1.
Dymer
–
Dymer is a narrative poem by C. S. Lewis in 1926 under the pseudonym Clive Hamilton. Lewis worked on this poem, his most important poem, as early as 1916, when still only 17 years old and it was Lewiss second published work. He thought of writing in the tradition of Homer, Milton, Spenser, Wordsworth. George Sayers analysis suggests that the book is about the temptation of fantasies, the fantasies of love, lust, Dymer casts off his clothing along with civilization, wandering in the forests until he comes upon an empty mansion with food prepared. After dressing himself again with finer clothing, and feasting alone at a banquet table, upon awakening Dymer steps outside of the palace, and wanders blissfully in the woods. Returning to the palace in search of his lover, he finds every entry barred by a hideous old she-monster, after pleading with her to yield but one inch, once only from your law, Dymer approaches the woman with intent to fight his way past her. What happens at this point is uncertain, only that Dymer emerges wounded from the palace and it begins to rain that night in the woods, and Dymer encounters yet another person he cannot see in the dark, this time a wounded man. Dymer is dumbfounded at this information, and stays silent in the night until the mans wounds prove fatal, Dymer encounters another individual in the wilderness, a man who uses a liquid to put himself into an extended dreaming state. Convincing Dymer that the answer to his anguish is in the dreaming world, in his hallucination, Dymer encounters his once-lover from the mansion, but realizes she is monstrous. Instead of accepting this as the truth, he flees the scene as demons rise to assault him, upon awakening, Dymer is threatened by the dreaming man, and sets off into the wilderness again. Dymer later arrives at a cemetery where he encounters an angelic guardian, who tells Dymer of a monster lurking about. Realizing that the beast is his own offspring, Dymer states he must face his own son in battle, donning the guardians armor, he prepares to fight the monster, which ends in his own death and the beast becoming a god. CSL, The Bulletin of the New York C. S. Lewis Society, the C. S. Lewis Readers Encyclopedia. Lewis, C. S. Preface to the 1950 edition of Narrative Poems, New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1950. C. S. Lewiss Dymer, One More with Hesitation, CSL, The Bulletin of the New York C. S. Lewis Society. Sehnsucht and the Platonic Eros in Dymer, CSL, The Bulletin of the New York C. S. Lewis Society. The Literary Legacy of C. S. Lewis, New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1979
Dymer
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First edition
2.
Kiev Governorate
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Kiev Governorate was an administrative division of the Russian Empire and Ukraine in 1796 until the Soviet administrative reform of the 1920s. It was considered to be a Little Russian governorate due to majority of speaking in Little Russian dialect. The Kiev Governorate on the bank of Dnieper was officially established by Emperor Paul Is edict of November 30,1796. However it was not until 1800 when there was appointed the first governor, three existing Left-bank Ukraine viceroyalties were merged into one Little Russia Governorate centered on Chernigov, while the Kiev Governorate was now comprised on Right-bank Ukraine. The edict took effect on August 29,1797, bringing the number of uyezds to twelve. On January 22,1832, the Kiev Governorate, along with the Volhynia, at the time, Vasily Levashov was appointed the Military Governor of Kiev as well as the General Governor of Podolia and Volhynia. In 1845, the population of the Governorate was 1,704,661, by the 1897 Russian Census, there were 3,559,229 people in the guberniya making it the most populous one in the whole Russian Empire. There were 459,253 people living in cities, including about 248,000 in Kiev, by faith,2,983,736 census respondents were Orthodox Christians,433,728 were Jews and 106,733 were of the Roman Catholic Church. Kiev Governorate remained a constituent unit of the larger Governorate General with Kiev being the capital of both well into the 20th century, in 1915, the General Governorate was disbanded while the guberniya continued to exist. After the last Imperial governor, Alexey Ignatyev until March 6,1917, in the course of the Soviet administrative reform of 1923–1929 the Kiev Guberniya was transformed into six okruhas in 1923, and, since 1932, Kiev Oblast at the territory
Kiev Governorate
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Kiev Governorate in 1812
Kiev Governorate
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Ukrainian okruhas in 1927
Kiev Governorate
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Kiev Governorate as of 1896.
Kiev Governorate
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Kiev Governorate as of c. 1900
3.
Russian Empire
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The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until it was overthrown by the short-lived February Revolution in 1917. One of the largest empires in history, stretching over three continents, the Russian Empire was surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires. The rise of the Russian Empire happened in association with the decline of neighboring powers, the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Persia. It played a role in 1812–14 in defeating Napoleons ambitions to control Europe. The House of Romanov ruled the Russian Empire from 1721 until 1762, and its German-descended cadet branch, with 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census, it had the third-largest population in the world at the time, after Qing China and India. Like all empires, it included a large disparity in terms of economics, ethnicity, there were numerous dissident elements, who launched numerous rebellions and assassination attempts, they were closely watched by the secret police, with thousands exiled to Siberia. Economically, the empire had an agricultural base, with low productivity on large estates worked by serfs. The economy slowly industrialized with the help of foreign investments in railways, the land was ruled by a nobility from the 10th through the 17th centuries, and subsequently by an emperor. Tsar Ivan III laid the groundwork for the empire that later emerged and he tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. Tsar Peter the Great fought numerous wars and expanded an already huge empire into a major European power, Catherine the Great presided over a golden age. She expanded the state by conquest, colonization and diplomacy, continuing Peter the Greats policy of modernisation along West European lines, Tsar Alexander II promoted numerous reforms, most dramatically the emancipation of all 23 million serfs in 1861. His policy in Eastern Europe involved protecting the Orthodox Christians under the rule of the Ottoman Empire and that connection by 1914 led to Russias entry into the First World War on the side of France, Britain, and Serbia, against the German, Austrian and Ottoman empires. The Russian Empire functioned as a monarchy until the Revolution of 1905. The empire collapsed during the February Revolution of 1917, largely as a result of failures in its participation in the First World War. Perhaps the latter was done to make Europe recognize Russia as more of a European country, Poland was divided in the 1790-1815 era, with much of the land and population going to Russia. Most of the 19th century growth came from adding territory in Asia, Peter I the Great introduced autocracy in Russia and played a major role in introducing his country to the European state system. However, this vast land had a population of 14 million, grain yields trailed behind those of agriculture in the West, compelling nearly the entire population to farm. Only a small percentage lived in towns, the class of kholops, close to the one of slavery, remained a major institution in Russia until 1723, when Peter I converted household kholops into house serfs, thus including them in poll taxation
Russian Empire
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Peter the Great officially renamed the Tsardom of Russia the Russian Empire in 1721, and himself its first emperor. He instituted the
sweeping reforms and oversaw the transformation of Russia into a major European power.
Russian Empire
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Flag
Russian Empire
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Empress
Catherine the Great, who reigned from 1762 to 1796, continued the empire's expansion and modernization. Considering herself an
enlightened absolutist, she played a key role in the
Russian Enlightenment.
Russian Empire
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Catherine II Sestroretsk Rouble (1771) is made of solid copper measuring 77 millimetres (3 3 ⁄ 100 in) (diameter), 26 millimetres (1 1 ⁄ 50 in) (thickness), and weighs 1.022 kg (2.25 lb). It is the largest copper coin ever issued.
4.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
5.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883. The Republicans supported the pietistic Protestants who demanded Prohibition, nevertheless, by 1890 the Republicans had agreed to the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Interstate Commerce Commission in response to complaints from owners of small businesses and farmers
Republican Party (United States)
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Abraham Lincoln, the first Republican U.S. President (1861–1865).
Republican Party (United States)
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Theodore Roosevelt,
26th President of the United States (1901–1909)
Republican Party (United States)
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Dwight Eisenhower,
34th President of the United States (1953–1961)
Republican Party (United States)
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Richard Nixon,
37th President of the United States (1969–1974)
6.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
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Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. is an American media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of feature films and television programs. Its headquarters are in Beverly Hills, California and it is one of the worlds oldest film studios. In 1971, it was announced that MGM would merge with 20th Century Fox, over the next thirty-nine years, the studio was bought and sold at various points in its history until, on November 3,2010, MGM filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. MGM Resorts International, a Las Vegas-based hotel and casino company listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol MGM, is not currently affiliated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In 1966, MGM was sold to Canadian investor Edgar Bronfman Sr. whose son Edgar Jr. would later buy Universal Studios, the studio continued to produce five to six films a year that were released through other studios, mostly United Artists. Kerkorian did, however, commit to increased production and a film library when he bought United Artists in 1981. MGM ramped up production, as well as keeping production going at UA. It also incurred significant amounts of debt to increase production, the studio took on additional debt as a series of owners took charge in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1986, Ted Turner bought MGM, but a few later, sold the company back to Kerkorian to recoup massive debt. The series of deals left MGM even more heavily in debt, MGM was bought by Pathé Communications in 1990, but Parretti lost control of Pathé and defaulted on the loans used to purchase the studio. The French banking conglomerate Crédit Lyonnais, the major creditor. Even more deeply in debt, MGM was purchased by a joint venture between Kerkorian, producer Frank Mancuso, and Australias Seven Network in 1996, the debt load from these and subsequent business deals negatively affected MGMs ability to survive as an independent motion picture studio. In 1924, movie theater magnate Marcus Loew had a problem and he had bought Metro Pictures Corporation in 1919 for a steady supply of films for his large Loews Theatres chain. With Loews lackluster assortment of Metro films, Loew purchased Goldwyn Pictures in 1924 to improve the quality, however, these purchases created a need for someone to oversee his new Hollywood operations, since longtime assistant Nicholas Schenck was needed in New York headquarters to oversee the 150 theaters. Mayer, Loew addressed the situation by buying Louis B. Mayer Pictures on April 17,1924, Mayer became head of the renamed Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, with Irving Thalberg as head of production. MGM produced more than 100 feature films in its first two years, in 1925, MGM released the extravagant and successful Ben-Hur, taking a $4.7 million profit that year, its first full year. Marcus Loew died in 1927, and control of Loews passed to Nicholas Schenck, in 1929, William Fox of Fox Film Corporation bought the Loew familys holdings with Schencks assent. Mayer and Thalberg disagreed with the decision, Mayer was active in the California Republican Party and used his political connections to persuade the Justice Department to delay final approval of the deal on antitrust grounds
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
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MGM Tower, former company headquarters highlighted by the famous
Leo the Lion logo at the top
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
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Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
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Clark Gable
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
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Marie Dressler and
Wallace Beery in
Min and Bill (1930)
7.
Irene Mayer Selznick
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Irene Gladys Selznick was an American socialite and theatrical producer. She was born in Brooklyn, the daughter of film producer Louis B. Mayer and his first wife and she had an older sister, Edith. Edith married William Goetz in March 1930, who became the president of 20th Century Fox in 1941. Selznicks paternal and maternal grandparents were Belarusian Jews who immigrated to Canada in the 1880s from Vilnius, the Mayer family initially lived in Haverhill, Massachusetts before moving to Hollywood in 1918. It was there that her father established Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, one of the most successful studios of its time. She attended Hollywood School for Girls, a school in Los Angeles. Mayer married producer David O. Selznick in 1930 and her husband came from an extremely dysfunctional but talented family and he was one of the few men who stimulated her intellect. During the marriage, Selznick acted as a hostess to the couples Hollywood parties, the couple frequently socialized with Hollywood stars including Ingrid Bergman, Janet Gaynor, and Katharine Hepburn. Selznick was also an executive at her husbands production company, Selznick also did volunteer and charity work and worked as a probation officer for juveniles for Los Angeles County during World War II. After separating from her husband in 1945, Selznick moved to New York City where she pursued her love of the theatre. In 1947, she worked with playwright Tennessee Williams and director Elia Kazan and produced her first play, A Streetcar Named Desire, which gave Marlon Brando his break-out role. The plays success brought her a deal of respect, and she went on to produce four more plays. Considered by her peers within the entertainment industry as one of the foremost historians of Hollywood and Broadway, Mayer married David O. Selznick on April 29,1930. They had two sons, Lewis Jeffrey and Daniel Selznick, both of whom would also become film producers, Daniel married Susan Warms Dryfoos, daughter of Orvil E. Dryfoos. However, David O. Selznicks constant philandering and frequent financial problems as a result of a gambling addiction led to their growing apart and their divorce was finalized on January 22,1949. Irene Mayer Selznick died on October 10,1990 from complications from breast cancer at her apartment at The Pierre in Manhattan. Her remains were returned to California where she was interred next to her mother in the Mausoleum, Hall of Graciousness, a Streetcar Named Desire Bell, Book and Candle Flight Into Egypt The Chalk Garden The Complaisant Lover Selznick, Irene Mayer. Irene Mayer Selznick at the Internet Movie Database 97371 Irene Mayer Selznick at the Internet Broadway Database Irene Mayer Selznick at Find a Grave
Irene Mayer Selznick
–
Irene Mayer Selznick (second from right) with
U.S. Assistant Attorney General Mabel Walker Willebrandt (right), her mother Margaret Shenberg (center), father Louis B. Mayer (second from left), and older sister Edith Mayer (left) at the
White House on February 3, 1927.
8.
Russian language
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Russian is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages, written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century and beyond. It is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages and it is also the largest native language in Europe, with 144 million native speakers in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Russian is the eighth most spoken language in the world by number of native speakers, the language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Russian is also the second most widespread language on the Internet after English, Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language, another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family and it is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus. From the point of view of the language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. In the 19th century, the language was often called Great Russian to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called White Russian and Ukrainian, however, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language and it is also regarded by the United States Intelligence Community as a hard target language, due to both its difficulty to master for English speakers and its critical role in American world policy. The standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language, mikhail Lomonosov first compiled a normalizing grammar book in 1755, in 1783 the Russian Academys first explanatory Russian dictionary appeared. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features are observed in colloquial speech. Thus, the Russian language is the 6th largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi/Urdu, Spanish, Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Education in Russian is still a choice for both Russian as a second language and native speakers in Russia as well as many of the former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics, samuel P. Huntington wrote in the Clash of Civilizations, During the heyday of the Soviet Union, Russian was the lingua franca from Prague to Hanoi
Russian language
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Russian language street sign in
Russia.
Russian language
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Russian minimarket in
Limassol, Cyprus; translation: "Teremok market. Russian goods. Phone number: 96 74 19 63"
Russian language
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This page from an "ABC" book printed in Moscow in 1694 shows the letter
П.
Russian language
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The
Ostromir Gospels of 1056 is the second oldest
East Slavic book known, one of many medieval
illuminated manuscripts preserved in the
Russian National Library.
9.
Saint John, New Brunswick
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Saint John is a city in New Brunswick, Canada. In 2016, the city is the second largest in New Brunswick and has a population of 67,575 over an area of 315.82 square kilometres, Saint John is the oldest incorporated city in Canada. During the reign of Britains George III, the municipality was created by charter in 1785. The Saint John metropolitan area covers a area of 3,362.95 square kilometres across the Caledonia Highlands. Samuel de Champlain landed at Saint John Harbour on June 24,1604 and is where the Saint John River gets its name. S, in 1785, Saint John became the first incorporated city in what would later become Canada. Over the next century, waves of Irish immigration, namely during the Great Famine via Partridge Island, would change the citys demographics. The Mikmaq also ventured into the territory and named the area Měnagwĕs, samuel de Champlain landed at Saint John Harbour in 1604, but the area was in English hands by the end of the Seven Years War. After being incorporated as a city in 1785 with an influx of Loyalists from the Boston States and immigrants from Ireland, in 1851 the city cemented itself internationally when the Marco Polo, built from a Saint John yard, became the fastest in the world. However, the city would experience much struggle with its success. From 1840 to 1860 sectarian violence was rampant in Saint John resulting in some of the worst urban riots in Canadian history. The city experienced an outbreak in 1854 with the death over 1,500 people, as well as a great fire in 1877 that destroyed 40% of the city. 1785, First quarantine station in North America, Partridge Island, in the early 19th century, it greeted sick and dying Irish immigrants arriving with inhospitable conditions. 1820, The first chartered bank in Canada, the Bank of New Brunswick, Canadas oldest publicly funded high school, Saint John High School 1838, The first penny newspaper in the Empire, the tri-weekly Saint John News, was established. 1842, Canadas first public museum, originally known as the Gesner Museum, named after its Nova Scotian founder Abraham Gesner, the museum is now known as the New Brunswick Museum. 1849, Canada’s first labour union, the Laborer’s Benevolent Association that was formed when Saint John’s longshoremen banded together to lobby for regular pay and a shorter workday. One of their first resolutions was to apply to the city council for permission to erect the bell,1854, The automated steam foghorn was invented by Robert Foulis. 1870, Canadas first Y. W. C. A. was established,1870, First Knights of Pythias in British Empire. 1872, Monitor top railroad cars in the world invented by James Ferguson, the original model is in the New Brunswick Museum in Saint John
Saint John, New Brunswick
–
Uptown Saint John
Saint John, New Brunswick
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Coat of arms
Saint John, New Brunswick
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A blacksmith shop near Saint John harbour in the late 19th century
Saint John, New Brunswick
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Reversing Falls.
10.
Irving Thalberg
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Irving Grant Thalberg was an American film producer during the early years of motion pictures. He was called The Boy Wonder for his youth, innate commercial instincts, Thalberg had little interest in films as an art form, he notoriously remarked that filmmakers are like servant girls, they need a good slap on the backside now and then. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, and as a child was afflicted with a heart disease that doctors said would kill him before he reached the age of thirty. After graduating from school he took night classes in typing. Among the films he produced was The Hunchback of Notre Dame and he then partnered with Louis B. Mayers studio and, after it merged with two studios, helped create Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. He was made head of production of MGM in 1925, at the age of twenty-six, and after three years MGM became the most successful studio in Hollywood as a result of his supervision. During his twelve years with MGM, until his death at age 37, he produced four hundred films, most of which bore his imprint. Among those innovations were story conferences with writers, sneak previews to gain early feedback, in addition, he introduced horror films to audiences and coauthored the “Production Code, ” guidelines for morality followed by all studios. During the 1920s and 1930s, he synthesized and merged the world of stage drama, Thalberg created numerous new stars and groomed their screen images. He had the ability to combine quality with commercial success, and was credited with bringing his artistic aspirations in line with the demands of audiences. After his death, Hollywoods producers declared him to have been, despite his young age, President Roosevelt wrote, The world of art is poorer with the passing of Irving Thalberg. His high ideals, insight and imagination went into the production of his masterpieces, the Irving G. Thalberg was born in Brooklyn, to German-Jewish immigrant parents, William and Henrietta. Shortly after birth, he was diagnosed with blue baby syndrome, the prognosis from the family doctor, and from specialists years later, was that he would possibly live to age twenty, or at most, age thirty. During his high school years in Brooklyn, he began having attacks of chest pains, dizziness and this affected his ability to study, though until that time he was a good student. When he was 17, he contracted fever, and was confined to bed for a year. His mother, Henrietta, to prevent him falling too far behind other students, brought him homework from school, books and she also hoped that the schoolwork and reading would distract him from the tantalizing sounds of children playing outside his window. With little to him, he read books as a main activity
Irving Thalberg
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Irving Thalberg, c. 1930s
Irving Thalberg
–
Thalberg, 1929
Irving Thalberg
–
Lon Chaney in The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923)
Irving Thalberg
–
Thalberg (L) with wife, Norma Shearer, and Louis B. Mayer, 1932
11.
California Republican Party
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The California Republican Party is the California affiliate of the United States Republican Party. The party chairman is Jim Brulte, and is based in Burbank, California, the CRP also has a headquarters in Sacramento. The partys stated goals are to enhance economic prosperity within the state, cut taxes, the CRP is active throughout the entire state of California, and the party prides itself on providing common sense solutions to the most troubling issues. As of 2016 Republicans represent approximately 28% of the registered voters. Crime and justice—The California Republican Party supports the governments protecting the welfare of the people and creating fair, the party advocates victims rights under the position that the victim is just as important as the offender in a crime. They believe overcrowding is an issue that should be solved by the creation of both private and public prisons. The party also supports the use of punishment for heinous crimes. The party call for a cut on unnecessary spending in order to create government infrastructure that will boost the economy, the party also supports Right-to-work laws and opposes closed shop establishments. Education— The California Republican Party believes that all children have the right to a first-class education, the party supports parents and local school boards being the primary regulators of the education system. The party also supports incentives for quality educators and that school admission, the party also believes that unions have too much influence in Californias schools and that has caused the degradation of the curriculum and the marginalization of involvement by parents. Environment—The California Republican Party believes in long-term responsible stewardship of Californias natural resources, the party supports California industry being a world leader in developing and manufacturing safe, renewable and sustainable energy. The party also believes that city governments should be held to the standards of cleaning waste water as are applied to private industry. Equal Opportunity—We oppose quotas, special rights, set asides, or guaranteed equality of results and we support laws prohibiting discrimination in employment and housing based on race, ethnicity, nationality, sex, sexual orientation, disability, or religion. Family values—We support the two-parent family as the best environment for raising children, the Supreme Courts ruling cannot and must not be used to coerce a church or religious institution into performing marriages that their faith does not recognize. We believe public policy and education should not be exploited to advocate or teach any social or political agenda, healthcare—The California Republican Party opposes government mandated health care plans and single payer plans. The party also opposes any government healthcare plan for California that would involve taxes on doctors or hospitals, coverage for illegal aliens, the party also supports private sector solutions such as small business insurance pools, employment pricing reductions, guaranteed insurability and medical savings accounts. Immigration—The California Republican Party contends that the state of California is rich in the history of immigration, English should be mandatory in the workplace and businesses should be able to require employees to speak the English and all immigrants should be required to learn the language. Illegal aliens should be deported if they engage in criminal activity, the party supports the government offering intensive English language instruction to all who need it, including stipends to help immigrants attend the programs
California Republican Party
–
California Republican Party
12.
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
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The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences is a professional honorary organization with the stated goal of advancing the arts and sciences of motion pictures. The Academys corporate management and general policies are overseen by a Board of Governors, the roster of the Academys approximately 6,000 motion picture professionals is a closely guarded secret. While the great majority of its members are based in the United States, the Academy is known around the world for its annual Academy Awards, now officially known as The Oscars. The Academy plans to open the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles in 2017, the notion of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences began with Louis B. He said he wanted to create an organization that would mediate labor disputes without unions and he met with actor Conrad Nagel, director Fred Niblo, and the head of the Association of Motion Picture Producers, Fred Beetsonto to discuss these matters. The idea of this elite club having a banquet was discussed. They also established that membership into the organization would only be open to people involved in one of the five branches of the industry, actors, directors, writers, technicians, and producers. That evening Mayer presented to those guests what he called the International Academy of Motion Picture Arts, everyone in the room that evening became a founder of the Academy. Several organizational meetings were held prior to the first official meeting held on May 6,1927 and their first organizational meeting was held on May 11. At that meeting Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. was elected as the first president of the Academy, while Fred Niblo was the first vice-president and that night, the Academy also bestowed its first honorary membership, to Thomas Edison. Initially, the Academy was broken down into five groups, or branches. The original five were, Producers, Actors, Directors, Writers, the initial concerns of the group had to do with labor. However, as went on, the organization moved further away from involvement in labor-management arbitrations and negotiations. By July 1928 the board of directors had approved a list of 12 awards to be presented, during July the voting system for the Awards was established, and the nomination and selection process began. This award of merit for distinctive achievement is what we know now as the Academy Award, the initial location of the organization was 6912 Hollywood Boulevard. In May 1928, the Academy authorized the construction of a state of the art screening room, the screening room was not completed until April 1929. With the publication of Report on Incandescent Illumination in 1928, the Academy began a history of publishing books to assist its members. Another early initiative concerned training Army Signal Corps officers, in 1929 Academy members in a joint venture with the University of Southern California created Americas first film school to further the art and science of moving pictures
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
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Headquarters building
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
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Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
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Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study building on La Cienega Boulevard in Beverly Hills, California
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
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Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study in the Hollywood district
13.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
Academy Awards
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Academy Awards
Academy Awards
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31st Academy Awards Presentations,
Pantages Theatre, Hollywood, 1959
Academy Awards
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81st Academy Awards Presentations,
Dolby Theatre, Hollywood, 2009
Academy Awards
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Pantages Theatre, 2008
14.
Jewish
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The Jews, also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, the Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as Hebrews. The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II, but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has risen again, and as of 2015 was estimated at 14.3 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank. According to the report, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel and these numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure, Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it. The English word Jew continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe, according to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. The Hebrew word for Jew, יְהוּדִי ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced, with the stress on the syllable, in Israeli Hebrew. The Ladino name is ג׳ודיו, Djudio, ג׳ודיוס, Djudios, Yiddish, ייִד Yid, ייִדן, Yidn. The etymological equivalent is in use in languages, e. g. but derivations of the word Hebrew are also in use to describe a Jew, e. g. in Italian. The German word Jude is pronounced, the corresponding adjective jüdisch is the origin of the word Yiddish, in such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a factual reconstruction for the origin of the Jews is a difficult and complex endeavor. It requires examining at least 3,000 years of ancient human history using documents in vast quantities, as archaeological discovery relies upon researchers and scholars from diverse disciplines, the goal is to interpret all of the factual data, focusing on the most consistent theory. In this case, it is complicated by long standing politics and religious, Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacobs son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites inspiring national myth narrative. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group
Jewish
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Baruch Spinoza
Jewish
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David Ben-Gurion
Jewish
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George Gershwin
Jewish
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Map of
Canaan
15.
Ukraine
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Ukraine is currently in territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula which Russia annexed in 2014 but which Ukraine and most of the international community recognise as Ukrainian. Including Crimea, Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2, making it the largest country entirely within Europe and it has a population of about 42.5 million, making it the 32nd most populous country in the world. The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC, during the Middle Ages, the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture, with the powerful state of Kievan Rus forming the basis of Ukrainian identity. Following its fragmentation in the 13th century, the territory was contested, ruled and divided by a variety of powers, including Lithuania, Poland, the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries, two brief periods of independence occurred during the 20th century, once near the end of World War I and another during World War II. Before its independence, Ukraine was typically referred to in English as The Ukraine, following independence, Ukraine declared itself a neutral state. Nonetheless it formed a limited partnership with the Russian Federation and other CIS countries. In the 2000s, the government began leaning towards NATO, and it was later agreed that the question of joining NATO should be answered by a national referendum at some point in the future. Former President Viktor Yanukovych considered the current level of co-operation between Ukraine and NATO sufficient, and was against Ukraine joining NATO and these events formed the background for the annexation of Crimea by Russia in March 2014, and the War in Donbass in April 2014. On 1 January 2016, Ukraine applied the economic part of the Deep, Ukraine has long been a global breadbasket because of its extensive, fertile farmlands and is one of the worlds largest grain exporters. The diversified economy of Ukraine includes a heavy industry sector, particularly in aerospace. Ukraine is a republic under a semi-presidential system with separate powers, legislative, executive. Its capital and largest city is Kiev, taking into account reserves and paramilitary personnel, Ukraine maintains the second-largest military in Europe after that of Russia. Ukrainian is the language and its alphabet is Cyrillic. The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy, which has strongly influenced Ukrainian architecture, literature, there are different hypotheses as to the etymology of the name Ukraine. According to the older and most widespread hypothesis, it means borderland, while more recently some studies claim a different meaning, homeland or region. The Ukraine now implies disregard for the sovereignty, according to U. S. ambassador William Taylor. Neanderthal settlement in Ukraine is seen in the Molodova archaeological sites include a mammoth bone dwelling
Ukraine
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Gold
Scythian pectoral, or neckpiece, from a royal
kurgan in
Ordzhonikidze, dated to the 4th century BC
Ukraine
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Flag
Ukraine
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Principalities of
Kievan Rus', 1054-1132
Ukraine
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The baptism of the Grand Prince Vladimir led to the adoption of Christianity in
Kievan Rus'.
16.
Rhode Island
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Rhode Island, officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Rhode Island is the smallest in area, the eighth least populous, and its official name is also the longest of any state in the Union. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west, Massachusetts to the north and east, the state also shares a short maritime border with New York. It boycotted the 1787 convention that drew up the United States Constitution, on May 29,1790, Rhode Island became the 13th and last state to ratify the Constitution. Rhode Islands official nickname is The Ocean State, a reference to the fact that the state has several large bays, Rhode Island covers 1,214 square miles, of which 1,045 square miles are land. Despite its name, most of Rhode Island is located on the mainland of the United States, the official name of the state is State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, which is derived from the merger of four settlements. Rhode Island is now commonly called Aquidneck Island, the largest of several islands in Narragansett Bay, Providence Plantation was the name of the colony founded by Roger Williams in the area now known as the city of Providence. This was adjoined by the settlement of Warwick, hence the plural Providence Plantations and it is unclear how Aquidneck Island came to be known as Rhode Island, although there are two popular theories. Explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano noted the presence of an island near the mouth of Narragansett Bay in 1524, subsequent European explorers were unable to precisely identify the island that Verrazzano had named, but the Pilgrims who later colonized the area assumed that it was Aquidneck. A second theory concerns the fact that Adriaen Block passed by Aquidneck during his expeditions in the 1610s, historians have theorized that this reddish appearance resulted from either red autumn foliage or red clay on portions of the shore. The earliest documented use of the name Rhode Island for Aquidneck was in 1637 by Roger Williams, the name was officially applied to the island in 1644 with these words, Aquethneck shall be henceforth called the Isle of Rodes or Rhode-Island. The name Isle of Rodes is used in a document as late as 1646. Dutch maps as early as 1659 call the island Red Island, Williams was a theologian forced out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Seeking religious and political tolerance, he and others founded Providence Plantation as a proprietary colony. Providence referred to the concept of providence, and plantation was an English term for a colony. State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations is the longest official name of any state in the Union, advocates for excising plantation asserted that the word specifically referred to the British colonial practice of establishing settlements which disenfranchised native people. Advocates for retaining the name argued that plantation was simply an archaic English synonym for colony, the referendum election was held on November 2,2010, and the people voted overwhelmingly to retain the entire original name. It shares a maritime border with New York State between Block Island and Long Island
Rhode Island
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Verrazzano Monument, Providence, Rhode Island.
Rhode Island
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Flag
Rhode Island
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Terrain Map of Rhode Island
Rhode Island
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Shoreline in Newport, Rhode Island
17.
Scrap metal
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Scrap consists of recyclable materials left over from product manufacturing and consumption, such as parts of vehicles, building supplies, and surplus materials. Unlike waste, scrap has monetary value, especially recovered metals, Scrap metal originates both in business and residential environments. Typically a scrapper will advertise their services to remove scrap metal for people who dont need it. Scrap is often taken to a yard, where it is processed for later melting into new products. Customers are typically required to all of their own tools and labor to extract parts. Many scrapyards also sell bulk metals by weight, often at prices substantially below the retail purchasing costs of similar pieces, in contrast to wrecking yards, scrapyards typically sell everything by weight, rather than by item. To the scrapyard, the value of the scrap is what the smelter will give them for it. An auto wrecker, on the hand, would price exactly the same scrap based on what the item does. Typically, if a wrecker cannot sell something above the value of the metal in it, they would take it to the scrapyard. Scrap prices may vary markedly over time and in different locations, Prices are often negotiated among buyers and sellers directly or indirectly over the Internet. Prices displayed as the prices are not the prices that recyclers will see at the scrap yards. Other prices are ranges or older and not updated frequently, some scrap yards websites have updated scrap prices. In the US, scrap prices are reported in a handful of publications, including American Metal Market, based on confirmed sales as well as sites such as Scrap Metal Prices. Non-US domiciled publications, such as The Steel Index, also report on the US scrap price, Scrap yards directories are also used by recyclers to find facilities in the US and Canada, allowing users to get in contact with yards. With resources online for recyclers to look at for scrapping tips, like web sites, blogs, when a magnet sticks to the metal, it will be a ferrous material, like steel or iron. This is usually an expensive item that is recycled but usually is recycled in larger quantities of thousands of pounds. Non-ferrous metals like copper, aluminum, brass, and stainless steel do not stick to a magnet and these items are higher priced commodities for metal recycling and are important to separate when recycling them. The prices of non-ferrous metals also tend to more than ferrous metals so it is important for recyclers to pay attention to these sources
Scrap metal
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Piles of scrap metal collected for the
World War II effort, circa 1941
Scrap metal
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The "organized chaos" of a scrapyard
Scrap metal
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Loading scrap gondolas in
Eugene, Oregon
Scrap metal
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Pile of shredded scrap in Norway
18.
Ann Rutherford
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Therese Ann Rutherford, known as Ann Rutherford, was a Canadian-American actress in film, radio, and television. She had a career starring and co-starring in films, playing Polly Benedict during the 1930s and 1940s in the Andy Hardy series. Rutherford was born on November 2,1917, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, to John Rutherford, an operatic tenor, and Lucille Mansfield. While Rutherford was still a baby, the moved to San Francisco. Soon afterwards, her parents separated and Lucille Mansfield moved to Los Angeles, California, with Ann Rutherford, while roller skating home from middle school in Hollywood, Rutherford would stop at some of the radio studios to listen to voice actors perform. After being criticized one day by her English teacher, Rutherford decided to show her up, the girl falsified an acting history and applied for work at radio station KFAC. A month later, Rutherford had a part in a serial drama. On December 31,1942, she married David May II, the grandson of the founder of the May Company department stores, on June 6,1953, Rutherford and May were divorced in a court in Juárez, Mexico. On October 7,1953, in New York City, Rutherford married actor/producer William Dozier, Dozier died in Santa Monica of a stroke on April 23,1991. In 1935, Rutherford began her Hollywood film career in the role of Joan OBrien in the dramatic film Waterfront Lady for Mascot Pictures. Rutherford soon established herself as a leading lady of Western films at Republic, costarring with actors Gene Autry. In 1937, Rutherford left Republic and signed a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios. At MGM, Rutherford appeared as the Spirit of Christmas Past in A Christmas Carol and Lydia Bennet in Pride, in 1938, MGM loaned Rutherford to Selznick International Pictures to appear as Carreen OHara, the sister of Scarlett OHara, in the film Gone with the Wind. MGM boss Louis Mayer originally refused the loan because he considered the role too minor, in December 1939, while promoting the new movie, Rutherford visited six Confederate Army veterans at the Confederate Soldiers Home near Atlanta. One of the veterans gave Rutherford a rose tied with Confederate colors. From 1937 until 1942, Rutherford portrayed Polly Benedict in the MGM Andy Hardy youth comedy film series with actor Mickey Rooney and her first film in this series was Youre Only Young Once and the last was Andy Hardys Double Life. Rutherfords performances as Andy Hardys sweet and patient girlfriend established her screen popularity, Rutherford also played Carol Lambert, comedian Red Skeltons screen girlfriend, for MGM in a series of mystery/comedies, Whistling in the Dark, Whistling in Dixie, and Whistling in Brooklyn. In the early 1940s, Rutherford left MGM to work without contract with different studios
Ann Rutherford
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Rutherford in a 1940s publicity photo
Ann Rutherford
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Ann Rutherford in
Dramatic School (1938)
Ann Rutherford
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Rutherford at the TCM Classic Film Festival in April 2010
19.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
Boston
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From top to bottom, left to right: the
Boston skyline viewed from the
Bunker Hill Monument; the
Museum of Fine Arts;
Faneuil Hall;
Massachusetts State House;
The First Church of Christ, Scientist;
Boston Public Library; the
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum;
South Station;
Boston University and the
Charles River;
Arnold Arboretum;
Fenway Park; and the
Boston Common
Boston
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State Street, 1801
Boston
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View of Boston from
Dorchester Heights, 1841
Boston
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Scollay Square in the 1880s
20.
Haverhill, Massachusetts
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Haverhill is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 60,879 at the 2010 census, located on the Merrimack River, it began as a farming community of Puritans, largely from Newbury Plantation. The land was purchased from the Pentuckets on November 15,1642 for three pounds, ten shillings. Pentucket was renamed Haverhill and would evolve into an important industrial center, in the 18th and 19th century, Haverhill developed woolen mills, tanneries, shipping and shipbuilding. The town was for decades home to a significant shoe-making industry. By the end of 1913, one tenth of the shoes produced in the United States were made in Haverhill, the city was also known for the manufacture of hats. Haverhill has played a role in every era of American history, from the initial colonial settlement, to the French and Indian Wars. The town was founded in 1640 by settlers from Newbury, and was known as Pentucket. Settlers such as John Ward, Robert Clements, Tristram Coffin, Hugh Sheratt, William White, the land was purchased from native Indian chiefs Passaquo and Saggahew and permission was granted by Passaconaway, chief of the Pennacooks. Settlers, Thomas Hale, Henry Palmer, Thomas Davis, James Davis, first Court appointments, given to end small causes were given to Robert Clements, Henry Palmer, and Thomas Hale. At the same court, it was John Osgood and Thomas Hale that were appointed to lay the way from Haverhill to Andover. It is said that early settlers worshipped under a large oak tree. The town was renamed for the town of Haverhill, England, in deference to the birthplace of the settlements first pastor, the original Haverhill settlement was located around the corner of Water Street and Mill Street, near the Linwood Cemetery and Burying Ground. The home of the father, William White, still stands. Whites Corner was named for his family, as was the White Fund at Bostons Museum of Fine Arts, judge Nathaniel Saltonstall was chosen to preside over the Salem witch trials in the 17th century, however, he found the trials objectionable and recused himself. However, a number of women from Haverhill were accused of witchcraft, one of the initial group of settlers, Tristram Coffin, ran an inn. However, he grew disenchanted with the stance against his strong ales. Haverhill was for years a frontier town, and was occasionally subjected to Indian raids
Haverhill, Massachusetts
–
Haverhill from across the
Merrimack River
Haverhill, Massachusetts
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Worshipping Oak, January 2012
Haverhill, Massachusetts
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Worshipping Oak, August 2012
Haverhill, Massachusetts
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Haverhill, Massachusetts downtown (River Street) pictured at dusk from the Comeau Bridge over the Merrimack River
21.
From the Manger to the Cross
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From the Manger to the Cross or Jesus of Nazareth is a 1912 American motion picture that was filmed on location in Palestine. It tells the story of Jesus life, directed by Sidney Olcott who also appeared in the film, actress and screenwriter Gene Gauntier wrote the script and portrayed the Virgin Mary. The film received excellent reviews at the time of its original release, after Vitagraph Studios acquired Kalem, the film was re-released in February 1919. According to Turner Classic Movies, the film cost $35,000 to produce, although the films profits eventually amounted to almost $1 million, the Kalem directors refused to increase Olcotts basic salary and he resigned. Mayer, head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, would say this was the film for his movie theater in Haverhill, Massachusetts. However, most sources place the date of this film as 1912. A statement by Israel Zangwill describing it as An artistic triumph — the kinema put to its true end appeared on advertising bills outside the Queens Hall. From the Manger to the Cross gained considerable publicity from an outcry in the Daily Mail and it demanded, and waxed indignant about the profits for its American film producers. Although initially disappointed, he discovered a set of negatives after searching in the vaults. Hession added a sound track and spoken commentary, and From the Manger to the Cross was re-released in 1938. TCM host Robert Osborne and the National Film Preservation Foundation consider this film to be the most important silent film to deal with the life of Christ. In 1998, the United States Library of Congress deemed the film culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant, london, Burke Publishing Co. Michel Derrien, Aux origines du cinéma irlandais, Sidney Olcott, le premier oeil, TIR2013. ISBN 978-2-917681-20-6 Philippe Baron, Première passion, documentaire sur From the Manger to the Cross, France,2009,55 minutes, produit par Vivement lundi
From the Manger to the Cross
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Theatrical poster
22.
Nathan H. Gordon
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Nathan Harry Gordon was an American motion picture executive. Gordon was born in Vilna, Russian Empire, March 15,1872 and he attended a college at Vilna, taking the rabbinical course, and came to the United States in 1890. Later he operated a picture slot-machine place at Helena, Montana, in 1902 he returned to Denver where he became part owner of a penny arcade, showing slot-machine pictures. In the following year he returned to New England and with his brother Israel Gordon opened a slot-machine picture business at Worcester, placing machines in stores, penny arcades and elsewhere. Later he established penny arcades in several neighboring cities in Massachusetts, in 1906 he opened at Worcester a “nickelodeon, ” the first motion picture theatre in that city. Its success prompted him to extend the scope of his operations gradually until he became the largest operator of motion picture and he also built, with his three brothers, the Gordon Olympia theatre at Rochester, N. Y. In 1912 he organized and became president of Olympia Theatres, Inc. which eventually operated thirty-eight motion picture theatres in New England and he was also the managing director of each theatre in the chain. Secondarily, Gordon and Louis Mayer formed the Gordon-Mayer Theatrical Company, of which he was elected a vice-president and director. As recalled by his son, William J. J. Gordon, the theatre business wasnt formal enough for him. Some people he admired on the screen, but couldnt do business with, charlie Chaplin, for instance, he couldnt stand him personally. Father was a banker, the sooner he could put on banking clothes, Louis Mayer he regarded as perhaps overenthusiastic but an honorable man, far more than most of the people in the business. Gordon, as a director and member of the executive committee, meanwhile he disposed of his interest in Olympia Theatres, Inc. to the Paramount Famous Lasky Corp. in 1925. According to the Boston Daily Globe, the transaction was valued at $12 million. He was non-sectarian in his benefactions, however, giving generously to Christian as well as Jewish institutions, among these was the Baptist hospital in Boston, to which he donated the Gordon Piazza. A man of innumerable private charities, he helped many of his employees to build homes, possessing great energy, courage and driving power, he overcame the handicap of serious ill health in his youth and became a successful and respected figure in the motion picture industry. He was married at Rochester, N. Y, aug.25,1909, to Sarah Anna, daughter of Abraham Edinberg, a merchant of Worcester, Mass. and they had three children -- Alvin, William and Marion. As retold by his daughter, He was a powerhouse, a father and not a very good husband. He never owned a house until he was sixty and he rented those huge places already furnished, and Mother would have to accommodate herself
Nathan H. Gordon
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Advertisement for Gordon's theatres in the Boston area, 1920
23.
New England
–
New England is a geographical region comprising six states of the northeast United States, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and south, the Atlantic Ocean is to the east and southeast, and Long Island Sound is to the south. Its largest metropolitan area is Greater Boston, which also includes Worcester, Manchester, ten years later, more Puritans settled north of Plymouth Colony in Boston, thus forming Massachusetts Bay Colony. Over the next 126 years, people in the region fought in four French and Indian Wars, until the British and their Iroquois allies defeated the French and their Algonquin allies in North America. In 1692, the town of Salem, Massachusetts and surrounding areas experienced one of the most infamous cases of hysteria in the history of the Western Hemisphere. The Boston Tea Party was a protest to which Britain responded with a series of punitive laws stripping Massachusetts of self-government, the confrontation led to the first battles of the American Revolutionary War in 1775, and the expulsion of the British authorities from the region in spring 1776. Each state is subdivided into small incorporated municipalities known as towns. The only unincorporated areas in the region exist in the populated northern regions of Vermont, New Hampshire. The region is one of the U. S. Census Bureaus nine regional divisions, the earliest known inhabitants of New England were American Indians who spoke a variety of the Eastern Algonquian languages. Prominent tribes included the Abenaki, Mikmaq, Penobscot, Pequot, Mohegans, Narragansett Indians, Pocumtuck, prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Western Abenakis inhabited New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont, as well as parts of Quebec and western Maine. Their principal town was Norridgewock in present-day Maine, the Penobscot lived along the Penobscot River in Maine. The Narragansett and smaller tribes under Narragansett sovereignty lived in most of modern-day Rhode Island, west of Narragansett Bay, the Wampanoag occupied southeastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and the islands of Marthas Vineyard and Nantucket. The Pocumtucks lived in Western Massachusetts, and the Mohegan and Pequot tribes in the Connecticut region, the Connecticut River Valley includes parts of Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, and linked different indigenous communities culturally, linguistically, and politically. As early as 1600, French, Dutch, and English traders began exploring the New World, trading metal, glass, on April 10,1606, King James I of England issued a charter for each of the Virginia Companies, London and Plymouth. These were privately funded ventures, intended to land for England, conduct trade. In 1620, Plymouth in present-day Massachusetts was settled by Pilgrims from the Mayflower, in 1616, English explorer John Smith named the region New England. As the first colonists arrived in Plymouth, they wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact, the Massachusetts Bay Colony came to dominate the area and was established by royal charter in 1629 with its major town and port of Boston established in 1630. Massachusetts Puritans began to settle in Connecticut as early as 1633, roger Williams was banished from Massachusetts for heresy, led a group south, and founded Providence Plantation in the area that became the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in 1636
New England
–
Clockwise from top: skyline of Boston, Massachusetts financial district at night; a building of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut; a view from Nubble Light on Cape Neddick, Maine; view from Mount Mansfield, Vermont; and a fisherman on Cape Cod, Massachusetts.
New England
–
Emblem
New England
–
Title page of John Smith's
A Description of New England (1616)
New England
–
An early English map of New England, c. 1670, depicts the area around modern
Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
24.
D.W. Griffith
–
David Wark D. W. Griffith was an American director, writer, and producer who pioneered modern filmmaking techniques. Griffith is best remembered for The Birth of a Nation and Intolerance, the Birth of a Nation made use of advanced camera and narrative techniques, and its popularity set the stage for the dominance of the feature-length film in the United States. Today, it is noted for its radical technique and condemned for its inherently racist philosophy. The film was subject to boycotts by the NAACP and, after screenings of the film had caused riots at several theaters, Intolerance, his next film, was, in part, an answer to his critics. By the time of his feature, The Struggle, he had made roughly 500 films. Griffith is one of the founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and he is credited with popularizing the use of the close-up shot. Griffith was born on a farm in Oldham County, Kentucky, Jacob was a Confederate Army colonel in the American Civil War and was elected as a Kentucky state legislator. He attended a one-room schoolhouse where he was taught by his older sister, after his father died when he was ten, the family struggled with poverty. When Griffith was 14, his mother abandoned the farm and moved the family to Louisville, Griffith then left high school to help support the family, taking a job in a dry goods store and later in a bookstore. Griffith began his career as an actor in touring companies. Meanwhile, he was learning how to become a playwright, but had little success—only one of his plays was accepted for a performance, Griffith then decided to become an actor, and appeared in many films as an extra. Griffith began making films in 1908, and released his first feature film, Judith of Bethulia. A few years earlier, in 1907, Griffith, still struggling as a playwright, Porter rejected Griffiths script, but gave him an acting part in Rescued from an Eagles Nest instead. Finding this attractive, Griffith began to explore a career as an actor in the picture business. At Biograph, Griffiths career in the industry would change forever. In 1908, Biographs main director Wallace McCutcheon grew ill, and his son, Wallace McCutcheon, McCutcheon, Jr. however, was not able to bring the studio any success. As a result, Biograph co-founder, Henry Harry Marvin, decided to give Griffith the position, Griffith would end up directing forty-eight shorts for the company that year. His short In Old California was the first film shot in Hollywood, four years later he produced and directed his first feature film Judith of Bethulia, one of the earliest to be produced in the United States
D.W. Griffith
–
D. W. Griffith in 1922
D.W. Griffith
–
Griffith (c. 1907)
D.W. Griffith
–
Griffith on the set of Birth of a Nation (1915) with actor
Henry Walthall and others.
D.W. Griffith
–
Left to right: Griffith, cameraman
G. W. "Billy" Bitzer (behind
Pathé camera),
Dorothy Gish watching from behind Bitzer,
Karl Brown keeping script, and
Miriam Cooper in profile, in a production still for
Intolerance (1916).
25.
The Birth of a Nation
–
The Birth of a Nation is a 1915 American silent epic drama film directed and co-produced by D. W. Griffith and starring Lillian Gish. The screenplay is adapted from the novel and play The Clansman and it was released on February 8,1915. Three hours long, the film was presented in two parts separated by an intermission, it was the first 12-reel film in America. The assassination of President Abraham Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth is dramatized, there were widespread African-American protests against The Birth of a Nation, such as in Boston, while thousands of white Bostonians flocked to see the film. The NAACP spearheaded a campaign to ban the film. Griffiths indignation at efforts to censor or ban the film motivated him to produce Intolerance the following year. The films release is credited as being one of the events that inspired the formation of the second era Ku Klux Klan at Stone Mountain, Georgia. The Birth of a Nation, along with the trial and lynching of Leo Frank for the 1913 murder of Mary Phagan in Atlanta, was used as a tool for the KKK. Under President Woodrow Wilson, it was the first American motion picture to be screened at the White House, Griffiths innovative techniques and storytelling power have made The Birth of a Nation one of the landmarks of film history. In 1992, the United States Library of Congress deemed the film culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant, the film follows two juxtaposed families. One is the Northern Stonemans, abolitionist U. S, representative Austin Stoneman, his daughter, and two sons. The other is the Southern Camerons, Dr. Cameron is married to his wife, the couple also has three sons and two daughters. Phil, the elder Stoneman son, falls in love with Margaret Cameron, while the visit to the the Cameron estate in South Carolina. Meanwhile, young Ben Cameron idolizes a picture of Elsie Stoneman, during the Civil War, the young men from both families enlist in their respective armies for the war. The younger Stoneman and two of the Cameron brothers are killed in the war, meanwhile, the Cameron women are rescued by Confederate soldiers who rout a Black militia, after an attack on the Cameron home. Ben Cameron leads a charge at the Siege of Petersburg. But he is wounded and captured. He is then taken to a Union hospital in Washington, D. C, during his stay at the hospital, he is told that he will be hanged
The Birth of a Nation
–
Theatrical release poster
The Birth of a Nation
–
Griffith on the set of The Birth of a Nation (1915) with actor
Henry Walthall and others.
The Birth of a Nation
–
Battle scene from The Birth of a Nation
The Birth of a Nation
–
Hooded Klansmen catch Gus, a black man described in the film as "a renegade, a product of the vicious doctrines spread by the
carpetbaggers." Gus was portrayed in
blackface by white actor
Walter Long.
26.
Richard A. Rowland
–
Rowland was an American studio executive and film producer. Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Rowland was the head of Metro Pictures Corporation from 1915 to 1920, mayer left in 1918 to form his own studio. Metro did most of its productions in Los Angeles and in New York City, among Metros productions were, The Eternal Question with Olga Petrova, The Divorceé with Ethel Barrymore, and What People Will Say. In 1919, when Charlie Chaplin, D. W, in 1920, Rowland sold Metro to Marcus Loew, and subsequently became an executive at Fox Film Corporation. Loew was acquiring studios to help supply product to his theater chain, a few years later, Loew merged Metro with recently acquired Goldwyn Pictures Corporation to form Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Later in life, he was a Professor at Columbia University, one of his essays, titled American Classic, he argues that Marx Brothers films are classics that will stand the test of time. Rowland died on May 12,1947 in New York City, for his contribution to the motion picture industry, Rowland has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 1541 Vine Street. Richard Rowland, American Classic, Hollywood Quarterly Vol.2, Rowland at Internet Archive Richard A. Rowland at the Internet Movie Database
Richard A. Rowland
–
Rowland in 1920
27.
B. P. Schulberg
–
B. P. Schulberg was an American pioneer film producer and film studio executive. Born Percival Schulberg in Bridgeport, Connecticut, he took the name Benjamin from the boy in front of him when registering for school to avoid mockery for his British name. Schulberg was impressed with Edwin S. Porters films and managed to get a job with the director as a scenario writer. He became a publicity manager at Famous Players-Lasky, but in the struggle around the formation of United Artists ended up on the losing side. The public later learned that it was Schulbergs idea to bring together the Big-4 before they were ever founded and he was one of the founding members of the Associated Motion Picture Advertisers. In 1919, at age 27, he founded Preferred Pictures, in 1923, his old school-mate and associate Jack Bachman convinced him to offer a New York starlet, 18-year-old Clara Bow, a three-month trial contract. Within days of her arrival, she was part of the studio permanent stock. On October 21,1925, Schulbergs Preferred Pictures filed for bankruptcy, with debts of $820,774, three days later it was announced that Schulberg would join with Adolph Zukor and became associate producer of Paramount Pictures, bringing his organization, i. e. Clara Bow. Schulberg used his background in publicity to some of the biggest phrases. For instance, he credited Mary Pickford as Americas Sweetheart, and made the slogans Famous Players in Famous Plays and If its a Paramount Picture and his wife Adeline Jaffe Schulberg founded a talent agency taken over by her brother, producer/talent agent Sam Jaffe. She spent little time with Hollywood society women, instead working for charities that supported progressive causes and she subsequently had a literary agency in New York. They were the parents of renowned novelist and screenwriter, Budd Schulberg, producer Stuart Schulberg, in 1931, Paramount top-star Clara Bow left the studio, and within a year Schulberg was squeezed out and went back to independent film-production. In 1937, Paramount stopped distributing his films and he remained out of the business until 1940 when he began producing for Columbia Pictures and he produced six films for Columbia in three years until he retired in 1943. In 1950, he offered his services in the film trade papers. A comprehensive part of his life was recorded in Budd Schulbergs book Moving Pictures, I completely supported him for the last five-years of his life, his son Budd stated in 1981. B. P. Schulberg died at his home in Key Biscayne, for his contribution to the motion picture industry, B. P. Schulberg has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1500 Vine Street. The Paramount studios Directors Building was renamed the Schulberg Building in his honor, in 1913, he was married to Adeline Jaffe who was also Jewish, they had a son Budd Schulberg and divorced in 1933. P. Schulberg at the Internet Movie Database
B. P. Schulberg
–
B. P. Schulberg
28.
Marcus Loew
–
Marcus Loew was an American business magnate and a pioneer of the motion picture industry who formed Loews Theatres and the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film studio. Loew was born in New York City, into a poor Jewish family and he was forced by circumstances to work at a very young age and had little formal education. Nevertheless, beginning with an investment from money saved from menial jobs. By 1905, Marcus Loew was on his own and his success eventually necessitated that he secure a steady flow of product for his theaters, in 1904, he founded the Peoples Vaudeville Company, a theater chain which showcased one-reel films as well as live variety shows. In 1910, the company had expanded and was renamed Loews Consolidated Enterprises. His associates included Adolph Zukor, Joseph Schenck, and Nicholas Schenck, other Loew-operated theaters were the Delancey St. Theatre, Greeley Sq. Theatre, Herald Square Theatre, Liberty Theatre, Brooklyn, Lincoln Sq, Theatre, National Theatre, Plaza Theatre, 7th Ave. Theatre, Shubert Theatre, Brooklyn, and the Yorkville Theatre. Outside of New York, he managed the Columbia Theatre Columbia Theatre, Loew found himself faced with a serious dilemma, his merged companies lacked a central managerial command structure. Loew preferred to remain in New York overseeing the growing chain of Loews Theatres, film production had been gravitating toward southern California since 1913. By 1917 he oversaw a number of enterprises, Borough Theatre Co, Loews Consolidated Enterprise, Loews Theatrical Enterprises, Mascot Amusement Co. In 1919, Loew reorganized the company under the name Loews, in 1920, Loew purchased Metro Pictures Corporation. A few years later, he acquired a controlling interest in the financially troubled Goldwyn Picture Corporation which at that point was controlled by theater impresario Lee Shubert, Goldwyn Pictures owned the Leo the Lion trademark and studio property in Culver City, California. But without its founder Samuel Goldwyn, the Goldwyn studio lacked strong management, Loew recalled meeting a film producer named Louis B. Mayer who had been operating a successful, if modest, studio in east Los Angeles. Mayer had been making low budget melodramas for a number of years, Nicholas Schenck was dispatched to finalize the deal that ultimately resulted in the formation of Metro-Goldwyn Pictures in April 1924 with Mayer as the studio head and Thalberg chief of production. Mayer would eventually be rewarded by having his name added to the company, Loews Inc. would act as MGMs financier and retain controlling interest for decades. While immediately successful, Loew didnt live to see the powerhouse that MGM was to become and he died three years later in 1927 of a heart attack at the age of 57 in Glen Cove, New York. He was interred in the Maimonides Cemetery in Brooklyn, for his very significant contribution to the development of the motion picture industry, Marcus Loew has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1617 Vine Street. To this day, the Loew name is synonymous with movie theaters and his son Arthur Loew, married Mildred Zukor, daughter of Adolph Zukor
Marcus Loew
–
Marcus Loew in his office, ca.1914
29.
Loews Theatres
–
From 1924 until 1959, it was also the parent company of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios. The Loews name is used by AMC in many markets. Its slogan was Thank you for coming to Loews, sit back and relax, which was used in the chains theater policy ads from the 1980s through the 1990s, when Sony rebranded the chain. The company was originally called Loews, after the founder, Marcus Loew, in 1969, when the Tisch brothers acquired the company, it became known as Loews. Loews Theatres Incorporated was founded in 1904 in Cincinnati, Ohio, Loew founded a chain of nickelodeon theaters which showed short silent films in storefront locations. Soon the successful enterprise grew to include deluxe vaudeville houses and finally lavish movie palaces, Loews theaters were found in cities from coast-to-coast, but primarily in East Coast and Midwest states. To provide quality films for his theaters, Loew founded Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures in 1924, by merging the earlier firms Metro Pictures, Goldwyn Pictures, and Louis B. Mayer Productions. Loews Incorporated served as distribution arm and parent company for the studio until the two were forced to separate by the 1948 U. S. Supreme Court ruling United States v. Paramount Pictures, the two companies officially split in 1959. Loews Corporation by this time was a company owned by brothers Robert. CBS left Tri-Star in 1985, and HBO left the venture and Tri-Star merged with Columbia Pictures in 1987, upon the full acquisition of Tri-Star by Columbia Pictures, and when Columbia was bought from Coca-Cola by Sony in 1989, Sony inherited the theaters as well. For a while, Loews operated under the Sony Theaters banner, in 1994, Sony partnered with Magic Johnson to form Magic Johnson Theaters, a mini-chain of theaters specifically geared toward the inner cities, particularly in Los Angeles. A year before, Sony Dynamic Digital Sound was installed in theaters since the parent company used it to promote Sonys cinema sound division. In 1998, Cineplex Odeon Corporation merged with Loews Theaters to form Loews Cineplex Entertainment, the combined company was one of the largest movie exhibitors in the world, with theaters in the United States, Canada, Mexico, South Korea, and Spain. In 2001, though, the company declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy, in 2002, Onex Corporation and Oaktree Capital Management acquired Loews Cineplex. In 2004, they sold Loews to a group of investors which included the Carlyle Group. Onex retained the Canadian Loews Cineplex to form Cineplex Galaxy LP, in 2005, AMC Theatres announced that it would merge with Loews Cineplex Entertainment and that the merged company would adopt the AMC name. The Loews name is used in many markets. At the time of the merger, Loews operated 198 theaters with 2,235 screens, Loews Wonder Theaters United States v. Loews Inc
Loews Theatres
–
Loew's Theatre in Toronto, Canada, in 1945.
Loews Theatres
–
Loews Cineplex Entertainment
Loews Theatres
–
Loews Theatre, Times Square, 2005
Loews Theatres
–
Loews Theatre in
Harvard Square, 2007.
30.
Samuel Goldwyn
–
Samuel Goldwyn, also known as Samuel Goldfish, was a Jewish Polish American film producer. He was most well known for being the founding contributor and executive of several motion picture studios in Hollywood and his awards include the 1973 Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award, the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award in 1947, Goldwyn was born Szmuel Gelbfisz in Warsaw, Kingdom of Poland, Russian Empire, to a Hasidic, Polish Jewish family. His parents were Aaron Dawid Gelbfisz, a peddler, and his wife, at an early age, he left Warsaw on foot and penniless. He made his way to Birmingham, United Kingdom, where he remained with relatives for a few years using the name Samuel Goldfish and he was 16 when his father died. In 1898, he emigrated to the United States, but fearing refusal of entry, he got off the boat in Nova Scotia, Canada and he found work in upstate Gloversville, New York, in the bustling garment business. Soon his innate marketing skills made him a successful salesman at the Elite Glove Company. After four years, as vice-president of sales, he moved back to New York City, in 1913, Goldfish along with his brother-in-law Jesse L. Lasky, Cecil B. DeMille, and Arthur Friend formed a partnership, The Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Company, film rights for the stage play, The Squaw Man were purchased for $4,000 and Dustin Farnum was hired for the leading role. Shooting for the first feature made in Hollywood began on December 29,1913. In 1914, Paramount was an exchange and exhibition corporation headed by W. W. Hodkinson. Looking for more movies to distribute, Paramount signed a contract with the Lasky Company on June 1,1914 to supply 36 films per year, one of Paramounts other suppliers was Adolph Zukors Famous Players Company. The two companies merged on June 28,1916 forming The Famous Players-Lasky Corporation, Zukor had been quietly buying Paramount stock, and two weeks prior to the merger, became president of Paramount Pictures Corporation and had Hodkinson replaced with Hiram Abrams, a Zukor associate. With the merger, Zukor became president of both Paramount and Famous Players-Lasky, with Goldfish being named chairman of the board of Famous Players-Lasky, and Jesse Lasky first vice-president. After a series of conflicts with Zukor, Goldfish resigned as chairman of the board, Goldfish was out as an active member of management, although he still owned stock and was a member of the board of directors. Famous Players-Lasky would later part of Paramount Pictures Corporation. In 1916, Goldfish partnered with Broadway producers Edgar and Archibald Selwyn, seeing an opportunity, he then had his name legally changed to Samuel Goldwyn, which he used for the rest of his life. Goldwyn Pictures proved successful but it is their Leo the Lion trademark for which the organization is most famous, on April 10,1924, Goldwyn Pictures was acquired by Marcus Loew and merged into his Metro Pictures Corporation
Samuel Goldwyn
–
Samuel Goldwyn
Samuel Goldwyn
–
From the trailer for
The Hurricane (1937)
31.
Goldwyn Pictures Corporation
–
The studio proved moderately successful, but became most famous due to its iconic Leo the Lion trademark. Although Metro was the survivor, the merged studio inherited Goldwyns old facility in Culver City. The merged studio also retained Goldwyns Leo the Lion logo, Lee Shubert of Shubert Theater was an investor in the company. Goldwyn Pictures Corporation was founded on Nov 191916 by Samuel Goldfish partnering with Broadway producers Edgar, Goldfish had left Laskys Feature Play Company, of which he was a co-founder, in 1916 when Feature Play merged with Famous Players. Margaret Mayo, Edgars wife & play writer, and Arthur Hopkins, the companys first release was Polly of the Circus, an adaptation of Mayos play, in September 1917 starting Mae Marsh. The company management planned on having 12 films done by September 1,1917 with out distributing the films so as to be able to show advanced footage to the theaters. Goldfish also associated the company with Columbia University via Professor Victor Freeburgs Photoplay Writing class in 1917 to increase the companys artistic standings, the company also released other production companies films with Marie Dresslers Dressler Producing Corporation film, The Scrub Lady, in 1917. Thais starring Mary Garden was released in late 1917 which was a costly loss, in January 1918, Goldfish signed director Raoul Walsh and prematurely announced it as there were two years left on Walshs contract with Fox. With Thais being the companys second costly loss, Goldwyn decreased film budgets partly by not using theater divas to cross over to film, instead, he rely on comedies starring Madge Kennedy and Mabel Normand. In August 1918, GPC signed Will Rogers, at time a Broadway Follies favorite, to star in a Rex Beach production, Laughing Bill Hyde. The company purchased the Triangle Studios in Culver City in 1918, Goldwyn then headed west out to Culver City in the Winter of 1918 which opening operations there also caused an increase in film expenses. Seeing an opportunity in December, Samuel Goldfish then had his name changed to Samuel Goldwyn. In 1919, Frank Joseph Joe Godsol became an investor in Goldwyn Pictures, Goldwyn began looking at follow other film companies, like Loews Theaters/Metro Pictures and First National, into vertical integration. Shubert and Godsol, however, did not want the theater to rely only on Goldwyn films, by 1920 in addition owning its Culver City studio, GPC was renting two New York studios and nearly ceased operations in Fort Lee. After personality clashes, Sam Goldwyn left the company in 1922, Lee Shubert of Shubert Theater contacted Marcus Loew about merging the company with Loews Metro. Louis B. Mayer heard about the merger and contacted Loew about adding his Louis B. Mayer Productions into the post merger company. On March 25,1986, Ted Turner and his Turner Broadcasting System purchased pre-May 1986 MGM films from Kirk Kerkorian for $600 million. Samuel Goldwyn Films, founded by Samuel Goldwyn, Jr. in 1979, active through 1997 The Samuel Goldwyn Company, founded by Samuel Goldwyn, Goldwyn Pictures at the Internet Movie Database American Film Institute Catalog Goldwyn Pictures Corp
Goldwyn Pictures Corporation
–
Ars Gratia Artis
Goldwyn Pictures Corporation
–
Will Rogers and Mary Warren Goldwyn's Guile of Women (1920)
32.
William Fox (producer)
–
William Fox was an American motion picture executive, who founded the Fox Film Corporation in 1915 and the Fox West Coast Theatres chain in the 1920s. Fox was born in Tolcsva, Hungary and originally named Wilhelm Fried and his parents, Michael Fuchs and Hannah Fried, were both German Jews. The family emigrated to the United States when William was nine months old and settled in New York City, Wilhelm worked as a newsboy and in the fur and garment industry as a youth, then later changed his name to William Fox. In 1900, he started his own company, which he sold in 1904 to purchase his first nickelodeon, always more of an entrepreneur than a showman, he concentrated on acquiring and building theaters. The companys first film studio was leased in Fort Lee, New Jersey and he now had the capital to acquire facilities and expand his production capacity. Sound-on-film systems such as Movietone and RCA Photophone soon became the standard, from 1928 to 1963, Fox Movietone News was one of the major newsreel series in the U. S. along with The March of Time and Universal Newsreel. In 1927, Marcus Loew, head of rival studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, died, Fox saw an opportunity to expand his empire, and in 1929, with Schencks assent, bought the Loew familys holdings in MGM. However, MGM studio bosses Louis B. Mayer and Irving Thalberg were outraged, since, despite their high posts in MGM, Mayer used his political connections to persuade the Justice Department to sue Fox for violating federal antitrust law. During this time, in the middle of 1929, Fox was badly hurt in an automobile accident, Fox lost control of the Fox Film Corporation in 1930 during a hostile takeover. A combination of the market crash, Foxs car accident injury. At his bankruptcy hearing in 1936, he attempted to bribe judge John Warren Davis and committed perjury, after serving his time, Fox retired from the film business. He died more or less unnoticed in 1952 at the age of 73 in New York City, no Hollywood producers came to his funeral. He is interred at Salem Fields Cemetery, Brooklyn, in 1935, Fox Film Corporation, under new president Sidney Kent, merged with the upstart Twentieth Century Pictures to form 20th Century-Fox. 20th Century Fox was itself merged into Rupert Murdochs News Corporation in 1985, News Corporation, 20th Century Foxs corporate parent, continues to make movies and started the Fox Network, one of the four principal commercial broadcast television networks in the United States. Fox personally oversaw the construction of many Fox Theatres in US cities including Atlanta, Detroit, Oakland, San Francisco, an Empire of Their Own, How the Jews Invented Hollywood. William Fox at the Internet Movie Database Historical Article on William Fox William Fox at Find a Grave
William Fox (producer)
–
William Fox in 1921
33.
United States Department of Justice
–
The department was formed in 1870 during the Ulysses S. Grant administration. In its early years, the DOJ vigorously prosecuted Ku Klux Klan members, the Department of Justice administers several federal law enforcement agencies including the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Drug Enforcement Administration. The department has responsibility to investigate instances of fraud, to represent the United States in legal matters such as in the Supreme Court. The department also has responsibilities to review actions of law enforcement conduct by the Violent Crime Control. The Department is headed by the United States Attorney General, who is nominated by the President, the current Attorney General is Jeff Sessions. The U. S. Attorney General was initially a one-person and it was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, but this grew with the bureaucracy. At one time the Attorney General gave legal advice to the U. S. Congress as well as the President, until March 3,1853, the salary of the Attorney General was set by statute at less than the amount paid to other Cabinet members. Early Attorneys General supplemented their salary by engaging in private practice of law. Following unsuccessful efforts to put the Attorney Generals Office on a footing, in 1869. On February 19,1868, Lawrence introduced a bill in Congress to create the Department of Justice, President Ulysses S. Grant then signed the bill into law on June 22,1870. The Department of Justice officially began operations on July 1,1870, just prior to the Civil War, in February 1861, the Confederate States of America established a Department of Justice. Grant appointed Amos T. Akerman as Attorney General and Benjamin H. Bristow as Americas first Solicitor General, both Akerman and Bristow used the Department of Justice to vigorously prosecute Ku Klux Klan members in the early 1870s. In the first few years of Grants first term in there were 1000 indictments against Klan members with over 550 convictions from the Department of Justice. The result was a decrease in violence in the South. Akerman gave credit to Grant and told a friend that no one was better or stronger then Grant when it came to prosecuting terrorists. Akermans successor, George H. Williams, in December 1871, the law did create a new office, that of Solicitor General, to supervise and conduct government litigation in the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1884, control of federal prisons was transferred to the new department, new facilities were built, including the penitentiary at Leavenworth in 1895, and a facility for women located in West Virginia, at Alderson was established in 1924. The U. S. Department of Justice building was completed in 1935 from a design by Milton Bennett Medary, upon Medarys death in 1929, the other partners of his Philadelphia firm Zantzinger, Borie and Medary took over the project
United States Department of Justice
–
The
Robert F. Kennedy Building in August 2006. The building serves as the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Justice.
United States Department of Justice
–
Seal of the United States Department of Justice
34.
Antitrust
–
Competition law is a law that promotes or seeks to maintain market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies. Competition law is implemented through public and private enforcement, Competition law is known as anti-trust law in the United States, and as anti-monopoly law in China and Russia. In previous years it has known as trade practices law in the United Kingdom. In the European Union, it is referred to as both antitrust and competition law, the history of competition law reaches back to the Roman Empire. The business practices of market traders, guilds and governments have always been subject to scrutiny, since the 20th century, competition law has become global. The two largest and most influential systems of regulation are United States antitrust law and European Union competition law. National and regional competition authorities across the world have formed international support, modern competition law has historically evolved on a country level to promote and maintain fair competition in markets principally within the territorial boundaries of nation-states. National competition law usually does not cover activity beyond territorial borders unless it has significant effects at nation-state level, countries may allow for extraterritorial jurisdiction in competition cases based on so-called effects doctrine. The protection of competition is governed by international competition agreements. These obligations were not included in GATT, but in 1994, with the conclusion of the Uruguay Round of GATT Multilateral Negotiations, the Agreement Establishing the WTO included a range of limited provisions on various cross-border competition issues on a sector specific basis. Competition law, or antitrust law, has three elements, prohibiting agreements or practices that restrict free trading and competition between business. This includes in particular the repression of trade caused by cartels. Banning abusive behavior by a firm dominating a market, or anti-competitive practices that tend to lead to such a dominant position, Practices controlled in this way may include predatory pricing, tying, price gouging, refusal to deal, and many others. Supervising the mergers and acquisitions of large corporations, including joint ventures. Substance and practice of competition law varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, protecting the interests of consumers and ensuring that entrepreneurs have an opportunity to compete in the market economy are often treated as important objectives. In recent decades, competition law has been viewed as a way to better public services. An early example of competition law can be found in Roman law, the Lex Julia de Annona was enacted during the Roman Republic around 50 B. C. To protect the trade, heavy fines were imposed on anyone directly, deliberately
Antitrust
–
Judge
Coke in the 17th century thought that general restraints on trade were unreasonable
Antitrust
Antitrust
–
Elizabeth I assured monopolies would not be abused in the early era of
globalization
Antitrust
–
Senatorial Round House by
Thomas Nast, 1886
35.
Stock market crash of 1929
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The crash, which followed the London Stock Exchanges crash of September, signaled the beginning of the 12-year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries. The Roaring Twenties, the decade that followed World War I and led to the crash, was a time of wealth, while the American cities prospered, the overproduction of agricultural produce created widespread financial despair among American farmers throughout the decade. This would later be blamed as one of the key factors that led to the 1929 stock market crash, despite the dangers of speculation, many believed that the stock market would continue to rise forever. On March 25,1929, after the Federal Reserve warned of excessive speculation, two days later, banker Charles E. Mitchell announced his company the National City Bank would provide $25 million in credit to stop the markets slide. Mitchells move brought a halt to the financial crisis and call money declined from 20 to 8 percent. Despite all these economic trouble signs and the breaks in March and May 1929, stocks resumed their advance in June. The market had been on a run that saw the Dow Jones Industrial Average increase in value tenfold. Shortly before the crash, economist Irving Fisher famously proclaimed, Stock prices have reached what looks like a high plateau. The optimism and financial gains of the bull market were shaken after a well publicized early September prediction from financial expert Roger Babson that a crash was coming. The initial September decline was thus called the Babson Break in the press and this was the start of the Great Crash, although until the severe phase of the crash in October, many investors regarded the September Babson Break as a healthy correction and buying opportunity. On September 20, the London Stock Exchange crashed when top British investor Clarence Hatry and many of his associates were jailed for fraud, the London crash greatly weakened the optimism of American investment in markets overseas. In the days leading up to the crash, the market was severely unstable, periods of selling and high volumes were interspersed with brief periods of rising prices and recovery. On October 24, the market lost 11 percent of its value at the bell on very heavy trading. Several leading Wall Street bankers met to find a solution to the panic and chaos on the trading floor. The meeting included Thomas W. Lamont, acting head of Morgan Bank, Albert Wiggin, head of the Chase National Bank and they chose Richard Whitney, vice president of the Exchange, to act on their behalf. With the bankers financial resources behind him, Whitney placed a bid to purchase a block of shares in U. S. Steel at a price well above the current market. As traders watched, Whitney then placed similar bids on other blue chip stocks and this tactic was similar to one that ended the Panic of 1907. It succeeded in halting the slide, the Dow Jones Industrial Average recovered, closing with it down only 6.38 points for the day
Stock market crash of 1929
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Crowd gathering on
Wall Street after the 1929 crash
Stock market crash of 1929
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Sir George Paish
Stock market crash of 1929
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Unemployed men march in
Toronto
36.
Universal Pictures
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Universal Pictures is an American film studio owned by Comcast through the Universal Filmed Entertainment Group division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal. The company was founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley and its studios are located in Universal City, California, and its corporate offices are located in New York City. Universal Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America and is one of Hollywoods Big Six studios. Universal Studios was founded by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane, one story has Laemmle watching a box office for hours, counting patrons and calculating the days takings. Within weeks of his Chicago trip, Laemmle gave up dry goods to buy the first several nickelodeons, for Laemmle and other such entrepreneurs, the creation in 1908 of the Edison-backed Motion Picture Trust meant that exhibitors were expected to pay fees for Trust-produced films they showed. Soon, Laemmle and other disgruntled nickelodeon owners decided to avoid paying Edison by producing their own pictures, in June 1909, Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with partners Abe Stern and Julius Stern. Laemmle broke with Edisons custom of refusing to give billing and screen credits to performers, by naming the movie stars, he attracted many of the leading players of the time, contributing to the creation of the star system. In 1910, he promoted Florence Lawrence, formerly known as The Biograph Girl, the Universal Film Manufacturing Company was incorporated in New York on April 30,1912. Laemmle, who emerged as president in July 1912, was the figure in the partnership with Dintenfass, Baumann, Kessel, Powers, Swanson, Horsley. Eventually all would be out by Laemmle. Following the westward trend of the industry, by the end of 1912 the company was focusing its efforts in the Hollywood area. On March 15,1915, Laemmle opened the worlds largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, studio management became the third facet of Universals operations, with the studio incorporated as a distinct subsidiary organization. Unlike other movie moguls, Laemmle opened his studio to tourists, Universal became the largest studio in Hollywood, and remained so for a decade. However, it sought an audience mostly in towns, producing mostly inexpensive melodramas, westerns. In its early years Universal released three brands of feature films — Red Feather, low-budget programmers, Bluebird, more ambitious productions, and Jewel, their prestige motion pictures. Directors included Jack Conway, John Ford, Rex Ingram, Robert Z. Leonard, George Marshall and Lois Weber, despite Laemmles role as an innovator, he was an extremely cautious studio chief. Unlike rivals Adolph Zukor, William Fox, and Marcus Loew and he also financed all of his own films, refusing to take on debt. Character actor Lon Chaney became a card for Universal in the 1920s
Universal Pictures
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Mark Dintenfass was co-founder of Universal Studios.
Universal Pictures
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Universal Studios Inc.
Universal Pictures
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Boris Karloff in
Bride of Frankenstein (1935)
Universal Pictures
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Ceremonial gate to Universal Studios Hollywood (the theme park attached to the studio lot)
37.
Norma Shearer
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Edith Norma Shearer was a Canadian-American actress and Hollywood star from 1925 through 1942. Her early films cast her as an ingenue, but in the pre-Code film era. She excelled in drama, comedy, and period roles and she gave well-received performances in adaptations of Noël Coward, Eugene ONeill, and William Shakespeare. She was the first person to be nominated five times for an Academy Award for acting, winning Best Actress for her performance in the 1930 film The Divorcee, Shearers fame declined after her early retirement in 1942. She was rediscovered in the late 1950s, when her films were sold to television, and in the 1970s, by the time of her death in 1983, she was best known for her noble roles in Marie Antoinette and The Women. A Shearer revival began in 1988, when Turner Network Television began broadcasting the entire Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film library, in 1994, Turner Classic Movies began showcasing her films, most of which had not been seen since the reconstitution of the Production Code in 1934. Shearers work was seen anew, and the focus shifted from her noble roles to her pre-Code roles. Shearers work was formally reappraised in the 1990s through a number of high-profile books, the first was a major biography by Gavin Lambert. Next came the groundbreaking study Complicated Women, by Mick LaSalle, then came three books by photographer Mark A. Vieira, a revisionist biography of Shearers husband, producer Irving Thalberg, and two biographies of Hollywood glamour photographer George Hurrell. Reviewing Shearers work, historians called her the exemplar of sophisticated 1930s womanhood, exploring love and sex with an honesty that would be considered frank by modern standards. While there had been instances of performers who were given a belated celebrity by historians, as a result, Shearer is celebrated as a feminist pioneer, the first American film actress to make it chic and acceptable to be single and not a virgin on screen. Her films continue to be exhibited and studied, Shearer was of Scottish and Irish descent. Her childhood was spent in Montreal and was one of privilege due to the success of her fathers construction business, however, the marriage between her parents was unhappy. Andrew Shearer was prone to depression and moved like a shadow or a ghost around the house, while her mother Edith Fisher Shearer was attractive, flamboyant. Young Norma was interested in music, as well, but after seeing a show for her ninth birthday. Edith offered support, but as Shearer entered adolescence, became fearful that her daughters physical flaws would jeopardize her chances. Shearer herself had no illusions about the image I saw in the mirror. She acknowledged her dumpy figure, with shoulders too broad, legs too sturdy, hands too blunt, by her own admission, though, she was ferociously ambitious, even as a young girl and planned to overcome her deficiencies through careful camouflage, sheer determination, and charm
Norma Shearer
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Shearer in an early MGM publicity photo
Norma Shearer
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Publicity photo, circa 1930.
Norma Shearer
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Shearer in Slave to Fashion, 1925
Norma Shearer
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Fredric March and Shearer in The Barretts of Wimpole Street, 1934
38.
Greta Garbo
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Greta Garbo, was a Swedish-born American film actress during the 1920s and 1930s. Garbo was nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Actress and received an Academy Honorary Award in 1954 for her luminous, Garbo launched her career with a secondary role in the 1924 Swedish film The Saga of Gosta Berling. Her performance caught the attention of Louis B, Mayer, chief executive of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, who brought her to Hollywood in 1925. She immediately stirred interest with her first silent film, Torrent, released in 1926, a later, her performance in Flesh. Garbos first talking film was Anna Christie, MGM marketers enticed the public with the catch-phrase Garbo talks. That same year she starred in Romance, for her performances in these films she received the first of three Academy Award nominations for Best Actress. In 1932, her popularity allowed her to dictate the terms of her contract and her success continued in films such as Mata Hari and Grand Hotel. Many critics and film historians consider her performance as the doomed courtesan Marguerite Gautier in Camille to be her finest, the role gained her a second Academy Award nomination. Garbos career soon declined, however, and she was one of the many stars labeled Box Office Poison in 1938, from then on, Garbo declined all opportunities to return to the screen. Shunning publicity, she began a life, and neither married nor had children. Greta Lovisa Gustafsson was born in Södermalm, Stockholm, Sweden and she was the third and youngest child of Anna Lovisa —a housewife who later worked at a jam factory—and Karl Alfred Gustafsson, a laborer. Garbo had a brother, Sven Alfred, and an older sister. Her parents met in Stockholm where her father visited from Frinnaryd and he moved to Stockholm to become independent and worked in various odd jobs—street cleaner, grocer, factory worker and butchers assistant. He married Anna, who had moved from Högsby. The Gustafssons were impoverished and lived in a three-bedroom cold-water flat at Blekingegatan No.32 and they brought up their three children in a working class district regarded as the citys slum. Garbo would later recall, It was eternally grey—those long winters nights and my father would be sitting in a corner, scribbling figures on a newspaper. On the other side of the room my mother is repairing ragged old clothes and we children would be talking in very low voices, or just sitting silently. We were filled with anxiety, as if there were danger in the air, such evenings are unforgettable for a sensitive girl
Greta Garbo
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Garbo in
Anna Karenina (1935)
Greta Garbo
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Greta Garbo
Greta Garbo
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Monument on the building which now stands where Greta Garbo was born on
Södermalm.
Greta Garbo
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Garbo in her first leading role in the Swedish film
The Saga of Gösta Berling (1924) with
Lars Hanson
39.
David O. Selznick
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David O. Selznick was an American film producer, screenwriter and film studio executive. He is best known for producing Gone with the Wind and Rebecca, David Selznick was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Florence Anna and silent movie producer and distributor Lewis J. Selznick. His parents were Ukrainian Jewish immigrants and he had four siblings and his dad was born in Kyiv in 1870. Selznick added the O to distinguish himself from an uncle with the same name and he studied at Columbia University in New York City and worked as an apprentice for his father until the elders bankruptcy in 1923. In 1926, Selznick moved to Hollywood, and with the help of his fathers connections and he left MGM for Paramount Pictures in 1928, where he worked until 1931, when he joined RKO as Head of Production. David Selznicks years at RKO were fruitful, and he worked on films, including A Bill of Divorcement. Rockabye, Bird of Paradise, Our Betters, and King Kong, while at RKO, he also gave George Cukor his directing break. In 1933 he returned to MGM where his father-in-law, Louis B, mayer established a second prestige production unit for David, parallel to that of powerful Irving Thalberg, who was in poor health. Selznicks unit output included the all star cast movie Dinner at Eight, David Copperfield, Anna Karenina, despite his output of successful movies at MGM, Paramount Pictures, and RKO Pictures, Selznick longed to be an independent producer with his own studio. In 1935 he realized that goal by leasing RKO Culver City Studios & back lot, formed Selznick International Pictures, Gone with the Wind won eight Oscars and two special awards. Selznick also won the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award that same year, in 1940 he produced his second Best Picture Oscar winner in a row, Rebecca, the first Hollywood production for British director Alfred Hitchcock. Selznick had brought Hitchcock over from England, launching the directors American career, Rebecca was Hitchcocks only film to win Best Picture. After Rebecca, Selznick closed Selznick International Pictures and took time off. His business activities included the loan of his artists to other studios, including Alfred Hitchcock, Ingrid Bergman, Vivien Leigh. In 1944, he formed The Selznick Studio and returned to producing pictures with the huge success Since You Went Away and he followed that with the Hitchcock films Spellbound and The Paradine Case, as well as Portrait of Jennie, a vehicle for Jennifer Jones. He also developed projects and sold the packages to other producers. Among the movies that he developed but then sold was Hitchcocks Notorious, in 1949 he co-produced the Carol Reed picture The Third Man with Alexander Korda. Gone with the Wind overshadowed the rest of Selznicks career, later, he was convinced that he had wasted his life trying to out do it
David O. Selznick
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David O. Selznick
David O. Selznick
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Jennifer Jones and Selznick in Los Angeles, 1957.
David O. Selznick
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Crypt of David O. Selznick, in the Great Mausoleum, Forest Lawn Glendale
40.
Luise Rainer
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Luise Rainer was a German and American film actress. She was the first actor to win more than one Academy Award, and at the time of her death, Rainer began acting in Germany at age 16, being trained by Austrias leading stage director, Max Reinhardt. Within a few years, she had become a distinguished Berlin stage actress with Reinhardts Vienna theater ensemble, Critics raved about her acting quality. After years of acting on stage and in films in Austria and Germany, she was discovered by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer talent scouts, a number of filmmakers envisioned she might become another Greta Garbo, MGMs leading female star at the time. Her first American film role was in Escapade in 1935 and she was later dubbed the Viennese teardrop, for her dramatic telephone scene in the film. The subdued character role was such a dramatic contrast to her previous, vivacious character that she won the Academy Award for Best Actress. However, she stated nothing worse could have happened to her than winning two consecutive Oscars, as audience expectations from then on would be too high to fulfill. After a string of unimportant movie parts, MGM and Rainer became disappointed, leading her to end her brief three-year film career, some film historians consider her the most extreme case of an Oscar victim in Hollywood mythology. The daughter of Heinrich and Emilie Rainer, known familiarly as Heinz and Emmy, Rainer was born on 12 January 1910, in Düsseldorf, Germany and raised in Hamburg and later in Vienna, some references list her birthplace as Vienna. Describing her childhood, she stated, I was born into a world of destruction, the Vienna of my childhood was one of starvation, poverty and revolution. Her father was a businessman who settled in Europe after spending most of his childhood in Texas, Rainers family was upper-class and Jewish. Rainer had two brothers and was a baby, born two months early. She describes her father as being possessive and tempestuous, but whose affections, Luise seemed to him as eternally absent-minded and very different. She remembers his tyrannical possessiveness, and was saddened to see her mother, a beautiful pianist, although generally shy at home, she was immensely athletic in school, becoming a champion runner and a fearless mountain climber. Rainer said she became an actress to help expend her physical and it was her fathers wish, however, that she attend a good finishing school and marry the right man. Rainers rebellious nature made her appear to be more of a tomboy and she also feared she might develop what she saw as her mothers inferiority complex. I wanted to run away and marry him but I never had an opportunity, I am sure, though, that the experience first disclosed to me the entertainment world. For years I longed to be able to walk on a tight wire, at age 16, Rainer chose to follow her dream to become an actress, under the pretext of visiting her mother, she traveled to Düsseldorf for a prearranged audition at the Dumont Theater
Luise Rainer
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Rainer in a 1936 publicity photo
Luise Rainer
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as Anna Held in The Great Ziegfeld
Luise Rainer
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With Paul Muni in The Good Earth
Luise Rainer
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With
Paulette Goddard in Dramatic School (1938)
41.
Joan Crawford
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Joan Crawford was an American film and television actress who began her career as a dancer and stage showgirl. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Crawford tenth on its list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema. Beginning her career as a dancer in traveling theatrical companies, before debuting as a girl on Broadway. In the 1930s, Crawfords fame rivaled, and later outlasted, MGM colleagues Norma Shearer, Crawford often played hard-working young women who find romance and success. These stories were received by Depression-era audiences and were popular with women. But her career gradually improved in the early 1940s, and she made a comeback in 1945 by starring in Mildred Pierce. She would go on to receive Best Actress nominations for Possessed, in 1955, Crawford became involved with the Pepsi-Cola Company through her marriage to company Chairman Alfred Steele. After his death in 1959, Crawford was elected to fill his vacancy on the board of directors, following a public appearance in 1974, after which unflattering photographs were published, Crawford withdrew from public life and became increasingly reclusive until her death in 1977. Her first three ended in divorce, the last ended with the death of husband Alfred Steele. She adopted five children, one of whom was reclaimed by his birth mother, Crawfords relationships with her two older children, Christina and Christopher, were acrimonious. Crawford disinherited the two, and, after Crawfords death, Christina wrote a well-known tell-all memoir titled Mommie Dearest, Crawfords remains are interred at the Ferncliff Cemetery, in Hartsdale, New York. Born Lucille Fay LeSueur in San Antonio, Texas, on March 23, Crawfords birth year is disputed, with 1904,1905 and she was the youngest and third child of father Thomas E. LeSueur, a laundry laborer, and mother Anna Bell Johnson. Johnson was of English, French Huguenot, Swedish, and Irish ancestry, Crawfords elder siblings were sister Daisy LeSueur, who died before Lucilles birth, and brother Hal LeSueur. Crawfords father abandoned the family a few months before her birth, reappearing later in 1930 in Abilene, Texas, following LeSueurs departure from the family home, Crawfords mother married Henry J. Cassin. The marriage is listed in the census as Crawfords mothers first marriage, Crawford lived with her mother, stepfather, and siblings in Lawton, Oklahoma. There, Cassin, an impresario, ran the Ramsey Opera House and managed to book diverse. At that time, Crawford was reportedly unaware that Cassin, whom she called daddy, was not her father until her brother Hal told her the truth. Crawford preferred the nickname Billie as a child and enjoyed watching vaudeville acts perform on the stage of her stepfathers theatre, because the familys instability negatively affected Crawfords childhood, her schooling never formally progressed beyond elementary school
Joan Crawford
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in 1936 photo by
George Hurrell
Joan Crawford
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Joan Crawford in 1928
Joan Crawford
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With
John Gilbert in a 1928 film,
Four Walls
Joan Crawford
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Crawford in 1932
42.
Gone with the Wind (film)
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Gone with the Wind is a 1939 American epic historical romance film adapted from Margaret Mitchells 1936 novel Gone with the Wind. It was produced by David O. Selznick of Selznick International Pictures, the leading roles are portrayed by Vivien Leigh, Clark Gable, Leslie Howard, and Olivia de Havilland. Production was difficult from the start, filming was delayed for two years due to Selznicks determination to secure Gable for the role of Rhett Butler, and the search for Scarlett led to 1,400 women being interviewed for the part. The original screenplay was written by Sidney Howard, but underwent many revisions by several writers in an attempt to get it down to a suitable length, the film received positive reviews upon its release in December 1939, although some reviewers found it dramatically lacking and bloated. The casting was praised and many reviewers found Leigh especially suited to her role as Scarlett. It set records for the number of wins and nominations at the time. The film was popular, becoming the highest-earning film made up to that point. When adjusted for inflation, it is still the most successful film in box-office history. It was re-released periodically throughout the 20th century and became ingrained in popular culture, part 1 On the eve of the American Civil War in 1861, Scarlett OHara lives at Tara, her familys cotton plantation in Georgia, with her parents and two sisters. At the Twelve Oaks party, Scarlett secretly declares her feelings to Ashley, Scarlett is incensed when she discovers another guest, Rhett Butler, has overheard their conversation, a smitten Rhett promises Scarlett he will keep her secret. The barbecue is disrupted by the declaration of war and the men rush to enlist, as Scarlett watches Ashley kiss Melanie goodbye, Melanies younger brother Charles proposes to her. Although she does not love him, Scarlett consents and they are married before he leaves to fight, Scarlett is widowed when Charles dies from a bout of pneumonia and measles while serving in the Confederate Army. Scarletts mother sends her to the Hamilton home in Atlanta to cheer her up, Scarlett, who should not attend a party while in mourning, attends a charity bazaar in Atlanta with Melanie where she runs into Rhett again, now a blockade runner for the Confederacy. Celebrating a Confederate victory and to money for the Confederate war effort. Rhett makes a large bid for Scarlett and, to the disapproval of the guests. The tide of war turns against the Confederacy after the Battle of Gettysburg in which many of the men of Scarletts town are killed, upon her return home, Scarlett finds Tara deserted, except for her father, her sisters, and two former slaves, Mammy and Pork. Scarlett learns that her mother has just died of fever and her father has become incompetent. With Tara pillaged by Union troops and the fields untended, Scarlett vows she will do anything for the survival of her family and herself
Gone with the Wind (film)
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Theatrical pre-release poster
Gone with the Wind (film)
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Scarlett and Rhett at the charity dance
Gone with the Wind (film)
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Clark Gable
Gone with the Wind (film)
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Vivien Leigh
43.
The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)
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The film stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale. Notable for its use of Technicolor, fantasy storytelling, musical score and it was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture, but lost to Gone with the Wind. It did win in two categories, including Best Original Song for Over the Rainbow and Best Original Score by Herbert Stothart. However, the film was a box office disappointment on its release, earning only $3,017,000 on a $2,777,000 budget. It was MGMs most expensive production at that time, and did not completely recoup the studios investment and turn a profit until theatrical re-releases starting in 1949. The film was named the most-viewed motion picture on television syndication by the Library of Congress, designation on the registry calls for efforts to preserve it for being culturally, historically, and aesthetically significant. It is also one of the few films on UNESCOs Memory of the World Register, the Wizard of Oz is often ranked on best-movie lists in critics and public polls. It is the source of many quotes referenced in popular culture. It was directed primarily by Victor Fleming, noel Langley, Florence Ryerson, and Edgar Allan Woolf received credit for the screenplay, but uncredited contributions were made by others. The songs were written by Edgar Yip Harburg and Harold Arlen, the musical score and the incidental music were composed by Stothart. The film begins in Kansas, which is depicted in a sepia tone, Dorothy Gale lives with her dog Toto on the farm of her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry. Dorothys dog gets in trouble with a neighbor, Miss Almira Gulch. However, Dorothys family and the farmhands are all too busy to pay attention to her, Miss Gulch arrives with permission from the sheriff to have Toto euthanized. She takes him away, but he escapes and returns to Dorothy and they meet Professor Marvel, a phony but kindly fortune teller, who realizes Dorothy has run away and tricks her via his crystal ball into believing that Aunt Em is ill so that she must return home. She races home just as a tornado strikes. Unable to get into her familys storm cellar, she seeks safety in her bedroom, a wind-blown window sash hits her in the head, knocking her out. The house is picked up and sent spinning in the air by the twister, the farmhouse crashes in Munchkinland in the Land of Oz, where the film changes to Technicolor. Glinda the Good Witch of the North and the Munchkins welcome her as their heroine, as the house has landed on and killed the Wicked Witch of the East, leaving only her stocking feet exposed
The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)
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Theatrical release poster
The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)
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Dorothy (
Judy Garland, right) with
Glinda the Good Witch of the North (
Billie Burke)
The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)
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The film's main characters (left to right): the
Cowardly Lion,
Dorothy,
Scarecrow, and the
Tin Man
The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)
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Buddy Ebsen 's first makeup test as the Tin Man.
44.
Babes in Arms
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Babes in Arms is a 1937 musical comedy with music by Richard Rodgers, lyrics by Lorenz Hart and book by Rodgers and Hart. Several songs in Babes in Arms became pop standards, including the song, Where or When, My Funny Valentine, The Lady Is a Tramp, Johnny One Note. The film version, released in 1939, starred Judy Garland and its radically revised plot retained only two songs from the original stage version — Where or When and Babes in Arms. The film is credited with popularizing the kids putting on a show for charity trope. The original version had strong political overtones with discussions of Nietzsche, in 1959 George Oppenheimer created a sanitized, de-politicized rewrite which is now the most frequently performed version. In the new version, the people are trying to save a local summer stock theatre from being demolished. The sequence of the songs is drastically changed, the orchestration changed, the production, under the auspices of Dwight Deere Wiman, was staged by Robert B. Sinclair with choreography by George Balanchine, settings were by Raymond Sovey, and costumes by Helene Pons. Hans Spialek created the orchestrations and Gene Salzer led the orchestra which included pianists Edgar Fairchild, on 20 July 2016 All Star Productions revived the original version at Ye Old Rose and Crown Theatre Pub, London. It was the first staging of the musical in the UK in almost 15 years, Theatre critic Darren Luke Mawdsley described the work as outmoded stating that he understand why it has not been staged here in 15 years. Babes in Arms opens in Seaport, Rhode Island in the 1930s, Val and Marshall’s vaudeville parents leave them behind to do the circuits. Val then meets Billie, a girl who has driven from the coast and they then sing a love song about how they feel as though they have met before. The Sheriff then visits them to them that they have to work at the work farm because they are not yet 21. They then decide that they stick around instead and find another way to support themselves. The “kids” form a group with Val as the leader, after deciding nothing, except that violence is good, they disperse. Dolores, the Sheriff’s daughter, talks to Gus, her ex and they then sing and flirt about how they do not care that their relationship is over. Then Val enters mentioning that he has kissed her, a fight begins. The sheriff comes in and the kids pretend to be dancing and this causes Val to decide to put on their own follies
Babes in Arms
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Original Broadway Logo
45.
At the Circus
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At the Circus is a 1939 Marx Brothers comedy film released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in which they save a circus from bankruptcy. The movie is notable for Groucho Marxs classic rendition of Lydia the Tattooed Lady, the supporting cast includes Florence Rice, Kenny Baker, Margaret Dumont, and Eve Arden. Goliath, the strongman and the midget, Little Professor Atom, are accomplices of bad guy John Carter who is trying to take over the Wilson Wonder Circus. Julie Randall, performs an act in the circus. In the animal car on the train, Goliath and Atom knock out Julies boyfriend, Jeff Wilson, and steal $10,000. Jeffs friend and circus employee, Tony, summons attorney J. Cheever Loophole to handle the situation, Loophole caves in when he sees the muscular Goliath, and gets nowhere with Little Professor Atom. In order to help Wilson, he first tries to get the money from Carters moll, Peerless Pauline. Tony and Punchy search Goliaths stateroom on the train for the money. Groucho Marx as attorney J. Cheever Loophole Harpo Marx as Punchy Chico Marx as Antonio Tony Pirelli Florence Rice as Julie Randall Kenny Baker as Jeff Wilson Margaret Dumont as Mrs and his career was on the downside and he was forced to work for scale. His complex and sometimes belabored gags did not work well with the Marx Brothers brand of humor, when Groucho called Keaton on the inappropriateness of his gags for the Marx Brothers, Keaton responded, Im only doing what Mr. Mayer asked me to do. Hundreds of girls applied for the film, with eighteen finally chosen after rigid tests. They had to be ballet dancers, have good singing voices. Four of the girls were former circus riders, several of the other girls had ridden in rodeos, either professionally or as amateurs, and the rest had been riding most of their lives. The name of Grouchos character in film, J. Cheever Loophole, recalls that of real-life financier J. Cheever Cowdin. In 1936, Cowdin led a group of investors who had loaned $750,000 to Carl Laemmle and his son Carl Laemmle, before the release of the film, the investors demanded repayment, but the Laemmles did not have the funds to pay it back. Because of this, Cowdin was able to control of the Laemmles Universal Pictures studio. Groucho was aged 48 during the filming of At the Circus, as such, he took to wearing a toupee throughout and would do the same for the following film, Go West. One of Grouchos oft-repeated stories about the film concerned the gorilla skin that an actor wore, the manager of the gorilla skin became angry about this and took the skin away
At the Circus
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At the Circus
At the Circus
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Groucho Marx and
Eve Arden in the trailer for At the Circus
46.
The Women (1939 film)
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The Women is a 1939 American comedy-drama film directed by George Cukor. Ruth Hussey, Virginia Weidler, Butterfly McQueen, and Hedda Hopper also appeared in smaller roles, fontaine was the last surviving actress with a credited role in the film, she died in 2013. The film continued the plays all-female tradition—the entire cast of more than 130 speaking roles was female, throughout The Women, not a single male is seen — although the males are much talked about, and the central theme is the womens relationships with them. Lesbianism is intimated in the portrayal of one character, Nancy Blake. The attention to detail was such that even in such as portraits, only female figures are represented. The only exceptions are a poster-drawing clearly of a bull in the show segment. On DVD, the black and white fashion show, which is a different take, is available for the first time. The Women follows the lives of Manhattan women, focusing in particular on Mary Haines, after a bit of gossip flies around the salon these wealthy women visit, Marys cousin Sylvia Fowler goes to a salon to get the newest, exclusive nail color, Jungle Red. She learns from a manicurist that Marys husband has been having an affair with a perfume counter girl named Crystal Allen. A notorious gossip, Sylvia delights in sharing the news with Marys friends, while Marys mother urges her to ignore the gossip, Mary begins to have her own suspicions about her husbands increasingly frequent claims that he needs to work late. She decides to travel to Bermuda with her mother to think about the situation, upon her return, Mary heads to a fashion show and learns that Crystal is in attendance, trying on clothes in a dressing room. Mary, at Sylvias insistence, confronts her about the affair, heartbroken and humiliated, Mary leaves quickly. The gossip continues, exacerbated by Sylvia and her friend Edith, Mary chooses to divorce her husband despite his efforts to convince her to stay. As she is packing to leave for Reno, Mary explains the divorce to Little Mary, Mary and her new friends settle in at a Reno ranch, where they get plenty of unsolicited advice from Lucy, the gruffly warm-hearted woman who runs the ranch. The Countess tells tales of her husbands and seems to have found another prospect in Reno. Miriam reveals she has been having an affair with Sylvia Fowlers husband, Peggy, who has discovered that she is pregnant, is urged to call her husband, resolve their misunderstanding, and end the divorce proceedings. Sylvia arrives at the ranch, now that her husband has requested a divorce, when she discovers that Miriam is to become the new Mrs. Fowler, a catfight ensues. Mary succeeds in breaking up the fight, Miriam convinces her that she, too, should forget her pride, get her husband on the phone, and try to patch things up before their divorce becomes legal in a few hours
The Women (1939 film)
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Theatrical release poster
47.
Ninotchka
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Ninotchka is a 1939 American film made for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer by producer and director Ernst Lubitsch which stars Greta Garbo and Melvyn Douglas. It is written by Billy Wilder, Charles Brackett, and Walter Reisch, Ninotchka is Greta Garbos first full comedy, and her penultimate film. Three Russians, Iranov, Buljanov, and Kopalsky, are in Paris to sell jewelry confiscated from the aristocracy during the Russian Revolution of 1917. Upon arrival, they meet Count Leon dAlgout, on a mission from the Russian Grand Duchess Swana and he corrupts them and talks them into staying in Paris. The Soviet Union then sends Nina Ivanovna Ninotchka Yakushova, an envoy whose goal is to go through with the jewelry sale. Rigid and stern at first, she becomes seduced by the West and the Count. The three Russians also accommodate themselves to capitalism, but the last joke of the film is one of them carries a sign protesting that the other two are unfair to him. It was, however, banned in the Soviet Union and its satellites, despite that, it went on to make $2,279,000 worldwide. In a play on the famous Garbo Talks. ad campaign used for her debut in Anna Christie. Commenting on Garbos serious and melancholy image and implying she had not laughed or played comedy before, however, her canon reveals this not to be the case. Although all her previous films were dramatic, Garbo had occasions to laugh in several of them, in Queen Christina, she disguises herself as a man and jokes with her co-star John Gilbert and others throughout the first half of the picture. In Camille, she feigns exuberant laughter in a scene with actor Henry Daniell. Stalin, we repeat, wont like it, but, unless your tastes hew too closely to the party line, we think you will, immensely. More recently, film critic Dennis Schwartz discussed the humor of Ninotchka, writing, The sly political jokes include Garbo saying, there are going to be fewer but better Russians and there are a few well-placed jokes mocking the failed Soviet Five-Year-Plan. The most noteworthy Lubitsch touch scene revolves around a stag feast in a luxury hotel ordered by capitalist Douglas for the three grateful comrade emissaries, who cant believe their good fortune. An attempt to revive the film later during World War II was suppressed on the grounds that the Soviets were then allies of the West. In 1955, a Broadway musical Silk Stockings, written by Cole Porter based on the 1939 story and script, starring Hildegard Neff, the musical was adapted as a 1957 film directed by Rouben Mamoulian and starring Fred Astaire and Cyd Charisse. Actor George Tobias, who played the commissar in Silk Stockings, the films Comrade X, starring Clark Gable and Hedy Lamarr and The Iron Petticoat, starring Bob Hope and Katharine Hepburn, both borrow heavily from Ninotchka
Ninotchka
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Theatrical release poster
Ninotchka
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Greta Garbo as Nina Ivanovna "Ninotchka" Yakushova and Melvyn Douglas as Count Léon d'Algout
48.
Goodbye, Mr. Chips
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Goodbye, Mr. Chips is a novella about the life of a schoolteacher, Mr. Chipping, written by the English writer James Hilton and first published by Hodder & Stoughton in October 1934. The novel has been adapted into two films and two television presentations. The Great Depression had elevated business risks for most publishing houses and they cautiously released a small first print run. Public demand for more was immediate, and Little, Brown went into an almost immediate reprinting the same month, public demand remained strong, and Little, Brown continued to reprint the book in cautious lots for many months, with at least two reprintings per month. The first British edition went to press in October 1934, the publishers were Hodder & Stoughton, who had observed the success of the book in the United States, and they released a much larger first print run. It sold 15,000 copies on the day of publication, with the huge success of this book, James Hilton became a best-selling author. Mr Chips, as the boys call him, is conventional in his beliefs and his views broaden and his pedagogical manner loosens after he marries Katherine, a young woman whom he meets on holiday in the Lake District. Katherine charms the Brookfield teachers and headmaster and quickly wins the favour of Brookfields pupils, despite Chippings mediocre credentials and his view that Greek and Latin are dead languages, he is an effective teacher who becomes highly regarded by students and the schools governors. In his later years, he develops a sense of humour that pleases everyone. The setting for Goodbye Mr. Chips is probably based on The Leys School, Cambridge, Hilton is reported to have said that the inspiration for the protagonist, Mr. Chips, came from many sources, including his father, who was the headmaster of Chapel End School. Mr. Chips is also likely to have based on W. H. Balgarnie, a master at The Leys. Balgarnie had been linked with the school for 51 years and spent his last years in modest lodgings nearby, like Mr. Chips, Balgarnie was a strict disciplinarian, but would also invite boys to visit him for tea and biscuits. Hilton wrote upon Balgarnies death that Balgarnie was, I suppose, when I read so many other stories about public school life, I am struck by the fact that I suffered no such purgatory as their authors apparently did, and much of this miracle was due to Balgarnie. The mutton chop side whiskers of one of the masters at The Leys earned him the nickname Chops, in Hiltons final novel, Time and Time Again, protagonist Charles Anderson bears clear biographical similarities to Hilton himself. Early in the novel, Anderson briefly reminisces about attending Brookfield, there was a repeat broadcast the following evening. It ran for over 100 performances until 14 January 1939 and this version stars Robert Donat, Greer Garson, Terry Kilburn, John Mills and Paul Henreid. Donat won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in the role, beating Clark Gable, James Stewart, Laurence Olivier. While some of the incidents depicted in the screen adaptations do not appear in the book
Goodbye, Mr. Chips
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Cover of the UK first edition
49.
Hedy Lamarr
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Hedy Lamarr was an Austrian and American film actress and inventor. After an early and brief film career in Germany that included the controversial film Ecstasy, she fled from her husband, a wealthy Austrian ammunition manufacturer, there, she met MGM head Louis B. Mayer, who offered her a contract in Hollywood, where she became a film star from the late 1930s to the 1950s. Lamarr appeared in numerous feature films, including Algiers, I Take This Woman, Comrade X, Come Live With Me, H. M. Pulham, Esq. and Samson. Lamarr was born Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler in 1914 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary and her father was born to a Jewish family in Lemberg and was a successful bank director. Lamarr helped get her out of Austria and to the United States. Her mother later became a United States citizen, Gertrud Kiesler put Hebrew as her race on her petition for naturalization as a United States citizen. In the late 1920s, Lamarr was discovered as an actress, following her training in the theater, she returned to Vienna, where she began to work in the film industry, first as a script girl, and soon as an actress. In early 1933, at age 18, she starred in Gustav Machatýs film, Ecstasy and her role was that of a neglected young wife married to an indifferent older man. The film became both celebrated and notorious for showing Lamarrs face in the throes of orgasm as well as close-up, on 10 August 1933, Lamarr married Friedrich Mandl, an Austrian military arms merchant and munitions manufacturer who was reputedly the third-richest man in Austria. She was 18 years old and he was 33 and she claimed she was kept a virtual prisoner in their castle home, Schloss Schwarzenau. Mandl had close social and business ties to the fascist government of Italy, selling munitions to Mussolini, Lamarr wrote that Mussolini and Hitler attended lavish parties at the Mandl home. Lamarr accompanied Mandl to business meetings, where he conferred with scientists and these conferences were her introduction to the field of applied science and nurtured her latent talent in science. Lamarrs marriage to Mandl eventually became unbearable, and she decided to herself from both him and her country. After arriving in Paris in 1937, she met Louis B, mayer, who was scouting for talent in Europe. Mayer persuaded her to change her name to Hedy Lamarr, choosing the surname in homage to the silent film star. He brought her to Hollywood in 1938 and began promoting her as the worlds most beautiful woman, Lamarr made her American film debut in Algiers, opposite Charles Boyer. The film created a sensation, says Shearer
Hedy Lamarr
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Publicity photo, c. 1940
Hedy Lamarr
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John Hodiak and Lamarr in
A Lady Without Passport (1950)
Hedy Lamarr
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Honorary grave of Hedy Lamarr at Vienna's
Central Cemetery, Group 33 D No. 80 (Dec. 2014)
50.
Joseph L. Mankiewicz
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Joseph Leo Mankiewicz was an American film director, screenwriter, and producer. Mankiewicz had a long Hollywood career, and he won the Academy Award for both Best Director and Best Writing, Screenplay for A Letter to Three Wives and All About Eve. Joseph Mankiewicz was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, to Franz Mankiewicz and Johanna Blumenau and he had a sister, Erna Mankiewicz, and a brother, Herman J. Mankiewicz, who became a screenwriter. Herman also won an Oscar for co-writing Citizen Kane, at age four, Mankiewicz moved with his family to New York City, graduating in 1924 from Stuyvesant High School. In 1928, he obtained a degree from Columbia University. At 19, he was sent by his professor father to Berlin where he was to study German drama at the University of Berlin. Instead, Mankiewicz got work at the UFA film studio translating film intertitles from German to English, Mankiewicz worked for seventeen years as a screenwriter for Paramount and as a producer for MGM before getting a chance to direct at Twentieth Century-Fox. During his long career in Hollywood, Mankiewicz wrote forty-eight screenplays and he also produced more than twenty films including The Philadelphia Story which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture in 1941. However, he is best known for the films he directed, in 1944, he produced The Keys of the Kingdom, which starred Gregory Peck, and featured Mankiewiczs then-wife, Rose Stradner, in a supporting role as a nun. In 1951 Mankiewicz left Fox and moved to New York, intending to write for the Broadway stage, in 1953 he directed Julius Caesar for MGM, an adaptation of Shakespeares play. The film serves as the record of Marlon Brando in a Shakespearean role, he played Mark Antony. In 1958 Mankiewicz directed The Quiet American, an adaptation of Graham Greenes 1955 novel about the seed of American military involvement in what would become the Vietnam War. A cautionary tale about Americas blind support for anti-Communists was turned into, according to Greene, Mankiewicz made more films, however, garnering an Oscar nomination for Best Direction in 1972 for Sleuth, his final directing effort, starring Laurence Olivier and Michael Caine. In 1983, he was a member of the jury at the 33rd Berlin International Film Festival, the Academy Film Archive preserved his films All About Eve and Sleuth. He was the brother of Herman J. Mankiewicz. His sons are Eric Reynal, the late writer/director Tom Mankiewicz and he also has a daughter, Alex Mankiewicz. His great-nephew is radio and television personality Ben Mankiewicz, who currently can be seen on TCM and he also was the uncle of Frank Mankiewicz, a well-known political campaign manager who officially announced the death of the assassinated presidential candidate, Robert F. Kennedy, in 1968. He was not related to the similar-sounding British screenwriter, Wolf Mankowitz, Mankiewicz died of a heart attack on February 5,1993, six days before his 84th birthday
Joseph L. Mankiewicz
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Joseph L. Mankiewicz
