1.
U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay
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Naval Base Subic Bay was a major ship-repair, supply, and rest and recreation facility of the Spanish Navy and subsequently the United States Navy located in Olongapo, Zambales, Philippines. The base was 262 square miles, about the size of Singapore, the Navy Exchange had the largest volume of sales of any exchange in the world, and the Naval Supply Depot handled the largest volume of fuel oil of any navy facility in the world. The naval base was the largest overseas military installation of the United States Armed Forces after Clark Air Base in Angeles City was closed in 1991, following its closure in 1992, it was transformed into the Subic Bay Freeport Zone by the Philippine government. Therefore, an expedition was sent to Subic Bay in 1868 with orders to survey the bay to find out if it would be a suitable site for a naval yard. The Spanish explored the bay and concluded that it had much promise. This report was not well-accepted in Manila, as the Spanish command was reluctant to move to the isolation of Subic. Finally, in 1884, a Royal Decree declared Subic Bay as a naval port, on March 8,1885, the Spanish Navy authorized construction of the Arsenal de Olongapo and by the following September, work started at Olongapo. Both the harbor and its basin were dredged and a drainage canal was built, as the Spanish military authorities were planning to make Olongapo. This canal also served as a line of defense and over which the bridge at the bases Main Gate passes, when the Arsenal was finished, the gunboats Caviteño, Santa Ana, and San Quintín were assigned for its defense. To complement these gunboats, coastal artilleries were planned for the east and west ends of the station, seawalls, causeways and a short railway were built across the swampy tidal flats. To finish these projects, thousands of tons of earth and rock from Kalalake in Olongapo had to be brought in to be used as fill. The magnitude of this quarrying was so huge that a hill eventually disappeared, the main entrance to the Arsenal was the West Gate, which still stands. This gate was equipped with gunports and also served as a jail and this gate was connected to the South Gate, which was near the water front, by a high wall of locally quarried stone. Inside the Arsenal, the Spanish constructed a foundry, as well as other shops, which were necessary for the construction and repair of ships. The buildings were laid out in two rows on Rivera Point, a patch of land jutting into the bay, and named after the incumbent Captain-General of the Philippines. The Arsenals showpiece was the station headquarters, which was a one-storey building of molave and narra woods. The Spanish navy yard was constructed in the area that was last occupied by the U. S. Naval Ship Repair Facility and his other units would then use Subic Bay as a sally port, with which he could attack the American fleets rear and cut off its supplies. On April 26, Montojo arrived at Subic Bay aboard Reina Cristina with seven other ships, on the morning of the April 27, Castilla was towed northeast of Grande Island to help control the western entrance to Subic Bay
2.
Olongapo
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Olongapo, officially the City of Olongapo and often referred to as Olongapo City, is a highly urbanized city in the Philippines. Located in the province of Zambales but governed independently from the province, along with the town/municipality of Subic, it comprises Metro Olongapo, one of the twelve metropolitan areas in the Philippines. According to popular legend, there once was a group of warring tribes who lived in the area in, a wise old man, seeing the perils of disunity, exerted great effort toward uniting the warring tribes. There were, however, some who opposed his idea. After a long search, the old body was found. It is said that the tribesmen launched search parties to locate the head of the man, to the Sambal. These efforts proved to be futile, and the search was called off. A young boy, however, vowed to himself that he would not stop searching until he found the elders head and he searched for weeks, but found nothing. Then, one day, he chanced upon what appeared to be the old mans head, the boy ran back to his people crying, Olo nin apo. Olo nin apo. running hysterically from house to house and village to village, the phrase stuck, and that, according to legend, is how the area got its name, Olongapo. To this day, the old mans head acts as a symbol of the unity in what is now a modern city. Britain ruled the Philippines from 1762 to 1764, the British invasion of the Philippines was the first challenge to Spains control of the archipelago after 191 years of rule. The Royal Navy and British Army joined with the East India Company in Madras to capture Spains Asian colony, in conjunction with the attack against Spains key possession in the Americas, Havana, both settlements were successfully seized. The capital was looted, a galleon was seized, and the British commanders imposed a ransom of four million dollars upon the Spaniards, the enormous sums in prize money and valuables seized mainly benefited the commanders. In 1868, a Spanish military expedition was dispatched to study the possibility of relocating the Cavite Naval Station in Subic Bay due to its unhealthy condition, Spanish King Alfonso XII through a Royal Decree made Subic Bay as Spain’s stronghold in the Far East in 1884. Vice Admiral Juan Bautista de Antiquiera made Olongapo a settlement for the Spanish Navy, on March 8,1885, the Spanish Naval commission authorized construction of the Arsenal in Olongapo. The Spanish planned to make their station, and the village of Olongapo an island. The Spanish Navy Yard occupied the area east of the Spanish Gate
3.
Zambales
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Zambales is a province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region in the island of Luzon. Zambales borders Pangasinan to the north, Tarlac and Pampanga to the east, Bataan to the south, with a land area of 3,830.83 square kilometres, Zambales is the second largest among the seven provinces of Central Luzon. The province is noted for its mangoes, which are abundant from January to April, Zambales does not have a functional airport - the closest airport is Clark International airport. Subic Bay International Airport, which is located in Cubi Point in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone is no longer functional for international or domestic flights. The Freeport Zone is host to many tourist attractions include casinos, beach resorts, parks, beachside huts and cottages. The provinces name came from the word zambal, which is a Hispanized term for Sambali, zambal refers to the language spoken by the early Austronesian inhabitants of the place. It could also originated from the word Zambo a term used by the Spanish, the province is home to the Aetas, the aboriginal people of the Philippines who share afro-ethnic similarities. The area now occupied by Zambales was first explored by the Spanish in 1572, among the earliest towns founded were Subic, Botolan, Masinloc, Iba, and Santa Cruz. Masinloc became the provinces first capital, however, the capital was moved among the last three towns above during its history before settling in Iba, due to its strategic location. Seven of the original northern towns, which included Bolinao, Infanta. The first civil governor of Zambales during the American era was Potenciano Lesaca from 1901-1903, Zambales lies on the western shores of Luzon island along the South China Sea. Its shoreline is rugged and features many coves and inlets, the Zambales Mountains in the eastern part of the province occupies about 60% of the total land area of Zambales. Subic Bay, at the end of the province, provides a natural harbor. The summit and crater lake of Mount Pinatubo lies within Botolan municipality in Zambales, near the tripoint of Zambales, Pampanga and this volcano, once considered dormant, erupted violently in 1991. The former summit of the volcano was obliterated by the eruption and replaced by a 2.5 km wide caldera, with an average depth of 800 m, Lake Pinatubo is the deepest lake in the Philippines. The highest point of the rim is 1,485 m above sea level. A vast portion of the Zambales province acquired desert-like features in 1991, Zambales has two pronounced seasons, dry from October to June, and wet from July to September. Zambales comprises 13 municipalities and 1 highly urbanized city, which are divided into two legislative districts, Olongapo City is a highly urbanized city and administers itself autonomously from the province
4.
Actor
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An actor is a person who portrays a character in a performance. Simplistically speaking, the person denominated actor or actress is someone beautiful who plays important characters, the actor performs in the flesh in the traditional medium of the theatre, or in modern mediums such as film, radio, and television. The analogous Greek term is ὑποκριτής, literally one who answers, the actors interpretation of their role pertains to the role played, whether based on a real person or fictional character. Interpretation occurs even when the actor is playing themselves, as in forms of experimental performance art, or, more commonly, to act, is to create. Formerly, in societies, only men could become actors. When used for the stage, women played the roles of prepubescent boys. The etymology is a derivation from actor with ess added. However, when referring to more than one performer, of both sexes, actor is preferred as a term for male performers. Actor is also used before the name of a performer as a gender-specific term. Within the profession, the re-adoption of the term dates to the 1950–1960s. As Whoopi Goldberg put it in an interview with the paper, Im an actor – I can play anything. The U. K. performers union Equity has no policy on the use of actor or actress, an Equity spokesperson said that the union does not believe that there is a consensus on the matter and stated that the. subject divides the profession. In 2009, the Los Angeles Times stated that Actress remains the term used in major acting awards given to female recipients. However, player remains in use in the theatre, often incorporated into the name of a group or company, such as the American Players. Also, actors in improvisational theatre may be referred to as players, prior to Thespis act, Grecian stories were only expressed in song, dance, and in third person narrative. In honor of Thespis, actors are commonly called Thespians, the exclusively male actors in the theatre of ancient Greece performed in three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. Western theatre developed and expanded considerably under the Romans, as the Western Roman Empire fell into decay through the 4th and 5th centuries, the seat of Roman power shifted to Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire. Records show that mime, pantomime, scenes or recitations from tragedies and comedies, dances, from the 5th century, Western Europe was plunged into a period of general disorder
5.
Film director
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A film director is a person who directs the making of a film. Generally, a film director controls a films artistic and dramatic aspects, the director has a key role in choosing the cast members, production design, and the creative aspects of filmmaking. Under European Union law, the director is viewed as the author of the film, the film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized, or noticed. Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions, there are many pathways to becoming a film director. Some film directors started as screenwriters, cinematographers, film editors or actors, other film directors have attended a film school. Some outline a general plotline and let the actors dialogue, while others control every aspect. Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners, some directors edit or appear in their films, or compose the music score for their films. Film directors create a vision through which a film eventually becomes realized/noticed. Realizing this vision includes overseeing the artistic and technical elements of production, as well as directing the shooting timetable. This entails organizing the crew in such a way as to achieve their vision of the film. This requires skills of leadership, as well as the ability to maintain a singular focus even in the stressful. Moreover, it is necessary to have an eye to frame shots and to give precise feedback to cast and crew, thus. Thus the director ensures that all involved in the film production are working towards an identical vision for the completed film. The set of varying challenges he or she has to tackle has been described as a jigsaw puzzle with egos. It adds to the pressure that the success of a film can influence when, omnipresent are the boundaries of the films budget. Additionally, the director may also have to ensure an intended age rating, thus, the position of film director is widely considered to be a highly stressful and demanding one. It has been said that 20-hour days are not unusual, under European Union law, the film director is considered the author or one of the authors of a film, largely as a result of the influence of auteur theory. Auteur theory is a film criticism concept that holds that a directors film reflects the directors personal creative vision
6.
Tribeca Grill
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Tribeca Grill is a New American restaurant located at 375 Greenwich Street in Tribeca, Manhattan, in New York City, co-owned by Robert De Niro, Drew Nieporent and Lou Diamond Phillips, among others. The Executive Chef is Kamal Rose, the large mahogany bar is from the Maxwells Plum restaurant. Since 2002, Tribeca Grill has been a recipient of the Wine Spectator Grand Award, in 2013, Zagats gave it a food rating of 23
7.
Given name
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A given name is a part of a persons personal name. It identifies a person, and differentiates that person from other members of a group, such as a family or clan. The term given name refers to the fact that the name usually is bestowed upon a person and this contrasts with a surname, which is normally inherited, and shared with other members of the childs immediate family. Given names are used in a familiar and friendly manner in informal situations. In more formal situations the surname is commonly used, unless it is necessary to distinguish between people with the same surname. The idioms on a basis and being on first-name terms allude to the familiarity of addressing another by a given name. The order given name – family name, commonly known as the Western order, is used throughout most European countries and in countries that have cultures predominantly influenced by Western Europe. The order family name – given name, commonly known as the Eastern order, is used in East Asia, as well as in Southern and North-Eastern parts of India. The order given name - fathers family name - mothers family name is used in Spanish-speaking countries to acknowledge the families of both parents. Today the order can also be changed legally in Spain using given name - mothers family name - fathers family name, under the common Western naming convention, people may have one or more forenames. If more than one, there is usually a main forename for everyday use, sometimes however two or more forenames may carry equal weight. There is no particular ordering rule for forenames – often the main forename is at the beginning, a childs given name or names are usually chosen by the parents soon after birth. If a name is not assigned at birth, one may be given at a ceremony, with family. In most jurisdictions, a name at birth is a matter of public record, inscribed on a birth certificate. In western cultures, people normally retain the same name throughout their lives. However, in some cases names may be changed by petitioning a court of law. People may also change their names when immigrating from one country to another with different naming conventions, in France, the agency can refer the case to a local judge. Some jurisdictions, like in Sweden, restrict the spelling of names, parents may choose a name because of its meaning
8.
Ritchie Valens
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Richard Steven Valenzuela, known as Ritchie Valens, was an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist. A rock & roll pioneer and a forefather of the Chicano rock movement, Valens recording career lasted eight months, during this time, he had several hits, most notably La Bamba, which he had adapted from a Mexican folk song. Valens transformed the song one with a rock rhythm and beat. On February 3,1959, on what has become known as the Day the Music Died, Valens died in a crash in Iowa. The Big Bopper Richardson, as well as pilot Roger Peterson, Valens was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001. Valens was born Richard Steven Valenzuela in Pacoima, a neighborhood in the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles, Ritchie Valenzuela was brought up hearing traditional Mexican mariachi music, as well as flamenco guitar, R&B, and jump blues. Valenzuela expressed an interest in making music of his own by the age of five, and he was encouraged by his father to take up guitar and trumpet, and later taught himself the drums. Though Valenzuela was left handed, he was so eager to learn the guitar that he mastered the traditionally right-handed version of the instrument. When he was 16 years old, he was invited to join a band, the Silhouettes, as a guitarist. On October 19,1957, he made his debut with the Silhouettes. Valenzuela attended Pacoima Junior High School, by the time Valenzuela was attending junior high school, he brought the guitar to school and would sing and play songs to his friends on the bleachers. A self-taught musician, Valenzuela was a singer and guitarist. At his appearances, he often improvised new lyrics and added new riffs to popular songs while he was playing, kids knew the performer as the Little Richard of San Fernando. Swayed by the Little Richard comparison, Keane went to see Valenzuela play a Saturday morning matinée at a theater in San Fernando. Impressed by the performance, he invited the youth to audition at his home in the Silver Lake area of Los Angeles, an early stereo recorder and a pair of Neumann U-47 condenser microphones comprised his recording equipment. After this first audition, Keane signed Ritchie to Del-Fi on May 27,1958, at this point, the musician took the name Ritchie because, as Keane said, There were a bunch of Richards around at that time, and I wanted it to be different. Similarly, Keane recommended shortening his surname to Valens from Valenzuela to widen his appeal beyond any obvious ethnic group, Valens demonstrated several songs in Keanes studio that he later recorded at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood. The demos primarily consisted of Valens singing and playing guitar, and these originals can be heard on the Del-Fi album, Ritchie Valens – The Lost Tapes
9.
La Bamba (film)
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La Bamba is a 1987 American biographical film written and directed by Luis Valdez that follows the life and career of Chicano rock n roll star Ritchie Valens. The film stars Lou Diamond Phillips as Valens, Esai Morales, Rosanna DeSoto, Elizabeth Peña, Danielle von Zerneck, the film depicts the effect Valens career had on the lives of his half-brother Bob Morales, his girlfriend Donna Ludwig and the rest of his family. Richard Steven Valenzuela is a teenage boy who becomes a rock n roll superstar under the stage name Ritchie Valens. He meets and falls in love with high school student Donna Ludwig. However, Donnas father is shown as having issues with his daughter dating a Mexican-American, the movie also has several subplots, such as his relationship with his mother Connie Valenzuela and half-brother Bob Morales, and the jealousy Bob felt toward Ritchies success. In one scene, Bob wins an important art contest that helps promising cartoonists, only to throw away his prize because, in his mind, his mother does not seem to care enough. Bob resorts to drinking heavily and, at one point, leads him to yelling in a rage in front of his mothers door. In reference to the child he sired with Ritchies first girlfriend Rosie, however, when they get an opportunity, Ritchie and Bob sneak out for a good time. On one occasion, they take a trip to Tijuana, visiting one of the local clubs where Ritchie discovers the song that would eventually become his signature song. Unlike the portrayal in the movie, the outing to Tijuana was actually a family trip, at first, Ritchie manages to avoid flying to his concerts and appearances, but he must eventually conquer his fear when invited to perform his song Donna on American Bandstand. Ritchies record producer and manager, Bob Keane, helps him by giving him a little vodka to calm his nerves during the flight to Philadelphia for the Bandstand appearance. Valens, Holly, and Bopper take off in an airplane during a snowstorm for their flight on February 3,1959. Before the ill-fated flight, Ritchie makes a call to his brother and he even invites Bob to fly out to Chicago to join the tour for family support. The next day, as Bob is fixing his mothers car, Bob darts out of his driveway in an attempt to get to his mother before she hears the bad news through the radio. Unfortunately, by the time he gets there, she stands immobile, the news of Ritchies death hits the Valenzuela family, Bob Keane, and Donna very hard. Lou Diamond Phillips is then backed by the Mexican American rock band Los Lobos. In the movie David Hidalgo of Los Lobos provided the singing voice, in Australia it opened on September 17,1987. In its opening weekend, the film grossed a total of $5,698,884, La Bamba eventually grossed $52,678,820 in the United States in 12 weeks
10.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
11.
Stand and Deliver
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Stand and Deliver is a 1988 American drama film based on the true story of high school math teacher Jaime Escalante. Edward James Olmos portrayed Escalante in the film and received a nomination for Best Actor at the 61st Academy Awards, the film was added to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 2011. Jaime Escalante becomes a teacher at James A. Garfield High School in Eastern Los Angeles. The school is full of Hispanic students from families who are way below their grade level in terms of academic skills and have a lot of social problems. Escalante seeks to change the culture to help the students excel in academics. He soon realizes the potential of his class and sets a goal of having the students taking AP Calculus by their senior year. Escalante instructs his class under the philosophy of ganas, roughly translating into desire or motivation, the students begin taking summer classes in advanced mathematics with Escalante having to withstand the cynicism of the other faculty, who feel the students are not capable enough. As the students struggle with the expectations they face in society, Escalante helps them overcome this adversity. To his dismay, the Educational Testing Service questions the success of the students, insisting there is too much overlap in their errors, Escalante defends his students, feeling that the allegations are based more on racial and economic perceptions. He offers to have the students retake the test months later, mathews heard from two of the students that during the exam a piece of paper had been passed around with that flawed solution. Twelve students retook the exam, and most of them received 4 and 5 on the 5-point exam, in 1987,27 percent of all Mexican Americans who scored 3 or higher on the calculus AP exam were students at Garfield High. Mathews wrote in The Los Angeles Times that the Ana Delgado character was the teenage character in the film based on a real person. Escalante first began teaching at Garfield High School in 1974 and taught his first AP Calculus course in 1978 with a group of 14 students. Only five students remained in the course at the end of the year, reason stated that Unlike the students in the movie, the real Garfield students required years of solid preparation before they could take calculus. So Escalante established a program at East Los Angeles College where students could take classes in intensive seven-week summer sessions. Escalante and Gradillas were also instrumental in getting the feeder schools to offer algebra in the eighth and ninth grades, a 2016 episode of the American animated television series American Dad. American senator Rand Paul was accused of plagiarizing near-verbatim portions of the summary from the Wikipedia article on Stand. 1988 in film AFIs 100 Years,100 Cheers List of American films of 1988 Stand and Deliver at the Internet Movie Database Stand and Deliver at AllMovie Stand and Deliver at Rotten Tomatoes Stand and Deliver at Box Office Mojo
12.
Golden Globe Award
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Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a part of the film industrys awards season. The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film, the 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, was held in January 1944, at the 20th Century-Fox studios. Subsequent ceremonies were held at venues throughout the next decade, including the Beverly Hills Hotel. In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish an honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as a figure within the entertainment industry. The official name of the award became the Cecil B. In 1963, the Miss Golden Globe concept was introduced, in its inaugural year, two Miss Golden Globes were named, one for film and one for television. The two Miss Golden Globes named that year were Eva Six and Donna Douglas, respectively, in 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned. It was unveiled at a conference at the Beverly Hilton prior to the show. The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards, telecast to 167 countries worldwide, generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars, gervais returned to host the 68th and 69th Golden Globe Awards the next two years. Tina Fey and Amy Poehler hosted the 70th, 71st and 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015, the Golden Globe Awards theme song, which debuted in 2012, was written by Japanese musician and songwriter Yoshiki Hayashi. On January 7,2008, it was announced due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. The ceremony was faced with a threat by striking writers to picket the event, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association was forced to adopt another approach for the broadcast. In acting categories, Meryl Streep holds the record for the most competitive Golden Globe wins with eight, however, including honorary awards, such as the Henrietta Award, World Film Favorite Actor/Actress Award, or Cecil B. DeMille Award, Barbra Streisand leads with nine, additionally, Streisand won for composing the song Evergreen, producing the Best Picture, and directing Yentl in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each, behind them are Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins. Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty, at the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred, a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama
13.
Independent Spirit Awards
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The Film Independent Spirit Awards, founded in 1984, are awards dedicated to independent filmmakers. Winners were typically presented with acrylic glass pyramids containing suspended shoestrings representing the paltry budgets of independent films, in 1986, the event was renamed the Independent Spirit Awards. Since 2006, winners have received a trophy depicting a bird with its wings spread sitting atop of a pole with the shoestrings from the previous design wrapped around the pole, Film Independent Members vote to determine the winners of the Spirit Awards. The awards show is held inside a tent on the beach in Santa Monica, California, the show is broadcast live on the IFC network, as well as Hollywood Suite in Canada and A&E Latin America. The 32nd Independent Spirit Awards ceremony, hosted by Nick Kroll and John Mulaney, was broadcast live on IFC on Saturday, official website Film Independent Film Independents channel on YouTube Film Independent at the Internet Movie Database Independent Spirit Awards at the Internet Movie Database
14.
Broadway theatre
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Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
15.
The King and I
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The King and I is the fifth musical by the team of composer Richard Rodgers and dramatist Oscar Hammerstein II. It is based on Margaret Landons novel, Anna and the King of Siam, the musicals plot relates the experiences of Anna, a British schoolteacher hired as part of the Kings drive to modernize his country. The relationship between the King and Anna is marked by conflict through much of the piece, as well as by a love to which neither can admit, the musical premiered on March 29,1951, at Broadways St. James Theatre. It ran for three years, making it the fourth longest-running Broadway musical in history at the time, and has had many tours. In 1950, theatrical attorney Fanny Holtzmann was looking for a part for her client, Holtzmann realized that Landons book would provide an ideal vehicle and contacted Rodgers and Hammerstein, who were initially reluctant but agreed to write the musical. The pair initially sought Rex Harrison to play the part of the King, a role he had played in the 1946 film made from Landons book. They settled on the actor and television director Yul Brynner. The musical was an hit, winning Tony Awards for Best Musical, Best Actress. Lawrence died unexpectedly of cancer a year and a half after the opening, a hit London run and U. S. national tour followed, together with a 1956 film for which Brynner won an Academy Award, and the musical was recorded several times. In later revivals, Brynner came to dominate his role and the musical, Christopher Renshaw directed major revivals on Broadway, winning the Tony Award for Best Revival, and in the West End. A2015 Broadway revival won another Tony for Best Revival, both professional and amateur revivals of The King and I continue to be staged regularly throughout the English-speaking world. Mongkut, King of Siam, was about 57 years old in 1861 and he had lived half his life as a Buddhist monk, was an able scholar, and founded a new order of Buddhism and a temple in Bangkok. Through his decades of devotion, Mongkut acquired an ascetic lifestyle, when Nangklao died in 1850, Mongkut became king. At that time, various European countries were striving for dominance and he ultimately succeeded in keeping Siam an independent nation, partly by familiarizing his heirs and harem with Western ways. In 1861, Mongkut wrote to his Singapore agent, Tan Kim Ching, asking him to find a British lady to be governess to the royal children. At the time, the British community in Singapore was small, and the fell on a recent arrival there, Anna Leonowens. Leonowens was the Anglo-Indian daughter of an Indian Army soldier and the widow of Thomas Owens and she had arrived in Singapore two years previously, claiming to be the genteel widow of an officer and explaining her dark complexion by stating that she was Welsh by birth. Her deception was not detected until long after her death, and had not come to light when The King
16.
Tony Award
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The Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Theatre, more commonly known as the Tony Award, recognizes excellence in live Broadway theatre. The awards are presented by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League at a ceremony in New York City. The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances, and an award is given for regional theatre, several discretionary non-competitive awards are also given, including a Special Tony Award, the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, and the Isabelle Stevenson Award. The awards are named after Antoinette Tony Perry, co-founder of the American Theatre Wing, the rules for the Tony Awards are set forth in the official document Rules and Regulations of The American Theatre Wings Tony Awards, which applies for that season only. It also forms the fourth spoke in the EGOT, that is someone who has won all four awards, the Tony Awards are also considered the equivalent of the Laurence Olivier Award in the United Kingdom and the Molière Award of France. From 1997 to 2010, the Tony Awards ceremony was held at Radio City Music Hall in New York City in June and broadcast live on CBS television, except in 1999, in 2011 and 2012, the ceremony was held at the Beacon Theatre. From 2013 to 2015, the 67th, 68th, and 69th ceremonies returned to Radio City Music Hall, the 70th Tony Awards were held on June 12,2016 at the Beacon Theatre. The 71st Tony Awards will be held on June 11,2017, as of 2014, there are 24 categories of awards, plus several special awards. Starting with 11 awards in 1947, the names and number of categories have changed over the years, some examples, the category Best Book of a Musical was originally called Best Author. The category of Best Costume Design was one of the original awards, for two years, in 1960 and 1961, this category was split into Best Costume Designer and Best Costume Designer. It then went to a category, but in 2005 it was divided again. For the category of Best Director of a Play, a category was for directors of plays. A newly established non-competitive award, The Isabelle Stevenson Award, was given for the first time at the ceremony in 2009. The award is for an individual who has made a contribution of volunteered time and effort on behalf of one or more humanitarian. The category of Best Special Theatrical Event was retired as of the 2009–2010 season, the categories of Best Sound Design of a Play and Best Sound Design of a Musical were retired as of the 2014-2015 season. Performance categories Show and technical categories Special awards Retired awards The award was founded in 1947 by a committee of the American Theatre Wing headed by Brock Pemberton. The award is named after Antoinette Perry, nicknamed Tony, an actress, director, producer and co-founder of the American Theatre Wing, who died in 1946. As her official biography at the Tony Awards website states, At Jacob Wilks suggestion, proposed an award in her honor for distinguished stage acting, at the initial event in 1947, as he handed out an award, he called it a Tony
17.
Mongkut
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During his reign, the pressure of Western expansionism was felt for the first time in Siam. Mongkut embraced Western innovations and initiated the modernization of his country, Mongkut was also known for his appointing his brother, Prince Chutamani, as Second King, crowned in 1851 as King Pinklao. Mongkut himself assured the country that Pinklao should be respected with equal honor to himself, Mongkuts reign was also the time when the power of the House of Bunnag reached its zenith and became the most powerful noble family of Siam. Mongkut was the son of Prince Isarasundhorn, son of Phutthayotfa Chulalok. Mongkut was born in the Old Palace in 1804, where the first son had died shortly after birth in 1801 and he was followed by Prince Chutamani in 1808. In 1809, Prince Isarasundhorn was crowned as Buddha Loetla Nabhalai The royal family moved to the Grand Palace. Thenceforth until their own accessions as kings, the brothers were called Chao Fa Yai, in 1824, Mongkut became a Buddhist monk, following a Siamese tradition that men aged 20 should become monks for a time. The same year, his father died, by tradition, Mongkut should have been crowned the next king, but the nobility instead chose the influential Prince Jessadabodindra, son of a royal concubine rather than a queen. Perceiving the throne was irredeemable and to political intrigues, Mongkut retained his monastic status. Vajirayan became one of the members of the family who devoted their life to religion. He travelled around the country as a monk and saw the relaxation of the rules of Pali Canon among the Siamese monks he met, in 1829, at Phetchaburi, he met a monk named Buddhawangso, who strictly followed the canon. Vajirayan admired Buddhawangso for his obedience to the canon, and was inspired to pursue religious reforms, in 1833, he began a reform movement reinforcing the canon law that evolved into the Dhammayuttika Nikaya, or Thammayut sect. In 1836, Vajirayan arrived at Wat Bowonniwet in what is now Bangkoks central district, but was then the city proper, during this time, he discovered Western knowledge, studying Latin, English, and astronomy with missionaries and sailors. Vicar Pallegoix of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangkok lived nearby, Vajirayan admired Christian morals and achievements as presented by the vicar, but could make nothing of Christian doctrine. It was then he made the comment later attributed to him as king, What you teach people to do is admirable, but what you teach them to believe is foolish. King Mongkut would later be noted for his excellent command of English, although it is said that his brother, Vice-King Pinklao. Chulalongkorn also persuaded his fathers 47th child, Vajirañana, to enter the order, accounts vary about Nangklaos intentions regarding the succession. It is recorded that Nangklao verbally dismissed the royal princes from succession for various reasons, Prince Mongkut was dismissed for encouraging monks to dress in the Mon style
18.
Young Guns (film)
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Young Guns is a 1988 American western film directed by Christopher Cain and written by John Fusco. The film is the first installment in the Young Gun film series, the film stars Emilio Estevez, Kiefer Sutherland, Lou Diamond Phillips, Charlie Sheen, Dermot Mulroney, Casey Siemaszko, Terence Stamp, Terry OQuinn, Brian Keith, and Jack Palance. Young Guns is a retelling of the adventures of Billy the Kid during the Lincoln County War and it was filmed in and around New Mexico. Historian Dr. Paul Hutton called Young Guns the most historically accurate of all prior Billy the Kid films and it opened no.1 at the box office, eventually earning $45 million from a moderate $11 million budget. A sequel, Young Guns II, was released in 1990, John Tunstall, an educated Englishman and cattle rancher in Lincoln County, New Mexico, hires wayward young gunmen to live and work on his ranch. Tunstall is in competition with a well-connected Irishman named Lawrence Murphy. Tunstall recruits Billy and advises him to violence saying that He who sows the wind will reap the whirlwind. Tensions escalate between the two camps, resulting in the murder of Tunstall, Billy, Doc Scurlock, Jose Chavez y Chavez, Richard M. Billy quickly challenges Dicks authority as leader, vowing revenge against Murphy and the men responsible for killing Tunstall. The men dub themselves The Regulators and arrest some of the murderers and he guns down unarmed men and goes on to kill one of his fellow Regulators in the paranoid belief that he was still in league with Murphy. The men are stripped of their badges, which they find out about by reading a newspaper and that same paper also confuses Dick for Billy, showing a picture of Dick labeled Billy the Kid, a nickname to which Billy takes an immediate liking. While the local authorities begin their hunt for Billy and the boys, one of the men on their list of warrants, Buckshot Roberts, tracks them down, barricades himself in an outhouse, and Dick dies in an intense shootout. Billy appoints himself as the new leader, the gang becomes famous, the gang eludes attention for some time, and Charlie gets married in Mexico. While attending the wedding, Billy meets Pat Garrett who is not yet a sheriff, thus the gang packs up and heads off to save Alex. Back in Lincoln, Murphys men, led by George W. Peppin, surround Alexs house, trapping the Regulators, a ceasefire is called for the night. In the morning, accompanied by Murphy, the comes in and torches the house. While the house is burning, the men come up with an escape plan and they begin throwing Alexs possessions out the windows of the second floor. Billy places himself inside of a trunk, and when it lands in front of the house, he leaps out. Meanwhile, Doc bursts out of the stairway, followed by Charlie
19.
Young Guns II
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Young Guns II, Blaze of Glory is a 1990 American western film and a sequel to Young Guns. The second installment in the Young Guns film series and it stars Emilio Estevez, Kiefer Sutherland, Lou Diamond Phillips, Christian Slater, and features William Petersen as Pat Garrett. It was written and produced by John Fusco and directed by Geoff Murphy, the film, however, is told by Brushy Bill Roberts, a man who in the 1940s appeared claiming to be the real Billy the Kid. In 1950, attorney Charles Phalen is contacted by a man named Brushy Bill Roberts. Phalen then asks if Bill has any proof that he is the famous outlaw, Brushy Bills story begins with the remaining Regulators having gone their separate ways. Billy has become part of a new gang with Arkansas Dave Rudabaugh, meanwhile, Billy meets with the new governor Lew Wallace who agrees to pardon Billy if he testifies against the Dolan-Murphy faction. Billy soon finds out that he was tricked into being arrested with no chance of testifying against his old enemies, after escaping, Billy along with the help of Rudabaugh and Garrett, pose as a lynch mob to spring Doc and Chavez from jail. When the gang successfully escape Lincoln, Billy mentions the Mexican Blackbird, Garrett decides not to go with the gang and, instead, open a boarding house. Garrett agrees and, forming a posse, begins his pursuit of the gang, Billy and the gang soon come to the town of White Oaks where they meet up with former companion, Jane Greathouse who runs a local bordello. Later that night, the lynch mob comes for the gang and are intent on a hanging. Deputy Carlisle tries to negotiate a deal, the Indian for a safe rideout, Billy refuses the offer and pushes the Deputy out the door, who is then accidentally killed by the lynch mob. Garrett soon tracks Billy to the bordello, but is too late, Billy and his gang are continuously tracked by the posse, narrowly evading capture, but Tom is soon shot dead by Garrett. As they hideout, Billy admits that the Mexican Blackbird doesnt exist, it was just a pawn to get the gang back together and to keep riding. Doc is angered and tries to leave for home, but he is shot by one of Garretts men, Billy the Kid is soon brought back into Lincoln by Garrett and is sentenced to death by hanging. He is visited by Jane Greathouse, who arranges to leave a pistol in an outhouse, Billy uses the pistol to kill two guards and escapes to Old Fort Sumner. By the time he arrives, Dave has abandoned the group to make his way to Mexico, during the night Garrett finds Billy unarmed. Billy asks Garrett to let him run to Mexico and tell the authorities that he killed him, Garrett declines because he believes Billy would not be able to resist coming back to the United States. Billy turns around, forcing Garrett to have to him in the back
20.
Courage Under Fire
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Courage Under Fire is a 1996 American war film directed by Edward Zwick, and starring Denzel Washington and Meg Ryan. It is the collaboration between Denzel Washington and director Edward Zwick. The film was released in the United States on July 12,1996, while serving in the Gulf War, Lieutenant Colonel Serling accidentally destroys one of his own tanks during a confusing night-time battle, killing his friend Captain Boylar. The US Army covers up the details and transfers Serling to a desk job, later, Serling is assigned to determine if Captain Karen Emma Walden should be the first woman to receive a Medal of Honor. She was the commander of a Medevac Huey that was sent to rescue the crew of a shot-down Black Hawk, when she encountered a T-54, her crew destroyed it by dropping a fuel bladder onto the tank and igniting it with a flare gun. However, her own helicopter was shot soon after. The two crews were unable to join forces, and when the survivors were rescued the next day, Serling notices inconsistencies between the testimonies of Waldens crew. Specialist Andrew Ilario, the medic, praises Walden strongly, however, Staff Sergeant John Monfriez claims that Walden was a coward and that he led the crew in combat and improvised the fuel bladder weapon. Sergeant Altameyer, who is dying in a hospital, complains about a fire, warrant Officer One Rady, the co-pilot, was injured early on and unconscious throughout. Furthermore, the crew of the Black Hawk claim that they heard firing from an M16, under pressure from the White House and his commander, Brigadier General Hershberg, to wrap things up quickly, Serling leaks the story to newspaper reporter Tony Gartner to prevent another cover-up. When Serling grills Monfriez during a car ride, Monfriez forces him to get out of the vehicle at gunpoint, Serling tracks Ilario down, and Ilario finally tells him the truth. Monfriez wanted to flee, which would mean abandoning Rady, when Walden refused, he pulled a gun on her. Walden then shot an enemy who appeared behind Monfriez, but Monfriez thought she was firing at him and shot Walden in the stomach, the next morning, the enemy attacked again as a rescue party approached. Walden covered her mens retreat, firing an M16, however, Monfriez told the rescuers that Walden was dead, so they left without her. Napalm was then dropped on the entire area, Altameyer tried to expose Monfriezs lie at the time, but was too injured to speak, and Ilario was too scared of the court-martial Walden had threatened them with and remained silent. Serling presents his final report to Hershberg, Waldens young daughter receives the Medal of Honor at a White House ceremony. Later, Serling tells the truth to the Boylars about the manner of their sons death, the Boylars tell Serling he must put down the burden at some point. In the last moments, Serling has a flashback of when he was standing by Boylars destroyed tank, Serling suddenly realises Walden was the Huey pilot. S
21.
The Big Hit
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The film was shot in Hamilton and Pickering, Ontario, Canada. Melvin is somewhat of a pushover, trying to all of Chantels demands, even her most expensive wishes. Perhaps as a result of his helplessness in asserting himself, throughout the early scenes Melvin is often seen drinking Maalox to relieve a developing ulcer. Unfortunately, the team does not realize that Nishi has recently gone bankrupt over his failed foray into films and furthermore, their boss Paris is the girls godfather. Enlisted by the group to hold Keiko, Melvin has to hide the bound and gagged schoolgirl on his property, attempting to keep her hidden from Pam and her parents. Melvin feels sorry for the girl and relieves her from her bondage, ordered by Paris to discover the kidnappers of his goddaughter, a panicked Cisco kills Gump, but not before coaxing him into also implicating Melvin for the kidnapping. A team of assassins crash Melvins dinner with Pams family, leading to a shootout during which Melvin realizes Pam was going to break up with him under pressure from her stereotypically Jewish mother. Melvin and Keikos feelings for each other lead them to form an awkward romance, in the chaos, Melvin happens to run into Chantel and finally takes the opportunity to stand up to her and end their relationship. A fight ensues between Cisco and Melvin, culminating at a store where the ever-honest Melvin stops to return an overdue tape. Melvin kills Cisco by stabbing him in the chest, but not before Cisco arms an explosive device, Melvin leaves the building and is confronted by Keiko, her father and Paris. He re-enters the building, which explodes, Paris and Nishi, believing Melvin to be dead, call off the manhunt. Soon Melvin is revealed to have survived, sheltered from the blast by a solid gold film stand-up made for the flop that destroyed Nishis career. Melvin and Keiko are reunited and ride off together, while Nishi recoups his losses by making an out of the story of his daughters kidnapping. The Big Hit had a reception from critics. It currently holds a 41% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, the film debuted at #1 at the box office. It went on to gross $27 million domestically, the Big Hit at the Internet Movie Database The Big Hit at AllMovie The Big Hit at Box Office Mojo The Big Hit at Rotten Tomatoes
22.
Che (2008 film)
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Che is a two-part 2008 biopic about Argentine Marxist revolutionary Ernesto Che Guevara, directed by Steven Soderbergh and starring Benicio del Toro. Rather than follow a chronological order, the films offer an oblique series of interspersed moments along the overall timeline. Part Two is entitled Guerrilla and focuses on Guevaras attempt to bring revolution to Bolivia, both parts are shot in a cinéma vérité style, but each has different approaches to linear narrative, camerawork, and the visual look. Filmmaker Terrence Malick originally worked on a limited to Guevaras attempts to start a revolution in Bolivia. When financing fell through, Malick left the project, and Soderbergh subsequently agreed to direct the film, peter Buchman was hired to write the screenplay, the script was so long that Soderbergh decided to divide the film into two parts, one chronicling Cuba and other depicting Bolivia. Soderbergh shot the films back-to-back starting at the beginning of July 2007, with Guerrilla first in Spain for 39 days, Che was screened as a single film at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival. Del Toro won the Best Actor Award, and the film received positive reviews. Strong box office led to the special roadshow edition being extended in N. Y. C. and L. A. The film was released as two films, titled Che Part 1, The Argentine and Che Part 2, Guerrilla. The Independent Film Channel released the films via video on demand, Che Parts I and II have grossed nearly $41 million USD, against a budget of $58 million USD. In Havana 1964, Che Guevara is interviewed by Lisa Howard who asks him if reform throughout Latin America might not blunt the message of the Cuban Revolution, in 1955, at a gathering in Mexico City, Guevara first meets Fidel Castro. He listens to Castro’s plans and signs on as a member of the July 26th Movement, Guevara deals with debilitating bouts of asthma as his group of revolutionaries meet up with Castro’s. Together, they attack an army barracks in the Sierra Maestra on May 28,1957, on October 15,1958, the guerrillas approach the town of Las Villas. The Battle of Santa Clara is depicted with Guevara demonstrating his skill as the guerrillas engage in street-to-street fighting and derail a train carrying Cuban soldiers. Near the film‘s end, they are victorious, with the Cuban Revolution now over, Guevara heads to Havana, remarking we won the war, the revolution starts now. The film is organized by the number of days that he was in the country, on Day 26, there is solidarity among Guevaras men despite his status as foreigner. By Day 67, Guevara has been set up for betrayal and he tries to recruit some peasants only to be mistaken for a cocaine smuggler. On Day 100, there is a shortage of food and Guevara exercises discipline to resolve conflicts between his Cuban and Bolivian followers, by Day 113, some of the guerrillas have deserted and the Bolivian Army has discovered their base camp
23.
The 33 (film)
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The 33 is a 2015 English-language American-Chilean biographical disaster-survival drama film directed by Patricia Riggen and written by Mikko Alanne, Craig Borten, and José Rivera. The film is based on the events of the 2010 mining disaster. The film stars Antonio Banderas as trapped miner Mario Sepúlveda, dozens of people from Copiapó, Chile, work in the San José mine. The owner ignores the warnings of the stability of the mine. The only path inside the mine is completely blocked, and the thirty-three miners manage to get to the rescue chamber and they discover that the radio is useless, the medical kit is empty, the ventilation shafts lack the required ladders, and there is very little stored food. Mario Sepúlveda becomes the leader of the miners, dividing the foods rations and stopping the outbursts of violence, the mine company does not attempt any rescue, and the relatives of the miners gather around the gates. The government of Chile decides on active intervention, and orders the use of drills to reach the chamber, the first exploratory boreholes move off-target, but a later one reaches the required destination. The miners attach a note to the bit to announce their survival. They receive new food and clothing, and television communication with the surface, a second, bigger, drill system is prepared to retrieve the miners one by one. The following names have been confirmed, The film is based on the events of the 2010 Copiapó mining accident and it is directed by Patricia Riggen and written by Mikko Alanne and José Rivera. Producer Mike Medavoy, who also produced Apocalypse Now, has worked with the miners, their families, Antonio Banderas, who portrays Super Mario Sepúlveda, is the public face for the miners who sent videos to the rescuers to update them on the miners condition. The actual Sepúlveda has expressed his enthusiasm and approval towards having Banderas in the role, brazilian actor Rodrigo Santoro plays Laurence Golborne, Minister of Mining. On 17 June 2013, it was announced that Jennifer Lopez had joined to lead the cast of the film and she was replaced in the strong female central role by Juliette Binoche. On 10 January 2014 Cote de Pablo joined the cast of the film, on 27 January 2014, Gabriel Byrne joined the cast of the film, to play the role of Andre Sougarret, the engineering genius who masterminded the miraculous rescue of the 33 trapped miners. Next day on 28 January, Bob Gunton joined the cast of the Chilean miner filming, then shooting in Colombia, principal photography began in December 2013 in Colombia. Before shooting began, Riggen interviewed each of the miners and their families, after the shooting wrapped up in Nemocón, Colombia in January, crews started filming again in Copiapó, Chile on 5 February 2014 which was the actual place of the incident. On 18 February 2014 news told that more than half of the filming was done in the mine of Nemocón, Colombia. Filming wrapped up on 20 February 2014, in October 2014, James Horner was hired to compose the music for the film
24.
Longmire (TV series)
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Longmire is an American modern Western crime drama television series that premiered on June 3,2012, on the A&E network. The series was developed by John Coveny and Hunt Baldwin, and is based on the Walt Longmire Mysteries series of novels written by best-selling author Craig Johnson. The show centers on Walt Longmire, a sheriff in fictional Absaroka County, Wyoming, assisted by his friends and his daughter, Walt investigates major crimes within his jurisdiction, while campaigning for re-election against one of his own deputies. Following the conclusion of the season in August 2014, A&E announced it would not renew the series. Warner Horizon Television shopped it to networks, and on November 19,2014, Netflix picked up the show. In late 2016, Seasons 1 to 5 were available for viewing online via Netflix in North America, on November 2,2016, Netflix announced that it had renewed the show for a sixth and final season of ten episodes, to air in 2017. Sheriff Walt Longmire is the sheriff of Wyomings fictional Absaroka County, Walts adult daughter Cady is concerned that her father refuses to move on after the death of her mother. While preparing to run for re-election, Walt has delegated most police duties to deputies Branch Connally, Branch has also entered the election, to unseat Walt, and he is secretly dating Cady. Victoria Vic Moretti, a transplanted Philadelphia homicide detective, arrived in Wyoming six months prior and is now one of Walts deputies, Walts longtime friend Henry Standing Bear assists with any dealings with the local Indian reservation. In random flashback scenes, Walt and Henry travel separately to Denver, Colorado, Denver Police Homicide Detective Fales later arrives in Wyoming to talk to Walt and Cady about her mothers death. Cady is shocked to learn her mother was murdered, as Walt had told her she died of cancer, Fales tells Walt they found the man suspected of killing his wife buried in a shallow grave. Walt denies killing the man, however, Detective Fales suspects that if Walt did not commit the murder, Cady arrives in Denver to speak to Detective Fales, who gives her the details of her mothers murder and informs her the suspected murderer has also been killed. Fales prods her for information, and she offers that Walt confides in Henry, Henry tells Walt that he killed the murderer because Walt was unable to do so. Vic encounters Ed Gorski, a cop from Philadelphia. They discuss the suicide of Gorskis former partner, whom Vic implicated in a scandal that prompted an internal affairs investigation. Gorski blames Vic for his partners death, leading to his stalking Vic, frightened by Gorskis manner, Vic asks Henry for help, and Walt visits Gorski to warn him away. Hector, a Cheyenne mercenary believed to have assaulted Gorski, is protected by Walt, Henry confesses to Walt that he hired Hector to kill Miller Beck, the murderer of Walts wife, but Hector explains that he only beat him up and took his teeth as trophies. Fales and his team find the teeth at Henrys bar and arrest him, Walt wins the election, and Cady is hospitalized when she is hit by a car after hers is sabotaged by an unknown assailant
25.
United States Marine Corps
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The U. S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U. S. Department of Defense and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the military officer in the U. S. Armed Forces, is a Marine Corps general, the Marine Corps has been a component of the U. S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834, working closely with naval forces for training, transportation, and logistics. The USMC operates posts on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world, two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting for independence both at sea and on shore. The role of the Corps has since grown and evolved, expanding to aerial warfare and earning popular titles such as, Americas third air force, and, second land army. By the mid-20th century, the U. S. Marine Corps had become a major theorist of and its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises gives it a strong role in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy. As of 2016, the USMC has around 182,000 active duty members and it is the smallest of the U. S. The USMC serves as an expeditionary force-in-readiness and this last clause, while seemingly redundant given the Presidents position as Commander-in-chief, is a codification of the expeditionary responsibilities of the Marine Corps. It derives from similar language in the Congressional acts For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps of 1834, in 1951, the House of Representatives Armed Services Committee called the clause one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps. In addition to its duties, the Marine Corps conducts Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure operations, as well as missions in direct support of the White House. The Marine Band, dubbed the Presidents Own by Thomas Jefferson, Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in Marine Barracks, Washington, D. C. The Executive Flight Detachment also provides transport to Cabinet members. The relationship between the Department of State and the U. S. Marine Corps is nearly as old as the corps itself, for over 200 years, Marines have served at the request of various Secretaries of State. After World War II, an alert, disciplined force was needed to protect American embassies, consulates, in 1947, a proposal was made that the Department of War furnish Marine Corps personnel for Foreign Service guard duty under the provisions of the Foreign Service Act of 1946. A formal Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Department of State and the Secretary of the Navy on December 15,1948, during the first year of the MSG program,36 detachments were deployed worldwide. Continental Marines manned raiding parties, both at sea and ashore, the Advanced Base Doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships, Marine detachments served in their traditional duties as a ships landing force, manning the ships weapons and providing shipboard security. Marines would develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II, during World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships
26.
Americans
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Americans are citizens of the United States of America. The country is home to people of different national origins. As a result, Americans do not equate their nationality with ethnicity, although citizens make up the majority of Americans, non-citizen residents, dual citizens, and expatriates may also claim an American identity. See Names for United States citizens. S, virgin Islands and Northern Mariana Islands in the 20th century. It also includes influences of African-American culture, westward expansion integrated the Creoles and Cajuns of Louisiana and the Hispanos of the Southwest and brought close contact with the culture of Mexico. Large-scale immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from Southern and Eastern Europe introduced a variety of elements, immigration from Asia, Africa, and Latin America has also had impact. A cultural melting pot, or pluralistic salad bowl, describes the way in which generations of Americans have celebrated and exchanged distinctive cultural characteristics, in addition to the United States, Americans and people of American descent can be found internationally. As many as seven million Americans are estimated to be living abroad, the United States of America is a diverse country, racially, and ethnically. Some other race is also an option in the census and other surveys, people of European descent, or White Americans, constitute the majority of the 308 million people living in the United States, with 72. 4% of the population in the 2010 United States Census. They are considered people who trace their ancestry to the peoples of Europe, the Middle East. Of those reporting to be White American,7,487,133 reported to be Multiracial, with largest combination being white, additionally, there are 29,184,290 White Hispanics or Latinos. Non-Hispanic Whites are the majority in 46 states, there are four minority-majority states, California, Texas, New Mexico, and Hawaii. In addition, the District of Columbia has a non-white majority, the state with the highest percentage of non-Hispanic White Americans is Maine. The largest continental ancestral group of Americans are that of Europeans who have origins in any of the peoples of Europe. This includes people via African, North American, Caribbean, Central American or South American and Oceanian nations that have a large European diaspora, the Spanish were the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the United States. Martín de Argüelles born 1566, San Agustín, La Florida, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the United States. Twenty-one years later, Virginia Dare born 1587 Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born in the Thirteen Colonies to English parents. 8% of the total population, Hispanic or Latino Americans constitute the largest ethnic minority in the United States. They form the second largest group after non-Hispanic Whites in the United States, hispanic/Latino Americans are very racially diverse, and as a result form an ethnic category, rather than a race
27.
Ulster Scots people
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The Ulster Scots, commonly known as Scots-Irish outside of Ireland, are an ethnic group in Ireland, found mostly in the Ulster region and to a lesser extent in the rest of Ireland. Scotch-Irish is a term for Ulster Scots who emigrated to North America. The first major influx of border English and Lowland Scots into Ulster came in the first two decades of the 17th century, first, before the Plantations of Ireland and even before the Flight of the Earls, there was the 1606 independent Scottish settlement in east Down and Antrim. It was led by adventurers James Hamilton and Sir Hugh Montgomery, Montgomery was granted half of Conn ONeills land as a reward for helping him escape from prison. Hamilton forced himself in on this deal when he discovered it and, starting in 1609, Scots began arriving into state-sponsored settlements as part of the Plantation of Ulster. This scheme was intended to confiscate all the lands of the Gaelic Irish nobility in Ulster, under this scheme, a substantial number of Scots were settled, mostly in the south and west of Ulster, on confiscated land. Native Irish civilians were massacred in return, by 1642, native Irish were in de facto control of much of the island under a Confederate Ireland, with about a third under the control of the opposition. However, many Ulster-Scots Presbyterians joined with the Irish in rebellion, the war itself, part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, ended in the 1650s, with the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. At the head of the army, Oliver Cromwell conquered all of Ireland, after the Cromwellian war in Ireland was over, many of their soldiers settled permanently in eastern Ulster. Under the Act of Settlement 1652, all Catholic-owned land was confiscated and the British Plantations in Ireland, which had been destroyed by the rebellion of 1641, were restored. However, due to the Scots enmity to the English Parliament in the stages of the English Civil War. There was a generation of calm in Ireland until another war broke out in 1689, again due to political conflict closely aligned with ethnic, the majority of the Protestant colonists throughout Ireland but particularly in Ulster, fought on the Williamite side in the war against the Jacobites. Their victories at Derry, the Boyne and Aughrim are still commemorated by the Orange Order into the 21st century. Finally, another influx of Scots into northern Ireland occurred in the late 1690s. It was only after the 1690s that Scottish settlers and their descendants, for this reason, up until the 19th century, there was considerable disharmony between Dissenters and the ruling Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. Just a few generations after arriving in Ulster, considerable numbers of Ulster-Scots emigrated to the North American colonies of Great Britain, between 1717 and 1775, an estimated 200,000 migrated to what became the United States of America. In the United States Census of 2000,4.3 million Americans claimed Scotch-Irish ancestry, over the centuries, Ulster Scots culture has contributed to the unique character of the counties in Northern Ireland. The Ulster Scots Agency points to industry, language, music, sport, religion, in particular, the origin of country and Western music was extensively from Ulster Scots folk music
28.
Candelaria, Zambales
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Candelaria is a third class municipality in the province of Zambales, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 27,174 people, Candelaria is 42 kilometres from the capital town of Iba. This municipality is known for Uacon Lake, the cleanest lake in Central Luzon, and for its numerous beach resorts. During the pre-Spanish era, Candelaria was an unsettled forest land and it was then a sitio of Masinloc, one of the oldest towns of Zambales. Settlement by Sambal from other parts of Masinloc, who found Candelaria an ideal location to live, the name of the town could have come from the name of the wife of the first Alcalde Mayor, who named the town after her as a birthday gift. It should also be noted that candelaria is also the Spanish word for Candlemas, as the years passed, it was customarily called Candelaria. Candelaria is politically subdivided into 16 barangays. In the 2015 census, Philippine Standard Geographic Code Philippine Census Information
29.
Filipinos
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Filipinos are the people who are identified with the country of the Philippines, either through descent or citizenship. Filipinos come from different ethnolinguistic nations, currently, there are more than 175 ethnolinguistic nations, each with its own language, identity, culture and history. The modern Filipino identity, with its Austronesian roots, was developed in conjunction with Spanish, Chinese, the Philippines was a Spanish colony for 333 years, setting a foundation for contemporary Filipino culture. Under Spanish rule, most of the Filipino populace embraced Roman Catholicism, almost all Filipinos adopted Spanish surnames from the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos published in 1849 by the Spanish colonial government. As neither past governments nor the modern Philippine Statistics Authority account for the background of an individual. The lack of the letter F in the pre-1987 Philippine alphabet, upon official adoption of the modern, 28-letter Filipino alphabet in 1987, the name Filipino was preferred over Pilipino. However the ABAKADA is only the Alphabet of the Tagalogs as other Ethnic Nations also have their own alphabet and/or writing script, use of the term Filipino in the Philippines started during the Spanish colonial period. The original meaning was a person of Spanish descent born in the Philippines and this original usage is now archaic and obsolete. Historian Ambeth Ocampo has suggested that the first documented use of the word to refer to Indios was the Spanish language poem A la juventud filipina, published in 1879 by José Rizal. A number of Filipinos refer to themselves colloquially as Pinoy, which is a word formed by taking the last four letters of Filipino. The term, although in popular usage, is considered by some Filipinos as a racial slur. Other collective endonyms for the Filipino people include, Patria Adorada as popularized by Jose Rizal through his poem Mi último adiós, in 2010, a metatarsal from Callao Man, discovered in 2007, was dated through uranium-series dating as being 67,000 years old. Prior to that, the earliest human remains found in the Philippines were thought to be the fragments of a skull and jawbone. Fox, an anthropologist from the National Museum, anthropologists who examined these remains agreed that they belonged to modern human beings. These include the Homo sapiens, as distinguished from the mid-Pleistocene Homo erectus species, the Tabon Man fossils are considered to have come from a third group of inhabitants, who worked the cave between 22,000 and 20,000 BCE. An earlier cave level lies so far below the level containing cooking fire assemblages that it must represent Upper Pleistocene dates like 45 or 50 thousand years ago, researchers say this indicates that the human remains were pre-Mongoloid, from about 40,000 years ago. Fluctuations in ancient shorelines between 150,000 BP and 17,000 BP connected the Malay Archipelago region with Maritime Southeast Asia and this may have enabled ancient migrations into the Philippines from Maritime Southeast Asia approximately 50,000 BP to 13,000 BP. A January 2009 study of language phylogenies by R. D and this was a two-pronged expansion, which moved north through the Philippines and into Taiwan, while a second expansion prong spread east along the New Guinea coast and into Oceania and Polynesia
30.
Lou Diamond
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Diamond was born Leland Diamond, May 30,1890, in Bedford, Ohio. His parents, Herbert Caleb Diamond and Mima Ellenor, were Canadians from Belleville and his father was the youngest of the famed Diamond Brothers of the North-West Mounted Police, who served in the Red Deer District of Alberta in the 1880s. He is descended from the Hudson River Valley Algonquin-Mohican Diamond family of the pre-American-Revolution era and his ancestors were United Empire Loyalists John Diamond and Christiana Loyst, from Dutchess County, New York, who fled to Fredericksburgh, Ontario after the Revolution. The Gunny was a practicing Episcopalian as noted in the notes of journalist Marc Parrott who was present at Gunny Diamonds Episcopalian funeral services. He enlisted in the Marine Corps in Detroit, Michigan, July 25,1917 at the age of 27 and he was assigned Marine Service Number 98912. Because of his powerful voice, which matched his 511 200-pound frame. Many of his comrades at Guadalcanal considered him a human air-raid warning system, even while on active duty, Diamond lived informally, often going hatless and wearing dungarees in open defiance of military dress regulations. Self-confidence, even cockiness, was one of his outstanding characteristics and he considered anybody with less than ten years in the Corps a boot. While he dressed down recruits who sometimes instinctively saluted him, he failed, himself. Diamond rejected opportunities to apply for a commission — that is, as a corporal in January 1918, he shipped out from Philadelphia aboard the USS Von Steuben bound for Brest, France. He saw action with the famous 6th Marine Regiment in the battles at Chateau Thierry, Belleau Wood, the Aisne-Marne, St. Mihiel, promoted to the grade of Sergeant, he marched to the Rhine with the Army of Occupation. At wars end, Mr. Leatherneck returned to America, railroading, and civilian life in general, did not suit him, and on September 23,1921, Diamond re-enlisted. Mr. Marine itched for more action and he soon got it in Shanghai, with Company M, 3rd Battalion, 4th Marine Regiment. But the Sino-Japanese controversy, in Diamonds opinion, was not much of a war, by then he was a Gunnery Sergeant. Diamond returned to Shanghai with his old outfit, the 4th Marines, ten months later, was transferred to the 2nd Marines in December 1934, and returned to the States in February 1937. Two years after his promotion to Master Gunnery Sergeant on July 10,1939, following the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor, Diamond shipped out to Guadalcanal with Company H, 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines, 1st Marine Division, arriving at the beaches August 7,1942. He was then 52 years old, though not a spit-and-polish Marine, Diamond proved himself an expert with both 60- and 81-mm mortars, his accurate fire being credited as the turning point of many battles on Guadalcanal. Among the many fables concerning his Guadalcanal service is the tale that he lobbed a mortar shell down the stack of an off-shore Japanese cruiser
31.
Flour Bluff High School
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Flour Bluff High School is a public high school in Corpus Christi, Texas. It is part of the Flour Bluff Independent School District, the Texas Education Agencys 2009 accountability rating was Recognized As of the 2009-2010 school year, Flour Bluff High had a total of 1,821 students. 30. 4% of the students are considered economically disadvantaged, the Flour Bluff Hornets compete in these sports - Cross Country, Volleyball, Football, Basketball, Swimming/Diving, Soccer, Golf, Tennis, Track, Softball & Baseball. JD Gonzalez, Vice president of Programming - CBS Radio Flour Bluff ISD
32.
Corpus Christi, Texas
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Corpus Christi, colloquially Corpus, is a coastal city in the South Texas region of the U. S. state of Texas. The county seat of Nueces County, it extends into Aransas, Kleberg. It is 130 miles southeast of San Antonio and its political boundaries encompass Nueces Bay and Corpus Christi Bay. Its zoned boundaries include small land parcels or water inlets of three neighboring counties, the citys population was estimated to be 320,434 in 2014, making it the eighth-most populous city in Texas. The Corpus Christi metropolitan area had an population of 442,600. It is also the hub of the six-county Corpus Christi-Kingsville-Alice Combined Statistical Area, the Port of Corpus Christi is the fifth-largest in the United States. The region is served by the Corpus Christi International Airport, the citys name means Body of Christ in Latin. The name was given to the settlement and surrounding bay by Spanish explorer Alonso Álvarez de Pineda in 1519, the citys nickname is Sparkling City by the Sea, particularly featured in tourist literature. Corpus Christi was founded in 1839 by Colonel Henry Lawrence Kinney and William P. Aubrey as Kinneys Trading Post and it was a small trading post that sold supplies to a Mexican revolutionary army camped about 25 mi west. In July 1845, U. S. troops commanded by General Zachary Taylor set up there in preparation for war with Mexico. About a year later, the settlement was named Corpus Christi and was incorporated on 9 September 1852, the Battle of Corpus Christi was fought between August 12 and August 18,1862, during the American Civil War. United States Navy forces blockading Texas fought a land and sea engagement with Confederate forces in and around Corpus Christi Bay. Union forces defeated Confederate States Navy ships operating in the area, the Port of Corpus Christi was opened in 1926, and the Corpus Christi Naval Air Station was commissioned in 1941. The 1919 Storm devastated the city, killing hundreds on September 14, only three structures survived the storm on North Beach. To protect the city, the seawall was built, the city also suffered damage from Hurricane Celia in 1970 and Hurricane Allen in 1980, but little damage from Hurricane Ike in 2008. In November 1873, seven Mexican shepherds were lynched by a mob near the city, in February 1929, the League of United Latin American Citizens was founded in Corpus Christi. This organization was created to battle racial discrimination against Hispanic people in the United States, since its founding, LULAC has grown and now has a national headquarters in Washington, D. C. In March 1949, the American GI Forum was founded in Corpus Christi, currently, AGIF focuses on veterans issues, education, and civil rights issues
33.
University of Texas at Arlington
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The University of Texas at Arlington is a public research university located in Arlington, Texas. The campus is in the Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan area, and is adjacent to downtown Arlington, the university was founded in 1895 and was in the Texas A&M University System for several decades until joining The University of Texas System in 1965. In fall 2016, the student population of 39,714 was the largest in North Texas, the Carnegie Foundation in 2016 classified UT Arlington as one of 115 universities in the category of R-1, Doctoral Universities – Highest Research Activity. The Chronicle of Higher Education named UT Arlington one of the fastest growing research universities in the nation. Times Higher Education ranks UT Arlington #123 in its list of best universities in the US for 2016, the Center for World University Rankings places UT Arlington at #175 in the US for 2016. The university is the third largest producer of college graduates in Texas and offers 85 baccalaureate,74 masters, UT Arlington participates in 14 intercollegiate sports as a Division I member of the NCAA and Sun Belt Conference. UT Arlington sport teams are known as the Mavericks. The university traces its roots back to the opening of Arlington College in September 1895, Arlington College was established as a private school for primary through secondary level students, equivalent to the modern 1st–10th grades. At the time, the school system in the city of Arlington was underfunded and understaffed. Local merchant Edward Emmett Rankin organized fellow citizens of the city to donate materials, Rankin also convinced the two co-principals of the public school in Arlington, Lee Morgan Hammond and William H. Trimble, to invest in and hold the same positions at Arlington College. In the first few years, between 75 and 150 students were enrolled in the college, the public school began to rent space at Arlington College, and was eventually sold to the city in 1900. Although the public system was set to improve, Arlington College was closed. Carlisle was already established as an educator in the North Texas region. His program consisted of a balance between work and military training. Enrollment increased to 150 students by 1905, and he began an expansion of the campus. Baseball, football, basketball, and track teams were begun between 1904–1908, around the same time, new barracks, a track, a gymnasium, and an indoor pool were built. The academy became known as one of the best at its level in the country, unfortunately, enrollment did not continue to increase with the expansion in facilities and Carlisle ran into serious financial problems. Lawsuits for the mortgages on the property were filed in 1911, in the fall of 1913, Henry Kirby Taylor moved from Missouri where he was president of the Northwest State Teachers College to set up another military academy called Arlington Training School
34.
Miami Vice
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Miami Vice was an American television crime drama series created by Anthony Yerkovich and executive produced by Michael Mann for NBC. The series starred Don Johnson as James Sonny Crockett and Philip Michael Thomas as Ricardo Rico Tubbs, the series ran for five seasons on NBC from 1984 to 1989. The USA Network began airing reruns in 1988, and broadcast an originally unaired episode during its run of the series on January 25,1990. Unlike standard police procedurals, the show drew heavily upon 1980s New Wave culture, the show became noted for its integration of music and visual effects. It has been called one of the Top 50 TV Shows, people magazine stated that Miami Vice was the first show to look really new and different since color TV was invented. In 2016, television critics Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz ranked Miami Vice as the 51st greatest American television show of all time, Michael Mann directed a film adaptation of the series, which was released on July 28,2006. The initial idea was for a movie about a pair of cops in Miami. Yerkovich then turned out a script for a pilot, titled Gold Coast. Yerkovich was immediately drawn to South Florida as a setting for his new-style police show, Miami Vice was one of the first American network television programs to be broadcast in stereophonic sound. It was mixed in stereo for its run, but not actually broadcast in stereo until 1985. In keeping with the namesake, most episodes focused on combating drug trafficking. Episodes often ended in a gun battle, claiming the lives of several criminals before they could be apprehended. An undercurrent of cynicism and futility underlies the entire series, the detectives repeatedly reference the Whac-A-Mole nature of drug interdiction, with its parade of drug cartels quickly replacing those that are apprehended. Co-executive producer Yerkovich explained, The choice of music and cinematography borrowed heavily from the emerging New Wave culture of the 1980s, as such, segments of Miami Vice would sometimes use music-based stanzas, a technique later featured in Baywatch. As Lee H. Katzin, one of the directors, remarked, The show is written for an MTV audience. These elements made the series into an instant hit, and in its first season saw an unprecedented fifteen Emmy Award nominations, while the first few episodes contained elements of a standard police procedural, the producers soon abandoned them in favor of a more distinctive style. Influenced by an Art Deco revival, no earth tones were allowed to be used in the production, mickey Rourke was also considered for the role, but he turned down the offer. Larry Wilcox, of CHiPs, was also a candidate for the role of Crockett, after dozens of candidates and a twice-delayed pilot shooting, Don Johnson and Philip Michael Thomas were chosen as the vice cops
35.
Edward James Olmos
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Edward James Olmos is an American actor and director. In the film Selena, Detective Gaff in Blade Runner, in 1988, Olmos was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for the film Stand and Deliver. He has also been a pioneer for more diversified roles and images of Hispanics in the U. S. media. And Pedro Olmos, who was a welder and mail carrier and his father was a Mexican immigrant who moved to California in 1945 and his mother was Mexican American. His parents split up when he was 7 years old, and he grew up wanting to be a professional baseball player, and at age 13 joined the Los Angeles Dodgers farm system, playing as a catcher. He left baseball at age 15 to join a rock and roll band, which caused a rift with his father and he graduated from Montebello High School in 1964. While at Montebello High School, he lost a race for Student Body President to future California Democratic Party Chair Art Torres. In his teen years, he was the singer for a band he named Pacific Ocean. For several years, Pacific Ocean performed at clubs in and around Los Angeles. At the same time, he attended classes at East Los Angeles College, the play moved to Broadway, and Olmos earned a Tony Award nomination. He subsequently took the role to the version in 1981. In 1980, Olmos was cast in the science fiction film Virus, directed by Kinji Fukasaku. His role required him to play a piano while singing a Spanish ballad during the part of the film. Although not a box office success, Virus was notable for being the most expensive Japanese film ever made at the time, at this time, Olmos also starred in a short training video for the United States Postal Service entitled Was it Worth It. A video about theft in the workplace and he was contacted about playing the captain of the USS Enterprise on Star Trek, The Next Generation when it was in pre-production in 1986, but declined. He directed and starred in American Me in 1992, and also starred in My Family/Mi Familia, in 1997, he starred alongside Jennifer Lopez in the film Selena. Olmos played Dominican Republic dictator Rafael Leónidas Trujillo in the 2001 movie In the Time of the Butterflies and he also had a recurring role as U. S. Supreme Court Justice Roberto Mendoza in the NBC drama The West Wing. From 2002 to 2004, he starred as a widowed father of a Hispanic L. A. -family in the PBS drama American Family
36.
Cholo
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Its use has migrated from the initial negative ethnic designation as originated by Hispanic criollos in the 16th century. In sociological literature, it is one of castas, and refers to Mexican American gangsters, the precise usage of cholo has varied widely in different times and places. In modern American usage, it most often applies to the low-rider sub-culture manner of dress, the terms use is first recorded in a Peruvian book published in 1609 and 1616, the Comentarios Reales de los Incas by Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. He writes The child of a Black male and an Indian female, or of an Indian male and Black female, they call mulato, the children of these they call cholo. Cholo is a word from the Windward Islands, it means dog, not of the variety, but of very disreputable origin. In Colonial Mexico, the terms cholo and coyote co-existed, indicating mixed Mestizo, other terms were used to denote other ratios of smaller or greater Spanish-to-Amerindian ancestry. During the War of the Pacific Peruvians were contemptuously referred to as cholos by Chilean officers, an article in the Los Angeles Express of April 2,1907, headlined Cleaning Up the Filthy Cholo Courts Has Begun in Earnest, uses the terms cholos and Mexicans interchangeably. In 1571, Fray Alonso de Molina, in his Nahuatl vocabulary, defined the word xolo as slave, servant, or waiter. The Porrúa Dictionary defines cholo, as used in the Americas, as a civilized Native American or a half-breed or mestizo of a European father and Native American mother. The word has historically been used along the borderland as a term to mean lower class Mexican migrants. Despite, or because of, its history of denigrating semantics. During the 1930s and 40s, Cholos and Chicanos were known as pachucos and were associated with the zoot suit, the press at the time accused the Cholos in the US of gang membership and petty criminality, leading to the Zoot Suit Riots. Continuing until the early 1970s, the typical cholo and chicano hairstyle was a variant of the pompadour, piled high on the head, Cholos are known for starching and pressing their pants and shirts, and often wear military-style webbed belts. Cholos in the 1990s and 2000s frequently have their hair buzzed very short, though some continue to have the more traditional slicked-back hair, footwear originally included Stacy Adams dress shoes, and biscuits. Modern cholos tend to wear shoes, such as Converse, Nike Cortez, Vans, Fila, Adidas Stan Smith, slip-on house shoes. Popular Cholo brands include Dickies, Ben Davis, Joker, Lowrider, in South Texas, cholos are sometimes referred to as chucs or chukes. This term is short for pachucos, tejano cholos typically make heavy use of starch on their pants but so do traditional Tejanos. This designation may also be associated with black ink tattoos, commonly involving calligraphy, a cholo might also stereotypically own a lowrider
37.
Gangster
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A gangster is a criminal who is a member of a gang. Some gangs are considered to be part of organized crime, gangsters are also called mobsters, a term derived from mob and the suffix -ster. Gangs provide a level of organization and resources that support much larger, gangsters have been active for many years in countries around the world. Some gangsters, such as Al Capone have become infamous, gangsters are the subject of many novels and films, particularly from the period between 1920 and 1990. Some contemporary criminals refer to themselves as gangsta in reference to non-rhotic Black American pronunciation, in todays usage, the term gang is generally used for a criminal organization, and the term gangster invariably describes a criminal. Much has been written on the subject of gangs, although there is no consensus about what constitutes a gang or what situations lead to gang formation and evolution. For example, the view that illegal drug distribution in the United States is largely controlled by gangs has been questioned. A gang may be a small group of people who cooperate in criminal acts, as with the Jesse James gang. But a gang may be a group with a formal organization that survives the death of its leader. The Chicago Outfit created by Al Capone outlasted its founders imprisonment and death, the term organized crime is associated with gangs and gangsters, but is not synonymous. A small street gang that engages in sporadic low-level crime would not be seen as organized, an organization that coordinates gangs in different countries involved in the international trade in drugs or prostitutes may not be considered a gang. The Sicilian Mafia, or Cosa Nostra is a syndicate that emerged in the mid-nineteenth century in Sicily, Italy. It is an association of criminal groups that share a common organizational structure. The origins lie in the upheaval of Sicilys transition out of feudalism in 1812, under feudalism, the nobility owned most of the land and enforced law and order through their private armies. After 1812, the feudal barons steadily sold off or rented their lands to private citizens, primogeniture was abolished, land could no longer be seized to settle debts, and one fifth of the land was to become private property of the peasants. Organized crime has existed in Russia since the days of Imperial Russia in the form of banditry and thievery, in the Soviet period Vory v Zakone emerged, a class of criminals that had to abide by certain rules in the prison system. One such rule was that cooperation with the authorities of any kind was forbidden, in 1988 the Soviet Union legalized private enterprise but did not provide regulations to ensure the security of market economy. Crude markets emerged, the most notorious being the Rizhsky market where prostitution rings were run next to the Rizhsky Railway Station in Moscow, as the Soviet Union headed for collapse many former government workers turned to crime, while others moved overseas
38.
Jaime Escalante
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Jaime Alfonso Escalante Gutierrez was a Bolivian educator known for teaching students calculus from 1974 to 1991 at Garfield High School, East Los Angeles, California. Escalante was the subject of the 1988 film Stand and Deliver, in 1993, the asteroid 5095 Escalante was named after him. Escalante was born to two teachers of Aymara ancestry on December 31,1930 in La Paz, Bolivia and he was proud of his Aymara heritage and as an adult would proudly proclaim The Aymara knew math before the Greeks and Egyptians. 1984, Standard teaching credential, Florida State University, Florida Escalante taught mathematics and physics for 12 years in Bolivia before immigrating to the United States. After migrating, he had to work odd jobs, teach himself English. In 1974, he began teaching at Garfield High School, Escalante eventually changed his mind about returning to work when he found 12 students willing to take an algebra class. Shortly after Escalante came to Garfield High, its accreditation became threatened, instead of gearing classes to poorly performing students, Escalante offered AP Calculus. He had already earned the criticism of an administrator who disapproved of his requiring the students to answer a question before being allowed into the classroom. He told me to just get them inside, Escalante reported, determined to change the status quo, Escalante had to persuade the first few students who would listen to him that they could control their futures with the right education. He promised them that the jobs would be in engineering, electronics and he told his students, Ill teach you math and thats your language. With that, youre going to make it, youre going to college and sit in the first row, not the back because youre going to know more than anybody. The school administration opposed Escalante frequently during his first few years and this opposition changed with the arrival of a new principal, Henry Gradillas. He denied extracurricular activities to students who failed to maintain a C average, one of Escalantes students remarked about him, If he wants to teach us that bad, we can learn. Escalante continued to teach at Garfield, but it was not until 1978 that Escalante would instruct his first calculus class and he hoped that it could provide the leverage to improve lower-level math courses. To this end, Escalante recruited fellow teacher Ben Jiménez and taught calculus to five students, the following year, the class size increased to nine students, seven of whom passed the AP calculus test. By 1981, the class had increased to 15 students,14 of whom passed, Escalante placed a high priority on pressuring his students to pass their math classes, particularly calculus. He rejected the practice of ranking students from first to last. In 1982, Escalante came into the spotlight when 18 of his students passed the challenging Advanced Placement Calculus exam
39.
Calculus
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Calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations. It has two branches, differential calculus, and integral calculus, these two branches are related to each other by the fundamental theorem of calculus. Both branches make use of the notions of convergence of infinite sequences. Generally, modern calculus is considered to have developed in the 17th century by Isaac Newton. Today, calculus has widespread uses in science, engineering and economics, Calculus is a part of modern mathematics education. A course in calculus is a gateway to other, more advanced courses in mathematics devoted to the study of functions and limits, Calculus has historically been called the calculus of infinitesimals, or infinitesimal calculus. Calculus is also used for naming some methods of calculation or theories of computation, such as calculus, calculus of variations, lambda calculus. The ancient period introduced some of the ideas that led to integral calculus, the method of exhaustion was later discovered independently in China by Liu Hui in the 3rd century AD in order to find the area of a circle. In the 5th century AD, Zu Gengzhi, son of Zu Chongzhi, indian mathematicians gave a non-rigorous method of a sort of differentiation of some trigonometric functions. In the Middle East, Alhazen derived a formula for the sum of fourth powers. He used the results to carry out what would now be called an integration, Cavalieris work was not well respected since his methods could lead to erroneous results, and the infinitesimal quantities he introduced were disreputable at first. The formal study of calculus brought together Cavalieris infinitesimals with the calculus of finite differences developed in Europe at around the same time, pierre de Fermat, claiming that he borrowed from Diophantus, introduced the concept of adequality, which represented equality up to an infinitesimal error term. The combination was achieved by John Wallis, Isaac Barrow, and James Gregory, in other work, he developed series expansions for functions, including fractional and irrational powers, and it was clear that he understood the principles of the Taylor series. He did not publish all these discoveries, and at this time infinitesimal methods were considered disreputable. These ideas were arranged into a calculus of infinitesimals by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. He is now regarded as an independent inventor of and contributor to calculus, unlike Newton, Leibniz paid a lot of attention to the formalism, often spending days determining appropriate symbols for concepts. Leibniz and Newton are usually credited with the invention of calculus. Newton was the first to apply calculus to general physics and Leibniz developed much of the used in calculus today
40.
Emilio Estevez
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Emilio Estevez is an American actor, director, and writer. He is also known for Repo Man, The Mighty Ducks and its sequels, Stakeout, Maximum Overdrive, Bobby, Estevez was born on Staten Island, the oldest child of artist Janet Templeton and actor Martin Sheen. His siblings are Ramon Estevez, Charlie Sheen, and Renée Estevez, estevezs paternal grandparents were Irish and Galician immigrants. His father is a devout Catholic and his mother is a strict Southern Baptist, Estevez initially attended school in the New York public school system but transferred to a prestigious private academy once his fathers career took off. He lived on Manhattans Upper West Side until his family moved west in 1968 when his father was cast in Catch-22, growing up in Malibu, California, Estevez attended Santa Monica High School. When Estevez was 11 years old, his father bought the family a portable movie camera. Estevez, his brother Charlie, and their school friends, Sean Penn, Chris Penn, Chad Lowe, and Rob Lowe used the camera to make short films. Estevez also appeared in Meet Mr. Bomb, a short anti-nuclear power film produced at his high school, Emilio was 14 when he accompanied his father to the Philippines, where Sheen was shooting Apocalypse Now. Estevez had a role as an extra in Apocalypse Now, when they returned to Los Angeles, Estevez co-wrote and starred in a high school play about Vietnam veterans called Echoes of an Era and invited his parents to watch it. Sheen recalls being astonished by his sons performance, and began to realize, my God, after graduating from Santa Monica High in 1980, he refused to go to college and instead went into acting. Unlike his brother Charlie, Emilio and his siblings did not adopt their fathers stage name. Emilio reportedly liked the assonance of the double ‘E’ initials, and his first role was in a drama produced by the Catholic Paulist order. Soon after, he made his debut with his father in Mister Roberts at Burt Reynolds dinner theater in Jupiter. Since then, father and son worked together in the 1982 ABC-TV film about juveniles in jail, In the Custody of Strangers, Estevez received much attention during the 1980s for being a member of the Brat Pack and was credited as the leader of the group of young actors. Estevez and Rob Lowe established the Brat Pack when cast as supporting Greasers in an early Brat Pack movie, Lowe was cast as C. Thomas Howells older brother Sodapop and Estévez as the drunken Two-Bit Matthews. During production, he approached his character as a laid-back guy and thought up Two-Bits interest in Mickey Mouse, shown by his uniform of Mickey Mouse T-shirts. Besides his roles in In the Custody of Strangers and The Outsiders, his credits include NBC-TVs thrillers Nightmares and Tex and he bought the movie rights to a third Hinton book, That Was Then, This Is Now, and wrote the screenplay. His father predicted he would have to direct to feel the full extent of his talents, describing him as an officer, not a soldier
41.
Kiefer Sutherland
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Kiefer William Frederick Dempsey George Rufus Sutherland is a British born Canadian actor, producer, director, and singer-songwriter. His portrayal of Jack Bauer on the Fox drama series 24 brought him an Emmy Award, Sutherland got his first leading film role in a Canadian drama The Bay Boy, which earned him a Genie Award nomination. Sutherland was inducted to Hollywood Walk of Fame and Canadas Walk of Fame and was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award from Zurich Film Festival. Sutherland was born in St Marys Hospital, Paddington, London, to Donald Sutherland and Shirley Douglas and he has a twin sister, Rachel. His maternal grandfather was Scottish-born Canadian politician and former Premier of Saskatchewan Tommy Douglas, Sutherlands family moved to Corona, California. In 1975, Sutherland moved with his mother to Toronto and he attended elementary school at Crescent Town Elementary School, St. Clair Junior High East York, and John G. Althouse Middle School in Toronto. He also spent a semester at Regina Mundi Catholic College in London, Ontario, Sutherland told Jimmy Kimmel Live. that he and Robert Downey, Jr. were roommates for three years when he first moved to Hollywood to pursue his career in acting. He and Downey, Jr. also starred together in the film 1969, Sutherland made his screen debut in Max Dugan Returns, in which his father Donald Sutherland also starred. Sutherland was one of the contenders for the role of Glen Lantz in the original A Nightmare on Elm Street, after receiving critical acclaim for his role as Donald Campbell in The Bay Boy, Sutherland moved to Hollywood. Stand by Me was the first film Sutherland made in the United States, in the film, directed by Rob Reiner, he played a neighborhood bully in a coming-of-age story about a search for a dead body. Before that, he played a silent, supporting character, as one of Sean Penns friends who goes up against Christopher Walken in James Foleys crime-thriller At Close Range. His film Promised Land, with Meg Ryan, was the first film to be commissioned by the Sundance Film Festival and his role as vampire David in The Lost Boys is one of his iconic roles in his career reviews by many critics and audiences. In the Western film Young Guns, he starred alongside Emilio Estevez and he was considered for the role of Robin in Batman, alongside Michael Keaton, in the early production before the character was deleted from the shooting script. He went on to star again with his close friend Lou Diamond Phillips and that same year, he and his father appeared at the 61st Academy Awards as presenters of the Academy Honorary Award to the National Film Board of Canada. In the sequel Young Guns II, Sutherland continued to play Doc alongside some of the original cast and it is the only sequel to a feature film he has starred in. Sutherland did not make a film in 1991, in a recent interview, he said he declined the offer of Gus Van Sant to star in the lead role in the movie My Own Private Idaho, a decision that he regretted. He hosted Saturday Night Live instead, the film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. In The Vanishing, he starred alongside Jeff Bridges as a husband seeking his wife three years after she mysteriously vanished, in The Three Musketeers, Sutherland played the central character of Athos
42.
Western (genre)
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Cowboys and gunslingers typically wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, cowboy boots and buckskins. Other characters include Native Americans, bandits, lawmen, bounty hunters, outlaws, mounted cavalry, settlers, Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape of deserts and mountains. Often, the vast landscape plays an important role, presenting a. mythic vision of the plains, specific settings include ranches, small frontier towns, saloons, railways and isolated military forts of the Wild West. Many Westerns use a plot of depicting a crime, then showing the pursuit of the wrongdoer, ending in revenge and retribution. The Western was the most popular Hollywood genre, from the early 20th century to the 1960s, Western films first became well-attended in the 1930s. John Fords landmark Western adventure Stagecoach became one of the biggest hits in 1939, Westerns were very popular throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Many of the most acclaimed Westerns were released during this time – including High Noon, Shane, The Searchers, the Western depicts a society organized around codes of honor and personal, direct or private justice–frontier justice–dispensed by gunfights. These honor codes are played out through depictions of feuds or individuals seeking personal revenge or retribution against someone who has wronged them. The popular perception of the Western is a story that centers on the life of a semi-nomadic wanderer, a showdown or duel at high noon featuring two or more gunfighters is a stereotypical scene in the popular conception of Westerns. In some ways, such protagonists may be considered the descendants of the knight errant which stood at the center of earlier extensive genres such as the Arthurian Romances. And like knights errant, the heroes of Westerns frequently rescue damsels in distress, similarly, the wandering protagonists of Westerns share many characteristics with the ronin in modern Japanese culture. The Western typically takes these elements and uses them to tell simple morality tales, Westerns often stress the harshness and isolation of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape. Apart from the wilderness, it is usually the saloon that emphasizes that this is the Wild West, it is the place to go for music, women, gambling, drinking, brawling and shooting. The American Film Institute defines western films as those set in the American West that embodies the spirit, the struggle, the term Western, used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World Magazine. Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th century popular Western fiction and were firmly in place before film became an art form. Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds, Western films were enormously popular in the silent film era. With the advent of sound in 1927-28, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns, leaving the genre to smaller studios and these smaller organizations churned out countless low-budget features and serials in the 1930s. Released through United Artists, Stagecoach made John Wayne a mainstream star in the wake of a decade of headlining B westerns
43.
Jose Chavez y Chavez
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Jose Chavez y Chavez was an outlaw from the New Mexican Territory, present day U. S. state of New Mexico. He was said to be of Spanish-Native American ancestry, Chavez y Chavez became an outlaw at a relatively young age when he joined the Lincoln County Regulators. Chavez y Chavez joined the Lincoln County Regulators in his twenties, having committed a number of small robberies. Chavez y Chavez would prove useful to Billy the Kids gang, together with Billy The Kid, Doc Scurlock, Charlie Bowdre and the rest of the Regulators. Chavez y Chavez engaged in the Lincoln County War that lasted from 1878 to 1879. Chavez y Chavez met Billy the Kid, Jim French, Fred Waite, Charlie Bowdre, John Middleton, inside the Tunstall-McSween group, another group was formed, to try to give the Tunstall-McSween group an edge over the Dolans. The Regulators, as they were known, were 45 gunfighters that included Jose Chavez y Chavez, during some point of his tenure as a member of the Regulators. Chavez became good friends with Billy the Kid and Jim French, on February 18,1878, John Tunstall was murdered. On April 1 of the year, Lincoln sheriff Brady, a Dolan backer, was killed by Billy the Kids gang. Eventually, more killings from both sides followed, leading to the burning of the McSween home on July 19,1878, fourteen people lived at the house, including McSween and his wife, as well as twelve cowboys. Six people died in the fire, but every member of Billy the Kids gang was able to escape, with this in mind, Wallace formed the Lincoln County Mounted Rifles, a group of which Chavez y Chavez became a member, as a private. The Mounted Rifles failed in their purpose, however, and the group lasted only three months, a period during which Chavez y Chavez remained with Billy the Kids gang. It is believed that in 1880, Chavez y Chavez murdered a dangerous convict in a New Mexico jail, Jose Chavez y Chavez became adrift after Billy the Kids death in 1881, traveling across the American Southwest, sometimes without any particular destination in mind. He did arrive at Las Vegas, New Mexico, in time to meet Bob Ford, according to legend the two had agreed to a shooting game between them. So impressed was Ford with Chavez y Chavez gun abilities, that he fled immediately after he was asked to have a duel against Chavez y Chavez. Silvas other group, the Bandits Society, was accused by Anglo immigrants to New Mexico Territory as operating much like a mafia, trying to make profits by forcing people out of their properties. Vicente Silva ordered the killing of Patricio Maes, which was carried out on October 22,1892 by Chavez y Chavez, Eugenio Alarid, in February 1893, the group killed Silvas brother in law, Gabriel Sandoval. However, Sandovals death backfired on Silva, when his wife became concerned about the whereabouts of her brother, Silva and his wife were both murdered by Chavez y Chavez, Alarid and Trujillo as Silva carried his wife to them. In 1894, several men were arrested and brought to the courts of law in connection with the killing of Patricio Maes, Chavez y Chavez became a fugitive, but he was eventually arrested on May 26
44.
American frontier
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Frontier refers to a contrasting region at the edge of a European-American line of settlement. American historians cover multiple frontiers but the folklore is focused primarily on the 19th century west of the Mississippi River. As defined by Hine and Faragher, frontier history tells the story of the creation and defense of communities, the use of the land, the development of markets, and the formation of states. They explain, It is a tale of conquest, but also one of survival, persistence, thus, Turners Frontier Thesis proclaimed the westward frontier as the defining process of American history. As the American frontier passed into history, the myths of the West in fiction and film took firm hold in the imagination of Americans, America is exceptional in choosing its iconic self-image. David Murdoch has said, No other nation has taken a time and place from its past, the frontier line was the outer line of European-American settlement. It moved steadily westward from the 1630s to the 1880s, Turner favored the Census Bureau definition of the frontier line as a settlement density of two people per square mile. The West was the settled area near that boundary. Thus, parts of the Midwest and American South, though no longer considered western, have a frontier heritage along with the western states. In the 21st century, however, the term American West is most often used for the area west of the Mississippi River, in the colonial era, before 1776, the west was of high priority for settlers and politicians. The American frontier began when Jamestown, Virginia was settled by the English in 1607, English, French, Spanish and Dutch patterns of expansion and settlement were quite different. Although French fur traders ranged widely through the Great Lakes and mid-west region they settled down. French settlement was limited to a few small villages such as Kaskaskia. They created a rural settlement in upstate New York. Areas in the north that were in the stage by 1700 generally had poor transportation facilities. The wealthy speculator, if one was involved, usually remained at home, the class of landless poor was small. Few artisans settled on the frontier except for those who practiced a trade to supplement their primary occupation of farming, there might be a storekeeper, a minister, and perhaps a doctor, and there were a number of landless laborers. However frontier areas of 1700 that had good river connections were transformed into plantation agriculture
45.
Outlaw
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In historical legal systems, an outlaw is declared as outside the protection of the law. In pre-modern societies, the criminal is withdrawn all legal protection, outlawry was thus one of the harshest penalties in the legal system. In early Germanic law, the penalty is conspicuously absent. The concept is known from Roman law, as the status of homo sacer, women were declared waived rather than outlawed but it was effectively the same punishment. Among other forms of exile, Roman law included the penalty of interdicere aquae et ignis, people so penalized were required to leave Roman territory and forfeit their property. If they returned, they were effectively outlaws, providing them the use of fire or water was illegal, and they could be killed at will without legal penalty. Interdicere aquae et ignis was traditionally imposed by the tribune of the plebs and it was later also applied by many other officials, such as the Senate, magistrates, and Julius Caesar as a general and provincial governor during the Gallic Wars. It fell out of use during the early Empire, in English common law, an outlaw was a person who had defied the laws of the realm, by such acts as ignoring a summons to court, or fleeing instead of appearing to plead when charged with a crime. Outlawry was a principally pre-Magna Carta phenomenon, the most famous English outlaw was Robin Hood, however, his historical existence is not proved. The term outlawry referred to the procedure of declaring someone an outlaw. In the common law of England, a judgment of outlawry was one of the harshest penalties in the system, since the outlaw could not use the legal system for protection. To be declared an outlaw was to suffer a form of civil or social death, the outlaw was debarred from all civilized society. No one was allowed to give him food, shelter, or any sort of support – to do so was to commit the crime of aiding and abetting. A more recent concept of wanted dead or alive is similar, an outlaw might be killed with impunity, and it was not only lawful but meritorious to kill a thief fleeing from justice — to do so was not murder. A man who slew a thief was expected to declare the fact without delay, otherwise the dead man’s kindred might clear his name by their oath and require the slayer to pay weregild as for a true man. By the rules of law, a criminal outlaw did not need to be guilty of the crime for which he was an outlaw. If a man was accused of a treason or felony but failed to appear in court to defend himself, if he was accused of a misdemeanour, then he was guilty of a serious contempt of court which was itself a capital crime. It was obsolete by the time the offence was abolished in 1938, there was also a doctrine of civil outlawry
46.
Mark Wahlberg
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Mark Robert Michael Wahlberg is an American actor, producer, businessman, former model, and rapper. Mark was known as Marky Mark in his career as frontman for the group Marky Mark. Wahlberg later transitioned to acting, appearing in such as the drama Boogie Nights. Wahlberg has also served as producer of four HBO series, the comedy-drama Entourage, the period crime drama Boardwalk Empire. He is co-owner of the Wahlburgers chain and co-stars in the reality TV series about it, Wahlberg received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on July 29,2010. He is known for his tough guy persona, frequently portraying police officers, military personnel. He is also known for his collaborations with directors David O. Russell, Michael Bay, Wahlberg was born in Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, the youngest of nine children, including actor Robert and actor-singer Donnie. His mother, Alma Elaine, was a clerk and a nurses aide. His parents divorced in 1982, and afterwards, he divided his time between them and his father was of Swedish and Irish descent, and his mother is of Irish, English, and French-Canadian ancestry. Maternally, Wahlberg is distantly related to author Nathaniel Hawthorne, Wahlberg had a Roman Catholic upbringing and attended Copley Square High School on Newbury Street in Boston. He never graduated, and so did not receive his high school diploma until June 2013, by age 13, Wahlberg had developed an addiction to cocaine and other substances. At 15, civil action was filed against him for his involvement in two incidents of harassing African-American children, by throwing rocks and shouting racial epithets. At 16, Wahlberg approached a middle-aged Vietnamese man named Thanh Lam on the street and that same day, Wahlberg also attacked a second Vietnamese man named Hoa Johnny Trinh, punching him in the face. He believed he had left his victim permanently blind in one eye, investigators also noted that he made numerous unsolicited racial statements about gooks and slant-eyed gooks. For these crimes, Wahlberg was charged with attempted murder, pleaded guilty to assault and he ultimately served only 45 days of his sentence, but carries a permanent felony record. In another incident, then 21-year-old Wahlberg fractured the jaw of a neighbor in an unprovoked attack, commenting in 2006 on his past crimes, Wahlberg stated, I did a lot of things that I regret, and I have certainly paid for my mistakes. So I dont have a problem going to sleep at night, I feel good when I wake up in the morning. In 2016, Mark said hed met Trinh and apologized for his horrific acts, after prison, he decided to improve his behavior
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