1.
Community college
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A community college is a type of educational institution. In Australia, the community college refers to small private businesses running short courses generally of a self-improvement or hobbyist nature. Equivalent to the American notion of community colleges are Tertiary And Further Education colleges or TAFEs, there are also an increasing number of private providers, which are colloquially called colleges. Most Australian universities can also be traced back to such forerunners, in TAFEs and colleges today, courses are designed for personal development of an individual and/or for employment outcomes. A Certificate I may only run for 4 hours twice a week for a term of 9 weeks, a full-time Diploma course might have classes 4 days per week for a year. Some courses may be offered in the evenings or weekends to accommodate people working full-time, funding for colleges may come from government grants and course fees, and many are not-for-profit organisations. There are located in metropolitan, regional and rural locations of Australia, learning offered by TAFEs and colleges has changed over the years. By the 1980s many colleges had recognised a community need for computer training, TAFEs and colleges have not traditionally offered bachelors degrees, instead providing pathway arrangements with universities to continue towards degrees. The American innovation of the degree is emerging at some institutions. Certificate courses I to IV, diplomas and advanced diplomas are typically offered, recently, some TAFE institutes have also become higher education providers in their own right and are now starting to offer bachelors degrees programs. In Canada, community colleges are adult educational institutions that provide education and tertiary education. Each province has its own system, as prescribed by the Canadian federalism model of governance. A formative trend was the merging of the then separate vocational training, Canadian colleges are either publicly funded or private post-secondary institutions. There are 150 institutions that are equivalent to the US community college in certain contexts. They are usually referred to simply as colleges since in common usage a degree-granting institution is almost exclusively a university, University degrees are usually attained through four years of study. The term associate degree is used in western Canada to refer to a two-year college arts or science degree, in other parts of Canada the term advanced degree is used to indicate a 3- or 4-year college program. In the province of Quebec, three years is the norm for a university degree because a year of credit is earned in the CEGEP system, the word College can also refer to a private High School in Quebec. The courses offered by these colleges are diplomas, advance diplomas, the duration of these courses usually ranges from six months to two years
2.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
3.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Basketball
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Basketball is a non-contact team sport played on a rectangular court by two teams of five players each. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches in diameter and 10 feet high that is mounted to a backboard at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, a team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket being defended by the opposition team during regular play. A field goal scores three points for the team if the player shoots from behind the three-point line. A team can also score via free throws, which are worth one point, the team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but additional time is mandated when the score is tied at the end of regulation. The ball can be advanced on the court by passing it to a teammate and it is a violation to lift, or drag, ones pivot foot without dribbling the ball, to carry it, or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling. The game has many techniques for displaying skill—ball-handling, shooting, passing, dribbling, dunking, shot-blocking. The point guard directs the on court action of the team, implementing the coachs game plan, Basketball is one of the worlds most popular and widely viewed sports. Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the Euroleague, the FIBA Basketball World Cup attracts the top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional competitions for teams, like EuroBasket. The FIBA Womens Basketball World Cup features the top womens basketball teams from continental championships. The main North American league is the WNBA, whereas the EuroLeague Women has been dominated by teams from the Russian Womens Basketball Premier League, in early December 1891, Canadian Dr. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied, after rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot elevated track. Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball and these laces could cause bounce passes and dribbling to be unpredictable. Eventually a lace-free ball construction method was invented, and this change to the game was endorsed by Naismith, dribbling was not part of the original game except for the bounce pass to teammates. Passing the ball was the means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a part of the game around the 1950s
7.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
8.
Cougar
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The cougar, also commonly known as the mountain lion, puma, panther, or catamount, is a large felid of the subfamily Felinae native to the Americas. Its range, from the Canadian Yukon to the southern Andes of South America, is the greatest of any large wild terrestrial mammal in the Western Hemisphere, an adaptable, generalist species, the cougar is found in most American habitat types. It is the second-heaviest cat in the New World, after the jaguar, secretive and largely solitary by nature, the cougar is properly considered both nocturnal and crepuscular, although there are daytime sightings. The cougar is more related to smaller felines, including the domestic cat, than to any species of subfamily Pantherinae. The cougar is a predator and pursues a wide variety of prey. Primary food sources are ungulates, particularly deer, but also livestock and it also hunts species as small as insects and rodents. This cat prefers habitats with dense underbrush and rocky areas for stalking, the cougar is territorial and survives at low population densities. Individual territory sizes depend on terrain, vegetation, and abundance of prey, while large, it is not always the apex predator in its range, yielding to the jaguar, gray wolf, American black bear, and grizzly bear. It is reclusive and mostly avoids people, fatal attacks on humans are rare, but have recently been increasing in North America as more people enter their territories. Intensive hunting following European colonization of the Americas and the human development of cougar habitat has caused populations to drop in most parts of its historical range. In particular, the cougar was extirpated in eastern North America in the beginning of the 20th century, reports of eastern cougars still surface, although it was declared extirpated in 2011. With its vast range across the length of the Americas, P. concolor has dozens of names and various references in the mythology of the indigenous Americans and in contemporary culture. Currently, it is referred to as puma by most scientists, Mountain lion was a term first used in writing in 1858 from the diary of George A. Jackson of Colorado. Other names include catamount, mountain screamer, and painter, lexicographers regard painter as a primarily upper-Southern US regional variant on panther. The word panther is used to specifically designate the black panther, a melanistic jaguar or leopard, and the Florida panther. P. concolor holds the Guinness record for the animal with the greatest number of names, Cougar may be borrowed from the archaic Portuguese çuçuarana, the term was originally derived from the Tupi language susuarana, meaning similar to deer. A current form in Brazil is suçuarana and it may also be borrowed from the Guaraní language term guaçu ara or guazu ara. Less common Portuguese terms are onça-parda or leão-baio, or unusually non-native puma or leão-da-montanha, people in rural regions often refer to both the cougar and the jaguar as simply gata, and outside of the Amazon, both are colloquially referred to as simply onça by many people
9.
Unincorporated area
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Occasionally, municipalities dissolve or disincorporate, which may happen if they become fiscally insolvent, and services become the responsibility of a higher administration. In some countries, such as in Brazil, Japan, France or the United Kingdom, unlike many other countries, Australia has only one level of local government immediately beneath state and territorial governments. A local government area often contains several towns and even entire cities, thus, aside from very sparsely populated areas and a few other special cases, almost all of Australia is part of an LGA. Unincorporated areas are often in locations, cover vast areas or have very small populations. Postal addresses in unincorporated areas, as in parts of Australia. Thus, there is any ambiguity regarding addresses in unincorporated areas. The Australian Capital Territory has no municipalities and is in some sense an unincorporated area, the territorial government is directly responsible for matters normally carried out by local government. The far west and north of New South Wales constitutes the Unincorporated Far West Region, a civil servant in the state capital manages such matters as are necessary. The second unincorporated area of state is Lord Howe Island. In the Northern Territory,1. 45% of the area and 4. In South Australia, 60% of the area is unincorporated and communities located within can receive services provided by a state agency. Firstly, the remote area that is unincorporated is the Abrolhos Islands. Secondly, the unincorporated areas are A-class reserves either in, or close to. In Canada, depending on the province, a settlement is one that does not have a municipal council that governs solely over the settlement. It is usually, but not always, part of a municipal government. This can range from hamlets to large urbanized areas that are similar in size to towns. In British Columbia, unincorporated settlements lie outside municipal boundaries entirely, Unincorporated settlements with a population of between 100 and 1,000 residents may have the status of designated place in Canadian census data. In some provinces, large tracts of undeveloped wilderness or rural country are unorganized areas that fall directly under the provincial jurisdiction
10.
West Athens, California
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West Athens is a census-designated place in Los Angeles County, California, United States. The population was 8,729 at the 2010 census, down from 9,101 at the 2000 census and it is an Unincorporated community within the 2nd Supervisorial District of Los Angeles County. West Athens is served by the Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department, West Athens is predominantly residential, with commercial uses along its main corridors. Los Angeles Southwest Community College lies within West Athens, West Athens is located at 33°55′21″N 118°18′4″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 1.3 square miles. The 2010 United States Census reported that West Athens had a population of 8,729, the population density was 6,531.5 people per square mile. The racial makeup of West Athens was 1,584 White,4,578 African American,31 Native American,111 Asian,10 Pacific Islander,2,127 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3,843 persons. The Census reported that 8,674 people lived in households,50 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 175 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 10 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 378 households were made up of individuals and 138 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.44. There were 2,029 families, the family size was 3.77. The median age was 32.1 years, for every 100 females there were 91.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.7 males. There were 2,691 housing units at a density of 2,013.5 per square mile, of which 1,328 were owner-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1. 8%, the vacancy rate was 8. 4%. 4,427 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 4,247 people lived in housing units. According to the 2010 United States Census, West Athens had a household income of $46,391. As of the census of 2000, there were 9,101 people,2,573 households, the population density was 6,784.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 2,673 housing units at a density of 1,992.6 per square mile
11.
Los Angeles County, California
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Los Angeles County, officially the County of Los Angeles, is the most populous county in both the United States and the state of California, the countrys most populous state. Its population is larger than that of 42 individual U. S. states and it has 88 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas and at 4,083 square miles, it is larger than the combined areas of the U. S. states of Delaware and Rhode Island. The county is home to more than one-quarter of California residents and is one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the U. S and its county seat, the City of Los Angeles, is also its most populous city at about four million. Los Angeles County is one of the counties of California. The county originally included parts of what are now Kern, San Bernardino, Riverside, as the population increased, sections were split off to organize San Bernardino County in 1853, Kern County in 1866, and Orange County in 1889. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 4,751 square miles, Los Angeles County borders 70 miles of coast on the Pacific Ocean and encompasses mountain ranges, valleys, forests, islands, lakes, rivers, and desert. The western extent of the Mojave Desert begins in the Antelope Valley, most of the population of Los Angeles County is located in the south and southwest, with major population centers in the Los Angeles Basin, San Fernando Valley and San Gabriel Valley. Other population centers are found in the Santa Clarita Valley, Pomona Valley, Crescenta Valley, the county is divided west-to-east by the San Gabriel Mountains, which are part of the Transverse Ranges of southern California, and are contained mostly within the Angeles National Forest. Los Angeles County includes San Clemente Island and Santa Catalina Island, non-Hispanic whites numbered 2,728,321, or 28% of the population. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race numbered 4,687,889, 36% of Los Angeles Countys population was of Mexican ancestry,3. 7% Salvadoran, and 2. 2% Guatemalan heritage. The largest Asian groups of the 1,346,865 Asians in Los Angeles County are 4. 0% Chinese,3. 3% Filipino,2. 2% Korean,1. 0% Japanese,0. 9% Vietnamese,0. 8% Indian, and 0. 3% Cambodian. The racial makeup of the county is 48. 7% White,11. 0% African American,0. 8% Native American,10. 0% Asian,0. 3% Pacific Islander,23. 5% from other races, and 4. 9% from two or more races. 44. 6% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race, the largest European-American ancestry groups are German, Irish, English and Italian. 45. 9% of the population reported speaking only English at home,37. 9% spoke Spanish,2. 22% Tagalog,2. 0% Chinese,1. 9% Korean,1. 87% Armenian,0. 5% Arabic, and 0. 2% Hindi. At the census of 2000, there were 9,519,338 people,3,133,774 households, the population density was 2,344 people per square mile. There were 3,270,909 housing units at a density of 806 per square mile. 25% of all households were made up of individuals and 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.61. In the county, the population was out with 28% under the age of 18, 10% from 18 to 24, 33% from 25 to 44, 19% from 45 to 64
12.
Watts riots
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The Watts riots, sometimes referred to as the Watts Rebellion, took place in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles from August 11 to 16,1965. On August 11,1965, an African-American motorist was arrested for suspicion of drunk driving, a minor roadside argument broke out, and then escalated into a fight. The community reacted in outrage to allegations of brutality that soon spread. Los Angeles police needed the support of nearly 4,000 members of the California Army National Guard to quell the riots, the riots were blamed principally on police racism. It was the citys worst unrest until the Rodney King riots of 1992, in the Great Migration of the 1920s, major populations of African-Americans moved to Northern and Midwestern cities such as Detroit, Chicago, St. This wave of migration largely bypassed Los Angeles, in the 1940s, in the Second Great Migration, black Americans migrated to the West Coast in large numbers, in response to defense industry recruitment efforts at the start of World War II. The black population in Los Angeles leapt from approximately 63,700 in 1940 to about 350,000 in 1965, rising from 4% of LAs population to 14%. Los Angeles had racial restrictive covenants that prevented blacks and Mexican Americans from renting and buying in certain areas, since the beginning of the 20th century, Los Angeles has been geographically divided by ethnicity. In the 1910s, the city was already 80% covered by restrictive covenants in real estate. By the 1940s, 95% of Los Angeles and southern California housing was off-limits to African Americans and Asians, minorities who had served in World War II or worked in L. A. s defense industries returned to face increasing patterns of discrimination in housing. In addition, they found themselves excluded from the suburbs and restricted to housing in East or South Los Angeles, such real-estate practices severely restricted educational and economic opportunities available to the minority community. With an influx of residents, housing in South Los Angeles became increasingly scarce, overwhelming the already established communities. Davenport Builders, for example, was a developer who responded to the demand. What was originally a white neighborhood in the 1940s increasingly became an African American. These new housing developments provided better ways of life with space for families to grow. For a time in the early 1950s, with its numbers of African Americans. In the area south of Slauson Avenue, whites bombed or fired into houses, in an escalation of behavior that began in the 1920s, white gangs in nearby cities such as South Gate and Huntington Park routinely accosted blacks who traveled through white areas. Suburbs in the Los Angeles area grew explosively, most of these suburbs barred black people using a variety of methods
13.
Imperial Highway
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Imperial Highway is a road in Orange and Los Angeles counties in California. It begins at the Anaheim-Orange boundary and runs through several cities until it stops at Dockweiler State Beach in Los Angeles near the Los Angeles International Airport. The total length of Imperial Highway is approximately 41 miles, of which 14 miles run through Orange County and 27 miles through Los Angeles County, for much of the way, Imperial Highway is signed as State Route 90. A de facto freeway portion of the route in Yorba Linda is also known as the Richard M. Nixon Parkway, the portion in Los Angeles County is located about one mile north of, and runs parallel to, Rosecrans Avenue. Along its route, Imperial Highway crosses over or under eight freeways, Imperial intersects with the Blue Line and the Green Line at Wilmington Avenue at the Imperial/Wilmington Station. Westlands version runs two blocks, northeast from Hambleton Street, across John Hauk Road and stopping at Pardo Street
14.
South Los Angeles
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South Los Angeles is a 51-square-mile region of Los Angeles County, California, comprising 25 neighborhoods within the City of Los Angeles and three unincorporated neighborhoods. In the 2000 census, the area of South Los Angeles had a population of 520,461, the 1932 and 1984 Olympic Games took place near the USC campus at neighboring Exposition Park, which hosts the Los Angeles Coliseum. Until the 1920s, West Adams was one of the most desirable areas of the city, then development of the Wilshire Boulevard corridor drew Los Angeles development west of downtown. As the wealthy were building mansions in West Adams and Jefferson Park. Affluent blacks gradually moved into West Adams and Jefferson Park as the decades passed, at the same time, the area of modest bungalows and low-rise commercial buildings along Central Avenue emerged as the heart of the black community in southern California. It had one of the first jazz scenes in the western U. S. with trombonist Kid Ory a prominent resident. Under racially restrictive covenants, blacks were allowed to own property only within the Main-Slauson-Alameda-Washington box and in Watts, in an escalation of behavior that began in the 1920s, white gangs in nearby cities such as South Gate and Huntington Park routinely accosted blacks who traveled through white areas. The black mutual protection clubs that formed in response to these assaults became the basis of the regions fearsome street gangs, as in most urban areas, 1950s freeway construction radically altered the geography of southern Los Angeles. Freeway routes tended to reinforce traditional segregation lines, the Harbor Freeway ran just to the west of Main Street, and the Santa Monica Freeway just to the north of Washington Boulevard. The Marina Freeway was originally to run near Slauson Avenue all the way to the Orange County line, although the freeways worked in moving cars around, they were decidedly unsuccessful as instruments of integration. The explosive growth of suburbs, most of which barred blacks by a variety of methods and this process accelerated after the Watts Riots of 1965. The riots resulted in an abandonment of southern Los Angeles and its neighboring cities by white residents and merchants, middle-class blacks also left the area, moving to the north and west. By the late 1960s most of Los Angeles south of Pico Boulevard, the Santa Monica Freeway formed the northern boundary of the new South Central, primarily dividing the middle-class blacks of Mid-Wilshire from the poor and working-class blacks to the south. Beginning in the 1970s, the decline of the areas manufacturing base resulted in a loss of the jobs that had allowed skilled union workers to have a middle class life. Widespread unemployment, poverty and street crime contributed to the rise of street gangs in South Central, such as the Crips and they became even more powerful with money from drugs, especially the crack cocaine trade, dominated by gangs in the 1980s. By the 2000s, the rate of South L. A. has lowered significantly. Nevertheless, South Los Angeles was still known for its gangs at the time, since then, a number of protests focused on events in Ferguson have taken place in South Los Angeles. By the end of the 1980s, South Los Angeles had an number of Hispanics and Latinos
15.
Technology
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Technology is the collection of techniques, skills, methods and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation. Technology can be the knowledge of techniques, processes, and the like, the human species use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The steady progress of technology has brought weapons of ever-increasing destructive power. It has helped develop more advanced economies and has allowed the rise of a leisure class, many technological processes produce unwanted by-products known as pollution and deplete natural resources to the detriment of Earths environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and raise new questions of the ethics of technology, examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, and the challenges of bioethics. Philosophical debates have arisen over the use of technology, with disagreements over whether technology improves the condition or worsens it. The use of the technology has changed significantly over the last 200 years. Before the 20th century, the term was uncommon in English, the term was often connected to technical education, as in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The term technology rose to prominence in the 20th century in connection with the Second Industrial Revolution, the terms meanings changed in the early 20th century when American social scientists, beginning with Thorstein Veblen, translated ideas from the German concept of Technik into technology. In German and other European languages, a distinction exists between technik and technologie that is absent in English, which translates both terms as technology. By the 1930s, technology referred not only to the study of the industrial arts, dictionaries and scholars have offered a variety of definitions. Ursula Franklin, in her 1989 Real World of Technology lecture, gave another definition of the concept, it is practice, the way we do things around here. The term is used to imply a specific field of technology, or to refer to high technology or just consumer electronics. Bernard Stiegler, in Technics and Time,1, defines technology in two ways, as the pursuit of life by other than life, and as organized inorganic matter. Technology can be most broadly defined as the entities, both material and immaterial, created by the application of mental and physical effort in order to some value. In this usage, technology refers to tools and machines that may be used to solve real-world problems and it is a far-reaching term that may include simple tools, such as a crowbar or wooden spoon, or more complex machines, such as a space station or particle accelerator. Tools and machines need not be material, virtual technology, such as software and business methods. W. Brian Arthur defines technology in a broad way as a means to fulfill a human purpose
16.
Business
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A business is an organizational entity involved in the provision of goods and services to consumers. Businesses may also be social non-profit enterprises or state-owned public enterprises operated by governments with specific social, a business owned by multiple private individuals may form as an incorporated company or jointly organise as a partnership. Countries have different laws that may ascribe different rights to the business entities. The word business can refer to an organization or to an entire market sector or to the sum of all economic activity. Compound forms such as agribusiness represent subsets of the broader meaning. Businesses aim to maximize sales to have their income exceed their expenditures, resulting in a profit, the owner operates the business alone and may hire employees. A sole proprietor has unlimited liability for all obligations incurred by the business, partnership, A partnership is a business owned by two or more people. In most forms of partnerships, each partner has unlimited liability for the debts incurred by the business, the three most prevalent types of for-profit partnerships are, general partnerships, limited partnerships, and limited liability partnerships. Corporation, The owners of a corporation have limited liability and the business has a legal personality from its owners. Corporations can be either government-owned or privately owned and they can organize either for profit or as nonprofit organizations. A privately owned, for-profit corporation is owned by its shareholders, a privately owned, for-profit corporation can be either privately held by a small group of individuals, or publicly held, with publicly traded shares listed on a stock exchange. Cooperative, Often referred to as a co-op, a cooperative is a limited-liability business that can organize as for-profit or not-for-profit, a cooperative differs from a corporation in that it has members, not shareholders, and they share decision-making authority. Cooperatives are typically classified as either consumer cooperatives or worker cooperatives, cooperatives are fundamental to the ideology of economic democracy. In contrast, unincorporated businesses or persons working on their own are not as protected. Franchises, A franchise is a system in which entrepreneurs purchase the rights to open, franchising in the United States is widespread and is a major economic powerhouse. One out of retail businesses in the United States are franchised and 8 million people are employed in a franchised business. Real estate businesses sell, invest, construct and develop properties – including land, residential homes, retailers, wholesalers, and distributors act as middlemen and get goods produced by manufacturers to the intended consumers, they make their profits by marking up their prices. Most stores and catalog companies are distributors or retailers, transportation businesses such as railways, airlines, shipping companies that deliver goods and individuals to their destinations for a fee
17.
Electronics
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Electronics is the science of controlling electrical energy electrically, in which the electrons have a fundamental role. Commonly, electronic devices contain circuitry consisting primarily or exclusively of active semiconductors supplemented with passive elements, the science of electronics is also considered to be a branch of physics and electrical engineering. The ability of electronic devices to act as switches makes digital information processing possible, until 1950 this field was called radio technology because its principal application was the design and theory of radio transmitters, receivers, and vacuum tubes. Today, most electronic devices use semiconductor components to perform electron control and this article focuses on engineering aspects of electronics. Components are generally intended to be connected together, usually by being soldered to a circuit board. Components may be packaged singly, or in more complex groups as integrated circuits, some common electronic components are capacitors, inductors, resistors, diodes, transistors, etc. Components are often categorized as active or passive, vacuum tubes were among the earliest electronic components. They were almost solely responsible for the revolution of the first half of the Twentieth Century. They took electronics from parlor tricks and gave us radio, television, phonographs, radar, long distance telephony and they played a leading role in the field of microwave and high power transmission as well as television receivers until the middle of the 1980s. Since that time, solid state devices have all but completely taken over, vacuum tubes are still used in some specialist applications such as high power RF amplifiers, cathode ray tubes, specialist audio equipment, guitar amplifiers and some microwave devices. The 608 contained more than 3,000 germanium transistors, thomas J. Watson Jr. ordered all future IBM products to use transistors in their design. From that time on transistors were almost exclusively used for computer logic, circuits and components can be divided into two groups, analog and digital. A particular device may consist of circuitry that has one or the other or a mix of the two types, most analog electronic appliances, such as radio receivers, are constructed from combinations of a few types of basic circuits. Analog circuits use a range of voltage or current as opposed to discrete levels as in digital circuits. The number of different analog circuits so far devised is huge, especially because a circuit can be defined as anything from a single component, analog circuits are sometimes called linear circuits although many non-linear effects are used in analog circuits such as mixers, modulators, etc. Good examples of analog circuits include vacuum tube and transistor amplifiers, one rarely finds modern circuits that are entirely analog. These days analog circuitry may use digital or even microprocessor techniques to improve performance and this type of circuit is usually called mixed signal rather than analog or digital. Sometimes it may be difficult to differentiate between analog and digital circuits as they have elements of both linear and non-linear operation, an example is the comparator which takes in a continuous range of voltage but only outputs one of two levels as in a digital circuit
18.
Urban planning
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Urban planning is also referred to as urban and regional planning, regional planning, town planning, city planning, rural planning or some combination in various areas worldwide. It takes many forms and it can share perspectives and practices with urban design, urban planning guides orderly development in urban, suburban and rural areas. Practitioners of urban planning are concerned with research and analysis, strategic thinking, architecture, urban design, public consultation, policy recommendations, implementation and management. Urban planners work with the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, civil engineering. Early urban planners were often members of these cognate fields, today urban planning is a separate, independent professional discipline. The discipline is the category that includes different sub-fields such as land-use planning, zoning, economic development, environmental planning. There is evidence of planning and designed communities dating back to the Mesopotamian, Indus Valley, Minoan. Archeologists studying the ruins of cities in these areas find paved streets that were out at right angles in a grid pattern. The idea of a planned out urban area evolved as different civilizations adopted it, beginning in the 8th century BCE, Greek city states were primarily centered on orthogonal plans. The ancient Romans, inspired by the Greeks, also used orthogonal plans for their cities, city planning in the Roman world was developed for military defense and public convenience. The spread of the Roman Empire subsequently spread the ideas of urban planning, as the Roman Empire declined, these ideas slowly disappeared. However, many cities in Europe still held onto the planned Roman city center, cities in Europe from the 9th to 14th centuries, often grew organically and sometimes chaotically. But many hundreds of new towns were built according to preconceived plans. Most of these were realized from the 12th to 14th centuries, from the 15th century on, much more is recorded of urban design and the people that were involved. In this period, theoretical treatises on architecture and urban planning start to appear in which questions are addressed and designs of towns. During the Enlightenment period, several European rulers ambitiously attempted to redesign capital cities, during the Second French Republic, Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann, under the direction of Napoleon III, redesigned the city of Paris into a more modern capital, with long, straight, wide boulevards. Planning and architecture went through a shift at the turn of the 20th century. The industrialized cities of the 19th century grew at a tremendous rate, the pace and style of this industrial construction was largely dictated by the concerns of private business
19.
Stagecraft
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Stagecraft is the technical aspect of theatrical, film, and video production. It includes constructing and rigging scenery, hanging and focusing of lighting, design and procurement of costumes, make-up, stage management, audio engineering, stagecraft is distinct from the wider umbrella term of scenography. Considered a technical rather than a field, it is primarily the practical implementation of a scenic designers artistic vision. In its most basic form, stagecraft may be executed by a person who arranges all scenery, costumes, lighting, and sound. Regional theatres and larger community theatres will generally have a technical director, modern stagecraft is highly technical and specialized, it comprises many sub-disciplines and a vast trove of history and tradition. Greeks were the earliest recorded practitioners of stagecraft, Skene is Greek, translating roughly into scene or scenery, and refers to a large scenic house, about one story tall, with three doors. On the audience-side of the Skene, what are now known as flats could be hung. Flats developed to two-sided painted flats which would be mounted, centered, on a pin, with rope running around each consecutive pin. The double-sided-flat eventually evolved into the periaktos, over 20 such scenic inventions can be traced back to the Greeks. No light but that of the sun was used, plays started at sun-rise, plays of Medieval times were held in different places such as the streets of towns and cities, performed by traveling, secular troupes. Some were also held in monasteries, performed by church-controlled groups, the playing place could represent many different things such as indoors or outdoors. They were played in places so the props could be used for the play. Songs and spectacles were often used in plays to enhance participation, more modern stagecraft was in developed in England between 1576–1642. There were three different types of theaters in London – public, private and court, the size and shape varied but many were suggested to be round theaters. Most of the theatres had circular-design, with an area above the pit to allow sunlight to enter. It was an admission to stand in the pit. Court plays were used for holidays and special occasions, Lighting of the period would have consisted of candles, used as foot-lights, and hanging from chandeliers above the stage. Stagecraft during the Victorian era in England developed rapidly with the emergence of the West End, prompted by and influx of urbanites in the greater London area, Parliament was forced to do away with previous licensing laws and allowed all theatres to perform straight plays in 1843
20.
ESL
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English as a second or foreign language is the use of English by speakers with different native languages. Instruction for English-language learners may be known as English as a language, English as a foreign language, English as an additional language. English as a language is used for non-native English speakers learning English in a country where English is not commonly spoken. The term ESL has been misinterpreted by some to indicate that English would be of secondary importance, however, it simply refers to the order in which the language was learned, consistent with the linguistic terminology of second-language acquisition. The term ESL can be a misnomer for some students who have learned several languages before learning English, the terms English Language Learners, and more recently English Learners, have been used instead, and the students’ home language and cultures are considered important. The way English learners are instructed depends on their level of English proficiency, in some programs, instructions are taught in both, English and their home language. In other programs, instructions are only in English, but in a manner that is comprehensible to the students. Yet, there are programs in which ELLs are pulled out of the classroom for separate English instruction. English as a language has great reach and influence, it is all over the world. Matters are further complicated by the fact that the United States, although English is the principal language in both the US and the United Kingdom, it differs between the two countries, primarily in pronunciation and vocabulary. For example, some words and phrases that are inoffensive in the US are offensive in the UK and these differences are the butt of many jokes. We have really everything in common with America nowadays, except, of course, similarly, Bertrand Russell said, It is a misfortune for Anglo-American friendship that the two countries are supposed to have a common language. Variations have been misattributed to Winston Churchill, and George Bernard Shaw, the many acronyms and abbreviations used in the field of English teaching and learning may be confusing and the following technical definitions may have their currency contested upon various grounds. The precise usage, including the different use of the terms ESL and these terms are most commonly used in relation to teaching and learning English as a second language, but they may also be used in relation to demographic information. English language teaching is a widely used teacher-centered term, as in the English language teaching divisions of large publishing houses, ELT training, Teaching English as a second language, teaching English to speakers of other languages, and teaching English as a foreign language are also used. Those who are learning English are often referred to as English language learners, EFL, English as a foreign language, indicates the teaching of English in a non–English-speaking region. TEFL is the teaching of English as a language, note that this sort of instruction can take place in any country. Typically, EFL is learned either to pass exams as a part of ones education
21.
Citizenship
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Citizenship is the status of a person recognized under the custom or law as being a legal member of a sovereign state. A person may have multiple citizenships and a person who does not have citizenship of any state is said to be stateless. Nationality is often used as a synonym for citizenship in English – notably in international law – although the term is understood as denoting a persons membership of a nation. In some countries, e. g. the United States, each country has its own policies, regulations and criteria as to who is entitled to its citizenship. A person can be recognised or granted citizenship on a number of bases, usually citizenship based on the place of birth is automatic, in other cases an application may be required. If one or both of a persons parents are citizens of a state, then the person may have the right to be a citizen of that state as well. Formerly this might only have applied through the line. Citizenship is granted based on ancestry or ethnicity, and is related to the concept of a nation state common in China, where jus sanguinis holds, a person born outside a country, one or both of whose parents are citizens of the country, is also a citizen. States normally limit the right to citizenship by descent to a number of generations born outside the state. This form of citizenship is not common in civil law countries, Some people are automatically citizens of the state in which they are born. This form of citizenship originated in England where those who were born within the realm were subjects of the monarch, in many cases both jus solis and jus sanguinis hold, citizenship either by place or parentage. Many countries fast-track naturalization based on the marriage of a person to a citizen, States normally grant citizenship to people who have entered the country legally and been granted permit to stay, or been granted political asylum, and also lived there for a specified period. Some states allow dual citizenship and do not require naturalized citizens to renounce any other citizenship. In the past there have been exclusions on entitlement to citizenship on grounds such as color, ethnicity, sex. Most of these no longer apply in most places. The United States grants citizenship to those born as a result of reproductive technologies, Some exclusions still persist for internationally adopted children born before Feb 27,1983 even though their parents meet citizenship criteria. Polis meant both the assembly of the city-state as well as the entire society. Citizenship has generally been identified as a western phenomenon, there is a general view that citizenship in ancient times was a simpler relation than modern forms of citizenship, although this view has come under scrutiny
22.
Interstate 105 (California)
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Interstate 105 is an Interstate Highway in southern Los Angeles County, California that runs east–west from near the Los Angeles International Airport to Norwalk. It is officially known as the Glenn Anderson Freeway for the Democratic California politician who advocated its construction, I-105 has also been referred to as the Century Freeway. This route is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, the California Streets and Highways Code defines Route 105 as from Pershing Drive near El Segundo to Route 605, but Caltrans never constructed the segment from Sepulveda Boulevard to Pershing Drive. Motorists can continue west via Imperial Highway over conventional roadway to Pershing Drive, the 105 begins at Sepulveda Boulevard on the southern edge of Los Angeles International Airport, adjacent to the city of El Segundo. It proceeds generally eastward from there on, crossing the Los Angeles, the freeway stops short of intersecting with the Santa Ana Freeway, its parent interstate. Instead, the lanes of I-105 terminate at an at-grade intersection with Studebaker Road. Much of the length of the Century Freeway runs parallel to Imperial Highway, the Metro Green Line of the LACMTA runs in the median of I-105 for the majority of its route from Redondo Beach to Norwalk and near LAX in 2019. Interstate 105 was a part of a Caltrans 1960s master plan for the Southern California freeway system. The right-of-way was included on several early highway plans since at least 1947, although it was not named the Century Freeway until 1956, and was numbered Route 42. In 1965, the Century Freeway was added to the system originated at State Route 1 east to Central Avenue in the City of Los Angeles along an alignment very near to the current right-of-way. The current route was added to the Interstate system in 1968, the route was designed between 1968 and 1972, but opposition from some of the communities through which the right-of-way would pass slowed the process and led to some reroutings. Many factors contributed to the delay, the growth of the environmental movement in the 1960s created resistance to new freeway construction. Fiscal difficulties brought about by the 1971 Sylmar earthquake and the California tax revolt of the late 1970s further hampered Caltrans construction efforts, however, the major source of resistance to the freeways construction was community opposition and the side effects of these demands. By the early 1970s, most of the areas in the path were predominantly African-American. Resentment over previous freeway projects effects on other black communities resulted in significant modifications to the original route, most cities along the way, weary of the noise and visual blight created by elevated freeways, demanded that the route be built far below grade in a trench. The freeway eventually replaced Manchester Avenue and Firestone Boulevard, which were roughly parallel to the freeway. In 1972, community opposition resulted in a lawsuit, Keith v. Volpe, being filed, charging violation of various civil rights protections. The interchange with Interstate 110 is named the Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange in his honor, a portion of the right-of-way was also to be constructed below grade to buffer adjacent areas from the effects of traffic noise
23.
Baseball field
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A baseball field, also called a ball field or a baseball diamond, is the field upon which the game of baseball is played. The term is used as a metonym for baseball park.5 inches. Adjacent to each of the two parallel 8. 5-inch sides is a batters box, the point of home plate where the two 12-inch sides meet at right angles is at one corner of a ninety-foot square. The other three corners of the square, in order from home plate, are called first base, second base. Three canvas bags fifteen inches square mark the three bases and these three bags along with home plate form the four points at the corners of the infield. All the bases, including home plate, lie entirely within fair territory, thus, any batted ball that touches those bases must necessarily be in fair territory. Thus, although the points of the bases are 90 feet apart, the lines from home plate to first and third bases extend to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction and are called the foul lines. The portion of the field between the foul lines is fair territory, the rest is foul territory. The area in the vicinity of the square formed by the bases is called the infield, most baseball fields are enclosed with a fence that marks the outer edge of the outfield. The fence is set at a distance ranging from 300 to 420 feet from home plate. Most professional and college baseball fields have a right and left foul pole and these poles are at the intersection of the foul lines and the respective ends of the outfield fence and, unless otherwise specified within the ground rules, lie in fair territory. Thus, a ball that passes over the outfield wall in flight and touches the foul pole is a fair ball. First base is the first of four bases that must be touched by a player on the team in order to score a run. Unlike when a player reaches second or third base, it is permissible for a batter-runner to overrun first base without being in jeopardy of being put out. After contact is made with the base, the batter-runner may slow down and return to first base at his leisure, the runner cannot be tagged out if he is touching the base with any part of his body. The first baseman is the player responsible for the area near first base. A professional first baseman is often a slow runner and tall, a tall first baseman presents a large target to which other fielders can throw, and his height gives him a larger range in reaching and catching errant throws. Also, a right-handed first baseman must, when setting himself up to receive a throw from an infielder, execute a half-pivot near the base, there are three infield positions that can only effectively be occupied by right-handed players, 2nd base, 3rd base, and shortstop
24.
Dallas Cowboys
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The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. The Cowboys compete in the National Football League as a club of the leagues National Football Conference East division. The team is headquartered in Frisco, Texas, and plays its games at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season, the Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1960. The teams national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell-outs, the Cowboys streak of 190 consecutive sold-out regular and post-season games began in 2002. This has also corresponded to eight NFC championships, most in the NFC, the Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons, in which they only missed the playoffs twice, an NFL record that remains unchallenged. In 2015, the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $4 billion, making it the most valuable team in the world. The Cowboys also generated $620 million in revenue in 2014, a record for a U. S. sports team. Prior to the formation of the Dallas Cowboys, there had not been an NFL team south of Washington, D. C. since the Dallas Texans folded in 1952. Oilman Clint Murchison Jr. had been trying to get an NFL expansion team in Dallas, Murchison had tried to purchase the Washington Redskins from Marshall in 1958. An agreement was struck, but as the deal was about to be finalized and this infuriated Murchison and he called off the deal. Marshall then opposed any franchise for Murchison in Dallas, since NFL expansion needed unanimous approval from team owners at that time, Marshalls position would prevent Murchison from joining the league. Marshall had an out with the Redskins band leader Barnee Breeskin. Breeskin had written the music to the Redskins fight song Hail to the Redskins, Breeskin owned the rights to the song and was aware of Murchisons plight to get an NFL franchise. Angry with Marshall, Breeskin approached Murchisons attorney to him the rights to the song before the expansion vote in 1959. Murchison purchased Hail to the Redskins for $2,500, before the vote to award franchises in 1959, Murchison revealed to Marshall that he owned the song and Marshall could not play it during games. After a few Marshall expletives, Murchison gave the rights to Hail to the Redskins to Marshall for his vote, the one against Murchison getting a franchise at that time. From 1970 through 1979, the Cowboys won 105 regular season games, in addition, they appeared in 5 and won two Super Bowls, at the end of the 1971 and 1977 regular seasons
25.
Oakland Raiders
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The Oakland Raiders are a professional American football franchise based in Oakland, California. The Raiders currently compete in the NFL as a club of the leagues American Football Conference West division. At the end of the NFLs 2015 season, the Raiders boasted a lifetime record of 444 wins,397 losses. The Raiders plan to remain in Oakland through 2018 – and possibly 2019 –, the Raiders off-field fortunes have varied considerably over the years. The teams first three years of operation were marred by poor performance, financial difficulties, and spotty attendance. In 1963, however, the Raiders fortunes improved dramatically with the introduction of head coach Al Davis, in 1967, after several years of improvement, the Raiders reached the postseason for the first time. The team would go on to win its first AFL Championship that year, in doing so, the Raiders advanced to Super Bowl II, the Raiders run of success intensified during the 1970s. From 1970 to 1977, the team won six division titles, in 1976, the team captured its first NFL Championship with a convincing victory over the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl XI. In 1982, amidst much controversy, the Raiders relocated to Los Angeles, the team finished with the NFLs best regular season record that year, one year later, the Raiders beat the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XVIII to capture their third Super Bowl championship. The Raiders fortunes declined following the 1985 season, they would win just one division title. In 1995, the Raiders returned to Oakland, after several years of continued mediocrity, the team entered a brief period of pronounced success in the early 2000s. From 2000 to 2002, the Raiders won three division titles and four playoff games, their renaissance culminated with a lopsided 2002 loss to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Super Bowl XXXVII. The Super Bowl loss marked the beginning of a period of futility for the Raiders, from 2003 through 2015. In 2016, the Raiders finally ended their postseason drought with a victory over the division rival San Diego Chargers. At the end of the 2016 NFL season, the finished with a 12–4 record. The Raiders are known for their fan base and distinctive team culture. Since 1963, the team has won 15 division titles, four AFC Championships, one AFL Championship, fourteen former members of the team have been enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Having enjoyed a successful coaching career at Navy during the 1950s
26.
Cornerback
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A cornerback, also referred to as a corner, is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in American and Canadian football. Cornerbacks cover receivers, to defend against pass offenses and make tackles, other members of the defensive backfield include the safeties and occasionally linebackers. The cornerback position requires speed and agility, a cornerbacks skillset typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback, back-pedalling, executing single and zone coverage, disrupting pass routes, block shedding, and tackling. Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field, the chief responsibility of the cornerback is to defend against the offenses pass. The rules of American professional football and American college football do not mandate starting position, movement, there are no illegal defense formations. Cornerbacks can be anywhere on the side of the line of scrimmage at the start of play, although their proximity, formations. Most modern National Football League defensive formations use four defensive backs, a cornerbacks responsibilities vary depending on how the defense assigns protection to its defensive secondary. In terms of defending the run, often corners may be assigned to blitz depending on the decisions in a game. In terms of defending passing plays, a corner will be assigned to either zone or man-to-man coverage. A shutdown corner is most often used to identify a cornerback that lines up on either side of the zone of the field of play. In American football, shutdown corner is used to refer to only an few elite players. In zone coverage, the cornerback defends an area of the field. Many schemes and variations were created to provide defensive coordinators great latitude, when a team is using zone coverage, some areas of the field require special attention when defending against specific pass plays. They include the flats, mid range zones including the void and these are basic terms for the basic zones and routes which vary system to system, league to league, and team to team. At this time the captain attempts to read the alignment of the offensive players in order to best predict. He will base his decision on past experience, game preparation, and a sound comprehension of his teammates strengths, abilities and these adjustments may change on a play by play basis, due to substitutions or even evolving weather or field conditions. The cover 1 defense has just one defender playing in a deep zone downfield, normally the one defender playing the deep zone downfield is the Safety. The corners primary responsibility is to play on or off the receiver, often defensive coordinators will not use Cover 1 unless the cornerbacks for that team are very good at man-to-man coverage
27.
Super Bowl XXX
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The Cowboys defeated the Steelers by the score of 27–17. The game was played on January 28,1996, at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona, both teams entered the game trying to tie the San Francisco 49ers for the record for most Super Bowl wins by a franchise. This game was also the fifth rematch between Super Bowl teams, moreover, it was the third meeting between the two longtime rivals in a Super Bowl, which is currently the most between any two NFL teams. Dallas became the first team to win three Super Bowls in four years, while Pittsburghs defeat was their first Super Bowl loss in team history. Dallas built a 13–0 lead in the quarter before Pittsburgh scored with 13 seconds left in the half to cut their deficit to 13–7. Midway through the 3rd quarter, Brown made his first interception, the Steelers then rallied to cut their deficit to 20–17 in the 4th quarter. But Brown recorded his second interception on Pittsburghs next drive, the NBC television broadcast averaged 95. Tempe was originally chosen as the venue for Super Bowl XXVII on March 13,1990, after Arizona finally adopted the federal holiday in 1992, the NFL again began to consider Tempe. NFL owners voted to award Super Bowl XXX to Tempe, Arizona during their March 23,1993 meeting in Palm Desert, Super Bowl XXX was also the last Super Bowl to have a team wear jerseys with screen printed numbers as was the case with the Cowboys. The Cowboys entered the 1995 regular season attempting to become the first team in NFL history to win three out of the last four Super Bowls. This was the Cowboys’ eighth appearance in the Super Bowl, the most of any franchise, the Steelers tied this record in 2010 when that team advanced to Super Bowl XLV. The Patriots became the team to reach the mark in 2014 when that team went on to win Super Bowl XLIX. After taking over the Cowboys in 1989, team owner/general manager Jerry Jones, both had different ideas on the future personnel plans for the Cowboys, and both wanted equal credit for the teams recent success.837. In 1995, the Cowboys finished with a 12–4 regular season record, Pro Bowl quarterback Troy Aikman finished the regular season completing 280 out of 432 passes for 3,304 yards and 16 touchdowns, with only seven interceptions. Pro Bowl running back Emmitt Smith won his fourth and last league rushing crown in his career with 1,773 yards, Smith was also a reliable receiver out of the backfield, recording a career-high 62 receptions for 375 yards. Fullback Daryl Johnston added 111 rushing yards, while also catching 30 passes for 248, Pro Bowl wide receiver Michael Irvin led the team in receiving with 111 catches for 1,603 yards and 10 touchdowns. Kevin Williams was another a big receiving threat with 38 receptions for 613 yards, Pro Bowl tight end Jay Novacek had 62 receptions for 705 yards and five touchdowns. Dallas offensive line was led by Pro Bowl selections Larry Allen, Ray Donaldson, Nate Newton, however, Donaldson suffered a season ending injury late in the season and would be replaced by Derek Kennard
28.
Atlanta Hawks
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The Atlanta Hawks are a professional basketball team based in Atlanta. The Hawks compete in the National Basketball Association as a team of the leagues Eastern Conference Southeast Division. The team plays its games at Philips Arena. The teams origins can be traced to the establishment of the Buffalo Bisons in 1946 in Buffalo, New York, after 38 days in Buffalo, the team moved to Moline, Illinois, where they were renamed the Tri-Cities Blackhawks. In 1949, they joined the NBA as part of the merger between the NBL and the Basketball Association of America, and had Red Auerbach as coach briefly, in 1951, Kerner moved the team to Milwaukee, where they changed their name to the Hawks. Kerner and the team moved again in 1955 to St. Louis, the Hawks played the Boston Celtics in all four of their trips to the NBA Finals. The St. Louis Hawks moved to Atlanta in 1968, when Kerner sold the franchise to Thomas Cousins, the Hawks currently own the second-longest drought of not winning an NBA championship at 57 seasons. The franchises lone NBA championship, as well as all four NBA Finals appearances, meanwhile, they went 48 years without advancing past the second round of the playoffs in any format, until finally breaking through in 2015. Much of the failure theyve experienced in the postseason can be traced back to their history in the NBA draft. Since 1980, the Hawks have drafted four players who have been chosen to play in an NBA All-Star Game. Dominique Wilkins was actually selected by the Utah Jazz and traded to the Hawks a few months after the draft, the origins of the Atlanta Hawks can be traced to the Buffalo Bisons franchise, which was founded in 1946. The Bisons were a member of the National Basketball League, the club was organized by the Erie County American Legion and was coached by Nat Hickey. Their first game – a 50–39 victory over the Syracuse Nationals – was played on November 8,1946, on the team was William Pop Gates, who, along with William Dolly King, was one of the first two African-American players in the NBL. The team, which needed to draw 3,600 fans per game to break even struggled to draw 1,000 fans per game to the Auditorium. Upon relocation to Moline, the team was renamed the Tri-Cities Blackhawks, and played their games at Wharton Field House. The team featured guard/forward and coach Deanglo King, and was owned by Leo Ferris, Pop Gates remained on the Blackhawks roster, and finished second on the team in scoring behind future 1948 NBL MVP Don Otten. A Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame member, Gates helped to integrate the league and later become the first African-American coach in a sports league. In 1949 the Blackhawks became one of the National Basketball Associations 17 original teams after a merger of the 12-year-old NBL and they reached the playoffs in the NBAs inaugural year under the leadership of coach Red Auerbach
29.
Power forward (basketball)
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The power forward, also known as the four, is one of the five positions in a regulation basketball game. It has also referred to as the post position. Power forwards play a similar to that of center in what is called the post or low blocks. They typically play offensively with their backs towards the basket and position themselves defensively under the basket in a defense or against the opposing power forward in man-to-man defense. The power forward position entails a variety of responsibilities, one of which is rebounding, many power forwards are noted for their mid-range jump-shot, and several players have become very accurate from 12 to 18 feet. Earlier, these skills were more typically exhibited in the European style of play, some power forwards, known as stretch fours, have since extended their shooting range to three-point field goals. In the NBA, power forwards usually range from 68 to 611, despite the averages, a variety of players fit tweener roles which finds them in the small forward and/or center position depending upon matchups and coaching decisions. Some natural power forwards often play the position and have the skills
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Los Angeles Community College District
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Its headquarters are in Downtown Los Angeles. Over the past seventy-seven years LACCD has served as educator to more than three million students, in addition to typical college aged students, the LACCD also serves adults of all ages. Indeed, over half of all LACCD students are older than 25 years of age, LACCD educates almost three times as many Latino students and nearly four times as many African-American students as all of the University of California campuses combined. Eighty percent of LACCD students are from underserved populations, the Los Angeles Community College District is the largest community college district in the United States and is one of the largest in the world. The nine colleges within the district offer educational opportunities to students in Los Angeles and it serves students located in the Alhambra, Beverly Hills, Burbank, Culver City, Garvey, Las Virgenes, Los Angeles, Montebello, Palos Verdes and San Gabriel school districts. The LACCD consists of nine colleges and covers an area of more than 882 square miles. As of May 2016, the members are Scott J. Svonkin, Mike Eng, Mike Fong, Andra Hoffman, Sydney K. Kamlager, Ernest H. Moreno, Board members are elected by voters in the district for terms of four years. Elections are held two years, with three members being chosen at one election and four members at the other. The President and Vice President of the Board of Trustees are elected by the Board for one-year terms at the organizational meeting. A Second Vice president is elected at the discretion of the Board, a student member is elected annually—the term is June 1 through May 31 of each year. The Board generally meets twice a month on Wednesday with the session commencing at 2 p. m. with closed session to follow. On certain occasions, special meetings of the Board are sometimes called to handle business that cannot be handled with completely at regular meetings, the District is modernizing all of its facilities, including all nine of its colleges, through a $6 billion Building Program. The program is funded primarily through bond measures approved by voters in 2001,2003, as of its most recent report, approximately $3.1 billion of the $6 billion has been spent or committed
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East Los Angeles College
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East Los Angeles College is a community college of the Los Angeles Community College District in the Los Angeles suburb of Monterey Park. Fourteen communities comprise its primary service area, with an enrollment of 34,697 students, ELAC is the largest campus in the Los Angeles Community College District. It was located in northeastern East Los Angeles before that part of unincorporated East Los Angeles was annexed by Monterey Park in the early 1970s. ELAC is the home to the Vincent and Mary Price Gallery and the Vincent Price Art Museum and they ultimately donated some 2,000 pieces, the collection contains over 9,000 pieces and has been valued in excess of $5 million. All clubs in East Los Angeles College are operated and chartered with the ELAC Associate Student Union, the East Los Angeles College Alumni Association is responsible for continually connecting graduates to the student body and holds annual and bi-annual events to raise money for scholarships. East Los Angeles College Campus News is the newspaper. The paper is managed by the students after they have successfully completed Journalism 101, a print edition comes out every Wednesday during the Spring and Fall semesters. The current adviser is Jean Stapleton, other organizations include East Side Spirit and Pride, the organization that founded the Husky marching band on campus, as well as helping to restore the football program in 1995. In addition ESSP is now the alumni association for the college with Dennis Sanchez as the Chairperson, the new Performing and Fine Arts Complex houses the Vincent Price Art Museum, The Fine and visual Arts Building, and the Performing Arts Building. The Vincent Price Art Museum is three stories high, with the basement including an 8, 000-ft vault for storage, the museums permanent collection includes the art pieces donated from actor Vincent Price. It featured in the Round the Clock, Chinese American Artists Working in Los Angeles exhibit from January 21 to May 25,2012, the exhibit showed paintings by Tyrus Wong. Some of Wongs kites were hung in the lobby, the Fine and Visual Arts Building is the largest of the three structures. It houses the Art, Music, and Dance departments, the Performing Arts Building contains two separate performing theaters. ELACs football field is the site of ceremonies for local high schools such as Garfield High School in East Los Angeles. It has also hosted the East L. A. Classic football game between Garfield against Theodore Roosevelt High School, that draws over 20,000 fans. Fans as well as opponents of Hillary Clinton came together to see Hillary Clinton speak a few weeks before the 2016 California primaries, Clinton talked about her plans to raise family incomes and other topics during a speech in the college gymnasium. It’s not the first time a Clinton has campaigned for president at East L. A. College, in 1992, Bill Clinton, Hillary Clinton’s husband, spoke about ways to improve education during a campaign stop at the college according to Campus News. Leroy D. Thorpe, Mayor Pro Tem, City of Antioch, CA Seve Romo, baseball pitcher for the University of Arizona Howard E
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Los Angeles City College
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Los Angeles City College, known as LACC, is a public community college in East Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. A part of the Los Angeles Community College District, it is located on Vermont Avenue south of Santa Monica Boulevard, the college also offers a program known as The Theater Academy, a block program for students pursuing acting, technical side of theater, or costume design. LACC occupies the campus of the University of California, Los Angeles. One of nine separate college campuses of the Los Angeles Community College District, when the Pacific Electric Interurban Railroad connected downtown Los Angeles and Hollywood in 1909, the area began to develop rapidly. In 1914, the LA Board of Education moved the teachers Normal School to the site, the Italian Romanesque campus became what is now the University of California, Los Angeles in 1919. In need of space, UCLA moved to its present location in 1929. On September 9,1929, Los Angeles Junior College opened its doors for the first time with over 1,300 students and 54 teachers and it later changed its name to Los Angeles City College. California Community Colleges System Community, an NBC comedy series which shoots on the LACC campus Official website LACC Filipino Club
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Los Angeles Mission College
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Los Angeles Mission College is a two-year community college located in the Sylmar district of Los Angeles, California. It is part of the Los Angeles Community College District and it is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. Los Angeles Mission College is the ninth and youngest college established in the Los Angeles Community College District, the graduating class of 1975 consisted of a single student, who had transferred to the college that semester. Sixteen years later, in the summer of 1991, the moved to its permanent campus, built on 22 acres of land in the Sylmar neighborhood of Los Angeles. Los Angeles Mission College official website
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Los Angeles Pierce College
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The college began with 70 students and 18 faculty members on September 15,1947. Originally known as the Clarence W. Pierce School of Agriculture, nine years later, in 1956, the school was renamed to Los Angeles Pierce Junior College, retaining the name of its founder, Dr. Pierce, as well as his commitment to agricultural and veterinary study. Pierce College offers courses on more than 100 subjects in 92 academic disciplines, Students at the school successfully transfer to UC and CSU schools. Students can pursue any of the 44 associate’s degrees or 78 Certificates of Achievement the school offers directly, Pierce College comprises 426 acres amidst a dense metropolis, an area larger than many university campuses, including that of UCLA. The grounds are landscaped with more than 2,200 trees, thousands of roses, the Pierce College farm houses small herds of cattle, sheep, goats, a small poultry flock, as well as a llama and an alpaca for its students to learn from. The Associated Students Organization is the official Student Government of the 23,000 students at Los Angeles Pierce College and it has been in existence since the mid-1950s and has two branches, Senate and Club Council. Club Council is the organization that addresses and improves student life through the actions of the numerous clubs on campus. The Senate is the student government that conducts their meetings in accordance to the Brown Act. ASO is governed under the LACCD Academic Senate policy, Senators are voting members, which have the ability to vote on certain actions taken at Pierce to improve life for the student. Under the actions of shared governance, ASO Senators sit on committees in school including the Diversity. Besides hosting the Brahmas football and womens teams, John Shepard Stadium also has hosted many outdoor professional sporting events in San Fernando Valley history. From 1976 to 1979, the San Fernando Valleys first professional sports team, the Los Angeles Express of the USFL played their last home game here on June 15,1985. The stadium was expanded to 16, 000-person capacity for the game, Shepard Stadium hosts Nuts for Mutts, an annual dog show and pet fair that raises funds for the New Leash on Life Animal Rescue. The stadium is also the home stadium of the San Fernando Valley Quakes mens soccer team. Since the approval of Los Angeles County Propositions A and AA, other key improvements are increased parking, new infrastructure and roadways, and renovations to existing facilities. The 2-acre S. Mark Taper Foundation Life Science Botanic Garden and it features one of the finest collections of drought-resistant plants in the region. The college also has a retention pond beneath its soccer field. The Los Angeles River is nearby to the north, the campus is home to Old Trappers Lodge, California Historical Landmark No
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Los Angeles Valley College
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Los Angeles Valley College is a community college located in the Valley Glen district of Los Angeles, California in the east-central San Fernando Valley. The school is a part of the Los Angeles Community College District, the community college is adjacent to Grant High School. The sports teams are known as the Monarchs, and the colors are green. Los Angeles Valley College was founded on September 12,1949 to meet the growth of the San Fernando Valley during the 1940s. The college was chartered by the Los Angeles Board of Education in June 1949. In 1951 Valley College moved to its permanent 105-acre site on Fulton Avenue in Valley Glen, in 1954, members of the faculty founded the Athenaeum which began to offer community programs that brought the Los Angeles Philharmonic to the campus. The campus also had internationally known speakers including Eleanor Roosevelt, Clement Attlee, Margaret Mead, in 1969, the Los Angeles Community College District was formed and its nine colleges were separated from the Los Angeles Unified School District. Today, Valley College continues to meet the needs of the community by offering transfer education, career technical education. Valley College’s current enrollment is approximately 20,000 students with 199 full-time faculty and 401 part-time instructors, in December 2016, the college found that many of their electronic files had been maliciously encrypted disrupting voicemail, email, and computer files. In a ransom note, the college was informed they would receive a key that would be delivered upon the receipt of $28,000 in Bitcoin. The ransome needed to be paid within seven days or the files would be forever lost, the Los Angeles Community College District paid the amount and the delivered private key restored access to the affected systems. More than 140 associate degree programs and certificate programs are offered at Valley College, Los Angeles Valley College has its own honors society called Tau Alpha Epsilon. TAE was founded in 1949, the year that Los Angeles Valley College was established. In 1960, due to the popularity of junior colleges, a version of the four year honors society Phi Beta Kappa was created called Phi Theta Kappa. Because of this, PTK merged with TAE at Los Angeles Valley College, the purpose of TAE is to act as the honors society for Los Angeles Valley College, encourage academic excellence, and work with fellow clubs and organizations to better the campus and community. Los Angeles Valley College has its own stop on the Metro Orange Line and it is located at the intersection of Burbank Boulevard and Fulton Avenue. The nearest campus buildings are less than a 5-minute walk from the station, sean Astin - actor, best known for playing Sam in the Lord of the Rings films. Samuel Marcus - actor, known for The Peoples Couch and Teens React, ed Begley, Jr. - actor and environmentalist
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West Los Angeles College
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West Los Angeles College is a two-year, public community college in the western Baldwin Hills, adjacent to Culver City in unincorporated Los Angeles County, California. The college uses a Culver City address, WLAC is a part of the California Community Colleges System, in the Los Angeles Community College District. It is fully accredited by the Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges of the Western Association of Schools, the school offers Associates degrees, and 18 vocational-oriented programs in addition to 25 transfer programs. The college awards more than 600 degrees and certificates annually in 39 fields, beginning in the fall of 2016, WLAC is one of only 15 community colleges in the State of California approved to offer a bachelors degree. The bachelors degree given at WLAC is in Dental Hygiene, the Wildcats are members of the Western State Conference, the largest community college conference in the state of California. The teams were known as the Hustling Oilers. WLAC fields teams in 10 intercollegiate sports with five mens teams and five womens teams
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Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
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California State University
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The California State University is a public university system in California. Composed of 23 campuses and eight off-campus centers enrolling 460,200 students with 24,405 faculty and 23,012 staff, CSU is the largest four-year public university system in the United States. It is one of three higher education systems in the state, with the other two being the University of California system and the California Community Colleges System. The CSU System is incorporated as The Trustees of the California State University, the California State University system headquarters are at 401 Golden Shore in Long Beach, California. The California State University was created in 1960 under the California Master Plan for Higher Education, with nearly 100,000 graduates annually, the CSU is the countrys greatest producer of bachelors degrees. The university system collectively sustains more than 150,000 jobs within the state, altogether, about half of the bachelors degrees, one-third of the masters degrees, and nearly two percent of the doctoral degrees awarded annually in California are from the CSU. Furthermore, the CSU is one of the top U. S. producers of graduates who move on to earn their Ph. D. degrees in a related field. The CSU has a total of 17 AACSB accredited graduate business schools which is twice as many as any other collegiate system. Since 1961, nearly three million alumni have received their bachelors, masters, or doctoral degrees from the CSU system, CSU offers more than 1,800 degree programs in some 240 subject areas. In Fall of 2015,9,282 of CSUs 24,405 faculty were tenured or on the tenure track. The school was taken over by the state in 1862 and moved to San Jose and renamed the California State Normal School, a southern branch of the California State Normal School was created in Los Angeles in 1882. In 1887, the California State Legislature dropped the word California from the name of the San Jose and Los Angeles schools, later Chico, San Diego, and other schools became part of the State Normal School system. In 1919, the State Normal School at Los Angeles became the Southern Branch of the University of California, in 1927, in May 1921, the legislature enacted a comprehensive reform package for the states educational system, which went into effect that July. This meant that they were to be managed from Sacramento by the deputy director of the division, who in turn was under the state Superintendent of Education, by this time it was already commonplace to refer to most of the campuses with their city names plus the word state. The resulting administrative situation from 1921 to 1960 was quite complicated, at least one president would depart his state college because of his express frustration over that issue. During the 1920s and 1930s, the State Teachers Colleges started to transition from normal schools into teachers colleges whose graduates would be qualified to teach all K–12 grades. A leading proponent of this idea was Charles McLane, the first president of Fresno State, in 1932, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching was asked by the state legislature and governor to perform a study of California higher education. This recommendation spectacularly backfired when the faculties and administrations of the State Teachers Colleges rallied to protect their independence from the Regents
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California State University, Dominguez Hills
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California State University, Dominguez Hills is a public university located in the city of Carson, California in the South Bay region of Los Angeles County and was founded in 1960. The university is part of the 23-school California State University system and it offers 46 majors for a Bachelors degrees,22 different Masters degrees, and 17 types of teaching credentials. The university does not confer doctoral degrees, in Fall 2016 the university had a total enrollment of 14,731 students comprising 12,632 undergraduates and 2,099 post baccalaureates. The campus offers small class sizes for its students, as of Fall 2014, the university had 767 faculty, of which 303 were full-time and tenure track. Dominguez Hills ranked #2 in a list of The 100 Most Affordable Universities in America 2015 by Best Value Schools and it also ranked #29 in the list of 50 Best Value Colleges and Universities in California 2015. In 2015, Cal State Dominguez Hills ranked #11 in Washington Monthlys list of Masters University Rankings and this same year CSUDH was ranked 88th nationally by The Brookings Institution for the value-add to students who graduate from there. Using a similar methodology, The Economist ranked CSUDH 63rd in its 2015 college rankings, the campus sits on the historic Rancho San Pedro, the oldest land grant in the Los Angeles area. The campus mascot is the Toro, Spanish for bull, the foundation for what would become CSU Dominguez Hills was built in 1960 when then Governor of California Pat Brown provided state funds to begin development of the campus. It was originally to be located in Palos Verdes, California, the tentative name was changed to California State College at Palos Verdes in 1962. In 1964, architect A. Quincy Jones successfully designed a plan for construction. As the permanent campus had not yet constructed, the first classes began to be taught in 1965 at the California Federal Savings Bank in Rolling Hills Estates. The college began with an enrollment of approximately 40 students, in 1965 the designated location for the campus was moved to an area known as Dominguez Hills in Carson. John Muns, president of the Dominguez Hills Homeowners Association in 1965, recognized that for a community to be selected as the site for a college was a mark of status. He quickly headed up the campaign in support of Dominguez Hills, during 1968 the population of the student body of CSUDH exceeded 1,000 enrolled for the first time. As a result, the campus needed a vice-president, this vacancy would be filled by Dr. Lyle Gibson of whom CSUDHs Lyle E. Gibson Distinguished Teacher Award is named for. The university was established, in part, as a response to the African American outcry for higher education standards. Additionally, from the months of October to November in 1969, Today, CSU Dominguez Hills is a major university for the Southern geographical region of Los Angeles County and Orange County. It offers 46 undergraduate majors,22 masters degrees, and a number of certificate, Dominguez Hills is also the administrative headquarters of the California State Universitys Statewide Nursing Program
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California State University, Long Beach
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As of Fall 2014, the school had 2,283 total faculty, with 36.7 percent of those faculty on the tenure track. With 5,286 graduate students, the university one of the largest graduate student populations across the CSU. The university is located in the Los Altos neighborhood of Long Beach at the coastal tip of Los Angeles County. The university offers 82 different Bachelors degrees,65 types of Masters degrees, four Doctoral degrees. Long Beach State is one of the West Coasts top universities in terms of student body racial diversity and it is also home to the largest publicly funded art school west of the Mississippi. The university currently operates one of the lowest student fees in the country at $6,738 per year for full-time students having California residence. CSULB has been recognized as one of Americas Best Value Colleges by the Princeton Review, the College was established in 1949 by California Governor Earl Warren, to serve the rapidly expanding post-World War II population of Orange and Southern Los Angeles counties. Since then, CSULB has grown to one of the states largest universities. The institution was first named as Los Angeles-Orange County State College, peter Victor Peterson was its first president. It offered 25 courses, taught by 13 faculty members, in two apartment buildings at 5381 Anaheim Road in Long Beach. In June 1950, the citizens of Long Beach voted overwhelmingly to purchase 322 acres as a permanent campus for the college, the purchase price was nearly $1,000,000. Student enrollment grew rapidly in new, permanent location. Carl W. McIntosh was named the second president in 1959. While McIntosh was president, the school grew tremendously, enrollment surged from about 10,000 to more than 30,000, and he rapidly expanded and revamped the curriculum. McIntosh tripled the number of faculty and constructed 30 new buildings, in 1964, LBSC changed its name to California State College at Long Beach. In 1967, the California state legislature revamped the state college system and it changed its name in 1968 to California State College, Long Beach, as part of these changes and began to be much more closely integrated into the California State College system. In 1965, CSCLB hosted the first International Sculpture Symposium to be held in the United States, six sculptors from abroad and two from the United States created many of the monumental sculptures present on the campus. The event received media attention from newspapers around the country, including The New York Times, Los Angeles Times Magazine, Art in America
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California State University, Los Angeles
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California State University, Los Angeles is a public comprehensive university in the heart of Los Angeles, one of the 23 universities in the California State University system. Cal State LA offers 129 Bachelors degrees,112 Masters degrees,3 Doctoral degrees, Cal State LA is a Hispanic-serving institution. Cal State LA has a student body of more than 24,000 students primarily from the greater Los Angeles area, Cal State LA operated year-round on the quarter system with four quarters, each 11 weeks in duration. In fall 2016, the university converted to the system as part of a system-wide conversion of all quarter campuses. Cal State LA is organized into eight colleges that house a total of four schools and approximately 50 academic departments, divisions, Cal State LA is home to the critically acclaimed Luckman Jazz-Orchestra and a unique Early Entrance Program in the Honors College for gifted students as young as 11. U. S. News has ranked Cal State LAs undergraduate business program as one of the best in the nation, the School of Nursing is considered to be one of the best in the state of California. Classrooms are shared with Cal State LA However, LACHSA activities tend to be separate from those of the university, notable LACHSA alumni include singer Josh Groban, actress Jenna Elfman, actor/singer Corbin Bleu, and UCLA Athletics senior executive Ron Country Club Kobata. Cal State LA open a new downtown Los Angeles campus in 2016 to provide university programs, the university has signed a lease for 21,000 square feet at West 8th Street and South Grand Avenue. Cal State LA will offer undergraduate and graduate programs at the site, as well as professional development, the campus will contain 12 classrooms,2 computer labs, student lounges, student collaboration space, conference and events space, and administrative and faculty offices. The university is located on the site of one of Californias 36 original adobes, built in 1776 by Franciscan missionaries and destroyed by fire in 1908. These lands once were part of a Spanish land grant known as Rancho Rosa Castilla, given to Juan Batista Batz, the inspiration for the name of the rancho, according to local historians, was the wild roses that once grew near the ranch home. The main drive through the campus is known as Paseo Rancho Castilla, Cal State LA was founded on July 2,1947 by an act of the California legislature and opened for classes as The Los Angeles State College on the campus of Los Angeles City College. In 1949, the Los Angeles State College was reconstituted by the Legislature as The Los Angeles State College of Applied Arts, in 1972, CSCLA was awarded university status and was renamed California State University, Los Angeles. Since 1954, Cal State LA has been accredited by the Western Association of Schools, the universitys credential programs are approved by the Commission for Teacher Credentialing Committee on Accreditation. In 1968 Cal State LA established the nations first Chicano Studies department, in 1993, the CSU Chancellor and Trustees approved development of Cal State LAs Charter College of Education, creating the first such college of higher education in the nation. The original mascot of the school was the Diablo, in 1980, new university president James Rosser adopted a new mascot, Eddie the golden eagle, designed to be more reflective of the campus highly diverse community. The theme was extended to student facilities such as the student union, sept.2000 California Governor Gray Davis chooses the Cal State LA campus to hold press conference at which he signs the historic bills expanding the Cal Grant program. A Statue of Confucius, a gift of the Republic of China in Taiwan, was dedicated June 1987, the statue was moved to a new campus location in summer 2005
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