1.
Westmount, Quebec
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Westmount is an affluent suburb on the Island of Montreal, in southwestern Quebec, Canada. It is an enclave of the city of Montreal, with a population of 19,931 as of the Canada 2011 Census. Westmount is home to schools, an arena, a pool, a public library, the city operates its own electricity distribution company Westmount Light & Power. The city is also the location of two Canadian Forces Primary Reserves, The Royal Montreal Regiment and 34th Signals Regiment, traditionally, the community of Westmount has been a wealthy and predominantly anglophone enclave, having been at one point the richest community in Canada. It now competes with the Vancouver neighborhoods of Shaughnessy, and Kerrisdale, and the Toronto neighborhoods of Lawrence Park, Forest Hill, Rosedale, a former farmhouse from this era, Hurtubise House, still stands and is currently under renovation. The Village of Côte St-Antoine was first incorporated in 1874 and it later became the Town of Côte St-Antoine. It was renamed Westmount, in 1895, reflecting the location of the city on the southwest slope of Mount Royal. During the twentieth century, Westmount became a wealthy Montreal suburb, in the twentieth century, Westmount was home to some of Montreals wealthiest families including the Bronfmans and the Molsons. This made the city a symbolic targets of Front de libération du Québec terrorist bombings in the 1960s, following the death of former Quebec Premier René Lévesque in 1987, the city of Montreal renamed Dorchester Boulevard to René Lévesque Boulevard. After the city of Montreal changed the name, Westmount retained the name of Dorchester on their portion, when asked for comment, Quebec Premier Bernard Landry said the minister had his full support and that the opposition was little more than Quebec bashing. On January 1,2002, as part of the 2002–2006 municipal reorganization of Montreal, it was merged into the city of Montreal, however, after a change of government and a 2004 referendum, it was re-constituted as an independent city on January 1,2006. The city is roughly 4 km2, and occupies an area of land on the face of the southern peak of Mount Royal. The city, most of which is on terrain, extends from the summit to the end of the narrow plateau at the foot of the mountain. Most of the city is residential, homes increase in size and value toward the top of the mountain, with the largest and most expensive being on or near Summit Circle. There are several parks within the city, including King George Park, a forest area is located at Westmount Summit, within Summit Circle. The landscaping design was undertaken in 1912 by M. J. Manning, and comprises large playing fields at the east and south sides, the central area contains an extensive playground, foot paths, ponds and wading pools, and tennis courts. Westmount Public Library, built in 1897, Victoria Hall, Municipal Since regaining its status as a city, Westmount is governed by a City Council made up of a mayor and eight district councillors. The current mayor of Westmount is Peter Trent, in addition to the local city council, Westmount is represented by its mayor on the Montreal Agglomeration Council
2.
Montreal
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Montreal, officially Montréal, is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada as a whole. Originally called Ville-Marie, or City of Mary, it is believed to be named after Mount Royal, the city has a distinct four-season continental climate, with warm-to-hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In 2016, Montreal had a population of 1,704,694, Montreals metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,958,257 in the urban agglomeration, with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included. Legally a French-speaking city,60. 5% of Montrealers speak French at home,21. 2% speak English and 19. 8% speak neither, Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 56% of the population able to speak both official languages. Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the world after Paris, historically the commercial capital of Canada, it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains an important centre of commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, education, culture, tourism, gaming, film, Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design. In 2009, Montreal was named North Americas leading host city for international events, according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress. According to the 2015 Global Liveability Ranking by the Economist Intelligence Unit, in the 2017 edition of their Best Student Cities ranking, Quacquarelli Symonds ranked Montreal as the worlds best city to study abroad. Also, Montreal has 11 universities with 170,000 students enrolled, the Greater Montréal region has the highest number of university students per capita among all metropolitan areas in North America. It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics, currently, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival. In 2012, Montreal was ranked as a Beta+ world city, in Kanien’kéha, or Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià, ke Tsi or Ka-wé-no-te. In Anishinaabemowin, or Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang, though the city was first named by French colonizers Ville Marie, or City of Mary, its current name comes from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The most popular theory is that the name derives from Mont Réal, Cartiers 1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, according to the Commission de toponymie du Québec and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, Canadian place names have only one official form. Thus, Montreal is officially spelled with an accent over the e in both English and French. In practice, this is limited to governmental uses. English-speaking Montrealers, including English-language media, regularly omit the accent when writing in English, archaeological evidence demonstrates that First Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago. By the year AD1000, they had started to cultivate maize, within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at locations in the valley since at least the 14th century
3.
Quebec
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Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language. Quebec is Canadas largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division and it also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. Quebec is Canadas second-most populous province, after Ontario, most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area, the Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples. Even in central Quebec at comparatively southerly latitudes winters are severe in inland areas, Quebec independence debates have played a large role in the politics of the province. Parti Québécois governments held referendums on sovereignty in 1980 and 1995, in 2006, the House of Commons of Canada passed a symbolic motion recognizing the Québécois as a nation within a united Canada. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become an economically influential province within Canada, early variations in the spelling of the name included Québecq and Kébec. French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose the name Québec in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the seat for the French colony of New France. The province is sometimes referred to as La belle province, the Province of Quebec was founded in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of Canada to Britain after the Seven Years War. The proclamation restricted the province to an area along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River, the Treaty of Versailles ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the territory was divided between Lower Canada and Upper Canada, with each being granted an elected legislative assembly, in 1840, these become Canada East and Canada West after the British Parliament unified Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada. This territory was redivided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario at Confederation in 1867, each became one of the first four provinces. In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first Quebec Boundary Extension Act that expanded the provincial boundaries northward to include the lands of the aboriginal peoples. This was followed by the addition of the District of Ungava through the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act of 1912 that added the northernmost lands of the Inuit to create the modern Province of Quebec. In 1927, the border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador was established by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Located in the part of Canada, and part of Central Canada. Its topography is very different from one region to another due to the composition of the ground, the climate. The Saint Lawrence Lowland and the Canadian Shield are the two main regions, and are radically different
4.
Canadians
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Canadians are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural, for most Canadians, several of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Canadian. Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada, Canada has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the United States. Canadian independence from the United Kingdom grew gradually over the course of years since the formation of the Canadian Confederation in 1867. World War I and World War II in particular gave rise to a desire among Canadians to have their country recognized as a sovereign state with a distinct citizenship. Canadas nationality law closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom, legislation since the mid 20th century represents Canadians commitment to multilateralism and socioeconomic development. As of 2010, Canadians make up 0. 5% of the total population, having relied upon immigration for population growth. Approximately 41% of current Canadians are first- or second-generation immigrants, and 20 percent of Canadian residents in the 2000s were not born in the country. Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, nearly one-half of Canadians above the age of 15 will be foreign-born or have one foreign-born parent. Aboriginal peoples, according to the 2011 Canadian Census, numbered at 1,400,685 or 4. 3% of the countrys 33,476,688 population. The French originally settled New France, in present-day Quebec and Ontario, approximately 100 Irish-born families would settle the Saint Lawrence Valley by 1700, assimilating into the Canadien population and culture. This arrival of newcomers led to the creation of the Métis, after the War of 1812, British, Scottish and Irish immigration was encouraged throughout Ruperts Land, Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Between 1815 and 1850, some 800,000 immigrants came to the colonies of British North America and these new arrivals included some Gaelic-speaking Highland Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances to Nova Scotia. Descendants of Francophone and Anglophone northern Europeans who arrived in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries are often referred to as old stock Canadians. Beginning in the late 1850s, the immigration of Chinese into the Colony of Vancouver Island, the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 eventually placed a head tax on all Chinese immigrants, in hopes of discouraging Chinese immigration after completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The population of Canada has consistently risen, doubling approximately every 40 years, from the mid- to late 19th century, Canada had a policy of assisting immigrants from Europe, including an estimated 100,000 unwanted Home Children from Britain. Block settlement communities were established throughout western Canada between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, some were planned and others were spontaneously created by the settlers themselves. Canada was now receiving a number of European immigrants, predominantly Italians, Germans, Scandinavians, Dutch, Poles
5.
Order of St Michael and St George
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It is named in honour of two military saints, St Michael and St George. People are appointed to the Order rather than awarded it, British Ambassadors to foreign nations are regularly appointed as KCMGs or CMGs. It is the award for members of the FCO. The Orders motto is Auspicium melioris ævi and its patron saints, as the name suggests, are St. Michael the Archangel, and St. George, patron saint of England. One of its symbols is that of St Michael trampling over. The third of the aforementioned Orders—which relates to Ireland, no longer fully a part of the United Kingdom—still exists but is in disuse, the last of the Orders on the list, related to India, has also been in disuse since that countrys independence in 1947. In 1864, however, the protectorate ended and the Ionian Islands became a part of Greece, accordingly, numerous Governors-General and Governors feature as recipients of awards in the order. In 1965, the order was open for women, with Evelyn Bark becoming the first CMG, the British Sovereign is the Sovereign of the Order and appoints all other members of the Order. The next-most senior member is the Grand Master, the office was formerly filled by the Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands, now, however, Grand Masters are chosen by the Sovereign. Members of the Royal Family who are appointed to the Order do not count towards the limit, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, like many other heraldic officers. The Usher of the Order is known as the Gentleman Usher of the Blue Rod, he not, unlike his Order of the Garter equivalent. On the left side is a representation of the star, the mantle is bound with two large tassels. The collar, worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross, is made of gold and it consists of depictions of crowned lions, Maltese Crosses, and the cyphers SM and SG, all alternately. In the centre are two winged lions, each holding a book and seven arrows, at less important occasions, simpler insignia are used, The star is an insignia used only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commanders. It is worn pinned to the left breast, the Knight and Dame Grand Cross star includes seven-armed, silver-rayed Maltese Asterisk, with a gold ray in between each pair of arms. The Knight and Dame Commanders star is a slightly smaller eight-pointed silver figure formed by two Maltese Crosses, it does not include any gold rays, in each case, the star bears a red cross of St George. In the centre of the star is a blue ring bearing the motto of the Order. Within the ring is a representation of St Michael trampling on Satan, the badge is the only insignia used by all members of the Order, it is suspended on a blue-crimson-blue ribbon
6.
Parliament Hill
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Parliament Hill, colloquially known as The Hill, is an area of Crown land on the southern banks of the Ottawa River in downtown Ottawa, Ontario. Its Gothic revival suite of buildings is the home of the Parliament of Canada and has elements of national symbolic importance. Parliament Hill attracts approximately 3 million visitors each year, law enforcement on parliament hill and in the parliamentary precinct is the responsibility of the Parliamentary Protective Service. Since 2002, an extensive $1 billion renovation and rehabilitation project has been underway throughout all of the precincts buildings, Parliament Hill is a limestone outcrop with a gently sloping top that was originally covered in primeval forest of beech and hemlock. After Ottawa—then called Bytown—was founded, the builders of the Rideau Canal used the hill as a location for a military base, a large fortress was planned for the site, but was never built, and by the mid 19th century the hill had lost its strategic importance. On 7 May, the Department of Public Works issued a call for proposals for the new parliament buildings to be erected on Barrack Hill. After the entries were narrowed down to three, Governor General Sir Edmund Walker Head was approached to break the stalemate, and the winners were announced on 29 August 1859. The team of Thomas Stent and Augustus Laver, under the pseudonym of Stat nomen in umbra, won the prize for the second category, $300,000 was allocated for the main building, and $120,000 for each of the departmental buildings. Ground was broken on 20 December 1859, and the first stones laid on 16 April of the following year, the construction of Parliament Hill became the largest project undertaken in North America to that date. By early 1861, Public Works reported that $1,424,882, two years later, the unfinished site hosted a celebration of Queen Victorias birthday, further cementing the areas position as the central place for national outpouring. The site was still incomplete when three of the British North American colonies entered Confederation in 1867, with Ottawa remaining the capital of the new country, thus, the offices of parliament spread to buildings beyond Parliament Hill even at that early date. The British military gave a nine-pound naval cannon to the British army garrison stationed in Ottawa in 1854 and it was purchased by the Canadian government in 1869 and fired on Parliament Hill for many years as the Noonday Gun. By 1876, the structures of Parliament Hill were finished, along with the surrounding fence, fire destroyed the Centre Block on 3 February 1916. Eleven years later, the new tower was completed and dedicated as the Peace Tower, the Queen was back on Parliament Hill on 17 April 1982, to issue a royal proclamation of the enactment of the Constitution Act that year. In April 1989, a Greyhound Lines bus with 11 passengers on board travelling to New York City from Montreal was hijacked by an armed man, a standoff with police ensued and lasted eight hours, though three shots were fired, there were no injuries. The following year, Queen Elizabeth IIs Golden Jubilee was marked on 13 October, on 22 October 2014, several shooting incidents occurred around Parliament Hill. A gunman, after shooting a Canadian Army soldier mounting the ceremonial guard at the National War Memorial. There, he was killed in a shootout with RCMP officers, the gunman also injured one House of Commons constable, who was shot in the foot
7.
Ottawa
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Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock
8.
John A. Macdonald
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Sir John Alexander Macdonald GCB KCMG PC PC QC was the first Prime Minister of Canada. The dominant figure of Canadian Confederation, he had a career which spanned almost half a century. He drank heavily, and in 1873 was voted out during the Pacific Scandal, economic growth was slow during his years in office, as Canada verged on stagnation, many residents migrated to the fast-growing United States. He fought to block efforts to take power back from Ottawa. His most controversial move was to approve the execution of Métis leader Louis Riel for treason in 1885, Macdonald was born in Scotland, when he was a boy his family immigrated to Kingston in the colony of Upper Canada. As a lawyer he was involved in several cases and quickly became prominent in Kingston. By 1857, had become premier under the unstable political system. Macdonald was the figure in the subsequent discussions and conferences, which resulted in the British North America Act. Macdonald was the first Prime Minister of the new nation, and served 19 years, John Alexander Macdonald was born in Ramshorn parish in Glasgow, Scotland, on January 11,1815. His father was Hugh Macdonald, a merchant, who had married Johns mother, Helen Shaw. John Alexander Macdonald was the third of five children, after Hugh Macdonalds business ventures left him in debt, the family immigrated to Kingston, in Upper Canada, in 1820, where there were already a number of Macdonald relatives and connections. The Macdonalds initially lived with family, but then resided over a store which Hugh Macdonald ran. Soon after their arrival, Johns younger brother James died from a blow to the head by a servant who was supposed to look after the boys, after Hughs store failed, the family moved to Hay Bay, west of Kingston, where Hugh unsuccessfully ran another shop. His father, in 1829, was appointed a magistrate for the Midland District, John Macdonalds mother was a lifelong influence on her son, helping him in his difficult first marriage and remaining a force in his life until her 1862 death. When he was aged 10, his family scraped together the money to him to Midland District Grammar School in Kingston. Macdonalds formal schooling ended at 15, a common school-leaving age at a time when children from the most prosperous families were able to attend university. Nevertheless, Macdonald later regretted leaving school when he did, remarking to his secretary Joseph Pope that if he had attended university, Macdonalds parents decided he should become a lawyer after leaving school. As Donald Creighton wrote, law was a broad, well-trodden path to comfort, influence and it was also the obvious choice for a boy who seemed as attracted to study as he was uninterested in trade
9.
Queen Victoria
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Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her fathers three brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments, publicly, Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together, after Alberts death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength and her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and it was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover and her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father. Victorias father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, until 1817, Edwards niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl and Feodora —by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen and her brother Leopold was Princess Charlottes widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kents only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a. m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace and she was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina, Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Dukes eldest brother, George, the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day in 1818, but both of Clarences daughters died as infants. Victorias father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, a week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV. The Duke of York died in 1827, when George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive
10.
George V
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George V was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936. He was the son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. From the time of his birth, he was third in the line of succession behind his father and his own brother, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence. From 1877 to 1891, George served in the Royal Navy, on the death of his grandmother in 1901, Georges father became King-Emperor of the British Empire, and George was created Prince of Wales. He succeeded his father in 1910 and he was the only Emperor of India to be present at his own Delhi Durbar. His reign saw the rise of socialism, communism, fascism, Irish republicanism, the Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the elected British House of Commons over the unelected House of Lords. In 1917, George became the first monarch of the House of Windsor, in 1924 he appointed the first Labour ministry and in 1931 the Statute of Westminster recognised the dominions of the Empire as separate, independent states within the Commonwealth of Nations. He had health problems throughout much of his reign and at his death was succeeded by his eldest son. George was born on 3 June 1865, in Marlborough House and he was the second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales, Albert Edward and Alexandra. His father was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and he was baptised at Windsor Castle on 7 July 1865 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Longley. As a younger son of the Prince of Wales, there was expectation that George would become king. He was third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother, George was only 17 months younger than Albert Victor, and the two princes were educated together. John Neale Dalton was appointed as their tutor in 1871, neither Albert Victor nor George excelled intellectually. For three years from 1879, the brothers served on HMS Bacchante, accompanied by Dalton. They toured the colonies of the British Empire in the Caribbean, South Africa and Australia, and visited Norfolk, Virginia, as well as South America, the Mediterranean, Egypt, Dalton wrote an account of their journey entitled The Cruise of HMS Bacchante. Between Melbourne and Sydney, Dalton recorded a sighting of the Flying Dutchman, after Lausanne, the brothers were separated, Albert Victor attended Trinity College, Cambridge, while George continued in the Royal Navy. He travelled the world, visiting many areas of the British Empire, during his naval career he commanded Torpedo Boat 79 in home waters then HMS Thrush on the North America station, before his last active service in command of HMS Melampus in 1891–92. From then on, his rank was largely honorary
11.
Alexander Mackenzie (politician)
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Alexander Mackenzie PC, was a building contractor and newspaper editor, and was the second Prime Minister of Canada, from November 7,1873 to October 8,1878. Mackenzie was born in Logierait, Perthshire, Scotland, the son of Mary Stewart and he was the third of ten children. At the age of 13, Mackenzies father died, and he was forced to end his formal education in order to support his family. At the age of 20 he apprenticed as a stonemason and immigrated to Canada in 1842 to seek a life as well as to follow his sweetheart. Shortly thereafter, he converted from Presbyterianism to Baptist beliefs, in 1853, he married Jane Sym. In Canada, Mackenzie continued his career as a stonemason, building structures that still stand today. He began working as a contractor, earning a reputation for being a hard working. Mackenzie involved himself in politics almost from the moment he arrived in Canada and he campaigned relentlessly for George Brown, owner of the Reformist paper The Globe in the 1851 election, helping him to win a seat in the assembly. In 1852 Mackenzie became editor of another reformist paper, the Lambton Shield, as editor, Mackenzie was perhaps a little too vocal, leading the paper to a suit of law for libel against the local conservative candidate. The paper lost the suit and was forced to fold due to financial hardship, Mackenzie was elected to the Legislative Assembly as a supporter of George Brown in 1861. Mackenzie formed a government and asked the Governor General to call an election for January 1874, the Liberals won, having garnered 53. 8% of the popular vote. The voter support of 53. 8% remains the record in Canada for all federal elections, Mackenzie remained prime minister until the 1878 election when Macdonalds Conservatives returned to power with a majority government. It was unusual for a man of Mackenzies humble origins to such a position in an age which generally offered such opportunity only to the privileged. Lord Dufferin, the current Governor General, expressed misgivings about a stonemason taking over government. But on meeting Mackenzie, Dufferin revised his opinions, However narrow and inexperienced Mackenzie may be, I imagine he is an upright, well-principled. Mackenzie also served as Minister of Public Works and oversaw the completion of the Parliament Buildings, proving Dufferins reflections on his character to be true, Mackenzie disliked intensely the patronage inherent in politics. Nevertheless, he found it an evil in order to maintain party unity. In keeping with his ideals, Mackenzie refused the offer of a knighthood three times, and was thus the only one of Canadas first eight Prime Ministers not to be knighted
12.
Evangeline
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Evangeline, A Tale of Acadie is an epic poem by the American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, written in English and published in 1847. The poem follows an Acadian girl named Evangeline and her search for her lost love Gabriel, the idea for the poem came from Longfellows friend, Nathaniel Hawthorne. Longfellow used dactylic hexameter, imitating Greek and Latin classics, though the choice was criticized and it became Longfellows most famous work in his lifetime and remains one of his most popular and enduring works. The poem had an effect in defining both Acadian history and identity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. More recent scholarship has revealed the historical errors in the poem and the complexity of the Expulsion and those involved, which the poem ignores. The poem then follows Evangeline across the landscapes of America as she spends years in a search for him, finally she settles in Philadelphia and, as an old woman, works as a Sister of Mercy among the poor. While tending the dying during an epidemic she finds Gabriel among the sick, Hawthorne and Longfellow had attended Bowdoin College together, though they were not friends at the time. Hawthorne was not interested in fictionalizing it so Longfellow turned it into a poem after months of studying the histories of Nova Scotian families. He noted his reliance on sources in his journal on January 7,1847, Went to the library and got Watsons Annals of Philadelphia. Also, Darbys Geographical Description of Louisiana and these books must help me through the last part of Evangeline, so far as facts and local coloring go. But for the form and the poetry, —they must come from my own brain, Evangeline was published in book form on November 1,1847, and by 1857 it had sold nearly 36,000 copies. During this time, Longfellows literary payment was at its peak, for Evangeline, he received a net of twenty-five and sixteenths per cent royalties, believed to be an all-time high for a poet. Longfellow said of his poem, I had the fever a long time burning in my own brain before I let my hero take it, Evangeline is so easy for you to read, because it was so hard for me to write. The poem is written in unrhymed dactylic hexameter, possibly inspired by Greek and Latin classics, including Homer and he also had recently, in 1841, translated The Children of the Lords Supper, a poem by Swedish writer Esaias Tegnér, which also used this meter. Evangeline is one of the few compositions in that meter which is still read today. Some criticized Longfellows choice of dactylic hexameter, including poet John Greenleaf Whittier, Longfellow was conscious of the potential criticism. When sending a copy of the poem to Bryan Procter, Longfellow wrote, in fact, I could not write it as it is in any other, it would have changed its character entirely to have put it into a different measure. As an experiment, Longfellow reassured himself that he was using the best meter by attempting a passage in blank verse, the name Evangeline comes from the Latin word evangelium meaning gospel
13.
Joseph Howe
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Joseph Howe, PC was a Nova Scotian journalist, politician, public servant, and poet. Howe is often ranked as one of Nova Scotias most admired politicians and his skills as a journalist. He was born the son of John Howe and Mary Edes at Halifax and inherited from his loyalist father a love for Great Britain. At age 23, the self-taught but widely read Howe purchased the Novascotian, soon making it into a popular and he reported extensively on debates in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly and travelled to every part of the province writing about its geography and people. In 1835, Howe was charged with libel, a serious criminal offence, after the Novascotian published a letter attacking Halifax politicians. Howe addressed the jury for more than six hours, citing example after example of civic corruption, the judge called for Howes conviction, but swayed by his passionate address, jurors acquitted him in what is considered a landmark case in the struggle for a free press in Canada. The next year, Howe was elected to the assembly as a reformer, beginning a long. He was instrumental in helping Nova Scotia become the first British colony to win government in 1848. He served as premier of Nova Scotia from 1860 to 1863, having failed to persuade the British to repeal Confederation, Howe joined the federal cabinet of John A. Macdonald in 1869 and played a major role in bringing Manitoba into the union. Howe became the third Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia in 1873, the Howe family was of Puritan stock from Massachusetts. Howe arrived at Halifax in 1779 and set up a printing shop, in 1801, Howe was rewarded for his loyalty by appointment as the Kings Printer and in 1803 he became deputy postmaster for Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. In 1798, he had married Mary Edes, their son Joseph was born at Halifax on December 13,1804. Like many lads of that time, Joseph Howe attended the Royal Acadian School before beginning an apprenticeship and he married Catherine Ann Susan McNab on February 2,1828. That same year he went into the business himself with the purchase of the Nova Scotian. Howe acted as its editor until 1841, turning the paper into the most influential in the province and his name ranks as perhaps the greatest in Canadian journalism. On January 1,1835, Howes Novascotian published a letter accusing Halifax politicians. The outraged civic politicians had Howe charged with libel, a serious criminal offence. Howes case seemed hopeless since truth was not a defence, the prosecution had only to prove that Howe had published the letter
14.
Province House (Nova Scotia)
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The building is Canadas oldest house of government. Standing three storeys tall, the structure is considered one of the finest examples of Palladian architecture in North America, Province House was built on the same location as the previous Governors House, erected by Edward Cornwallis in 1749. Province House was opened for the first time on February 11,1819, one of the smallest functioning legislatures in North America, Province House originally housed the executive, legislative and judicial functions of the colony, all in one building. The Supreme Court of Nova Scotia held its sessions in Province House, most notably, Joseph Howe, a journalist and later Premier of Nova Scotia, was put on trial on a charge of criminal libel on March 2,1835 at Province House. On January 20,1842, English author Charles Dickens attended the opening of the Nova Scotia Legislature and he said that it was like looking at Westminster through the wrong end of a telescope. During 1848, Province House was the site for the first form of government in the British Empire outside the United Kingdom. The building is located in downtown Halifax on a block bordered by Hollis, Granville, George, led by the efforts of Joseph Howe, the Anti-Confederation Party won a resounding majority in the first election held after Nova Scotia joined the Confederation of Canada on 1 July 1867. It is also a Provincially Registered Property under provincial heritage legislation, Province House is the home of the House of Assembly, Nova Scotias elected legislative assembly. The first event was marked by the creation of the Dingle Tower, the celebration was entitled Democracy 250. On October 2,1758, the Nova Scotia House of Assembly met for the first time in a modest wooden building at the corner of Argyle and it was an assembly of twenty-two men, who came together to deliberate as a parliament on questions affecting the colony. With voting limited to Protestant, free-land holding males, it was a modest beginning and it was the first elected assembly of its kind in what eventually became Canada. On 31 January 1837, Simon dEntremont and Frederick A. Robicheau became the first Acadians elected to the House of Assembly, almost forty-three years later, on 1 February 1961, Gladys Porter is the first woman elected to the Assembly. In 1993, Wayne Adams is elected the first Black member of the Assembly, the Nova Scotia legislature was the third in Canada to pass human rights legislation. The Legislative Library, located on the floor between the Red Chamber and Legislative Assembly, was originally the home of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. The Supreme Court chamber was the site of Joseph Howes 1835 trial for seditious libel, on 2 March 1835, newspaper editor Joseph Howe defended himself at trail in the present-day library for seditious libel by civic politicians in Nova Scotia. Many scholars consider Howes success in case a landmark event in the evolution of press freedom in Canada. The Red Chamber was formerly the place of the Nova Scotia Council and later the Legislative Council. The Legislative Council was appointed by the governor and was abolished in 1928, now the room is used for receptions and other meetings
15.
Halifax, Nova Scotia
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Halifax, legally known as the Halifax Regional Municipality, is the capital of the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. The municipality had a population of 403,131 in 2016, the regional municipality consists of four former municipalities that were amalgamated in 1996, Halifax, Dartmouth, Bedford, and the Municipality of Halifax County. Halifax is an economic centre in Atlantic Canada with a large concentration of government services. Agriculture, fishing, mining, forestry and natural gas extraction are major resource found in the rural areas of the municipality. Additionally, Halifax has consistently placed in the top 10 for business friendliness of North and South American cities, the first permanent European settlement in the region was on the Halifax Peninsula. The establishment of the Town of Halifax, named after the 2nd Earl of Halifax, the establishment of Halifax marked the beginning of Father Le Loutres War. The war began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports, by unilaterally establishing Halifax the British were violating earlier treaties with the Mikmaq, which were signed after Father Rales War. Cornwallis brought along 1,176 settlers and their families, St. Margarets Bay was first settled by French-speaking Foreign Protestants at French Village, Nova Scotia who migrated from Lunenburg, Nova Scotia during the American Revolution. The resulting explosion, the Halifax Explosion, devastated the Richmond District of Halifax, killing approximately 2,000 people, the blast was the largest artificial explosion before the development of nuclear weapons. Significant aid came from Boston, strengthening the bond between the two coastal cities, the municipal boundary thus now includes all of Halifax County except for several First Nation reserves. Since amalgamation, the region has officially been known as the Halifax Regional Municipality, on April 15,2014, the regional council approved the implementation of a new branding campaign for the region developed by the local firm Revolve Marketing. The campaign would see the region referred to in promotional materials simply as Halifax, mayor Mike Savage defended the decision, stating, Im a Westphal guy, Im a Dartmouth man, but Halifax is my city, we’re all part of Halifax. Because when I go and travel on behalf of this municipality, metropolitan Halifax is a term used to describe the urban concentration surrounding Halifax Harbour, including the Halifax Peninsula, the core of Dartmouth, and the Bedford-Sackville areas. It is the Statistics Canada population centre of Halifax, the dense urban core is centred on the Halifax Peninsula and the area of Dartmouth inside of the Circumferential Highway. The suburban area stretches into areas known as Mainland Halifax to the west, Cole Harbour to the east and this urban area is the most populous on Canadas Atlantic coast, and the second largest coastal population centre in the country after Vancouver, British Columbia. Halifax currently accounts for 40% of Nova Scotias population, and 15% of that of Atlantic Canada, Halifaxs urban core is home to a number of regional landmark buildings and retains significant historic buildings and districts. The downtowns office towers are overlooked by the fortress of Citadel Hill with its iconic Halifax Town Clock, Dalhousie Universitys campus is often featured in films and documentaries. Dartmouth also has its share of historic neighbourhoods and this has resulted in some modern high rises being built at unusual angles or locations
16.
Libel trial of Joseph Howe
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The Libel trial of Joseph Howe was a court case heard 2 March 1835 in which newspaper editor Joseph Howe was charged with seditious libel by civic politicians in Nova Scotia. Howes victory in court was considered monumental at the time, in the first issue of the Novascotian following the acquittal, Howe claimed that the press of Nova-Scotia is Free. Scholars, such as John Ralston Saul, have argued that Howes libel victory established the basis for the freedom of the press in Canada. Historian Barry Cahill writes that the trial was significant in colonal legal history because it was a long delayed replay of the Zenger case. During the year 1834, Howe was starting to attract attention to due to his strong independent viewpoints in his editorials in the Novascotian. Howe had eventually reached his point and in late 1834 wrote in the Novascotian that he was going to start a campaign in the interest of bringing to light the wrongful actions of government. On January 1,1835, the piece of this campaign was published in the Novascotian. This letter accused the magistrates of, reprehensible irresponsibility, incompetence, specifically, in the letter Joseph Howe accused Halifax politicians and police of pocketing £30,000 over a thirty-year period. The crime of seditious libel had only been defined 200 years prior to the time of Howes trial and was seen by many as a crime as it could be as broad or as specific as the court chose. The trial took place in the present day library of Province House, Howe represented himself in the trial as no lawyer would defend him. Howe used as the basis of his argument the Libel Act 1792 and he presented for six and a quarter hours addressing the jury, citing case after case of civic corruption. He spoke eloquently about the importance of freedom, urging jurors to leave an unshackled press as a legacy to your children. Even though the judge instructed the jury to find Howe guilty, the victory of Howe in the court was considered monumental at the time. In the first issue of the Novascotian following the acquittal, Howe claimed that the press of Nova-Scotia is Free, beck asserts that the idea that Howes trial contributed to the freedom of the press in Canada is a, myth that has little basis in fact. In fact, eight years after the trial, Howes successor at the Novascotian Richard Nugent was charged, Nugent was imprisoned due to his inability to pay damages. Lyndsay M. Campbell argues that the trial did eventually change the law, Howe was the first in Nova Scotia to argue intent before a jury. Campbell also notes that while Howes defence did not persuade the presiding judge, Howe changed how the law was perceived by both the legal profession and by the general public. The timing of the trial was crucial to the effect it had on Canada
17.
Parliament Building (Quebec)
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The Parliament Building is an eight-floor building in Quebec City and home to the Parliament of Quebec, composed of the Lieutenant-Governor and the National Assembly. The building was designed by architect Eugène-Étienne Taché and was built from 1877 to 1886, with the frontal tower, the building stands at 52 metres or 171 feet in height. It features the Second Empire architectural style that was popular for prestigious buildings both in Europe and the United States during the latter 19th century and its facade presents a pantheon representing significant events and people of the history of Quebec. Additional buildings were added next to the Parliament Buildings, Édifice André-Laurendeau was added from 1935 to 1937 to house the Ministry of Transport. Édifice Honoré-Mercier was added from 1922 to 1925 to house the Ministries of the Treasury, the Attorney General, Édifice Jean-Antoine-Panet was added from 1931 to 1932 for the Ministry of Agriculture. Édifice Pamphile-Le May added from 1910 to 1915 for the Library of the National Assembly, various government offices. The Québec Parliament Building, A Monument to History, Saint-Lambert, lHôtel du Parlement, témoin de notre histoire, Sainte-Foy, Publications du Québec,204 p. ISBN 2-551-16328-5 LHotel du Parlement/National Assembly of Quebec
18.
Charles de Salaberry
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Lieutenant Colonel Charles-Michel dIrumberry de Salaberry, CB was a French-speaking Canadien of the seigneurial class who served as an officer of the British army in Lower Canada. He won distinction for repelling the American advance on Montreal during the War of 1812, born at the manor house of Beauport in Lower Canada on November 19,1778, the son of Ignace-Michel-Louis-Antoine dIrumberry de Salaberry. Charles was one of four sons in a family with a tradition of military service. Generations of the family had served as officers of the Royal Army in France, when the British acquired Canada in 1763 the family continued its military traditions in British Imperial Service. At the age of 14, Charles-Michel followed his fathers footsteps into the 44th Regiment of the British army and he soon transferred to the 60th Regiment and saw action with them in the West Indies. Shortly after landing in St. Domingue, his battalion was reduced to 200 men through the effects of yellow fever, De Salaberry was subsequently cited for bravery, maintaining his duties during the siege which killed or wounded all but three of the battalions remaining 200 men. He was charged with the evacuation of the men, despite the difference in age. He later served admirably in the Netherlands, during the Walcheren Campaign and he earned his commission as Captain-Lieutenant in 1799 and was given a company command in 1803, continuing to serve in Europe and the West Indies. It was difficult to preserve harmony among them — the Germans especially being passionate, quarrelsome, meaning that he had just killed Lt. Thomas-Hippolyte Trottier DesRivières in a duel. De Salaberry sprang like a tiger from his seat, but instantly calming himself, said, We will finish breakfast and they fought, as was then the custom, with swords, both were noted for their great skill, and the contest was long and obstinate. De Salaberry was very young, his antagonist more aged, at length his adversary fell mortally wounded. In 1810, de Salaberry was recalled to Canada with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, les Voltigeurs were essentially militia men, but de Salaberry trained them as regulars similar to the Fencible units raised in Upper Canada. He even paid for some of their equipment out of his own pocket, the reason for this exceptional group, was his respect for French Canadians, who in general did not want to fight among British soldiers. The instructions were still in the English language, but soldiers used French, De Salaberrys military heritage was reflected in his strict code of discipline and honour. The professionalism and high expectations he held for his fellow Canadiens was repaid by the respect, in November 1812, during the War of 1812, de Salaberry commanded the advance guard of the force that turned away Henry Dearborns northern attack at Lacolle Mill. Later, some of his Voltigeurs took part in the decisive Battle of Cryslers Farm, De Salaberrys greatest claim to fame came at Chateauguay in October 1813, when he intercepted and turned the American troops advancing on Montreal under Gen. Hampton. With regular reports from loyal farmers along the border, de Salaberry knew all of Hamptons movements and he ordered the felling of trees to build tangled breastworks of abatis in the ravines where the Chateauguay met the English River, then dispersed his troops through the woods. Facing Hamptons force of 4000 troops and 10 cannon, de Salaberry led a guard of 250 Voltigeurs plus 50 allied warriors of the Kaunawakee Mohawk nation
19.
James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin
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James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin and 12th Earl of Kincardine KT GCB KSI PC was a British colonial administrator and diplomat. He served as Governor of Jamaica, Governor General of the Province of Canada, in 1857, he was appointed High Commissioner and Plenipotentiary in China and the Far East to assist in the process of opening up China and Japan to Western trade. Subsequently, he submitted the Qing Dynasty to the treaty of the Convention of Peking, adding Kowloon Peninsula to the British crown colony of Hong Kong. Lord Elgin was the son of the 7th Earl of Elgin and 11th Earl of Kincardine and he shared his birthday 20 July with his father. He had seven brothers and sisters and four half-sisters and one half-brother from his fathers first marriage, Lord Elgins father was reportedly impoverished by the purchase of the Elgin Marbles. His father had acquired them at great expense, but sold them to the British government for much less, James Bruce was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford, graduated with a first in Classics in 1832. While at Oxford, he became friends with William Ewart Gladstone and he was elected at the 1841 general election as a Member of Parliament for Southampton, but the election was declared void on petition. He did not stand in the resulting by-election, James Bruce became Governor of Jamaica in 1842, and in 1847 was appointed Governor General of Canada. Under Lord Elgin, the first real attempts began at establishing responsible government in Canada, Lord Elgin became the first Governor General to distance himself from the affairs of the legislature. Since then, the Governor-General has had a symbolic role with regards to the political affairs of the country. As Governor-General, he wrestled with the costs of receiving high levels of immigration in the Canadas, in 1849 the Baldwin-Lafontaine government passed the Rebellion Losses Bill, compensating French Canadians for losses suffered during the Rebellions of 1837. Lord Elgin granted royal assent to the bill despite heated Tory opposition, the decision sparked the Burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal by an English-speaking mob. Instead of calling in the military, he withdrew his family to their country residence, the French-speaking minority in the Canadian legislature also unsuccessfully tried to have him removed from his post. In 1849, the Stony Monday Riot took place in Bytown on Monday 17 September, tories and Reformists clashed over the planned visit of Lord Elgin, one man was killed and many sustained injuries. Two days later, the two factions, armed with cannon, muskets and pistols faced off on the Sappers Bridge. Although the conflict was defused in time by the military, a support for the Crowns representative. In 1854, Lord Elgin negotiated the Reciprocity Treaty with the United States in an attempt to stimulate the Canadian economy, later that year, he granted royal assent to the law that abolished the seigneurial system in Quebec, and then resigned as Governor-General. In 1857, Lord Elgin was appointed High Commissioner and Plenipotentiary in China, during the Second Opium War, he led the bombardment of Canton and oversaw the end of the war by signing the Treaty of Tientsin on 26 June 1858
20.
James Wolfe
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Major General James Wolfe was a British Army Officer, known for his training reforms but remembered chiefly for his victory over the French at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in Canada in 1759. The son of a general, Edward Wolfe, he had received his first commission at a young age. His service in Flanders and in Scotland, where he took part in the suppression of the Jacobite Rebellion, the advancement of his career was halted by the Peace Treaty of 1748 and he spent much of the next eight years on garrison duty in the Scottish Highlands. Already a brigade major at the age of eighteen, he was a lieutenant-colonel by the age of twenty-three, the outbreak of the Seven Years War in 1756 offered Wolfe fresh opportunities for advancement. His part in the raid on Rochefort in 1757 led William Pitt to appoint him second-in-command of an expedition to capture the Fortress of Louisbourg. Following the success of the Siege of Louisbourg he was commander of a force which sailed up the Saint Lawrence River to capture Quebec City. After a long siege Wolfe defeated a French force under Marquis de Montcalm allowing British forces to capture the city, Wolfe was killed at the height of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham due to injuries from three musket balls. Wolfes part in the taking of Quebec in 1759 earned him posthumous fame and he was depicted in the painting The Death of General Wolfe, which became famous around the world. James Wolfe was born at the vicarage on 2 January 1727 at Westerham, Kent. His uncle was Edward Thompson MP, a distinguished politician and his relatively humble birth marked him out from many army officers at the time, who were disproportionately drawn from the aristocracy or gentry. Wolfes childhood home in Westerham, known in his lifetime as Spiers, has preserved in his memory by the National Trust under the name Quebec House. The Wolfes were close to the Warde family, who lived at Squerryes Court in Westerham, Wolfes boyhood friend George Warde would later achieve fame as Commander-in-Chief in Ireland when he crushed the Irish rebellion of 1798, and repelled two attempted French invasions in 1796 and 1798. Around 1738, the moved to Greenwich, in London. From his earliest years, Wolfe was destined for a military career, illness prevented him from taking part in a large expedition against Spanish-held Cartagena in 1740, and his father sent him home a few months later. He was fortunate to miss what proved to be a disaster for the British forces at the Siege of Cartagena during the War of Jenkins Ear with most of the dying from disease. In 1740 the War of the Austrian Succession broke out in Europe, James Wolfe was given his first commission as a second lieutenant in his fathers regiment of Marines in 1741. Early in the year he transferred to the 12th Regiment of Foot, a British Army infantry regiment. Here, Wolfe was promoted to Lieutenant and made adjutant of his battalion and his first year on the continent was a frustrating one as, despite rumours of a British attack on Dunkirk, they remained inactive in Flanders
21.
Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
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Louis-Joseph de Montcalm-Gozon, Marquis de Saint-Veran was a French soldier best known as the commander of the forces in North America during the Seven Years War. Montcalm was born near Nîmes in France to a noble family and he saw service in the War of the Polish Succession and the War of the Austrian Succession, where his distinguished service led to promotion to brigadier general. In 1756 King Louis XV sent him to New France to lead its defence against the British in the Seven Years War, montcalms service in New France was marked by conflict between himself and the Governor General of the colony, Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial. These men were the leaders of the war effort in New France during the Seven Years War, Montcalm is a controversial figure among military historians, some of whom have strongly criticized his decisions at Quebec. But he has also been memorialized, especially in France, Quebec. He joined the French Army in 1721 as an ensign in the Régiment dHainault, on the death of his father in 1735, he became the Marquis de Saint-Veran, inheriting the honours, rights, and debts of that position. His finances improved soon after by his marriage to Angelique Louise Talon du Boulay, despite a marriage arranged for money and influence, they were a devoted couple. They made their home at Candiac and had a number of children of whom five survived to adulthood. His father purchased a captaincy for him in 1729 and he served in the War of Polish Succession, seeing action at the 1733 Siege of Kehl, Montcalm and the Chevalier de Lévis were both in the Siege of Prague. He was promoted to Colonel of the Régiment dAuxerrois in 1743 and he was released on parole after several months imprisonment, and promoted to Brigadier for his actions during the 1746 campaign. After prisoner exchanges made possible his return to service, he joined the Italian campaign again in 1747. He was wounded again by a ball in the Battle of Assietta. When Marshal Belle-Isle retired that winter, his army was left under the command of its brigadiers, the war came to an end in 1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. In 1749 he was awarded an opportunity to raise a new regiment in peacetime. Upon Montcalm’s arrival in Montreal, he was immediately apprised of the situation along the border with British North America, when Montcalm arrived back at Fort Frontenac, he found a force of 3500 men assembled, being regular French troops, Canadian militia, and Native Americans. On August 9, the crossed the lake and rapidly besieged the English fort. By the morning of August 13, the French had set up nine cannons, the English commander was killed during the offensive, and the fort was quickly surrendered soon thereafter. 1700 prisoners were taken, including 80 officers, as well as money, military correspondence, food provisions, guns, and boats, and the fort burnt and razed to the ground
22.
Edward VII Monument (Montreal)
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The Edward VII Monument is a statue of King Edward VII by artist Louis-Philippe Hébert and located at Phillips Square in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Designed by Louis-Philippe Hébert, the monument to King Edward VII was in 1914 erected in Phillips Square, the statue was unveiled on October 1,1914, by Edwards brother, Governor General Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, with a huge crowd in attendance. Edward had visited Montreal in 1860, when he was the Prince of Wales, Four allegorical figures sit at the base of the monument, Peace is the woman at front, holding an olive branch but keeping a sword hidden in the folds of her skirt. The western group is Four Nations, representing Montreal’s four founding nationalities—French, Scots, Irish, abundance is on the eastern face, representing Canadas material prosperity. Royal monuments in Canada Fiche sur le Square Phillips Monument Edouard VII
23.
Jeanne Mance Monument
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The Jeanne Mance Monument is a memorial in Montreal. The monument by Louis-Philippe Hébert portrays Jeanne Mance comforting an injured colonist, the monument to Jeanne Mance was unveiled on September 2,1909, in front of the Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal. In 1909 was celebrated the 250th anniversary of the arrival of the first three hospital sisters, in 1642, she came specifically to establish Montreals first hospital, Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal. The hospital operated at different location during the New France and moved to present location in 1861, alan Gordon, Making Public Pasts, The Contested Terrain of Montreals Public Memories, 1891-1930
24.
Ignace Bourget Monument
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The Ignace Bourget Monument is a monument of Louis-Philippe Hébert located in front of Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral in Montreal. The monument in memory of Bishop Ignace Bourget was unveiled on June 24,1903, in front of the replica of St. Peters Basilica in Rome, a bas-relief shows the bishop studying the plans for the building. Two allegorical statues represent Religion and Charity and it was erected by both clergy and faithful, who contributed $25,000. The sculptures and bas-reliefs were created by Louis-Philippe Hébert, mP-0000.871.4 | Monument of Bishop Ignace Bourget, Dorchester Street, Montreal, QC, about 1907
25.
Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral
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Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral is a minor basilica in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and the seat of the Roman Catholic archdiocese of Montreal. It is the third largest church in Quebec after St. Josephs Oratory, the building is 101 m in length,46 m in width, and a maximum height of 77 m at the cupola, the diameter of which is 23 m. The church is located at 1085 Cathedral Street at the corner of René Lévesque Boulevard and Metcalfe Street, near the Bonaventure metro station and it and the connected Archdiocese main buildings form the eastern side of Place du Canada, and occupies of dominant presences on Dorchester Square. The sacrament of baptism is celebrated in the small chapel, the marble baptismal font is surmounted by an impressive stucco crucifix sculpted by Philippe Hébert. The crucifix is one of the most important pieces of sculpture in Quebec. The construction of the cathedral was ordered by Mgr, Ignace Bourget, second bishop of Montreal, to replace the former Saint-Jacques Cathedral which had burned in 1852. The site also sparked due to its location in the western part of downtown. The first architect, Victor Bourgeau, refused the project after studying St. Peters, at the time, the Holy See and the Papal States were threatened by the nationalist troops of Victor Emmanuel II, king of Piedmont, who was attempting to assert control over all Italy. Their motto is, Love God and go your way, a painting depicting Colonel Athanase de Charette, commander of the Papal Zouaves, was made in 1885 by Lionel Royer. Joseph Michaud, the chaplain of the Papal Zouave volunteers of Montreal, was sent to Rome to secretly produce a model to work from. Work began in 1875 and the new church was consecrated in 1894 as Saint James Cathedral, after Saint James the Great, at the time it was the largest church in Quebec. It was made a basilica in 1919 by Pope Benedict XV. It was rededicated in 1955 to Mary, Queen of the World, between 1955 and 1960, several restoration works have been executed. On March 28,2000, the cathedral was designated a National Historic Site of Canada, in the last few years, the cathedrals esplanade and narthex have undergone significant reconstruction. The exterior statue of Bishop Ignace Bourget was cleaned and restored in 2005, all of the statues were sculpted by Olindo Gratton between 1892 and 1898. Patricks Church, Saint Ignatius of Antioch, Saint Charles Borromeo, patron of the parish of the Saint-Charles Church in Pointe Saint-Charles, next to the church, theres also a monument for Mgr. The aisles of the nave and the arches in the transept contain painting depicting historical events in the days of Montreal. It contains nine paintings and still three empty spaces, the paintings are, The aforementioned painting of colonel Athanase de Charette, commander of the Papal Zouaves of Montreal
26.
John Young (Canadian politician)
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John Young was a member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada and a member of Parliament of the House of Commons of Canada. Young was born in Ayr, Scotland and his family had no particular social position or money. His father William was a cooper by trade and he was able to qualify for a very fine school, Ayr Academy. That school boasts a number of distinguished graduates including the poet Robbie Burns, the formal education of John Young ended when he was only 14. He left Ayr Academy to become a teacher at a country school in the nearby village of Coylton. After only a year of teaching he came to Canada in 1826 at the age of 15 and his early life in Canada began in Kingston, Ontario, where he was employed by a company in the import/export business. Despite his youth and lack of education he was very successful. It appears that the energy, determination, and the supreme self-confidence that were to characterize his later career were already evident, the Torrence firm, Youngs employer, moved him to Montreal in 1830. After a few years he was made co-partner with David Torrance, in addition to the import/export business, the Torrance family had interests in the steamboat business operating on the St. Lawrence between Montreal and Quebec City. This involvement with merchandise trade and shipping were the foundation of Youngs lifelong passion for improved transportation, Young believed that the future of Montreal as the pre-eminent commercial centre in North America could be attained by improved access by rail and water. With that objective he laboured and fought for, The deepening of the channel in the St. Many of these ideas were opposed by the Montreal business elite. By reason of his business success, Young was part of that elite, Young lived at a time when ideas were held with conviction and strongly debated in public. In 1847, John Young was part of a group of Montreal businessmen involved in a pistol duel, shots were exchanged but nobody was killed. Young was successful in business and by about 1850 was able to build a magnificent home called Rosemount of the southern slope of the Westmount Mountain. The house is standing near the corner of Mountain Ave. In his Rosemount home, Young had a large, oversized, wire-backed armchair. It is believed that this chair was reserved for the frame of the Curé Labelle when he came to discuss the building of the railway to serve Saint-Jérôme
27.
Maisonneuve Monument
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The Maisonneuve Monument is a monument by sculptor Louis-Philippe Hébert built in 1895 in Place dArmes in Montreal. This monument in memory of Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve, founder of Montreal, was unveiled on July 1,1895, in 1896, the imposing monument in the centre of Place dArmes attracted many curious onlookers. For its part, the Société historique de Montréal in 1892-93 had an obelisk erected in memory of the founders of Montreal, the Francophones and Anglophones of Montreal found common ground in the commemoration of the personalities of New France, with each cultural group highlighting its own heroes. Fiche, Monument à la mémoire de Paul de Chomedey, sieur de Maisonneuve
28.
Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve
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Paul de Chomedey, sieur de Maisonneuve was a French military officer and the founder of Montreal in New France. Maisonneuve was born into the aristocracy in Neuville-sur-Vannes in Champagne, France, Paul de Chomedey grew up in the manor-house at Neuville-sur-Vanne, not far from the Maisonneuve Maisonneuve fief, which his father acquired in 1614. He had two sisters and one brother and he began his military career at the age of 13 in Holland, where he also learned to play the lute. He had a career in which he was noted for his ability. At the age of 30, he was hired by Jérome le Royer de la Dauversiere, Royer de la Dauversiere had a vision that inspired him to build a society mission on Montreal Island in New France. Maisonneuve was hired to lead the colonists and ensure their safety in the new land, in 1642 Ville-Marie was founded on the southern shore of Montreal island, where a chapel and a small settlement were built. A hospital, under the command of Jeanne Mance, was also established, Maisonneuve was the first governor of Montreal. The settlers maintained peaceful relations with the Algonquin people, one of the tribes of the area. The first year of the colonys existence was peaceful, in 1643 a flood threatened the city. Maisonneuve prayed to the Virgin Mary to stop the inundation and when it abated, a cross has been maintained there to the current day. The Mohawk were based in present-day New York state, south of Montreal, the Algonquin in contrast maintained peaceful relations with the newly arrived Europeans. Already familiar with the terrain, the Iroquois would often observe, a devastating strategy, this was the beginning of a long conflict between the two groups as they were competing with each other for game and other resources. On March 30,1644, the situation came to a head, warned by their guard dogs as to the nearby presence of their enemies, a band of 30 settlers went into the forest to face their foes. Once in the woods, the French encountered 250 Iroquois in ambush, retreating in the face of such uneven odds, M. de Maisonneuve remained last so the others could make it safely back to the fort, resulting in him being set upon by an Iroquois chief. In 1645 Maisonneuve received news that his father had died, while there, he was offered the position of governor of New France, but turned it down, wanting to continue his leadership of Ville-Marie. Maisonneuve returned to Montreal in 1647 and the wars with the Iroquois continued, in 1649, Maisonneuve stood as godfather for the first white child baptized in the colony. She was Pauline Hébert, the daughter of the fur-trader Augustin Hébert and his wife Adrienne Du Vivier, in the spring of 1651, the Iroquois attacks became so frequent and so violent that Ville-Marie thought its end had come. Maisonneuve made all the settlers take refuge in the fort, by 1652, the colony at Montreal had been so reduced that he was forced to return to France to raise 100 volunteers to go with him to the colony the following year
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Iroquois
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The Iroquois or Haudenosaunee are a historically powerful northeast Native American confederacy. The Iroquois have absorbed many other peoples into their cultures as a result of warfare, adoption of captives, the historic Erie, Susquehannock, Wyandot, and St. Lawrence Iroquoians, all independent peoples, spoke Iroquoian languages. In 2010, more than 45,000 enrolled Six Nations people lived in Canada, the most common name for the confederacy, Iroquois, is of somewhat obscure origin. The first time it appears in writing is in the account of Samuel de Champlain of his journey to Tadoussac in 1603, other spellings occurring in the earliest sources include Erocoise, Hiroquois, Hyroquoise, Irecoies, Iriquois, Iroquaes, Irroquois, and Yroquois. In the French spoken at the time, this would have been pronounced as or. In 1883, Horatio Hale wrote that the Charlevoix etymology was dubious, Hale suggested instead that the term came from Huron, and was cognate with Mohawk ierokwa they who smoke or Cayuga iakwai a bear. Hewitt responded to Hales etymology in 1888 by expressing doubt that either of those words even exist in the respective languages, a more modern etymology is that advocated by Gordon M. Day in 1968, who elaborates upon an earlier etymology given by Charles Arnaud in 1880. Arnaud had claimed that the word came from Montagnais irnokué, meaning terrible man, Day proposes a hypothetical Montagnais phrase irno kwédač, meaning a man, an Iroquois, as the origin of this term. More recently, Peter Bakker has proposed a Basque origin for Iroquois. g and he proposes instead that the word derives from hilokoa, from the Basque roots hil to kill, ko, and a. He also argues that the /l/ was rendered as /r/ since the former is not attested in the inventory of any language in the region. Thus the word according to Bakker is translatable as the killer people, a different term, Haudenosaunee, is the designation more commonly used by the Iroquois to refer to themselves. It is also preferred by scholars of Native American history who consider the name Iroquois to be derogatory in origin. An alternate designation, Ganonsyoni, is encountered as well. More transparently, the Iroquois confederacy is also referred to simply as the Six Nations. The history of the Iroquois Confederacy goes back to its formation by the Peacemaker in 1142, each nation within the Iroquoian family had a distinct language, territory and function in the League. Iroquois influence extended into present-day Canada, westward along the Great Lakes, the League is governed by a Grand Council, an assembly of fifty chiefs or sachems, each representing one of the clans of one of the nations. The original Iroquois League or Five Nations, occupied areas of present-day New York State up to the St. Lawrence River, west of the Hudson River. The League was composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, in or close to 1722, the Tuscarora tribe joined the League, having migrated from the Carolinas after being displaced by Anglo-European settlement
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Lambert Closse
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Raphaël Lambert Closse was a merchant when he disembarked at Ville-Marie, Nouvelle-France in 1647. His exact date of birth is unknown, however, he was born in Mogues in the Ardennes department of todays northern France and he became a public notary, as well as Sergeant Major of the garrison of Ville-Marie. He is most known for his work in fighting the Iroquois and he met his wife, Elisabeth Moyen, while rescuing her from the Iroquois in 1657. Lambert Closse died in fighting the Iroquois in 1662. The Lambert Closse rose, developed by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, was named in his honour
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Jeanne Mance
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Jeanne Mance was a French nurse and settler of New France. She arrived in New France two years after the Ursuline nuns came to Quebec, among the founders of Montreal, Canada, in 1642, she established its first hospital, the Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal, in 1645. She returned twice to France to seek support for the hospital. After providing most of the care directly for years, in 1657 she recruited three sisters of the Religious Hospitallers of St. Joseph, and continued to direct operations of the hospital, Jeanne Mance was born into a bourgeois family in Langres, in Haute-Marne, France. She was the daughter of Catherine Émonnot and Charles Mance, a prosecutor for the king in Langres, after her mother died prematurely, Jeanne cared for eleven brothers and sisters. She went on to care for victims of the Thirty Years War, at age 34, while on a pilgrimage to Troyes in Champagne, Mance discovered her missionary calling. She decided to go to New France in North America, then in the first stages of colonization by the French and she was supported by Anne of Austria, the wife of King Louis XIII, and by the Jesuits. Mance was a member of the Society of Our Lady of Montreal, its goal was to convert the natives, Charles Lallemant recruited Jeanne Mance for the Société Notre-Dame de Montréal. Mance embarked from La Rochelle on May 9,1641, on a crossing of the Atlantic that took three months, after wintering in Quebec, she and Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve arrived at the Island of Montreal in the spring of 1642. They founded the new city on May 17,1642, on land granted by the Governor and that same year Mance began operating a hospital in her home. Three years later, with a donation of 6000 francs by Angélique Bullion and she directed its operations for 17 years. A new stone structure was built in 1688, and others have built since then. In 1650 Mance visited France and returned with 22,000 livres of money set aside by Mme de Bullion for the hospital, on her return to Montreal, she found that the attacks of the Iroquois threatened the colony. She loaned the money to M. de Maisonneuve, who returned to France to organize a force of one hundred men for the colonys defense. Mance made a trip to France in 1657 to seek financial assistance for the hospital. At the same time, she secured three Hospital Sisters of the Religious Hospitallers of St. Joseph from the convent of La Fleche in Anjou, Judith Moreau de Bresoles, Catherine Mace, and Marie Maillet. They had a passage on the return, made worse by an outbreak of the plague on board. While Mgr. de Laval tried to retain the sisters at Quebec for that hospital, with the help of the new sisters, Mance was able to ensure the continued operations of the hospital
32.
Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica (Ottawa)
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The Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica is a Roman Catholic minor basilica in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada located on 385 Sussex Drive in the Lower Town neighbourhood. It was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1990, the site was originally home to the small wooden St. Jacques Church built in 1832. This structure was destroyed in 1841 to make way for a church, designed by local builder Antoine Robillard. However, in 1844, after the section was completed. Father Telmon decided to redesign the church into a Neo-Gothic structure and this resulted in the lower features, such as the main entrance, being Neo-Classical, while the upper portions of the structure are Neo-Gothic. The main structure was completed in 1846, in 1847, the church was designated the cathedral of Bytown and Joseph-Bruno Guigues was appointed the first bishop. He is honoured with a statue at the southwest corner of the cathedral grounds. In 1859, Father Damase Dandurand, OMI, designed the two Gothic spires which were added to the west front in 1866, earlier, in 1849-50, he designed the Archbishops Palace and in 1862-63, added the choir loft. In 1879, Pope Leo XIII designated the cathedral as a minor basilica, the steeples are covered with tin, which is typical for French-Canadian churches, and house a peal of bells. The exterior is fairly reserved, but the interior is as far more ornate, the interior of the church is brightly painted and decorated with carved features, exquisite stained glass windows and hundreds of statues of various religious figures. Louis-Philippe Hébert completed thirty large wooden sculptures in the choir, at the end of the choir, the Holy Family is completed with saints John the Baptist and Patrick, the patron saints of French and Irish Catholics. James R. Bowes, architect, designed new galleries and other improvements in 1875, the Basilica is the oldest and largest church in Ottawa and the seat of the citys Roman Catholic archbishop. Its twin spires and gilded Madonna are easily identifiable from nearby Parliament Hill, the church was last renovated and restored in the late 1990s. Services are held in both French and English, governor General Georges Vanier and Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier both were given state funerals at the Cathedral. 1841-1843 - This Gothic revival structure is the oldest surviving church in Ottawa and its twin steeples were erected in 1842. In 1848 it was named the Cathedral of the Diocese of Ottawa and its chief glory is its carved and painted interior. On Dec 181999 the most reverend Marcel A Gervais, Archbishop of Ottawa officially reopened Notre Dame Cathedral, the Cathedral had been closed for renovations since the beginning of 1999 and work continued into the year 2000. This historic restoration was possible through the generous gifts of anonymous donors, the Canada Millenium partnership program, the Ontario Government
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Saint-Louis Square
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Saint Louis Square is an urban square in Montreals Plateau Mont Royal. Its eastern edge fronts onto Saint Denis Street, a major north-south artery, Square Saint Louis Street runs along both the squares northern and southern sides, while Laval Avenue runs along its western side. The square is located on the site of the former reservoir. The square was created in 1876 and was named for two businessmen, brothers Emmanuel Saint-Louis and Jean-Baptiste Saint-Louis, the Project for Public Spaces has called the square the closest thing to a European neighbourhood square youll find this side of the Atlantic. The square features a Victorian fountain as its centrepiece, a bust of Octave Crémazie was unveiled on June 24,1906, designed by Louis-Philippe Hébert, near the home of Émile Nelligan, which faces the square. Nelligan himself was honoured with a bust in the square 99 years later, on June 7,2005, the square is also notable for the Victorian-style residences that face the park. The Union des écrivaines et des écrivains québécois is based in one structure on Laval Street
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Central Memorial Park
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Central Memorial Park is a park located in central Calgarys Beltline district. Sometimes referred to as Central Park or as Memorial Park, the area is home to the Memorial Park Library, a statue of Russell Lambert Boyle. The former Colonel Belcher veterans hospital was located across 4th street SW to the West, the park occupies one entire city block between 12th and 13th Avenues SW, bounded by 2nd and 4th Streets. Totalling 4.68 acres, the park was designed in 1889, the park went through a major revitalization in 2008-2009 at a cost of $11.5 million, and the renovated park was re-opened in May 2010. The sculptor was Louis Philippe Hébert, who also did the Indian family grouping in front of the Legislature in Quebec City, the death of an English soldier in Calgary led to the creation of the South African War Memorial. It seems he had died from poisoning and no one had known about his illness. Members of the Calgary-based Lord Strathcona Horse Regiment who had fought in the South African Boer War took up a collection and it was decided that the men who fought in the war should be commemorated and Hébert said, Ill put up a statue taller than your trees. Further funds were raised and Hébert was commissioned to create a statue in 1911, standing on the steps of Sacred Heart Church, Hébert spotted Eneas McCormack, then in his early twenties, and thought he would make a good model for the statue. The bronze statue has him sitting astride what was rancher Pat Burnss own pony, the statue is one and a half times life size, and has been described as one of the four finest equestrian statues in the world. The statue of R. L. Boyle is unusual in that his name is not inscribed on the monument. Rather than memorializing him personally, the statue is intended as a tribute to all Albertans who fought in the Second Boer War, and the dates 1899-1902 are inscribed on the pedestal. The Cenotaph was formally dedicated and unveiled by the Lieutenant Governor of Alberta, His Honour Dr. W. G. Egbert, the Calgary Herald estimated the crowd at this event to be 10,000 with at least 75 wreaths laid. In addition, a pair of granite benches accompanied the Cenotaph, the bench on the south side was inscribed May we live as nobly as they died while the north benchs inscription was, Pass not in sorrow, but with pride. Annual civic wreath laying commemorating Remembrance Day occur on November 11, ANZAC Day is also commemorated annually each April at the cenotaph
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Calgary
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Calgary is a city in the Canadian province of Alberta. It is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province, in an area of foothills and prairie, the city anchors the south end of what Statistics Canada defines as the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. The city had a population of 1,239,220 in 2016, making it Albertas largest city, also in 2016, Calgary had a metropolitan population of 1,392,609, making it the fourth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada. The Calgary CMA is home to the second-highest number of head offices in Canada among the countrys 800 largest corporations. In 1988, Calgary became the first Canadian city to host the Winter Olympic Games, Calgary was named after Calgary on the Isle of Mull, Scotland. In turn, the name originates from a compound of kald and gart, similar Old Norse words, meaning cold and garden, alternatively, the name might be Gaelic Cala ghearraidh, meaning beach of the meadow, or Gaelic for either clear running water or bay farm. The Calgary area was inhabited by people whose presence has been traced back at least 11,000 years. Before the arrival of Europeans, the area was inhabited by the Blackfoot, Blood, Peigan, in 1787, cartographer David Thompson spent the winter with a band of Peigan encamped along the Bow River. He was a Hudsons Bay Company trader and the first recorded European to visit the area, John Glenn was the first documented European settler in the Calgary area, in 1873. The site became a post of the North-West Mounted Police, the NWMP detachment was assigned in 1875 to protect the western plains from US whisky traders, and to protect the fur trade. Originally named Fort Brisebois, after NWMP officer Éphrem-A, Brisebois, it was renamed Fort Calgary in 1876 by Colonel James Macleod. When the Canadian Pacific Railway reached the area in 1883, over a century later, the Canadian Pacific Railway headquarters moved to Calgary from Montreal in 1996. Calgary was officially incorporated as a town in 1884, and elected its first mayor, in 1894, it was incorporated as The City of Calgary in what was then the North-West Territories. The Calgary Police Service was established in 1885 and assumed municipal, local duties from the NWMP, the Calgary Fire of 1886 occurred on November 7,1886. Fourteen buildings were destroyed with losses estimated at $103,200, although no one was killed or injured, city officials drafted a law requiring all large downtown buildings to be built with Paskapoo sandstone, to prevent this from happening again. After the arrival of the railway, the Dominion Government started leasing grazing land at minimal cost, as a result of this policy, large ranching operations were established in the outlying country near Calgary. Already a transportation and distribution hub, Calgary quickly became the centre of Canadas cattle marketing and meatpacking industries. By the late 19th century, the Hudsons Bay Company expanded into the interior and established posts along rivers that later developed into the cities of Winnipeg, Calgary
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Quebec City
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Quebec City, French, Ville de Québec, officially Québec) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Quebec. Founded in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain, Quebec City is one of the oldest cities in North America. The citys landmarks include the Château Frontenac, a hotel which dominates the skyline, and La Citadelle, the National Assembly of Quebec, the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, and the Musée de la civilisation are found within or near Vieux-Québec. Thus, Québec is officially spelled with an accented é in both Canadian English and French, although the accent is not used in common English usage. Quebec City is one of the oldest European settlements in North America, while many of the major cities in Latin America date from the sixteenth century, among cities in Canada and the U. S. few were created earlier than Quebec City. Also, Quebecs Old Town is the only North American fortified city north of Mexico whose walls still exist, French explorer Jacques Cartier built a fort at the site in 1535, where he stayed for the winter before going back to France in spring 1536. He came back in 1541 with the goal of building a permanent settlement, Quebec was founded by Samuel de Champlain, a French explorer and diplomat on 3 July 1608, and at the site of a long abandoned St. Lawrence Iroquoian settlement called Stadacona. Champlain, also called The Father of New France, served as its administrator for the rest of his life, the name Canada refers to this settlement. Although called the cradle of the Francophone population in North America, the place seemed favourable to the establishment of a permanent colony. In 1629 there was the surrender of Quebec, without battle, however, Samuel de Champlain argued that the English seizing of the lands was illegal as the war had already ended, he worked to have the lands returned to France. As part of the negotiations of their exit from the Anglo-French War. These terms were signed into law with the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, the lands in Quebec and Acadia were returned to the French Company of One Hundred Associates. In 1665, there were 550 people in 70 houses living in the city, one-quarter of the people were members of religious orders, secular priests, Jesuits, Ursulines nuns and the order running the local hospital, Hotel-Dieu. Quebec City was the headquarters of many raids against New England during the four French, in the last war, the French and Indian War, Quebec City was captured by the British in 1759 and held until the end of the war in 1763. France ceded New France, including the city, to Britain in 1763, at the end of French rule in 1763, forests, villages, fields and pastures surrounded the town of 8,000 inhabitants. The town distinguished itself by its architecture, fortifications, affluent homes of masonry and shacks in the suburbs of Saint-Jean. Despite its urbanity and its status as capital, Quebec City remained a small city with close ties to its rural surroundings. Nearby inhabitants traded their farm surpluses and firewood for imported goods from France at the two city markets, during the American Revolution revolutionary troops from the southern colonies assaulted the British garrison in an attempt to liberate Quebec City, in a conflict now known as the Battle of Quebec
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Holy Family
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The Holy Family consists of the Child Jesus, the Virgin Mary, and Saint Joseph. Veneration of the Holy Family was formally begun in the 17th century by Saint François de Laval, the first bishop of New France, the Gospels speak little of the life of the Holy Family in the years before Jesus’ public ministry. Matthew and Luke narrate the episodes from this period of Christs life, namely his Circumcision and later Presentation, the Flight to Egypt, the return to Nazareth, and the Finding in the Temple. Joseph and Mary were apparently observant Jews, as Luke narrates that they brought Jesus with them on the pilgrimage to Jerusalem with other Jewish families. The Feast of the Holy Family is a celebration in the Catholic Church in honor of Jesus of Nazareth, his mother, the Blessed Virgin Mary. The primary purpose of this feast is to present the Holy Family as a model for Christian families and it is a holy day of obligation only if it falls on a Sunday. The feast was instituted by Pope Leo XIII in 1893 and set on the Sunday within the Octave of the Epiphany, the 1962 Roman Missal, whose use is still authorized, follows the General Roman Calendar of 1960, which has the celebration on that date. The Holy Family is a theme in Christian art. An oil painting by the Dutch Joos van Cleve, dated to about 1512, is on display at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, michelangelos tempera rendition hangs in the Uffizi in Florence, Italy. A Holy Family by Giulio Romano is on view at the Getty Center in Los Angeles, the members of the Holy Family are the patrons of the Congregation of Holy Cross. The Holy Cross Sisters are dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, the Holy Cross Brothers to St. Joseph, the Sons of the Holy Family is another religious congregation devoted to the Holy Family. The Cathedral of the Holy Family of Nazareth is the see of the Diocese of Tulsa in Oklahoma. A pious practice among Catholics is to write J. M. J. at the top of letters and personal notes as a reference to Jesus, Mary, and Joseph as the Holy Family. Brothers of Jesus Chronology of Jesus Finding in the Temple Flight into Egypt Holy Kinship Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth Remarks of Benedict XVI on the Feast of the Holy Family Pope Francis. Homily on the Feast of the Holy Family, Vatican Radio, December 27,2015
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John the Baptist
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John the Baptist, also known as John the Baptizer, was a Jewish itinerant preacher in the early first century AD. John is revered as a religious figure in Christianity, Islam, the Baháí Faith. He is called a prophet by all of these traditions, and is honoured as a saint in many Christian traditions, John used baptism as the central symbol or sacrament of his messianic movement. Most scholars agree that John baptized Jesus, scholars generally believe Jesus was a follower or disciple of John and several New Testament accounts report that some of Jesus early followers had previously been followers of John. John the Baptist is also mentioned by the Jewish historian Josephus, according to the New Testament, John anticipated a messianic figure greater than himself. Christians commonly refer to John as the precursor or forerunner of Jesus, John is also identified with the prophet Elijah. John the Baptist is mentioned in all four canonical Gospels and the non-canonical Gospel of the Nazarenes, the Synoptic Gospels describe John baptising Jesus, in the Gospel of John it is implied in John 1, 32-34. The Gospel of Mark introduces John as a fulfilment of a prophecy from the Book of Isaiah about a messenger being sent ahead, John is described as wearing clothes of camels hair, living on locusts and wild honey. John proclaims baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sin, and says another will come after him who will not baptize with water, Jesus comes to John, and is baptized by him in the river Jordan. The account describes how, as he emerges from the water, the heavens open, a voice from heaven then says, You are my Son, the Beloved, with you I am well pleased. Later in the gospel there is an account of Johns death and it is introduced by an incident where the Tetrarch Herod Antipas, hearing stories about Jesus, imagines that this is John the Baptist raised from the dead. It then explains that John had rebuked Herod for marrying Herodias, Herodias demands his execution, but Herod, who liked to listen to John, is reluctant to do so because he fears him, knowing he is a righteous and holy man. The account then describes how Herods daughter Herodias dances before Herod, when the girl asks her mother what she should request, she is told to demand the head of John the Baptist. Reluctantly, Herod orders the beheading of John, and his head is delivered to her, at her request, Johns disciples take the body away and bury it in a tomb. There are a number of difficulties with this passage, the Gospel wrongly identifies Antipas as King and the ex-husband of Herodias is named as Philip, but he is known to have been called Herod. Although the wording clearly implies the girl was the daughter of Herodias, many texts describe her as Herods daughter, Herodias. Since these texts are early and significant and the reading is difficult, many see this as the original version, corrected in later versions and in Matthew. Josephus says that Herodias had a daughter by the name of Salome, scholars have speculated about the origins of the story
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Saint Patrick
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Saint Patrick was a fifth-century Romano-British Christian missionary and bishop in Ireland. Known as the Apostle of Ireland, he is the patron saint of Ireland, along with saints Brigit of Kildare. He is also venerated in the Anglican Communion, the Old Catholic Church and in the Eastern Orthodox Church as equal-to-the-apostles and Enlightener of Ireland. The dates of Patricks life cannot be fixed with certainty but there is agreement that he was active as a missionary in Ireland during the second half of the 5th century. He has been generally so regarded ever since, despite evidence of some earlier Christian presence in Ireland, after becoming a cleric, he returned to northern and western Ireland. In later life, he served as a bishop, but little is known about the places where he worked, by the seventh century, he had already come to be revered as the patron saint of Ireland. Saint Patricks Day is observed on 17 March, the date of his death. It is celebrated inside and outside Ireland as a religious and cultural holiday, in the dioceses of Ireland, it is both a solemnity and a holy day of obligation, it is also a celebration of Ireland itself. Two Latin works survive which are accepted as having been written by St. Patrick. These are the Declaration and the Letter to the soldiers of Coroticus, the Declaration is the more biographical of the two. In it, Patrick gives an account of his life. Most available details of his life are from subsequent hagiographies and annals, the only name that Patrick uses for himself in his own writings is Pātricius, which gives Old Irish Pátraic and Modern Irish Pádraig, English Patrick and Welsh Padrig. Hagiography records other names he is said to have borne, Magonus appears in the ninth century Historia Brittonum as Maun, descending from British *Magunos, meaning servant-lad. Succetus, which appears in Muirchú moccu Machthenis seventh century Life as Sochet, is identified by Mac Neill as a word of British origin meaning swineherd. The dates of Patricks life are uncertain, there are conflicting regarding the year of his death. His own writings provide no evidence for any dating more precise than the 5th century generally, the Letter to Coroticus implies that the Franks were still pagans at the time of writing, their conversion to Christianity is dated to the period 496–508. The Irish annals for the century date Patricks arrival in Ireland at 432. The date 432 was probably chosen to minimise the contribution of Palladius, who was known to have sent to Ireland in 431
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Parliament Hill (Quebec City)
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Parliament Hill is located in Quebec City in the borough of La Cité-Limoilou, specifically in districts of Vieux-Québec—Cap-Blanc—colline Parlementaire and Saint-Jean-Baptiste. In addition to the Parliament Building of Quebec, the Hill has a few shopping streets and residential areas, in 1985, the complex of parliamentary building was declared a Site historique national. To date this is the site so declared in Quebec. -A. Adelard Godbout, by Michel Binette, this work has been inaugurated in autumn 2000 to mark the 60th anniversary of the obtaining the right to vote by women in Quebec. Charles De Gaulle, To recognize the contribution of the instigator of relations between France and Quebec, the sculpture was completed in 1997 by Fabien Pagé, Daniel Johnson, the bust was sculpted by Paul Lancz and inaugurated in 1999. Short and Wallick, The monument was created by the sculptor Louis-Philippe Hébert and erected at Parliament Hill in the park opposite the Armoury in 1891
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Saint-Sauveur, Quebec
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Saint-Sauveur is a town and municipality within the Les Pays-den-Haut Regional County Municipality, Quebec, Canada. It is in the region of Laurentides in the Laurentian mountains. St-Sauveur is well known for its local ski areas, the biggest of which is Mont Saint-Sauveur, the ski areas market themselves jointly under the name of Valley of Saint-Sauveur. Its proximity to Montreal, as well as its snow-making capability, night-time skiing, the town was the childhood home—from about 1946 to 1960—of Canadian musicians Kate and Anna McGarrigle. On September 11,2002 the city was created from the merger of the village of Saint-Sauveur-des-Monts, the current director general is Jean Beaulieu. The city clerk is Normand Patrice
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