1.
Nashville, Tennessee
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Nashville is the capital of the U. S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in the central part of the state. The city is a center for the music, healthcare, publishing, banking and transportation industries and it is known as a center of the country music industry, earning it the nickname Music City, U. S. A. Since 1963, Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government which includes six municipalities in a two-tier system. Nashville is governed by a mayor, vice-mayor, and 40-member Metropolitan Council, thirty-five of the members are elected from single-member districts, five are elected at-large. Reflecting the citys position in government, Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Courts courthouse for Middle Tennessee. According to 2015 estimates from the U. S. Census Bureau, the balance population, which excludes semi-independent municipalities within Nashville, was 654,610. The 2015 population of the entire 13-county Nashville metropolitan area was 1,830,345, the 2015 population of the Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Columbia combined statistical area, a larger trade area, was 1,951,644. The town of Nashville was founded by James Robertson, John Donelson, and it was named for Francis Nash, the American Revolutionary War hero. Nashville quickly grew because of its location, accessibility as a port on the Cumberland River, a tributary of the Ohio River. By 1800, the city had 345 residents, including 136 African American slaves and 14 free blacks, in 1806, Nashville was incorporated as a city and became the county seat of Davidson County, Tennessee. In 1843, the city was named the permanent capital of the state of Tennessee, by 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a prosperous city. The citys significance as a port made it a desirable prize as a means of controlling important river. In February 1862, Nashville became the first state capital to fall to Union troops, the state was occupied by Union troops for the duration of the war. Within a few years after the Civil War, the Nashville chapter of the Ku Klux Klan was founded by Confederate veteran John W. Morton, meanwhile, the city had reclaimed its important shipping and trading position and developed a solid manufacturing base. The post–Civil War years of the late 19th century brought new prosperity to Nashville and these healthy economic times left the city with a legacy of grand classical-style buildings, which can still be seen around the downtown area. Circa 1950 the state approved a new city charter that provided for the election of city council members from single-member districts. This change was supported because at-large voting diluted the minority populations political power in the city and they could seldom gain a majority of the population to support a candidate of their choice
2.
Tennessee
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Tennessee is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States, Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, Tennessees capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 654,610. Memphis is the states largest city, with a population of 655,770, the state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1,1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, occupied by Union forces from 1862, it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war. Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia and this sharply reduced competition in politics in the state until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-20th century. This city was established to house the Manhattan Projects uranium enrichment facilities, helping to build the worlds first atomic bomb, Tennessees major industries include agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Poultry, soybeans, and cattle are the primary agricultural products, and major manufacturing exports include chemicals, transportation equipment. In the early 18th century, British traders encountered a Cherokee town named Tanasi in present-day Monroe County, the town was located on a river of the same name, and appears on maps as early as 1725. The meaning and origin of the word are uncertain, some accounts suggest it is a Cherokee modification of an earlier Yuchi word. It has been said to mean meeting place, winding river, according to ethnographer James Mooney, the name can not be analyzed and its meaning is lost. The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to James Glen, the governor of South Carolina, the spelling was popularized by the publication of Henry Timberlakes Draught of the Cherokee Country in 1765. In 1788, North Carolina created Tennessee County, the county to be established in what is now Middle Tennessee. When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new out of the Southwest Territory. Other sources differ on the origin of the nickname, according to the Columbia Encyclopedia. Tennessee ties Missouri as the state bordering the most other states, the state is trisected by the Tennessee River. The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet, Clingmans Dome, which lies on Tennessees eastern border, is the highest point on the Appalachian Trail, and is the third highest peak in the United States east of the Mississippi River
3.
Garage rock
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Garage rock is a raw and energetic style of rock and roll that flourished in the mid-1960s, most notably in the United States and Canada. The term derives from the perception that groups were made up of young amateurs who rehearsed in the family garage. The style, a precursor to rock, is characterized by aggressive and unsophisticated lyrics and delivery. In the US and Canada, surf rock—and later the Beatles, hundreds of acts produced regional hits, and some had national hits. Though largely associated with North America, counterparts were present elsewhere as part of the beat boom of the era. As critics of the period began to prescribe a scope for genre, they used the term punk rock. Garage rock has experienced various revivals in the years and continues to influence acts who prefer a back to basics. In the early- to mid-1980s, several garage revival scenes sprung up featuring acts that consciously attempted to replicate the look, in the 2000s, a wave of garage rock revival acts associated with the post-punk revival emerged, and a handful achieved airplay and commercial success. The term garage rock comes from the perception that its performers were young and amateurish, while numerous bands were made up of middle-class teenagers from the suburbs, others were from rural or urban areas or were composed of professional musicians in their twenties. The term garage band often refers to acts in this genre. Garage bands performed in a variety of venues, less-established groups typically played at parties, school dances, and teen clubs. For acts of legal age, bars, nightclubs, and college fraternity socials also provided regular engagements, occasionally, local groups had the opportunity to open at shows for famous touring acts. Some garage rock bands went on tour, particularly better-known acts, groups often competed in battles of the bands, which gave musicians an opportunity to gain exposure and a chance to win a prize, such as free recording time in a local studio. Battles of the bands were held, locally, regionally and nationally, and two of the most prestigious contests were held annually by the Tea Council of the U. S. A. and the Music Circus. Performances often sounded amateurish, naïve or intentionally raw, with typical themes revolving around the traumas of high school life, instrumentation was characterized by electric guitars often distorted through a fuzzbox, teamed with bass and drums. Guitarists sometimes played using aggressive-sounding bar chord riffs, sometimes referred to as power chords, organs such as the Farfisa were commonly used as well as mouth harmonicas or hand-held percussion such as tambourines. Occasionally, the tempo sped up in certain passages, sometimes referred to as raveups, Garage rock acts were diverse in both musical ability and in style, ranging from crude two- and three-chord music to near-studio musician quality. There were also variations in flourishing scenes, such as in California
4.
Rock and roll
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While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until the 1950s. For the purpose of differentiation, this deals with the first definition. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars, a double bass or string bass or an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. Beyond simply a style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music and it went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply rock music or rock. The term rock and roll now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage, the American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopædia Britannica, on the hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s. In 1934, the song Rock and Roll by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round, in 1942, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term rock-and-roll to describe upbeat recordings such as Rock Me by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. By 1943, the Rock and Roll Inn in South Merchantville, in 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it. The origins of rock and roll have been debated by commentators. The migration of former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St. The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called race music, particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. The 1940s saw the use of blaring horns, shouted lyrics. In the same period, particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest, similarly, country boogie and Chicago electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll. Rock and roll arrived at a time of technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, amplifier and microphone. It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock. Because the development of rock and roll was a process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously the first rock. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
5.
Rounder Records
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Rounder Records is an American record label specializing in folk, bluegrass, blues, and other forms of American roots music. Its roster includes Alison Krauss and Union Station, Béla Fleck, Steve Martin and Edie Brickell, Rounders musicians have won over 40 Grammy Awards since the labels inception in 1970. The company also maintains book and video divisions, Rounder was founded in 1970 by Ken Irwin, Bill Nowlin and Marian Leighton-Levy, three college friends in Massachusetts who shared an interest in folk, old country, and bluegrass music. They gave the label its name for reasons, the shape of a vinyl record, the nickname for a hobo. In Rounders first three years, it released 19 records, starting in 1970 with an album by George Pegram, Rounders earliest success was George Thorogood and The Destroyers, a blues-rock band that sold half a millions copes of their 1978 album Move It On Over. Headquarters were moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, over the years, Rounder expanded its roster to include other genres such as reggae, and zydeco. The labels first Grammy was won by blues guitarist Clarence Gatemouth Brown in 1983 for the album Alright Again, Rounders most successful act is bluegrass singer and fiddler Alison Krauss. In 1991, at the age of 19, she won a Grammy Award for her second album, the album spawned singles, videos, and national TV exposure. Krauss has sold over 12 million albums and won 27 Grammy Awards, in 2012, Rounder was sold to Concord Music Group. Two years later, Rounder moved its headquarters to Nashville, list of record labels Official site The Never-Ending Revival, Rounder Records and the Folk Alliance by Michael F. Scully Radio Interview with founders Marian Leighton Levy and Ken Irwin
6.
Nick Lowe
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Nicholas Drain Nick Lowe is an English singer-songwriter, musician, and producer. A noted figure in UK pub rock, power pop and new wave, along with vocals, Lowe plays guitar, bass guitar, piano and harmonica. He is best known for his songs Cruel to Be Kind and I Love the Sound of Breaking Glass, as well as his work with Elvis Costello, Graham Parker. Lowe also wrote Peace, Love, and Understanding, a hit for Costello and he lives in Brentford, London, England. Lowe attended the independent Woodbridge School in Suffolk and he began his musical career in 1967, when he joined the band Kippington Lodge, along with his school friend Brinsley Schwarz. After leaving Brinsley Schwarz in 1975 Lowe began playing bass in Rockpile with Dave Edmunds, in August 1976, Lowe released So It Goes b/w Heart of the City, the first single on the Stiff Records label, where he was an in-house producer. The single and the label were funded by a loan of £400 from Dr. Feelgoods Lee Brilleaux, the labels first EP was Lowes 1977 four-track release Bowi, apparently named in response to David Bowies contemporaneous LP Low. The joke was repeated when Lowe produced the Rumours album Max as an answer to Fleetwood Macs Rumours, Lowe continued producing albums on Stiff and other labels. In 1977 he produced Dr. Feelgoods album, Be Seeing You, private Practice, issued the next year, included Milk and Alcohol, written by Lowe and Gypie Mayo. This song and I Love the Sound of Breaking Glass are the only Lowe compositions to reach the Top 10 of the UK Singles Chart, seconds of Pleasure featured the Lowe songs When I Write the Book and Heart. Lowes album Labour of Lust received a certification in Canada in November 1979. Lowe was quoted as saying that he had escaped from the tyranny of the drum in No Depression. A re-recording of Cruel to Be Kind was his only US Top 40 hit, in 1979, Lowe married country singer Carlene Carter, daughter of fellow country singers Carl Smith and June Carter Cash and stepdaughter of Johnny Cash. He adopted her daughter, Tiffany Anastasia Lowe, the marriage ended in 1990, but they remained friends, and Lowe remained close to the Carter/Cash family. He played and recorded with Johnny Cash, and Cash recorded several of Lowes songs, Lowe and Carters 1979 wedding was filmed and the footage became the basis for the promotional video clip for Cruel to be Kind. After the demise of Rockpile, Lowe toured for a period with his band Noise to Go and later with the Cowboy Outfit, which also included the noted keyboard player Paul Carrack. Lowe was also a member of the short-lived mainly studio project Little Village with John Hiatt, Ry Cooder and Jim Keltner, who originally got together to record Hiatts 1987 album Bring the Family. In 1992, Peace, Love, and Understanding was covered by Curtis Stigers on the album to The Bodyguard
7.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
8.
Rockabilly
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Rockabilly is one of the earliest styles of rock and roll music, dating back to the early 1950s in the United States, especially the South. As a genre it blends the sound of Western musical styles such as country with that of rhythm and blues, leading to what is considered classic rock, some have also described it as a blend of bluegrass with rock and roll. The term rockabilly itself is a portmanteau of rock and hillbilly, other important influences on rockabilly include western swing, boogie woogie, jump blues, and electric blues. An interest in the genre endures even in the 21st century, Rockabilly has left a legacy, spawning a variety of sub-styles and influencing other genres such as punk rock. There was a relationship between blues and country music from the very earliest country recordings in the 1920s. The first nationwide country hit was Wreck of the Old 97, backed with Lonesome Road Blues, during the 1930s and 1940s, two new sounds emerged. Recordings of Willss from the mid 1940s to the early 1950s include two beat jazz rhythms, jazz choruses, and guitar work that preceded early rockabilly recordings, wills is quoted as saying Rock and Roll. Why, man, thats the kind of music weve been playin since 1928. But its just basic rhythm and has gone by a lot of different names in my time and its the same, whether you just follow a drum beat like in Africa or surround it with a lot of instruments. The Maddox Brothers and Rose were at the edge of rockabilly with the slapped bass that Fred Maddox had developed. Maddox said, Youve got to have somethin they can tap their foot, or dance to, after World War II the band shifted into higher gear leaning more toward a whimsical honky-tonk feel, with a heavy, manic bottom end - the slap bass of Fred Maddox. They played hillbilly music but it sounded real hot and they played real loud for that time, too. The Maddoxes were also known for their antics and stuff. I mean it just wasnt us up there pickin and singing, there was something going on all the time. The demonstrative Maddoxes, helped release white bodies from traditional motions of decorum, more and more younger white artists began to behave on stage like the lively Maddoxes. Others believe that they were not only at the leading edge, Bill Monroe is known as the Father of Bluegrass, a specific style of country music. Many of his songs were in form, while others took the form of folk ballads, parlor songs. Bluegrass was a staple of music in the early 1950s
9.
Robert Gordon (musician)
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Robert Gordon is an American musician and actor, best known as a neo-rockabilly singer. Robert Gordon grew up in Bethesda, Maryland, at the age of nine, he was greatly inspired by the Elvis Presley song Heartbreak Hotel playing on radio and decided to pursue a career as a Rock & Roll musician at that young age. His influences included Gene Vincent, Jack Scott, Billy Lee Riley, Eddie Cochran and he made his recording debut at age 17 in 1964 with a group called the Confidentials. The Confidentials, with Robert as the singer, recorded the songs Summertime, Money, when asked how he related to the 1960s, Robert replied I didnt. During the turbulent times of the late 1960s, with the rioting and antiwar protests of the period, Robert served in the National Guard in Washington, I didnt want to be sent to Vietnam, he recalls. Gordon moved to New York City in 1970 and a few years later joined a rock band there known as the Tuff Darts. That same year, Robert appeared in a punk/New Wave style film entitled Unmade Beds, blondie lead singer Deborah Harry also appeared in the film. Record producer Richard Gottehrer discovered Robert during a rehearsal one afternoon with the Tuff Darts, Gottehrer was impressed with Gordons baritone voice and his rendition of Elvis Presleys One Night. After some conversation, Robert suggested working with guitar legend Link Wray, Wray was contacted and he agreed to work with them both. Robert to me sounds a lot like the early Elvis, back when he was at Sun Records, in 1977 Robert Gordon with Link Wray on Private Stock Records was the result of this collaboration. Due to Elvis Presleys death, the picked up some airplay. In 1978, Gordon made an album with Wray, on the Private Stock label. The record featured The Jordanaires, who had been background vocalists for Presley, Springsteen played keyboards on the track. An advertisement in the March 11,1978 edition of Billboard magazine read, in part, Robert Gordon, the new voice of Rock and Roll, and Link Wray, FRESH FISH SPECIAL follows their red hot first album – and its a killer. Bruce Springsteen wrote a song for it, Elvis Presley, Gene Vincent, Eddie Cochran and Jack Scott are faithfully remembered in it. In late 1978, RCA records signed Gordon to a contract which he described as a dream come true to be on Elvis label, in February 1979 Rock Billy Boogie was released, this time without Wray, as Chris Spedding joined Gordon, playing lead guitar. Writer Bruce Eder hailed Gordons next album Bad Boy, released in 1980, the next and last album for RCA was 1981s Are You Gonna Be The One. It is Gordons best selling album to date, with more than 200,000 copies sold, danny Gatton played lead guitar on this record and Marshall Crenshaw penned the single Someday Someway which went to No.76 on the Billboard charts in 1981
10.
Pulp Fiction
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Pulp Fiction is a 1994 American black comedy neo-noir crime film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino, from a story by Tarantino and Roger Avary. Directed in a stylized manner, Pulp Fiction connects the intersecting storylines of Los Angeles mobsters, fringe players, small-time criminals. The films title refers to the magazines and hardboiled crime novels popular during the mid-20th century, known for their graphic violence. The screenplay of Pulp Fiction was written in 1992 and 1993 and its plot, as in many of Tarantinos other works, is presented out of chronological order. The film is also self-referential from its opening moments, beginning with a card that gives two dictionary definitions of pulp. Its script was turned down by Columbia TriStar as too demented. Miramax co-chairman Harvey Weinstein was instantly enthralled with it, however, Pulp Fiction won the Palme dOr at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival, and was a major critical and commercial success upon its U. S. release. It revitalized the careers of John Travolta, Samuel L. Jackson and it was also nominated for seven Oscars, including Best Picture, Tarantino and Avary won for Best Original Screenplay. The nature of its development, marketing, and distribution –, since its release, Pulp Fiction has been widely regarded as Tarantinos masterpiece, with particular praise singled out for its screenwriting. The films self-reflexivity, unconventional structure, and extensive use of homage and it is often considered a cultural watershed, with a strong influence felt not only in later movies that adopted various elements of its style, but in several other media as well. A2008 Entertainment Weekly poll named it the best film since 1983, in 2013, Pulp Fiction was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. The stories intersect in various ways, the film begins with a diner hold-up staged by a couple, then picks up the stories of Vincent, Jules, and Butch. It finally returns to where it began, in the diner, sequences 1 and 7 partially overlap and are presented from different points of view, as do sequences 2 and 6. Other analysts describe the structure as a circular narrative, hitmen Jules Winnfield and Vincent Vega arrive at the apartment of Brett to retrieve a briefcase for their boss, gangster Marsellus Wallace. After Vincent checks the contents of the briefcase, Jules shoots one of Bretts associates, then declaims a passage from the Bible before he, some time later, champion boxer Butch Coolidge accepts a large sum from Marsellus to take a dive in his upcoming match. Vincent and Jules deliver the briefcase, the next day, Vincent purchases heroin from his drug dealer Lance. He shoots up to pass the day, then drives to meet Marselluss wife Mia and they head to a 1950s-themed restaurant and participate in a twist contest, then return to the Wallace house with the trophy. While Vincent is in the bathroom, Mia finds his heroin, mistakes it for cocaine, snorts it, Vincent rushes her to Lances house, where they revive her with an adrenaline shot to her heart
11.
Lucha libre
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Lucha libre is a term used in Mexico for a form of professional wrestling developed in the country. Professional wrestling is a form of entertainment based on a portrayal of a combat sport. Mexican wrestling is characterized by colorful masks, rapid sequences of holds and maneuvers, as well as high-flying maneuvers, Tag team wrestling is especially prevalent in lucha libre, particularly matches with three-member teams, called trios. Lucha libre wrestlers are known as luchadores and they usually come from extended wrestling families who form their own stables. One such line integrated to the United States professional wrestling scene is Los Guerreros, Lucha libre has also transcended the language barrier to some extent as evidenced by works such as Los Luchadores, ¡Mucha Lucha. and Nacho Libre. Lucha libre also appears in pop culture such as mainstream advertising, in Canada. The rules of lucha libre are similar to American singles matches, matches can be won by pinning the opponent to the mat for the count of three, making him submit, knocking him out of the ring for a predetermined count or by disqualification. Using the ropes for leverage is illegal, and once a luchador is on the ropes, his opponent must release any holds, most matches are two out of three falls, which had been abandoned for title bouts in North America and Japan in the 1970s. As the legal wrestler can step to the floor willingly, there is no need for an actual tag to a teammate to bring him into a match. This often allows for much more action to take place in the ring than would otherwise be possible under standard tag rules. The promotion company flourished and quickly became the premier spot for wrestlers, moreover, it was the emergence of television that allowed Lutteroth to promote lucha libre’s first breakout superstar into a national pop-culture phenomenon. In 1942, lucha libre would be changed when a silver-masked wrestler, known simply as El Santo. He made his debut in Mexico City by winning an 8-man battle royal, the public became enamored by the mystique and secrecy of Santos personality, and he quickly became the most popular luchador in Mexico. He achieved international fame as one of the first high-flyers, something he was not considered in Mexico, Luchadores are traditionally more agile and perform more aerial maneuvers than professional wrestlers in the United States, who more often rely on power and hard strikes to subdue their opponents. For this same reason, aerial maneuvers are almost always performed to opponents outside the ring, allowing the luchador to break his fall with an acrobatic tumble. Lucha libre has several different weight classes, many catered to smaller agile fighters and this system enables dynamic high-flying luchadores such as Rey Mysterio, Jr. Juventud Guerrera, Super Crazy and Místico, to develop years of experience by their mid-twenties. A number of prominent Japanese wrestlers also started their careers training in Mexican lucha libre before becoming stars in Japan and these include Gran Hamada, Satoru Sayama, Jushin Thunder Liger, and Último Dragón. Lucha libre is also known for its tag team wrestling matches, the teams are often made up of three members, instead of two as is common in the United States
12.
Grammy Award
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A Grammy Award, or Grammy, is an honor awarded by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the mainly English-language music industry. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of awards that have a more popular interest. It shares recognition of the industry as that of the other performance awards such as the Emmy Awards, the Tony Awards. The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4,1959, to honor, following the 2011 ceremony, The Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012. The 59th Grammy Awards, honoring the best achievements from October 2015 to September 2016, was held on February 12,2017, the Grammys had their origin in the Hollywood Walk of Fame project in the 1950s. The music executives decided to rectify this by creating a given by their industry similar to the Oscars. This was the beginning of the National Academy of Recording Arts, after it was decided to create such an award, there was still a question of what to call it, one working title was the Eddie, to honor the inventor of the phonograph, Thomas Edison. They finally settled on using the name of the invention of Emile Berliner, the gramophone, for the awards, the number of awards given grew and fluctuated over the years with categories added and removed, at one time reaching over 100. The second Grammy Awards, also held in 1959, was the first ceremony to be televised, the gold-plated trophies, each depicting a gilded gramophone, are made and assembled by hand by Billings Artworks in Ridgway, Colorado. In 1990 the original Grammy design was revamped, changing the traditional soft lead for a stronger alloy less prone to damage, Billings developed a zinc alloy named grammium, which is trademarked. The trophies with the name engraved on them are not available until after the award announcements. By February 2009,7,578 Grammy trophies had been awarded, the General Field are four awards which are not restricted by genre. Album of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a full album if other than the performer. Record of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a single song if other than the performer. Song of the Year is awarded to the writer/composer of a single song, Best New Artist is awarded to a promising breakthrough performer who releases, during the Eligibility Year, the first recording that establishes the public identity of that artist. The only two artists to win all four of these awards are Christopher Cross, who won all four in 1980, and Adele, who won the Best New Artist award in 2009 and the other three in 2012 and 2017. Other awards are given for performance and production in specific genres, as well as for other such as artwork. Special awards are given for longer-lasting contributions to the music industry, the many other Grammy trophies are presented in a pre-telecast Premiere Ceremony earlier in the afternoon before the Grammy Awards telecast
13.
Eddy Clearwater
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Eddy The Chief Clearwater is the stage name of Edward Harrington, an American Chicago blues musician. Blues Revue said he plays “joyous rave-ups…he testifies with stunning soul fervor, one of the blues’ finest songwriters. ”Harrington was born in Macon, Mississippi, on January 10,1935. Raised by his Cherokee grandmother in Mississippi, he began playing guitar at the age of 13 and his family moved to Birmingham, Alabama, in 1948. He taught himself to play the guitar and began performing with gospel groups and he moved to Chicago in 1950, playing predominantly gospel, and later developed his blues artistry after working with Magic Sam, Otis Rush, and others. Clearwater is best known for his activity in the Chicago blues scene since the 1950s and he performs in the U. S. and internationally, having played at blues festivals in France, Germany, Denmark, Poland and the Netherlands. His sound has been described as “hard-driving Windy City blues, soul-tinged balladry, acoustic blues and gospel uplift…. good natured fretboard fireworks. ”When he left the South for Chicago in 1950, he worked as a dishwasher while living with an uncle, through whom he met many of Chicago’s blues masters, including Otis Rush. Inspired by the music of Chuck Berry, he began performing some of Berry’s songs, Clearwater still regularly performs songs by Rush, Magic Sam and Berry, as well as original compositions. In 1953, then known as Guitar Eddy, he began working regularly in bars on Chicago’s South and he recorded a few more singles, which had some local radio airplay. Eventually the name Clear Waters evolved into Eddy Clearwater and he worked steadily throughout the 1960s and 1970s and was among the first blues musicians to find success with Chicago’s North Side college audiences. He was a regular Saturday act on the stage of the blues club Kingston Mines. He toured Europe twice during the 1970s and appeared on BBC Television, Clearwater acquired the nickname The Chief and sometimes performs wearing a Native American headdress. The release of his 1980 album, The Chief, on the Rooster Blues label, two encores for Rooster Blues, Help Yourself and Mean Case of the Blues, cemented Clearwaters reputation. His album Cool Blues Walk was released in 1998, followed by Chicago Daily Blues in 1989, in 2004, he was nominated for a Grammy Award with Los Straitjackets for their collaborative album Rock n Roll City. His album West Side Strut, released by Alligator Records in 2008, was described by Vintage Guitar magazine as “great blues, eddy’s tone shows a masterful command of the guitar. It’s hard to believe he can reach heights in a recording studio. One listen and you’ll wonder why Clearwater’s name isn’t respectfully spoken in the breath as Freddie King and Otis Rush. ”Clearwater is married to his manager. They once owned Reservation Blues, a Wicker Park blues bar and restaurant and he is the father of two children, Jason and Edgar Harrington, and three stepchildren. He has two grandchildren He was married to Earlean Harrington of Chicago and was the stepfather of her late son Daryl Thompson and he is a cousin of the blues harmonica player Carey Bell
14.
Big Sandy & His Fly-Rite Boys
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Big Sandy & His Fly-Rite Boys is a western swing/country boogie musical band from California. The band is composed of Robert Williams, alias Big Sandy, Ashley Kingman, Ricky McCann, former members include Joe Perez, Jeff West, Bobby Trimble, TK Smith, Carl Leyland, Lee Jeffriess, and Wally Hersom. The band has been inducted into the Rockabilly Hall of Fame, fly Right with Big Sandy & the Fly-Rite Trio On the Go Jumping from 6 to 6 Swingin West Feelin Kinda Lucky Big Sandy Presents the Fly-Rite Boys Dedicated to You Radio Favorites Night Tide Its Time. Turntable Matinee What A Dream Its Been Entry in Bogdanov, Vladimir, Chris Woodstra, all Music Guide to Country, The Definitive Guide to Country Music, pg.62. Official web page Big Sandy & His Fly-Rite Boys at AllMusic Turntable Matinee review at Popmatters Inductee in Rockabilly Hall of Fame
15.
The World Famous Pontani Sisters
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The World Famous Pontani Sisters are a dance act and burlesque revue based in New York City, consisting of three sisters, Angie Pontani, Tara Pontani, and Helen Pontani. They have been billed more recently as Angie Pontani and the World Famous Pontani Sisters and they have since taken part in burlesque-style performances and revues on the East Coast and throughout the United States. The sisters dance in a wide and eclectic variety of styles covering much of twentieth century dance, the sisters perform in a variety of exotic costumes featuring ostrich feathers, tassels, sequins, and fancy headdresses, many of which they design themselves. The act was conceived by performer/costume designer/choreographer Angie Pontani, the youngest of the three dancing sisters and she described the beginnings of the act in an interview, The Pontani Sisters were literally born dancing on the boardwalk in Coney Island. I had been performing in a show in Manhattan almost direct from high school. Within a month we were performing four nights a week throughout NYC, there is also a younger sister in the family named Dana, who, according to the Pontanis official website, occasionally performs with her sisters as a singer. The sisters have toured Europe and the United States extensively, often with Los Straitjackets, the Pontanis appear on the cover of the Los Straitjackets album Twist Party. Also credited to Los Straitjackets with the World Famous Pontani Sisters and Kaiser George and they have performed several times with Los Straitjackets on Late Night with Conan OBrien. The Pontani Sisters were the subject of a 2004 documentary film by Rebecca Shapiro, Showy, the Sisters have released two DVDs combining dance instruction with aerobic exercise- Go-Go Robics & Go Go Robics II. com. They currently appear in the weekly long-running show in Manhattan, This is Burlesque with drag-King Murray Hill Pontani Sisters Website Article On Burlesque Revival
16.
Psycho Beach Party
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Psycho Beach Party is a 2000 comedy horror film based on the off-Broadway play of the same name, directed by Robert Lee King. Charles Busch wrote both the play and the screenplay. As the title suggests, Psycho Beach Party, set in 1962 Malibu Beach, is a parody of 1950s psychodramas, 1960s beach movies, Florence Forrest is a Gidget-like character determined to learn to surf, and earns the nickname Chicklet from the surfer guys. The deaths are investigated by Captain Monica Stark, who also suspects Chicklets mother, Chicklets best friend Berdine, surfing guru The Great Kanaka and B-movie actress Bettina Barnes. Lauren Ambrose as Florence Chicklet Forrest Thomas Gibson as Kanaka Nicholas Brendon as Starcat Kimberley Davies as Bettina Barnes Matt Keeslar as Lars Charles Busch as Capt, in the original 1987 production, Charles Busch played the role of Chicklet. Deciding that he not be believable in the role of a sixteen-year-old girl. After over 20 years, the play had its premiere UK production by Vertigo Theatre Productions in Manchester in March 2011, the production returned in August 2012 at Sachas Hotel Ballroom. A production was held in Australia at the Bondi Pavilion Theatre from November to December 2012, productions also ran in Melbourne in early 2013, on critical review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film maintains a rotten score of 55% from 31 reviews. In a positive review, Stephen Holden of The New York Times states that the film accomplishes what no stage production could, most of the plays subversive humor has arrived on the screen intact. The latter is too often the case here, praising the strong women of the film, Bob Graham of the San Francisco Chronicle also wrote that Busch captures the woman-alone-in-the-world toughness of the roles played by the stars he loves. However, Graham reasoned that the film has rough edges, despite conceding that they work to this larky, cheeky pictures advantage. He subsequently notes that In some instances, its hard to tell the bad acting from the intentionally bad acting. The film was released unrated on Region 1 DVD on November 8,2005, the disc contains an audio commentary with director Robert Lee King and screenwriter Charles Busch, the theatrical trailer, and the music video of Tempest by the band Los Straitjackets. A Blu-ray was released on 18 August 2015, the film runs for 95 minutes NTSC on its American DVD release, but the version that was submitted to the British Board of Film Classification runs 85 minutes. It was passed uncut with a 15 rating, suggesting that it may have been pre-cut by TLA Releasing before submission. Similarly, the version submitted by Magna Pacific to the Office of Film, the film was rated M in Australia, indicating that the film may not have been cut due to concerns over material. Charles Buschs website Psycho Beach Party at the Internet Movie Database Psycho Beach Party at AllMovie
17.
Conan O'Brien
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Conan Christopher OBrien is an American television host, comedian, and television producer. He is best known for hosting several talk shows, since 2010 he has hosted Conan on the cable channel TBS. OBrien was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, and was raised in an Irish Catholic family and he served as president of The Harvard Lampoon while attending Harvard University, and was a writer for the sketch comedy series Not Necessarily the News. After writing for comedy shows in Los Angeles, he joined the writing staff of Saturday Night Live. OBrien was a writer and producer for The Simpsons for two seasons until he was commissioned by NBC to take over David Lettermans position as host of Late Night in 1993. A virtual unknown to the public, OBriens initial Late Night tenure received unfavorable reviews, the show generally improved over time and was highly regarded by the time of his departure in 2009. Afterwards, OBrien relocated from New York to Los Angeles to host his own incarnation of The Tonight Show for seven months until network politics prompted a host change in 2010. He has hosted Conan since 2010 and has hosted such events as the Emmy Awards. OBrien has been the subject of a documentary, Conan OBrien Cant Stop, with the retirement of David Letterman on May 20,2015, OBrien became the longest-working of all current late-night talk show hosts in the United States, at 22 years. OBrien was born on April 18,1963 in Brookline, Massachusetts and his father, Thomas Francis OBrien, is a physician, epidemiologist, and professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School. His mother, Ruth OBrien, is an attorney and partner at the Boston firm Ropes & Gray and he is the third of six children. OBriens family is Irish Catholic, some of his Irish ancestors immigrated before the American Civil War, in a Late Night episode, OBrien paid a visit to County Kerry, Ireland, where his ancestors originated. OBrien attended Brookline High School, where he served as the editor of the school newspaper. After graduating as valedictorian in 1981, he entered Harvard University, at Harvard, OBrien lived in Holworthy Hall during his first year and Mather House during his three upper-class years. He concentrated in history and literature and graduated cum laude in 1985. OBriens senior thesis concerned the use of children as symbols in the works of William Faulkner, larry Bird in which the Boston Celtics play against a classical ballet troupe. During his sophomore and junior years he served as the Lampoons president, at this time, OBriens future boss at NBC, Jeff Zucker, was serving as President of the schools newspaper The Harvard Crimson. OBrien moved to Los Angeles after graduation to join the staff of HBOs Not Necessarily the News
18.
Guitar
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The guitar is a musical instrument classified as a fretted string instrument with anywhere from four to 18 strings, usually having six. The sound is projected either acoustically, using a wooden or plastic and wood box, or through electrical amplifier. It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the fingers, the guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. There are three types of modern acoustic guitar, the classical guitar, the steel-string acoustic guitar, and the archtop guitar. The tone of a guitar is produced by the strings vibration, amplified by the hollow body of the guitar. The term finger-picking can also refer to a tradition of folk, blues, bluegrass. The acoustic bass guitar is an instrument that is one octave below a regular guitar. Early amplified guitars employed a body, but a solid wood body was eventually found more suitable during the 1960s and 1970s. As with acoustic guitars, there are a number of types of guitars, including hollowbody guitars, archtop guitars and solid-body guitars. The electric guitar has had a influence on popular culture. The guitar is used in a variety of musical genres worldwide. It is recognized as an instrument in genres such as blues, bluegrass, country, flamenco, folk, jazz, jota, mariachi, metal, punk, reggae, rock, soul. The term is used to refer to a number of chordophones that were developed and used across Europe, beginning in the 12th century and, later, in the Americas. The modern word guitar, and its antecedents, has applied to a wide variety of chordophones since classical times. Many influences are cited as antecedents to the modern guitar, at least two instruments called guitars were in use in Spain by 1200, the guitarra latina and the so-called guitarra morisca. The guitarra morisca had a back, wide fingerboard. The guitarra Latina had a sound hole and a narrower neck. By the 14th century the qualifiers moresca or morisca and latina had been dropped, and it had six courses, lute-like tuning in fourths and a guitar-like body, although early representations reveal an instrument with a sharply cut waist
19.
Bass guitar
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The bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb, by plucking, slapping, popping, strumming, tapping, thumping, or picking with a plectrum, often known as a pick. The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to a guitar, but with a longer neck and scale length. The four-string bass, by far the most common, is tuned the same as the double bass. The bass guitar is an instrument, as it is notated in bass clef an octave higher than it sounds to avoid excessive ledger lines. Like the electric guitar, the guitar has pickups and it is plugged into an amplifier and speaker on stage, or into a larger PA system using a DI unit. Since the 1960s, the guitar has largely replaced the double bass in popular music as the bass instrument in the rhythm section. While types of basslines vary widely from one style of music to another, many styles of music utilise the bass guitar, including rock, heavy metal, pop, punk rock, country, reggae, gospel, blues, symphonic rock, and jazz. It is often a solo instrument in jazz, jazz fusion, Latin, funk, progressive rock and other rock, the adoption of a guitar form made the instrument easier to hold and transport than any of the existing stringed bass instruments. The addition of frets enabled bassists to play in more easily than on acoustic or electric upright basses. Around 100 of these instruments were made during this period, around 1947, Tutmarcs son, Bud, began marketing a similar bass under the Serenader brand name, prominently advertised in the nationally distributed L. D. Heater Music Company wholesale jobber catalogue of 1948, however, the Tutmarc family inventions did not achieve market success. In the 1950s, Leo Fender, with the help of his employee George Fullerton and his Fender Precision Bass, which began production in October 1951, became a widely copied industry standard. This split pickup, introduced in 1957, appears to have been two mandolin pickups, the pole pieces and leads of the coils were reversed with respect to each other, producing a humbucking effect. Humbucking is a design that electrically cancels the effect of any AC hum, the Fender Bass was a revolutionary new instrument, which could be easily transported, and which was less prone to feedback when amplified than acoustic bass instruments. Monk Montgomery was the first bass player to tour with the Fender bass guitar, roy Johnson, and Shifty Henry with Louis Jordan & His Tympany Five, were other early Fender bass pioneers. Bill Black, playing with Elvis Presley, switched from bass to the Fender Precision Bass around 1957. The bass guitar was intended to appeal to guitarists as well as upright bass players, following Fenders lead, in 1953, Gibson released the first short scale violin-shaped electric bass with extendable end pin, allowing it to be played upright or horizontally. In 1959 these were followed by the more conventional-looking EB-0 Bass, the EB-0 was very similar to a Gibson SG in appearance
20.
Drum kit
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A drum kit consists of a mix of drums and idiophones most significantly cymbals but also including the woodblock and cowbell. In the 2000s, some also include electronic instruments and both hybrid and entirely electronic kits are used. If some or all of them are replaced by electronic drums, the drum kit is usually played while seated on a drum stool or throne. The drum kit differs from instruments that can be used to produce pitched melodies or chords, even though drums are often placed musically alongside others that do, such as the piano or guitar. The drum kit is part of the rhythm section used in many types of popular and traditional music styles ranging from rock and pop to blues. Other standard instruments used in the section include the electric bass, electric guitar. Many drummers extend their kits from this pattern, adding more drums, more cymbals. Some performers, such as some rockabilly drummers, use small kits that omit elements from the basic setup, some drum kit players may have other roles in the band, such as providing backup vocals, or less commonly, lead vocals. Thus, in an early 1800s orchestra piece, if the called for bass drum, triangle and cymbals. In the 1840s, percussionists began to experiment with foot pedals as a way to them to play more than one instrument. In the 1860s, percussionists started combining multiple drums into a set, the bass drum, snare drum, cymbals, and other percussion instruments were all played using hand-held drum sticks. Double-drumming was developed to one person to play the bass and snare with sticks. With this approach, the drum was usually played on beats one. This resulted in a swing and dance feel. The drum set was referred to as a trap set. By the 1870s, drummers were using an overhang pedal, most drummers in the 1870s preferred to do double drumming without any pedal to play multiple drums, rather than use an overhang pedal. Companies patented their pedal systems such as Dee Dee Chandler of New Orleans 1904–05, liberating the hands for the first time, this evolution saw the bass drum played with the foot of a standing percussionist. The bass drum became the central piece around which every other percussion instrument would later revolve and it was the golden age of drum building for many famous drum companies, with Ludwig introducing
21.
Deke Dickerson
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Deke Dickerson is an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist. After playing in several local bands, Deke formed The Untamed Youth at age 17 in his hometown of Columbia. In 1991 he moved to Los Angeles and joined Dave Stuckey to form the Dave & Deke Combo, joining the Ecco-Fonics in 1998, Deke toured non-stop, signed to HighTone Records and released three albums for the label. His style incorporates country, alternative country, rockabilly, hillbilly, blues, Western swing, Dickerson writes a regular column in Guitar Player magazine and feature articles in Vintage Guitar magazine and The Fretboard Journal. He also organizes an annual Guitar Geek Festival held in Anaheim, California, every January, strong attendance in 2011 might lead to expansion in 2012, to a two-day event. He owns a Ray Butts EchoSonic, serial number 24, an amplifier with built-in tape echo that used to belong to Scotty Moore. Deke Dickerson homepage Dekes Guitar Geek Festival Website Deke Dickerson bio Deke Dickerson radio interview
22.
Dr. Demento
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Barret Eugene Barry Hansen, better known as Dr. Hansen created the Demento persona in 1970 while working at Los Angeles station KPPC-FM. After Hansen played Transfusion by Nervous Norvus on the radio, DJ The Obscene Steven Clean said that Hansen had to be demented to play that and his weekly show went into syndication in 1974 and from 1978 to 1992 was syndicated by the Westwood One Radio Network. Broadcast syndication of the ended on June 6,2010. Hansen has a degree in ethnomusicology, and has written magazine articles, Hansen was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the son of an amateur pianist. He claims to have started his vast record collection as early as age 12 and he attended Reed College in Portland, Oregon, where he was promoted to Program Director of KRRC in 1960 and General Manager in 1961. He wrote his thesis on Alban Bergs opera Wozzeck and Claude Debussys opera Pelléas et Mélisande. He graduated in 1963, and later studied at UCLA, from which he earned a degree in folklore. After earning his masters degree, he lived for two years in a big house on a hill in Topanga Canyon with members of the rock band Spirit. He also served briefly as a roadie for Spirit, and for Canned Heat, before being hired as an A&R man, or talent scout, the Doctor began his weekly radio show while working for Specialty, and he later worked for Warner Bros. Hansen created the persona of Dr. Demento in 1970 while working at Pasadena station KPPC-FM, the positive listener response to the offbeat novelties that Hansen included in his rock oldies show led to his eventually turning it into an all-novelty show. At the end of 1971, he moved to KMET in Los Angeles, from 1972 to 1983, he performed a four-hour live show on KMET. From about 1974 on, the local Los Angeles market was the full 4 hours, the Westwood One period marked the height of the shows national popularity, it was carried in most major radio markets, airing mainly on FM rock stations, usually late on Sunday evenings. The producer Westwood One assigned to work with Hansen from 1978 to 1982 was Lynnsey Guererro, in 1982, he handed off the show to a new producer from San Diego, professional journalist Robert Young. Young accompanied Dr. Demento to Portland, Ore and he left the radio network in 1990 during a business downturn. In January 2014 Young released an e-book titled Producing Demento, about his memories of working on the show, from 1992 to 2000, the show was syndicated by On the Radio Broadcasting. Hansen, under the name Talonian Productions, handled syndication himself from 2000 until discontinuing syndication in 2010, between the mid-1970s and the mid-1990s, Hansen continued to do live broadcasts on KMET and other Los Angeles area stations, in addition to his weekly taped syndicated show. He also made television appearances, on such shows as The Gong Show, Bobbys World and The Simpsons. The syndicated radio show started with an hour of randomly chosen records
23.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
24.
MusicBrainz
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MusicBrainz is a project that aims to create an open data music database that is similar to the freedb project. MusicBrainz was founded in response to the placed on the Compact Disc Database. MusicBrainz has expanded its goals to reach beyond a compact disc metadata storehouse to become an open online database for music. MusicBrainz captures information about artists, their works, and the relationships between them. Recorded works entries capture at a minimum the album title, track titles, and these entries are maintained by volunteer editors who follow community written style guidelines. Recorded works can also store information about the date and country. As of 26 July 2016, MusicBrainz contained information about roughly 1.1 million artists,1.6 million releases, end-users can use software that communicates with MusicBrainz to add metadata tags to their digital media files, such as MP3, Ogg Vorbis or AAC. As with other contributions, the MusicBrainz community is in charge for maintaining and reviewing the data, besides collecting metadata about music, MusicBrainz also allows looking up recordings by their acoustic fingerprint. A separate application, such as MusicBrainz Picard, must be used for this, in 2000, MusicBrainz started using Relatables patented TRM for acoustic fingerprint matching. This feature attracted many users and allowed the database to grow quickly, however, by 2005 TRM was showing scalability issues as the number of tracks in the database had reached into the millions. This issue was resolved in May 2006 when MusicBrainz partnered with MusicIP, tRMs were phased out and replaced by MusicDNS in November 2008. In October 2009 MusicIP was acquired by AmpliFIND, some time after the acquisition, the MusicDNS service began having intermittent problems. Since the future of the free service was uncertain, a replacement for it was sought. The Chromaprint acoustic fingerprinting algorithm, the basis for AcoustID identification service, was started in February 2010 by a long-time MusicBrainz contributor Lukáš Lalinský, while AcoustID and Chromaprint are not officially MusicBrainz projects, they are closely tied with each other and both are open source. Chromaprint works by analyzing the first two minutes of a track, detecting the strength in each of 12 pitch classes, storing these 8 times per second, additional post-processing is then applied to compress this fingerprint while retaining patterns. The AcoustID search server then searches from the database of fingerprints by similarity, since 2003, MusicBrainzs core data are in the public domain, and additional content, including moderation data, is placed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0 license. The relational database management system is PostgreSQL, the server software is covered by the GNU General Public License. The MusicBrainz client software library, libmusicbrainz, is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License, in December 2004, the MusicBrainz project was turned over to the MetaBrainz Foundation, a non-profit group, by its creator Robert Kaye
