Lotus 1-2-3

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Lotus 1-2-3
Lotus 1-2-3 9.8 icon.png
Lotus 1-2-3 9.8 Windows.png
Developer(s) IBM
Initial release January 26, 1983; 35 years ago (1983-01-26)
Stable release
9.8.2 / 2002; 16 years ago (2002)
Operating system DOS, Windows, OS/2, classic Mac OS, MVS, VM/CMS, OpenVMS, Unix
Type Spreadsheet
License Proprietary

Lotus 1-2-3 is a discontinued spreadsheet program from Lotus Software (later part of IBM). It was the IBM PC's first killer application, was hugely popular in the 1980s and contributed significantly to the success of the IBM PC.[1]

The first spreadsheet, VisiCalc, had helped launch the Apple II as one of the earliest personal computers in business use. With IBM's entry into the market, VisiCalc was slow to respond, and when they did, they launched what was essentially a straight port of their existing system in spite of the greatly expanded hardware capabilities. Lotus' solution was marketed as a three-in-one integrated solution, which handled spreadsheet calculations, database functionality, and graphical charts, hence the name "1-2-3", though how much database capability was debatable given Lotus' sparse memory. 1-2-3 quickly overtook VisiCalc, as well as Multiplan and SuperCalc, two VisiCalc competitors.

1-2-3 was the spreadsheet standard throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s, part of an unofficial set of three stand-alone office automation products that included dBase and WordPerfect, to build a complete business platform. With the acceptance of Windows 3.0, the market for desktop software grew even more. None of the major spreadsheet developers had seriously considered the graphical user interface to supplement their DOS offerings, and so they responded slowly to Microsoft's own graphical-based products, Excel and Word. Lotus was surpassed by Microsoft in the early 1990s and never recovered. IBM purchased Lotus in 1995 and continued to sell Lotus offerings, only officially ending sales in 2013.[2]

History[edit]

VisiCalc[edit]

VisiCalc was launched in 1979 on the Apple II and immediately became a best-seller. Compared to earlier programs, VisiCalc allowed one to easily construct free-form calculation systems for practically any purpose, the limitations being primarily memory and speed related. The application was so compelling that there were numerous stories of people buying Apple II machines to run the program.[3] VisiCalc's runaway success on the Apple led to direct bug compatible ports to other platforms, including the Atari 8-bit family, Commodore PET and many others. This included the IBM PC when it launched in 1981, where it quickly became another best-seller, with an estimated 300,000 sales in the first six months on the market.[citation needed]

There were well known problems with VisiCalc, and several competitors appeared to address some of these issues. One early example was 1980's SuperCalc, which solved the problem of circular references, while a slightly later example was Microsoft Multiplan from 1981, which offered larger sheets and other improvements. In spite of these, and others, VisiCalc continued to outsell them all.[citation needed]

Beginnings[edit]

Lotus 1-2-3 Release 3.0 for MS-DOS

The Lotus Development Corporation was founded by Mitchell Kapor, a friend of the developers of VisiCalc. 1-2-3 was originally written by Jonathan Sachs, who had written two spreadsheet programs previously while working at Concentric Data Systems, Inc.[4][5] To aid its growth, in the UK, and possibly elsewhere, Lotus 1-2-3 was the very first computer software to use television consumer advertising.[6]

Lotus 1-2-3 was released on 26 January 1983, and immediately overtook Visicalc in sales. Unlike Microsoft Multiplan, it stayed very close to the model of VisiCalc, including the "A1" letter and number cell notation, and slash-menu structure. It was cleanly programmed and relatively bug-free, gained speed from being written completely in x86 assembly language (this remained the case for all DOS versions until 3.0, when Lotus switched to C[7]) and wrote directly to video memory rather than use the slow DOS and/or BIOS text output functions.[citation needed]

Among other novelties that Lotus introduced was a graph maker that could display several forms of graphs (including pie charts, bar graphics, or line charts) but required the user to have a graphics card. At this early stage, the only video boards available for the PC were IBM's Color/Graphics Adapter and Monochrome Display and Printer Adapter while the latter did not support any graphics. However, because the two video boards used different RAM and port addresses, both could be installed in the same machine and so Lotus took advantage of this by supporting a "split" screen mode whereby the user could display the worksheet portion of 1-2-3 on the sharper monochrome video and the graphics on the CGA display.

The initial release of 1-2-3 supported only three video setups, CGA, MDA (in which case the graph maker was not available) or dual monitor mode. However, a few months later support was added for Hercules Computer Technology's Hercules Graphics Adapter which was a clone of the MDA that allowed bitmap mode. The ability to have high-resolution text and graphics capabilities (at the expense of color) proved extremely popular and Lotus 1-2-3 is credited with popularizing the Hercules graphics card.

Subsequent releases of Lotus 1-2-3 supported more video standards as time went on, including EGA, AT&T/Olivetti, and VGA. Significantly, support for the PCjr/Tandy modes was never added and users of those machines were limited to CGA graphics.

The early versions of 1-2-3 also had a key disk copy protection. While the program was hard disk installable, the user had to insert the original floppy disk when starting 1-2-3 up. This protection scheme was easily cracked and a minor inconvenience for home users, but proved a serious nuisance in an office setting. Starting with Release 3.0, Lotus no longer used copy protection. However, it was then necessary to "initialize" the System disk with one's name and company name so as to customize his copy of the program. Release 2.2 and higher had this requirement. This was an irreversible process unless one had made an exact copy of the original disk so as to be able to change names if he transferred the program to someone else.

The reliance on the specific hardware of the IBM PC led to 1-2-3 being utilized as one of the two stress test applications, along with Microsoft Flight Simulator, for true 100% compatibility when PC clones appeared in the early 1980s.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14] 1-2-3 required two disk drives and at least 192K of memory, which made it incompatible with the IBM PCjr; Lotus produced a version for the PCjr that was on two cartridges but otherwise identical.[15]

By early 1984 the software was a killer app for the IBM PC and compatibles, while hurting sales of computers that could not run it. "They're looking for 1-2-3. Boy, are they looking for 1-2-3!" InfoWorld wrote. Noting that computer purchasers did not want PC compatibility as much as compatibility with certain PC software, the magazine suggested "let's tell it like it is. Let's not say 'PC compatible,' or even 'MS-DOS compatible.' Instead, let's say '1-2-3 compatible.'"[16] PC clones' advertising did often prominently state that they were compatible with 1-2-3.[15] An Apple II software company promised that its spreadsheet had "the power of 1-2-3".[17] Because spreadsheets use large amounts of memory, 1‐2‐3 helped popularize greater RAM capacities in PCs, and especially the advent of expanded memory, which allowed greater than 640k to be accessed.

Rivals[edit]

Lotus 1-2-3 inspired imitators, the first of which was Mosaic Software's "The Twin", written in the fall of 1985 largely in the C language, followed by VP-Planner, which was backed by Adam Osborne. These were able to not only read 1-2-3 files, but also execute many or most macro programs by incorporating the same command structure. Copyright law had first been understood to only cover the source code of a program. After the success of lawsuits which claimed that the very "look and feel" of a program were covered, Lotus sought to ban any program which had a compatible command and menu structure. Program commands had not been considered to be covered before, but the commands of 1-2-3 were embedded in the words of the menu displayed on the screen. 1-2-3 won its case against Mosaic Software. However, when they sued Borland over its Quattro Pro spreadsheet in Lotus v. Borland, the courts ruled that it was not a copyright violation to merely have a compatible command menu or language. In 1995, the First Circuit found that command menus are an uncopyrightable "method of operation" under section 102(b) of the Copyright Act. The 1-2-3 menu structure (example, slash File Erase) was itself an advanced version of single letter menus introduced in VisiCalc.

Decline[edit]

Microsoft's early spreadsheet Multiplan eventually gave way to Excel, which debuted on the Macintosh in 1985. It arrived on PCs with the release of Windows 2.x in 1987, but as Windows was not yet popular, it posed no serious threat to Lotus' stranglehold on spreadsheet sales. However, Lotus suffered technical setbacks in this period. Version 3 of Lotus 1-2-3, fully converted from its original macro assembler to the more portable C language, was delayed by more than a year as the totally new 1-2-3 had to be made portable across platforms and fully compatible with existing macro sets and file formats. The inability to fit the larger code size of compiled C into lower-powered machines forced the company to split its spreadsheet offerings, with 1-2-3 release 3 only for higher-end machines, and a new version 2.2, based on the 2.01 assembler code base, available for PCs without extended memory. By the time these versions were released in 1989, Microsoft had eroded much of Lotus' market share.

During the early 1990s, Windows grew in popularity and along with it Excel, which gradually displaced Lotus from its leading position. A planned total revamp of 1-2-3 for Windows fell apart and all that the company could manage was a Windows adaptation of their existing spreadsheet with no changes except using a graphical interface. Additionally, several versions of 1-2-3 had different features and slightly different interfaces.

1-2-3's intended successor, Lotus Symphony, was Lotus' entry into the anticipated "integrated software" market. It intended to expand the rudimentary all-in-one 1-2-3 into a fully-fledged spreadsheet, graph, database and word processor for DOS, but none of the integrated packages ever really succeeded. 1-2-3 migrated to the Windows platform, as part of Lotus SmartSuite.

IBM's continued development and marketing of Lotus SmartSuite and OS/2 during the 1990s placed it in direct competition with Microsoft Office and Microsoft Windows, respectively. As a result, Microsoft "punished the IBM PC Company with higher prices, a late license for Windows 95, and the withholding of technical and marketing support."[18] IBM wasn't granted OEM rights for Windows 95 until 15 minutes prior to the release of Windows 95, 24 August 1995. Because of this uncertainty, IBM machines were sold without Windows 95, while Compaq, HP, and other companies sold machines with Windows 95 from day one.[19]

On 11 June 2013, IBM announced it would withdraw the Lotus brand: IBM Lotus 123 Millennium Edition V9.x, IBM Lotus SmartSuite 9.x V9.8.0, and Organizer V6.1.0. IBM stated, "Customers will no longer be able to receive support for these offerings after 30 September 2014. No service extensions will be offered. There will be no replacement programs."[20]

User features[edit]

The name "1-2-3" stemmed from the product's integration of three main capabilities. Along with being a spreadsheet, it also offered integral charting/graphing and rudimentary database operations.

Data features included sorting data in any defined rectangle, by order of information in one or two columns in the rectangular area. Justifying text in a range into paragraphs allowed it to be used as a primitive word processor.

It had keyboard-driven pop-up menus as well as one-key commands, making it fast to operate. It was also user-friendly, introducing an early instance of context-sensitive help accessed by the F1 key.

Macros in version one and add-ins (introduced in version 2.0) contributed much to 1-2-3's popularity, allowing dozens of outside vendors to sell macro packages and add-ins ranging from dedicated financial worksheets like F9 to full-fledged word processors. In the single-tasking MS-DOS, 1-2-3 was sometimes used as a complete office suite. All major graphics standards were supported; initially CGA and Hercules, and later EGA, AT&T, and VGA. Early versions used the filename extension "WKS".[21] In version 2.0, the extension changed first to "WK1",[22] then "WK2".[23] This later became "WK3" for version 3.0[24] and "WK4" for version 4.0.[25]

Version 2 introduced macros with syntax and commands similar in complexity to an advanced BASIC interpreter, as well as string variable expressions. Later versions supported multiple worksheets and were written in C. The charting/graphing routines were written in Forth by Jeremy Sagan (son of Carl Sagan) and the printing routines by Paul Funk (founder of Funk Software).[citation needed]

PC version history[edit]

DOS[edit]

Real Mode (8088+)[edit]

These editions of 1-2-3 for DOS were primarily written in x86 assembly language.

  • Release 1 was the first release for DOS-based PCs. Introduced in January 1983.[26]
  • Release 1A in April 1983[26][27] Officially supported ASCII, unofficially supported the IBM extended character set (but not LICS).[28][29]
  • Release 2 brought add-in support, better memory management and expanded memory support, supported x87 math coprocessors, and introduced support for the Lotus International Character Set (LICS).[29][28][30][31] Introduced in September 1985.[26][27][32] The Japanese version Lotus 1-2-3 Release 2J for NEC PC-98 computers was released on 1986-09-05.[33][34]
  • Release 2.01 in July 1986.[26] Introduced an option to switch between LICS and the IBM extended character set.[29][30]
  • The Japanese version Lotus 1-2-3 Release 2.1J for NEC PC-98 computers was released in October 1987.[35] A version Lotus 1-2-3 Release 2.1J+ followed in February 1989.[36]
  • Release 2.2 brought improved speed, automated macro tools, and presentation-quality graphics. Introduced in 1989.[37] The Japanese version Lotus 1-2-3 Release 2.2J was released in February 1990.[38]
  • Release 2.3 brought WYSIWYG editing to the 2.x line. Introduced in 1991.[39] The Japanese version Lotus 1-2-3 Release 2.3J was released in September 1991.[40]
  • Release 2.4 added icons and additional tools, and was the last release supporting 2D (only) spreadsheets. Introduced in 1992.[41][42] The Japanese version Lotus 1-2-3 Release 2.4J was released in September 1993.[43]
  • In July 1995, Lotus released Lotus 1-2-3 Release 2.5J for DOS.[44]

Protected Mode (80286+)[edit]

These editions of 1-2-3 for DOS were primarily written in C.

  • Release 3 introduced the concept of 3D spreadsheets, utilized extended memory, supported having multiple files open simultaneously, and required an 80286-based PC or higher. It also introduced support for the Lotus Multi-Byte Character Set (LMBCS).[45][32] Introduced in March 1989.[27][37][45][26]
  • Releases 3.1 and 3.1+[42] added WYSIWYG capabilities, the ability to swap to disk allowing for larger files (up to 64 MB), and could be run as a DOS program under Windows 3.0 and OS/2. Introduced in 1990.[46]
  • Release 3.4 added icons, improved performance, and enhanced graph capabilities, making it functionally similar to Release 2.4. Introduced in 1992.[47]
  • Lotus 1-2-3 for Home, 1992
  • Release 4 was the last release for DOS. More an upgrade to Release 3.4 than in line with the Windows Release 3, it containing an improved interface, and new features including Version Manager, a spell checker, context-sensitive help, and cell comments. Introduced in May 1994.[48][26]

OS/2[edit]

  • Lotus 1-2-3/G Release 1. OS/2 text mode application introduced support for the Lotus Multi-Byte Character Set (LMBCS) together with the Release 3.0 for DOS in summer 1989.[45][26]
  • Release 1.1. Introduced in 1991.[49]
  • Release 2. Introduced in 1992.[50]
  • Release 2.1. Introduced in 1994.[50]

Windows[edit]

Win16 (Windows 3.x)[edit]

  • Lotus 1-2-3/W Release 1 was the first release for Windows, requiring Windows 3.0 or higher, was 16-bit, and was functionally equivalent to Release 3.x for DOS. Introduced in 1991.[27][26] The Japanese version Lotus 1-2-3/Windows R1.0J was released on 1991-11-15.[51]
  • The version Lotus 1-2-3/Windows R1.1J was released on 1992-6-2.[52]
  • Release 4 was an extensive improvement that added groupware capabilities, improved integration with Lotus Notes, advanced graphics, context-sensitive menus and icons, and in-cell editing. Introduced in June 1993.[53][26] A Japanese Lotus 1-2-3/Windows Release 4J was released 1993-07-16.[54]
  • Release 5 added additional groupware capabilities, chart maps, and improved database access. This was the last 16-bit version for Windows 3.1x, and was available as part of SmartSuite 3.1, 4, and 4.5. Introduced in mid-1994.[55][56] The Japanese version Lotus 1-2-3/Windows Release 5J was released on 1994-09-22.

Win32 (Windows 9x/NT)[edit]

  • 97 Edition was the first 32-bit version, requiring Windows 95 or Windows NT 4.0, and had a changed interface and support for LotusScript. Introduced in 1997.[27] The Japanese version Lotus 1-2-3 97J was released on 1997-04-11.[57]
  • The Japanese version of Lotus 1-2-3 98J was released on 1998-06-05,[58] followed by Lotus 1-2-3 2000J on 1999-07-02 and Lotus 1-2-3 2001J on 2001-07-27.
  • Millennium Edition 9.8 contained new functions, improved Y2K support, Internet support, and better Excel compatibility. This is the last version of 1-2-3 for any platform, and has received maintenance releases through Fixpack 2. Introduced in 2002.[27]

Other operating systems[edit]

  • DeskMate – "Lotus Spreadsheet for DeskMate", which was not officially called "1-2-3", supported 1-2-3 2.x files, and used windows, on-screen symbols, pull-down menus, dialog boxes and other graphical tools similar to Microsoft Windows. However, it did not support add-ins, macros, or expanded memory. Introduced in 1989.[37]
  • Unix – A single version for Unix System V/386 was released. It was certified for SCO Xenix 2.3 and SCO Unix 3.2.0, but also expected to work on AT&T's plain System V and on ISC's 386/ix. Introduced in 1990.[59]
  • SunOS / Solaris – At least three releases for SPARC based systems were released. Release 1.1 supported both SunView and the OpenWindows / OPEN LOOK environment windowing systems. It also featured real time update support. Introduced in 1991.[60] Release 1.2 supported "Classic" in xterm, "Classic" in X Window, OPEN LOOK, and OSF/Motif.[61]
  • OpenVMS a character cell terminal version of Lotus 1-2-3 was available on OpenVMS.[62]
  • HP MS-DOS palmtop PCs – A joint collaboration between Hewlett Packard and Lotus, the HP 95LX, HP 100LX, HP 200LX and HP OmniGo 700LX (1991–1994) had ports of Lotus 1-2-3 R2.2 and R2.4 embedded in ROM.
  • Apple Macintosh – Lotus' first truly WYSIWYG spreadsheet, taking full advantage of the Mac OS, had two releases: Release 1.0-introduced in 1991,[63] and Release 1.1-introduced in 1992.[64]
  • In 1987, Lotus announced a mainframe version of Lotus 1-2-3, Lotus 1-2-3/M; 1-2-3/M was designed for use with IBM 3270 terminals and ran under both VM/CMS and MVS operating systems.[65][66][67][68] Lotus 1-2-3/M was jointly developed by IBM and Lotus, and exclusively sold by IBM.[65][66][69][70][71]

Reception[edit]

After previewing 1-2-3 on the IBM PC in 1982, BYTE called it "modestly revolutionary" for elegantly combining spreadsheet, database, and graphing functions. It praised the application's speed and ease of use, stating that with the built-in help screens and tutorial "1-2-3 is one of the few pieces of software that can literally be used by anybody. You can buy 1-2-3 and [an IBM PC] and be running the two together the same day".[72] PC Magazine in 1983 called 1-2-3 "a powerful and impressive program ... as a spreadsheet, it's excellent", and attributed its very fast performance to being written in assembly language.[73]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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  2. ^ Power, D. J. (2004-08-30). "A Brief History of Spreadsheets". DSSResources.com. 3.6. 
  3. ^ McMullen, Barbara E.; McMullen, John F. (1984-02-21). "Apple Charts the Course for IBM". PC Magazine. 3 (3): 122–129. Retrieved 2015-01-11. 
  4. ^ "The History of Notes and Domino", Developer Works, IBM, 2007-11-14, retrieved 2005-12-20 
  5. ^ Campbell-Kelly, Martin (2004-05-07), Oral history interview with Jonathan Sachs, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota .
  6. ^ "ComputerWorld", Micro Software TV Ads Play to Mixed Review, ComputerWorld, 1984-11-26, p. 24 
  7. ^ Lewis, Peter H. (1988-03-13). "The Executive computer; Lotus 1-2-3 Faces Up to the Upstarts". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-10-14. Release 3.0 is being written in the computer language known as C, to provide easy transportability among PCs, Macs and mainframes. 
  8. ^ Springer, P. Gregory (1985-06-03). "Tandy's Magnificent Concession". InfoWorld. p. 72. Retrieved 2014-07-19. 
  9. ^ Lockwood, Russ (September 1985). "Zenith Z-151; choice of U.S. Air Force and Navy". Creative Computing. p. 50. Retrieved 2013-02-26. 
  10. ^ Alsop, Stewart (1994-01-31). "A public Windows pane to make compatibility clearer". InfoWorld. p. 102. Retrieved 2011-02-28. 
  11. ^ Dvorak, John C. (1986-05-12). "Springtime In Atlanta Beats Fall In Las Vegas". InfoWorld. p. 66. Retrieved 2011-02-28. 
  12. ^ Satchell, Stephen (1986-01-27). "The Corona ATP Is Faster Than The IBM PC AT, But It Has Flaws". InfoWorld. pp. 47, 50. Retrieved 2011-02-28. 
  13. ^ Mace, Scott; Sorensen, Karen (1986-05-05). "Amiga, Atari Ready PC Emulators". InfoWorld. p. 5. Retrieved 2011-02-28. 
  14. ^ Satchell, Stephen (1985-01-14). "AT&T 6300 Personal Computer". InfoWorld. pp. 49, 53–54. Retrieved 2011-02-28. 
  15. ^ a b Trivette, Donald B. (April 1985). "Lotus 1-2-3 For IBM PCjr". Compute!. p. 63. Retrieved 2013-10-06. 
  16. ^ Clapp, Doug (1984-02-27). "PC compatibility". InfoWorld. p. 22. Retrieved 2015-01-18. 
  17. ^ "VIP Professional". inCider (advertisement). December 1986. p. 171. Retrieved 2015-02-04. 
  18. ^ "Full text of Judge Jackson's findings of fact". CNet. January 2007. Section 116. 
  19. ^ "Full text of Judge Jackson's findings of fact". CNet. January 2007. Section 125. 
  20. ^ Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. "Goodbye, Lotus 1-2-3 - ZDNet". 
  21. ^ "WKS File Extension – Open .WKS files", File info .
  22. ^ "WK1 File Extension – Open .WK1 files", File info .
  23. ^ "WK2 File Extension – Open .WK2 files", File info .
  24. ^ "WK3 File Extension – Open .WK3 files", File info .
  25. ^ "WK4 File Extension – Open .WK4 files", File info .
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i Walkenbach, John (2007). "Chapter One: Excel 2007: Where It Came From". Excel 2007 Power Programming with VBA. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-470-04401-8. Archived from the original on 2016-11-30. Retrieved 2016-11-29. 
  27. ^ a b c d e f "Lotus 1-2-3". University of Maryland. Retrieved 2014-10-29. 
  28. ^ a b Attia, Zayn 'Utbah (2015-03-11). "ASCII graphic characters, range names". Computer Tips. Archived from the original on 2016-11-30. Retrieved 2016-11-29. […] Release 1A's capability to use extended graphics characters to dress up a screen was an undocumented feature. These characters allowed you to draw boxes and add special symbols on the screen. With Release 2, Lotus has assigned different meanings to these characters, the Lotus International Character Set, LICS. Any these extended characters must be erased or replaced with regular keyboard characters before the character can appear acceptable on an Release 2 screen. Release 2.01 offers an install option to use extended characters rather than LICS characters. […] 
  29. ^ a b c Schemenaur, P. J. (1986-10-27). "Firm to Debut Clone Version of Lotus 1-2-3 - Program Offers 2.0 Compatibility". InfoWorld. Retrieved 2016-11-29. […] Twin Release 2 keeps the IBM extended character set of Version 1A, rather than Release 2.0's Lotus International Character Set, which […] causes problems with commercial templates designed for Lotus 1-2-3, Release 1A. […] 
  30. ^ a b Cobb, Douglas; Cobb, Steven (1988-10-31). "Spreadsheet clinic: How to adjust SuperCalc's financial functions to analyze annuities due, create flashing screen messages in 1-2-3, and access upper-level ASCII characters in Quattro and 1-2-3". PC Magazine: 411. Archived from the original on 2016-12-02. Retrieved 2016-12-01. […] Unlike 1-2-3, Quattro uses the ASCII character set. By default, 1-2-3, Release 2.01, uses the Lotus International Character Set (LICS) — the same character set that Release 2.0 always uses […] you can command Release 2.01 to use the ASCII character set, just as Quattro does. […] load the install program, and select Advanced Options […] select TextDisplay […] choose Universal Text Display — ASCII-No LICS […] Now, when you load 1-2-3 using the modified driver set, the @CHAR function will produce upper-level ASCII characters […]  (NB. By "Upper-level ASCII", the authors actually meant the 8-bit OEM character set.)
  31. ^ Lee, Yvonne (1993-05-03). "HP 100LX rolled out as successor to palmtop". InfoWorld: 27. Retrieved 2016-11-26. 
  32. ^ a b "Kapitel 4. Kompatibilität mit anderen 1-2-3 Versionen - Zeichensätze" [Chapter 4. Compatility with other 1-2-3 Versions - Character Sets]. Lotus 1-2-3 Version 3.1 Upgrader's Handbuch [Upgrader's handbook] (in German) (1 ed.). Cambridge, MA, USA: Lotus Development Corporation. 1989. pp. 4–10–4–11. 302173. 
  33. ^ Edward Warner (1986-09-08). "Lotus Perseveres to Unveil Japanese Version of 1-2-3". InfoWorld. p. 9. Retrieved 2016-05-02. 
  34. ^ "パソコンソフト世界最大の米ロ社上陸に揺れる、発売早々国内トップ。". Nihon Keizai Shimbun (in Japanese). Morning. 1986-10-14. p. 20. 
  35. ^ "ASCII EXPRESS: ロータスが1-2-3のバージョンアップ版とアドイン日本語ワープロ「4Word」を発表". ASCII (in Japanese). 11 (10). 1987. 
  36. ^ "表計算ソフトの新しい世界 : 第2部 徹底比較研究 : 代表的表計算ソフト". 日経パソコン (in Japanese). Nikkei Business Publications: 198. 1989-07-24. 
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  38. ^ "ASCII EXPRESS : ロータス、1-2-3をバージョンアップ". ASCII (in Japanese). 14 (3). 1990. 
  39. ^ "Lotus 1-2-3 Version Information". EMS Professional Software. Retrieved 2014-10-29. 
  40. ^ "ASCII EXPRESS : ロータスがOS/2対応のLotus 1-2-3 R3Jを開発". ASCII (in Japanese). 14 (5). 1990. 
  41. ^ Walkenbach, John (1992-06-01). "Lotus Dresses Up 1-2-3 with Smart Icons". InfoWorld. 14 (22): 73, 76. Retrieved 2014-10-23. 
  42. ^ a b Kamenz, Alfred; Vonhoegen, Helmut (1992). Das große Buch zu Lotus 1-2-3 für DOS (in German) (1 ed.). Data Becker. ISBN 3-89011-375-3. 
  43. ^ "ロータスが新版、「MS-DOS」対応ソフト―表計算のシート上で". Nikkei Sangyo Shimbun (in Japanese). 1993-08-04. p. 6. 
  44. ^ "Ｑ＆Ａ集 1-2-3 R2.5J MS-DOS対応版 発売日・パッケージ内容を教えてください" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 1999-10-01. Retrieved 2016-08-04. 
  45. ^ a b c Balaban, Bob (2001). "Multi-Language Character Sets - What They Are, How To Use Them" (PDF). Looseleaf Software, Inc. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-25. 
  46. ^ Walkenbach, John (1990-10-15). "Lotus 1-2-3, Release 3.1 Has Publishing-Quality Output". InfoWorld. 12 (42): 91–92, 96. Retrieved 2015-01-12. 
  47. ^ Walkenbach, John (1993-02-15). "Lotus updates, accelerates 1-2-3 for DOS". InfoWorld. 15 (7): 57, 60–61. Retrieved 2014-10-29. 
  48. ^ Singh, Jai (1994-05-16). "Lotus Readies 1-2-3 Upgrade". InfoWorld. 16 (20): 10. Retrieved 2014-10-23. 
  49. ^ "1-2-3/G for OS/2, Release 1.1". Lotus Museum. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014. 
  50. ^ a b "Splashes 1-2-3". Graphical User Interface Gallery Guidebook. Retrieved 2014-10-29. 
  51. ^ "ロータス、「1-2-3」発表、日本語版W3.0対応". Nikkei Sangyo Shimbun (in Japanese). 1991-09-19. p. 9. 
  52. ^ "ロータス、「1-2-3」最新版―書体設定など多様に". Nikkei Sangyo Shimbun. 1992-06-02. p. 6. 
  53. ^ Strehlo, Kevin (1993-05-24). "Lotus significantly improves usability in 1-2-3, Release 4". InfoWorld. 15 (21): 172. Retrieved 2015-01-24. 
  54. ^ "ロータス、ウィンドウズ3.1対応ソフト4製品を投入―「表計算」など対象". Nikkei Sangyo Shimbun (in Japanese). 1993-06-16. p. 6. 
  55. ^ Conatser, Kelly (1994-10-03). "Lotus navigates steady course with 1-2-3". InfoWorld. 16 (40): 85–86, 88, 90. Retrieved 2015-01-24. 
  56. ^ Rose, Daniel. "Windows® 1.x, 2.x, 3.x - Lotus SmartSuite Release 3.1". Daniel's Legacy Computer Collections. Archived from the original on 27 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015. 
  57. ^ "Ｑ＆Ａ集 1-2-3 97 発売日・パッケージ内容を教えてください" (in Japanese). Lotus Development Japan. Ltd. Archived from the original on 1999-10-10. Retrieved 2016-08-04. 
  58. ^ "Ｑ＆Ａ集 1-2-3 98 発売日・パッケージ内容を教えてください" (in Japanese). Lotus Development Japan. Ltd. Archived from the original on 1999-11-17. Retrieved 2016-08-04. 
  59. ^ Lotus to Ship One 1-2-3 For Unix V/386 Systems. InfoWorld. 1990-06-18. p. 45. ISSN 0199-6649. 
  60. ^ "New Lotus 1-2-3 Edition for SPARC systems supports real-time working". Computer Business Review. Retrieved 2016-02-06. [permanent dead link]
  61. ^ Cindy Paloma (June 1993). "Lotus 1-2-3 Upgraded To Version 1.2". CSE Uptime - UCSD Computer Science & Engineering Computing Facility Newsletter. Vol. 4 no. 6. 
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  67. ^ Chetlen, Martin (1992). Mainframe databasing with Lotus 1-2-3/M, Version 1. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 978-0-442-01017-1. 
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  69. ^ GDDM: General Information: Version 3 Release 2 (PDF). IBM Corporation. December 2001. p. 27. GC33-0866-04. Retrieved 2017-02-09. Lotus 1-2-3M, the System/370 version of Lotus 1-2-3 Release 3, has been developed by Lotus Development Corporation to be exclusively marketed by IBM in the VM/CMS and MVS/TSO/E environments. 
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  71. ^ The Associated Press (1990-02-28). "COMPANY NEWS; Lotus 1-2-3 For I.B.M. Line". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-02-09. The Lotus Development Corporation today introduced a long-promised version of its popular 1-2-3 computer spreadsheet program for I.B.M. mainframe computers. The program, 1-2-3-M, allows personal computer users to pull data from a mainframe computer file and transfer it directly into the 1-2-3 spreadsheet... I.B.M. will be the sole marketer of the program, which is designed for use on I.B.M.'s System-370 computer line. 
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  73. ^ Derfler, Frank J. Jr. (March 1983). "A Program You Can Count On". PC Magazine. p. 187. Retrieved 2013-10-21. 

External links[edit]

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