a list of all available district judges. In a few districts, starting with the District of Oregon in 1984, filing of such a declination causes the magistrate judge to return the case to the court clerk for a standard assignment to a district-magistrate pair. The magistrate judges therefore operate under the authority of Congress to appoint inferior courts, set forth in Article I, making them Article I judges. However, the Court also found that Congress has the power under Article I to create adjunct tribunals and this power derives from two sources. First, when Congress creates rights, it can require those asserting rights to go through an Article I tribunal. Second, Congress can create non-Article III tribunals to help Article III courts deal with their workload, the magistrate judges fall within this category of adjunct tribunals. All actions heard in an Article I tribunal are subject to de novo review in the supervising Article III court, the office of United States magistrate judge was established by the Federal Magistrates Act of 1968
United States magistrate judge
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United States Federal Civil Procedure doctrines
24.
Los Angeles County District Attorney
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The District Attorney of Los Angeles County is the district attorney for Los Angeles County, California, United States. The DAs office prosecutes felony and misdemeanor crimes that occur within the county, the current district attorney is Jackie Lacey. Some misdemeanor crimes are prosecuted by city attorneys. City attorneys prosecute misdemeanors and infractions that are violations of the code governing incorporated cities, such as Los Angeles and Long Beach. All other felony and misdemeanors within Los Angeles County are prosecuted by the attorneys office. According to the district official website, the office is the largest local prosecutors office in the United States. The Los Angeles County Public Defender provides legal assistance to individuals charged with a crime who are unable to retain private counsel. San Diego County District Attorney San Francisco District Attorneys Office Official Website of the County District Attorney
Los Angeles County District Attorney
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Board of supervisors
Los Angeles County District Attorney
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Seal of District Attorney — County of Los Angeles
25.
Jackie Lacey
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Jackie Lacey is an American politician who has served as the District Attorney of Los Angeles County since December 3,2012. Lacey is the first woman, and first African-American, to serve as LA District Attorney since the office was created in 1850, Lacey was born in Los Angeles and raised in the Crenshaw neighborhood. Her father, Louis Phillips, was a City of Los Angeles Lot Cleaning employee, Lacey joined the District Attorneys Office in 1986 as a deputy district attorney. Lacey prosecuted hundreds of cases while serving as a deputy district attorney. Lacey continued to move up through the ranks, taking on management, in 2011, she was named Chief Deputy District Attorney – second-in-command to the District Attorney. In June 2011, Lacey announced her candidacy for District Attorney, in the June 2012 election, in what was considered a major upset, Lacey and criminal prosecutor Alan Jackson defeated City Attorney Carmen Trutanich, who was considered the favorite. Lacey and Jackson advanced to a November 2012 runoff election, which Lacey won with 55% of the vote, Lacey lives in the Granada Hills neighborhood with her husband, David Lacey. They have two children, Kareem and April
Jackie Lacey
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Jackie Lacey
26.
Santa Monica, California
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Santa Monica is a beachfront city in western Los Angeles County, California, United States. The Census Bureau population for Santa Monica in 2010 was 89,736, due in part to an agreeable climate, Santa Monica became a famed resort town by the early 20th century. The city has experienced a boom since the late 1980s through the revitalization of its core, significant job growth. The Santa Monica Pier remains a popular and iconic destination, Santa Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people. Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language, the first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolà, who camped near the present-day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3,1769. Named after the Christian saint Monica, there are two different accounts of how the name came to be. One says it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica, another version says it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs, that were reminiscent of the tears Saint Monica shed over her sons early impiety. In Los Angeles, several battles were fought by the Californios, following the Mexican–American War, Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which gave Mexicans and Californios living in state certain unalienable rights. US government sovereignty in California began on February 2,1848, in the 1870s the Los Angeles and Independence Railroad, connected Santa Monica with Los Angeles, and a wharf out into the bay. The first town hall was a modest 1873 brick building, later a beer hall and it is Santa Monicas oldest extant structure. By 1885, the towns first hotel was the Santa Monica Hotel, around the start of the 20th century, a growing population of Asian Americans lived in and around Santa Monica and Venice. A Japanese fishing village was near the Long Wharf while small numbers of Chinese lived or worked in Santa Monica, the two ethnic minorities were often viewed differently by White Americans who were often well-disposed towards the Japanese but condescending towards the Chinese. The Japanese village fishermen were an economic part of the Santa Monica Bay community. Donald Wills Douglas, Sr. built a plant in 1922 at Clover Field for the Douglas Aircraft Company, in 1924, four Douglas-built planes took off from Clover Field to attempt the first aerial circumnavigation of the world. Two planes returned after covering 27,553 miles in 175 days, the Douglas Company kept facilities in the city until the 1960s. The Great Depression hit Santa Monica deeply, one report gives citywide employment in 1933 of just 1,000. Hotels and office building owners went bankrupt, in the 1930s, corruption infected Santa Monica. The federal Works Project Administration helped build several buildings, most notably City Hall, the main Post Office and Barnum Hall were also among other WPA projects
Santa Monica, California
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Santa Monica's Ocean Avenue at Sunset
Santa Monica, California
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An 1840 Santa Monica adobe home (photographed in 1890).
Santa Monica, California
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A busy day on the beach, 1880
Santa Monica, California
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Exterior view of the Bank Building at the corner of Third Street and Broadway, Santa Monica, ca.1900
27.
Pasadena, California
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Pasadena /ˌpæsəˈdiːnə/ is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. As of 2013, the population of Pasadena was 139,731. Pasadena is the ninth-largest city in Los Angeles County, Pasadena was incorporated on June 19,1886, becoming one of the first cities be incorporated in what is now Los Angeles County, the only one being incorporated earlier being its namesake. It is one of the cultural centers of the San Gabriel Valley. The city is known for hosting the annual Rose Bowl football game, the original inhabitants of Pasadena and surrounding areas were members of the Native American Hahamog-na tribe, a branch of the Tongva Nation. They spoke the Tongva language and had lived in the Los Angeles Basin for thousands of years, Tongva dwellings lined the Arroyo Seco in present day Pasadena and south to where it joins the Los Angeles River and along other natural waterways in the city. The native people lived in thatched, dome-shape lodges and they lived on a diet of acorn meal, seeds and herbs, venison, and other small animals. They traded for fish with the coastal Tongva. They made cooking vessels from steatite soapstone from Catalina Island, the trail has been in continuous use for thousands of years. An arm of the trail is still in use in what is now known as Salvia Canyon. When the Spanish occupied the Los Angeles Basin they built the San Gabriel Mission and renamed the local Tongva people Gabrielino Indians, today, several bands of Tongva people live in the Los Angeles area. The Rancho comprised the lands of todays communities of Pasadena, Altadena, before the annexation of California in 1848, the last of the Mexican owners was Manuel Garfias who retained title to the property after statehood in 1850. Garfias sold sections of the property to the first Anglo settlers to come into the area, Dr. Benjamin Eaton, the father of Fred Eaton, much of the property was purchased by Benjamin Wilson, who established his Lake Vineyard property in the vicinity. Wilson, known as Don Benito to the local Indians, also owned the Rancho Jurupa and was mayor of Los Angeles and he was the grandfather of WWII General George S. Patton, Jr. and the namesake of Mount Wilson. Berry was an asthmatic and claimed that he had his best three nights sleep at Rancho San Pascual, to keep the find a secret, Berry code-named the area Muscat after the grape that Wilson grew. To raise funds to bring the company of people to San Pascual, Berry formed the Southern California Orange and Citrus Growers Association and sold stock in it. The newcomers were able to purchase a portion of the property along the Arroyo Seco and on January 31,1874. As a gesture of good will, Wilson added 2,000 acres of then-useless highland property, at the time, the Indiana Colony was a narrow strip of land between the Arroyo Seco and Fair Oaks Avenue
Pasadena, California
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Pasadena City Hall
Pasadena, California
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Pasadena, 1876
Pasadena, California
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Hotel Green, 1900
Pasadena, California
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Theme float "2010: A Cut Above the Rest" rolling down Colorado Boulevard during the parade
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Long Beach, California
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Long Beach is the 36th most populous city in the United States and the 7th most populous in California. It is located on the Pacific Coast of the United States, as of 2010, its population was 462,257. Long Beach is the second largest city in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the Port of Long Beach is the second busiest container port in the United States and is among the worlds largest shipping ports. The city also maintains a progressively declining oil industry with minor wells located both directly beneath the city as well as offshore, manufacturing sectors include those in aircraft, automotive parts, electronic equipment, audiovisual equipment, petrochemicals, precision metals and home furnishings. Long Beach lies in the corner of Los Angeles County. Downtown Long Beach is approximately 22 miles south of Downtown Los Angeles, indigenous people have lived in coastal Southern California for over 10,000 years, and several successive cultures have inhabited the present-day area of Long Beach. By the 16th-century arrival of Spanish explorers, the dominant group were the Tongva people and they had at least three major settlements within the present-day city. Tevaaxaanga was a settlement near the Los Angeles River, while Ahwaanga and Povuunga were coastal villages. Along with other Tongva villages, they were forced to relocate in the century due to missionization, political change. In 1784 the Spanish Empires King Carlos III granted Rancho Los Nietos to Spanish soldier Manuel Nieto, the Rancho Los Cerritos and Rancho Los Alamitos were divided from this territory. The boundary between the two ran through the center of Signal Hill on a southwest to northeast diagonal. A portion of western Long Beach was originally part of the Rancho San Pedro and its boundaries were in dispute for years, due to flooding changing the Los Angeles River boundary, between the ranchos of Juan Jose Dominguez and Manuel Nieto. In 1843 Jonathan Temple bought Rancho Los Cerritos, having arrived in California in 1827 from New England and he built what is now known as the Los Cerritos Ranch House, a still-standing adobe which is a National Historic Landmark. Temple created a cattle ranch and prospered, becoming the wealthiest man in Los Angeles County. Both Temple and his house played important local roles in the Mexican–American War. On an island in the San Pedro Bay, Mormon pioneers made an attempt to establish a colony. Two years previous Flint, Bixby & Co had also purchased along with Northern California associate James Irvine, to manage Rancho Los Cerritos, the company selected Lewellyns brother Jotham Bixby, the Father of Long Beach. Three years later Bixby bought into the property and would form the Bixby Land Company
Long Beach, California
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Images from top, left to right: Long Beach skyline from Bluff Park,
RMS Queen Mary,
Aquarium of the Pacific Blue Cavern exhibit, Hanjin Terminal at
Port of Long Beach,
Villa Riviera,
Metro Blue Line, Long Beach Lighthouse
Long Beach, California
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Seal
Long Beach, California
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Long Beach boardwalk, 1907
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Oil field in Long Beach, 1920
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Inglewood, California
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Inglewood is a city in southwestern Los Angeles County, California, southwest of downtown Los Angeles. As of the 2010 U. S. Census, the city had a population of 109,673 and it was incorporated on February 14,1908. The city is in the South Bay region of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park is currently under construction in the city and when completed around 2019 will be the new home of both the Los Angeles Rams and the Los Angeles Chargers. The earliest residents of what is now Inglewood were Native Americans who used the springs in todays Edward Vincent Jr. Park. Local historian Gladys Waddingham wrote that these took the name Centinela from the hills that rose gradually around them. These settlers, she wrote, were ordered by the officials of the San Gabriel Mission to graze their animals on the side of Los Angeles in order not to infringe on Mission lands. Later Avila constructed an adobe on a slight rise overlooking the creek that ran from Centinela Springs all the way to the ocean. According to the LAOkay web site, this adobe was built where the present baseball field is in the park, two years later, Waddingham writes, Ygnacio was granted the 2, 220-acre Rancho Aguaje de la Centinela even though this land had already been claimed by Avila. Inglewood Park Cemetery, a widely used cemetery for the region, was founded in 1905. The city has been home to the Hollywood Park Racetrack from 1938 to 2013, fosters Freeze, the first Soft Serve ice cream chain in California, was founded by George Foster in 1946 in Inglewood. Inglewood was named an All-America City by the National Civic League in 1989, on January 12,2016, Inglewood was selected to be the home of the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League. The raid led to the death of one of the culprits. A jury returned a not guilty verdict for all defendants who completed the trial and it was this scandal, according to the Los Angeles Times, that eventually led to the outlawing of the Klan in California. The Klan had a chapter in Inglewood as late as October 1931, no blacks had ever lived in Inglewood, Gladys Waddingham wrote, but by 1960, they lived in great numbers along its eastern borders. This came to the displeasure of the predominantly white residents already residing in Inglewood. In 1960, the census counted only 29 Negroes among Inglewoods 63,390 residents, not a single black child attended the citys schools. Real estate agents refused to show homes to blacks, a rumored curfew kept blacks off the streets at night. Inglewood was a target because of its history of restrictions
Inglewood, California
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Rancho Aguaje de la Centinela Adobe, 1889
Inglewood, California
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Location of Inglewood in
Los Angeles County, California
Inglewood, California
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Inglewood, about 1894
Inglewood, California
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Radio engineer Ernest G. Underwood sitting at desk of his
KHJ broadcasting station in Inglewood, 1927
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