1.
Karolina Dean
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Karolina Dean, also briefly known as Lucy in the Sky, or L. S. D. is a fictional character, a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in the series Runaways, Majesdanians are an alien race that absorbs solar energy and reradiates it in the form of the colors of the rainbow. She is often called Kar or K for short, and is known for her free spirit and she is a vegan and peace keeper, and once mentioned as being a protester. Karolina is the only gay character. She is the only extraterrestrial in the group, except for a period of time when her Skrull fiancee, Xavin, Runaways creator Brian K. Karolina Dean was created by author Brian K. Vaughan & artist Adrian Alphona and debuted in Runaways #1. Karolina is the daughter of renowned Hollywood actors Frank and Leslie Dean and is the only older Runaway who didnt witness their parents murder an innocent girl as a sacrifice, Karolina denies the entire situation primarily, but finally believes the group soon after discovering she is an alien. The kids decide to go for a massive ransack, and leave home, before leaving for good, when arriving at the Dean mansion, they find Karolinas parents last will and testament, Karolina is given a piece of paper with the circular no symbol covering the Caduceus. Alex convinces her to remove her medic alert bracelet because it is emblazoned with the symbol, Karolina angrily concedes, thinking that she only wears the bracelet because shes allergic to penicillin, and her skin immediately glows with a fluid, rainbow-like light. After escaping their parents, Karolina takes the name Lucy in the Sky, early in the series, Karolina constantly struggled with her alien heritage, feeling that she is a freak amongst the group, the only one who needs to actively hide her true form. Another insecurity was of her speculated homosexuality and her insecurities even prompt Karolina to offer her life to the vampire Topher, as Karolina expresses little desire to live. After her first near-death experience at the hands of Alex Wilder, Karolina overcomes her death wish, Karolina is portrayed as having a wide, free spirit, notably when she discovers she can fly. But she is shown as being quite sensitive, often crying at her pain and misfortune, as well as the pain. In the early issues of Runaways, volume 2, Karolina fights under the command of de facto leader Nico, soon after Victor joins the team, Karolina comes out to Nico with an attempted kiss, which Nico rejects outright. Karolinas outcast insecurities resurface when her Skrull fiancee Xavin comes to Earth in search for her, unbeknownst to her, Karolinas parents arranged Xavins and Karolinas marriage as part of a peaceweaving effort between the Skrull and Majesdanian homeworlds. Karolina leaves with Xavin, much to Nicos distress, while on her home planet Majesdane, Karolina learns to control the shift between her Majesdanian and humanoid forms and how to further control her solar powers. However, the wedding does not go as planned and the couple flees towards Earth as their homeworlds reignite the old war and they crash land near the Hostel and return in time to assist in the rescue of Molly Hayes. Karolina has a dream of her parents tearing her apart, Karolina remains with the team and Xavin becomes accepted as a member after Gertrude Yorkes death, and they both join the Runaways in defeating the Gibborim for good. When the Runaways are accidentally displaced in 1907, Karolina meets Klara Prast, #2, Karolina is one of the aliens kidnapped by Henry Gyrich in his aliens go home policy
Karolina Dean
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Karolina Dean. Art by
Chris Bachalo
Karolina Dean
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Karolina's twisted dream.
Karolina Dean
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Karolina in her true Majesdanian form. Art by
Adrian Alphona
2.
Tina in the Sky with Diamonds
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Tina in the Sky with Diamonds is the second episode of the fifth season of the American musical television series Glee, and the ninetieth episode overall. The episode was written and directed by series co-creator Ian Brennan, the episode is the second of two tribute episodes to the Beatles. Special guest star Demi Lovato makes her first appearance as Dani, a struggling artist in New York City, and Peter Facinelli returns as Rupert Campion, the episode received generally positive reviews by critics, with many of them saying the episode was better than previous episode. Upon its initial airing, this episode was viewed by 4.42 million American viewers, the total viewership and ratings for this episode were down significantly from the previous weeks season opener, Love, Love, Love. An album was released on September 24,2013 to coincide with the premiere, which features music from this episode. The album, Glee Sings the Beatles, has received positive reviews from critics. New Directions continues their two-week assignment covering the Beatles, although she is also nominated, Kitty Wilde decides to support Tina. Upon learning of this, Bree campaigns for Kitty, a fellow Cheerio, without her consent, at NYADA, Kurt Hummel performs Get Back to cheer up Rachel Berry, who is depressed by her disappointing chemistry audition for Funny Girl. Dani and Santana perform Here Comes the Sun and, after walking through the city, principal Sue Sylvester hires college student Penny Owen to become McKinley Highs nurse, and Sam develops a crush on her, singing Something. When Sue decides to fire Penny for incompetence, Sam overcomes his fear of needles and allows Penny to give him a shot, and later praises her to Sue. At prom, Ryder Lynn, Marley Rose, Jake Puckerman, afterwards, Sue announces Tina and Stoner Brett as prom queen and prom king. On Brees command, Dottie reluctantly drops a bucket of red slushie on Tina while shes on stage, New Directions follows her to the choir room, where they sing Hey Jude and encourage Tina to face the crowd and go back. She does so, receiving her much-awaited standing ovation, Rachel is surprised at the diner by Mr. Campion, the Funny Girl director, who tells her she has been cast as Fanny Brice. In Lima, cheerleading coach Roz Washington informs Sue that Bree is behind the prank, Sue instead promotes Bree to captain of the Cheerios and encourages her to torment New Directions as much as she can, in order to toughen them up in preparations for Nationals. Rachel, Kurt, Santana, and Dani perform Let It Be in celebration of Rachels achievements, two new recurring characters debut in this episode. Dani will be reportedly be interacting with—and appearing in musical numbers with—Adam Lamberts character, naya Rivera, who plays Santana, has stated in an interview that Dani will be Santanas love interest. Special guest star Peter Facinelli returns as Rupert Campion, the Funny Girl director, other recurring characters credited in this episode include McKinley janitor and former principal Figgins, cheerleading coach Roz Washington, cheerleader Bree, and Spotlight Diner owner Gunther. Songs from this episode and the one have been released on the album Glee Sings the Beatles
Tina in the Sky with Diamonds
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Special guest star Demi Lovato makes her first appearance as Dani
3.
The Beatles
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The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960
The Beatles
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The "Fab Four" Beatles lineup in 1964 Top: Lennon, McCartney Bottom: Harrison, Starr
The Beatles
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Abbey Road Studios main entrance
The Beatles
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McCartney, Harrison, Swedish pop singer
Lill-Babs and Lennon on the set of the Swedish television show Drop-In, 30 October 1963
The Beatles
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The Beatles arrive at John F. Kennedy International Airport, 7 February 1964
4.
Abbey Road Studios
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Abbey Road Studios is a recording studio at 3 Abbey Road, St Johns Wood, City of Westminster, London, England. It was established November 1931 by the Gramophone Company, a predecessor of British music company EMI, Abbey Road Studios is most notable as being the 1960s venue for innovative recording techniques adopted by the Beatles, Pink Floyd, the Hollies, Badfinger and others. One of its earliest world-famous-artist clients was Paul Robeson, who recorded December 1931, towards the end of 2009, the studio came under threat of sale to property developers. However, the British Government protected the site, granting it English Heritage Grade II listed status in 2010, originally a nine-bedroom Georgian townhouse built in 1831 on the footpath leading to Kilburn Abbey, the building was later converted to flats where the most flamboyant resident was Maundy Gregory. In 1931, the Gramophone Company acquired the premises and converted it into studios, pathé filmed the opening of the studios when Sir Edward Elgar conducted the London Symphony Orchestra in recording sessions of his music. In 1934, inventor of stereo sound, Alan Blumlein, recorded Mozarts Jupiter Symphony which was conducted by Sir Thomas Beecham at the studios, the neighbouring house is also owned by the studio and used to house musicians. During the mid-20th century, the studio was used by leading British conductor Sir Malcolm Sargent. The Gramophone Company amalgamated with Columbia Graphophone Company to form EMI and it was under this name that in 1936 cellist Pablo Casals became the first to record Johann Sebastian Bachs Cello Suites No.1 &2 at the command of EMI head Fred Gaisberg. The recordings went on to spur a revolution among Bach aficionados, in 1958, Studio Two at Abbey Road became a centre for rock and roll music when Cliff Richard and the Drifters recorded Move It there, and later pop music material. The Beatles named their 1969 album Abbey Road, after the street where the studio is located, the studio was renamed Abbey Road Studios in 1970 after the Beatles album had made it famous. Iain Macmillan took the cover photograph outside the studios, with the result that the nearby zebra crossing has become a place of pilgrimage for Beatles fans. It has been a tradition for visitors to pay homage to the band by writing on the wall in front of the even though it is painted over every three months. December 2010, the crossing at Abbey Road was given a Grade II listed status. Pink Floyd recorded most of their late 1960s to mid-1970s albums here, the Shadows named their Live at Abbey Road album after the studio, with the cover spoofing the Beatles album. The chief mastering engineer at Abbey Road was Chris Vinyl Blair, in 1979, EMI commissioned the British jazz fusion band Morrissey-Mullen to record Britains first digitally recorded single record at Abbey Road Studios. From July 18 to September 11,1983, the public had an opportunity to see inside the legendary Studio Two where The Beatles made most of their records. While a new mixing console was being installed in the control room, the soundtrack to the video had a number of recordings that were not made commercially available until the release of The Beatles Anthology project over a decade later. The Red Hot Chili Peppers used a photograph of the walking across the zebra crossing naked on the front of The Abbey Road E. P. which was released in 1988
Abbey Road Studios
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Abbey Road Studios
Abbey Road Studios
Abbey Road Studios
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The graffiti-covered wall outside Abbey Road
Abbey Road Studios
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Abbey Road has become a London tourist attraction.
5.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
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Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
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The name London may derive from the
River Thames
6.
Psychedelic rock
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Many psychedelic groups differ in style, and the label is often used indiscriminately. Musically, the effects may be represented via novelty studio tricks, electronic or non-Western instrumentation, disjunctive song structures, some of the earlier 1960s psychedelic rock musicians were based in folk, jazz, and the blues, while others showcased an explicit Indian classical influence called raga rock. In the 1960s, there existed two main variants of the genre, the whimsical British pop-psychedelia, and the harder American West Coast acid rock. While acid rock is often deployed interchangeably with the psychedelic rock, it can also refer more specifically to the heavier. The genre bridged the transition from early blues- and folk-based rock to rock and hard rock. Since the late 1970s it has revived in various forms of neo-psychedelia. The term psychedelic was first coined in 1956 by psychiatrist Humphry Osmond as a descriptor for hallucinogenic drugs in the context of psychedelic psychotherapy. As the countercultural scene developed in San Francisco, the acid rock. In the popular music of the early 1960s, it was common for producers, songwriters, and engineers to freely experiment with form, arrangements, unnatural reverb. Some of the best known examples are Phil Spectors Wall of Sound production formula, there was no transition to be made. You go from things like Flying Purple People Eater to I Am the Walrus, music critic Richie Unterberger says that attempts to pin down the first psychedelic record are therefore nearly as elusive as trying to name the first rock & roll record. Some of the far-fetched claims include the instrumental Telstar and the Dave Clark Fives massively reverb-laden Any Way You Want It, the first mention of LSD on a rock record was the Gamblers 1960 surf instrumental LSD25. American folk singer Bob Dylan was an influence on mid 1960s rock music. He led directly to the creation of rock and the psychedelic rock musicians that followed. Molly Longman of mic. com writes that, in terms of bridging the relationship between music and hallucinogens, the Beatles and the Beach Boys were the eras most pivotal acts. The considerable success enjoyed by these two bands allowed them the freedom to experiment with new technology over entire albums. In Unterbergers opinion, the Byrds, emerging from the Californian folk scene, with their ominous minor key melodies, hyperactive instrumental breaks, and use of Gregorian chants. In the songs lyric, the requests, Take me on a trip upon your magic swirling ship
Psychedelic rock
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A
sitar, much used on early records of the genre.
Psychedelic rock
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Bob Dylan and
Allen Ginsberg in 1975
Psychedelic rock
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Big Brother and the Holding Company, c. 1966–67:
Janis Joplin is seated in the foreground.
7.
Parlophone
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Parlophone Limited is a German-British record label that was founded in Germany in 1896 by the Carl Lindström Company as Parlophon. The British branch of the company was formed in 8 August 1923 as The Parlophone Co. Ltd. which developed a reputation in the 1920s as a jazz record label. In 5 October 1926, the Columbia Graphophone Company acquired Parlophones business, name, Columbia Graphophone later merged with the Gramophone Company in 31 March 1931 to become Electric & Musical Industries Limited. George Martin joined EMI in 1950 as assistant label manager, taking over as manager in 1955, Martin produced and released a mix of product including comedy recordings of the Goons, the pianist Mrs Mills, and teen idol Adam Faith. For a long time Parlophone claimed the best-selling UK single She Loves You, peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, both by The Beatles. The label also achieved placement of seven singles at No.1 during 1964, Parlophone continued as a division of EMI until it was merged into the Gramophone Co. Ltd. on 1 July 1965. On 1 July 1973, the Gramophone Co. Ltd. was renamed EMI Records Limited, on 28 September 2012, regulators officially approved Universal Music Group s planned acquisition of EMI, on condition that its EMI Records Ltd. group would be divested from the combined group. EMI Records Ltd. included Parlophone and other labels to be divested and were for a time operated in a single entity known as the Parlophone Label Group. Warner Music Group later acquired Parlophone and PLG in 7 February 2013, making Parlophone their new third flagship label, alongside Warner Bros. Records, PLG was renamed as the Parlophone Records Limited group in May 2013. Parlophone is now the oldest of WMGs three flagship record labels, Parlophone was founded in Germany in 1896 by the Carl Lindström Company as Parlophon. The name Parlophon had been used for gramophones before the company began making records of their own. The labels ₤ trademark is a German L that stands for its original founder Lindström and it has coincidentally been said to resemble the British pound sign, which itself is derived from the letter L for the Ancient Roman unit of measurement Libra, which means pound in Latin. During World War I, the Transoceanic Trading Company was set up in the Netherlands to look after its overseas assets, on 8 August 1923, the British branch of Parlophone was established, led by artists and repertoire manager Oscar Preuss. Parlophone established a leasing arrangement with the co-owned United States-based record label Okeh Records. The CLPGS has published a list of Parlophone titles issued between the years of 1923 and 1956, in 1927, the Columbia Graphophone Company acquired a controlling interest in the Carl Lindström Company and in Parlophone. In 31 March 1931, Columbia Graphophone merged with the Gramophone Company to form Electric & Musical Industries Ltd, under EMI, Parlophone initially maintained its status as a jazz label. In about 1929 or 1930, the Rhythm Style Series started, besides the Okeh recordings, Parlophone also issued recordings from Columbia Records and Brunswick Records, as well as a few sessions produced at Decca Records. As time went on, the label also released speciality recordings of word and comedy recordings, including the comedy recordings of the Goons and Flanders
Parlophone
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"Parlophon" ad from 1927, Berlin
Parlophone
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Parlophone Records
Parlophone
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Early 20th century Parlophone record label of the 78rpm acoustic era
Parlophone
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Please Please Me by
the Beatles (side 1) – 1963. Parlophone gold and black label
8.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
Songwriter
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Songwriter and singer
Chris de Burgh.
9.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
Record producer
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Alan Parsons in an
ESO 50th anniversary video.
Record producer
–
A
Danish recording session
Record producer
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Mixing Console
10.
George Martin
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Sir George Henry Martin CBE was an English record producer, arranger, composer, conductor, audio engineer and musician. He was referred to as the Fifth Beatle, including by Paul McCartney, Martin produced 30 number-one hit singles in the United Kingdom and 23 number-one hits in the United States. Martin produced comedy and novelty records in the early 1950s, working with Peter Sellers, Spike Milligan and Bernard Cribbins and his career spanned more than six decades of work in music, film, television and live performance. He held a number of executive roles at media companies and contributed to a wide range of charitable causes, including his work for The Princes Trust. In recognition of his services to the industry and popular culture. Martin was born in Highbury, London, when he was six, Martins family acquired a piano that sparked his interest in music. As a child, he attended schools, including a convent school in Holloway, St Josephs School, and at St Ignatius College. When WWII broke out, and St. Ignatius College students were evacuated to Welwyn Garden City, his family left London, I remember well the very first time I heard a symphony orchestra. I was just in my teens when Sir Adrian Boult brought the BBC Symphony Orchestra to my school for a public concert. Hearing such glorious sounds I found it difficult to them with ninety men and women blowing into brass. Despite Martins continued interest in music, and fantasies about being the next Rachmaninov and he worked briefly as a quantity surveyor, and later for the War Office as a Temporary Clerk, which meant filing paperwork and making tea. In 1943, when he was 17, he joined the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy and became an aerial observer, the war ended before Martin was involved in any combat, and he left the service in 1947. Martins oboe teacher was Margaret Eliot, after that, Martin explained that he had just picked it up by himself. On 3 January 1948 – while still at the Academy – Martin married Sheena Chisholm and he later married Judy Lockhart-Smith on 24 June 1966, and they also had two children, Lucie and Giles Martin. Following his graduation, he worked for the BBCs classical music department, then joined EMI in 1950 as an assistant to Oscar Preuss, the head of EMIs Parlophone Records from 1950 to 1955. Although having been regarded by EMI as a vital German imprint in the past, after taking over Parlophone when Preuss retired in 1955, Martin recorded classical and Baroque music, original cast recordings, and regional music from around Britain and Ireland. Martin also produced numerous comedy and novelty records, later that decade Martin worked with Peter Sellers on two very popular comedy LPs. One was released on 10 format and called The Best Of Sellers, the album was Bridge on the River Wye
George Martin
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Martin backstage at the Beatles' Love show, Las Vegas, c. 2006
George Martin
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The Beatles' first LP—produced by Martin
George Martin
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Martin working with the Beatles in Studio during Beatles for Sale sessions, 1964
George Martin
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Abbey Road Studios, where Martin recorded Parlophone's artists
11.
Beatles
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The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960
Beatles
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The "Fab Four" Beatles lineup in 1964 Top: Lennon, McCartney Bottom: Harrison, Starr
Beatles
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Abbey Road Studios main entrance
Beatles
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McCartney, Harrison, Swedish pop singer
Lill-Babs and Lennon on the set of the Swedish television show Drop-In, 30 October 1963
Beatles
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The Beatles arrive at John F. Kennedy International Airport, 7 February 1964
12.
John Lennon
–
John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE was an English singer and songwriter who co-founded the Beatles, the most commercially successful and musically influential band in the history of popular music. He and fellow member Paul McCartney formed a songwriting partnership. Born and raised in Liverpool, Lennon became involved in the craze as a teenager, his first band, the Quarrymen, first became the Silver Beatles. After his marriage to Yoko Ono in 1969, he added Ono as one of his middle names, Lennon disengaged himself from the music business in 1975 to raise his infant son Sean, but re-emerged with Ono in 1980 with the new album Double Fantasy. He was murdered three weeks after its release, Lennon revealed a rebellious nature and acerbic wit in his music, writing, drawings, on film and in interviews. By 2012, Lennons solo album sales in the United States exceeded 14 million and, as writer, co-writer, or performer, he is responsible for 25 number-one singles on the US Hot 100 chart. In 2002, a BBC poll on the 100 Greatest Britons voted him eighth and, in 2008, Rolling Stone ranked him the fifth-greatest singer of all time. He was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1987, and into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice, in 1988 as a member of the Beatles and in 1994 as a solo artist. Lennon was born in war-time England, on 9 October 1940 at Liverpool Maternity Hospital, to Julia and Alfred Lennon, a merchant seaman of Irish descent and his parents named him John Winston Lennon after his paternal grandfather, John Jack Lennon, and then-Prime Minister Winston Churchill. When he eventually came home six months later, he offered to look after the family, after her sister, Mimi Smith, twice complained to Liverpools Social Services, Julia handed the care of Lennon over to her. In July 1946 Lennons father visited Smith and took his son to Blackpool, Julia followed them—with her partner at the time, Bobby Dykins—and after a heated argument his father forced the five-year-old to choose between them. Lennon twice chose his father, but as his mother walked away, he began to cry and followed her, according to author Mark Lewisohn, Lennons parents agreed that Julia should take him and give him a home as Alf left again. A witness who was there that day, Billy Hall, has said the scene often portrayed with a young John Lennon having to make a decision between his parents never happened. It would be 20 years before he had contact with his father again, Throughout the rest of his childhood and adolescence he lived at Mendips,251 Menlove Avenue, Woolton with his aunt and uncle, Mimi and George Smith, who had no children of their own. His aunt purchased volumes of stories for him, and his uncle. In September 1980, Lennon commented about his family and his rebellious nature, Part of me would like to be accepted by all facets of society, but I cannot be what I am not. I was the one who all the other boys parents—including Pauls father—would say, the parents instinctively recognised I was a troublemaker, meaning I did not conform and I would influence their children, which I did. I did my best to disrupt every friends home, partly out of envy that I didnt have this so-called home
John Lennon
–
John Lennon, 1969
John Lennon
–
251 Menlove Avenue, where Lennon lived for most of his childhood
John Lennon
–
Lennon (right) performing with
the Beatles in 1964 at the height of
Beatlemania
John Lennon
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Lennon (right) performing "
All You Need Is Love " with
The Beatles in 1967 to 400 million viewers of
Our World.
13.
Paul McCartney
–
Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE is an English singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and composer. With John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr, he gained fame with the rock band the Beatles, largely considered the most popular. His songwriting partnership with Lennon is the most celebrated of the post-war era, after the bands break-up, he pursued a solo career and formed the band Wings with his first wife, Linda, and Denny Laine. McCartney has been recognised as one of the most successful composers and performers of all time, More than 2,200 artists have covered his Beatles song Yesterday, more than any other copyrighted song in history. Wings 1977 release Mull of Kintyre is one of the all-time best-selling singles in the UK.5 million RIAA-certified units in the United States. McCartney, Lennon, Harrison and Starr all received The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1965, McCartney has released an extensive catalogue of songs as a solo artist and has composed classical and electronic music. He has taken part in projects to promote international charities related to subjects as animal rights, seal hunting, land mines, vegetarianism, poverty. He has married three times and is the father of five children, James Paul McCartney was born on 18 June 1942 in Walton Hospital, Liverpool, England, where his mother, Mary Patricia, had qualified to practise as a nurse. His father, James McCartney, was absent from his sons birth due to his work as a firefighter during World War II. Paul has one brother, Michael. Though the children were baptised in their mothers Catholic faith, their father was a former Protestant turned agnostic, McCartney attended Stockton Wood Road Primary School in Speke from 1947 until 1949, when he transferred to Joseph Williams Junior School in Belle Vale because of overcrowding at Stockton. In 1953, with three others out of ninety examinees, he passed the 11-Plus exam, meaning he could attend the Liverpool Institute. In 1954, he met schoolmate George Harrison on the bus from his home in Speke. The two quickly became friends, McCartney later admitted, I tended to talk down to him because he was a year younger. McCartneys mother Mary was a midwife and the primary wage earner, her earnings enabled them to move into 20 Forthlin Road in Allerton. She rode a bicycle to her patients, McCartney described an early memory of her leaving at about three in the morning streets, on 31 October 1956, when McCartney was fourteen, his mother died of an embolism. McCartneys loss later became a point of connection with John Lennon, whose mother, McCartneys father was a trumpet player and pianist, who had led Jim Macs Jazz Band in the 1920s. He kept a piano in the front room, encouraged his sons to be musical and advised Paul to take piano lessons
Paul McCartney
–
Paul McCartney in 2010
Paul McCartney
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McCartney's former home,
20 Forthlin Road. The McCartney family moved into this address in 1955
Paul McCartney
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McCartney (second from left) with Lennon, Harrison and Starr, 1964
Paul McCartney
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Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, "the most famous cover of any music album", wrote Beatles biographer
Bill Harry.
14.
Julian Lennon
–
John Charles Julian Lennon is an English musician and photographer. He is the first child of John Lennon with his first wife, the Beatles manager, Brian Epstein, was his godfather. He has a younger half-brother, Sean Lennon, and a stepsister, Lennon was named after his paternal grandmother, Julia Lennon. Lennon was the inspiration for three Beatles songs, Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds, Hey Jude and Good Night. Julian Lennon was born in Liverpool, another composition of his father inspired by him was the lullaby Good Night, the closing song of the White Album. In 1967, he attended the set of the Beatles film Magical Mystery Tour, following his fathers infidelity with Yoko Ono, Lennons parents divorced when he was five. Paul McCartney wrote Hey Jude to console him over the divorce, originally called Hey Jules, John Lennon bought him a Gibson Les Paul guitar and a drum machine for Christmas 1973, and encouraged his interest in music by showing him some chords. Following his fathers murder, Lennon voiced anger and resentment toward him, saying, there was some very negative stuff talked about me. Like when he said Id come out of a bottle on a Saturday night. You think, wheres the love in that, Paul and I used to hang about quite a bit. We had a great friendship going and there seems to be far more pictures of me and Paul playing together at that age there are pictures of me. Lennon was also irked by hearing his fathers peace-loving stance perpetually celebrated, how can you talk about peace and love and have a family in bits and pieces—no communication, adultery, divorce. You cant do it, not if youre being true and honest with yourself, Lennon was excluded from his fathers will. However, a trust of £100,000 was created by his father to be shared between all of his children, Julian sued his fathers estate and in 1996 reached a settlement agreement reportedly worth £20 million. By 2009, Lennons feelings toward his father had mellowed, recalling his renewed relationship with his father in the mid-1970s, he said, Dad and I got on a great deal better then. We had a lot of fun, laughed a lot and had a time in general when he was with May Pang. My memories of time with Dad and May are very clear — they were the happiest time I can remember with them. The stake entitles Primary Wave to a portion of all royalties on the catalogue, Lennon was educated at Ruthin School, a boarding independent school near the town of Ruthin in Denbighshire in North Wales
Julian Lennon
–
Julian Lennon
15.
Lysergic acid diethylamide
–
Lysergic acid diethylamide, also known as acid, is a psychedelic drug known for its psychological effects. This may include altered awareness of the surroundings, perceptions, and feelings as well as sensations and it is used mainly as a recreational drug and for spiritual reasons. LSD is typically either swallowed or held under the tongue and it is often sold on blotter paper, a sugar cube, or gelatin. However, adverse reactions such as anxiety, paranoia. LSD is in the ergoline family, LSD is sensitive to oxygen, ultraviolet light, and chlorine, though it may last for years if it is stored away from light and moisture at low temperature. In pure form it is odorless and clear or white in color, as little as 20–30 micrograms can produce an effect. LSD was first made by Albert Hofmann in Switzerland in 1938 from ergotamine, the laboratory name for the compound was the acronym for the German Lyserg-säure-diäthylamid, followed by a sequential number, LSD-25. Hofmann discovered its properties in 1943. LSD was introduced as a medication under the trade-name Delysid for various psychiatric uses in 1947. In the 1950s, officials at the U. S, Central Intelligence Agency thought the drug might be useful for mind control and chemical warfare and tested the drug on young servicemen and students, and others without their knowledge. The subsequent recreational use by youth culture in the Western world as part of 1960s counterculture resulted in its prohibition, LSD currently has no approved uses in medicine. LSD is commonly used as a recreational drug, LSD is considered an entheogen because it can catalyze intense spiritual experiences, during which users may feel they have come into contact with a greater spiritual or cosmic order. Users sometimes report out of body experiences, in 1966, Timothy Leary established the League for Spiritual Discovery with LSD as its sacrament. LSD can cause pupil dilation, reduced appetite, and wakefulness, other physical reactions to LSD are highly variable and nonspecific, some of which may be secondary to the psychological effects of LSD. The most common immediate psychological effects of LSD are visual hallucinations and illusions, trips usually start within 20–30 minutes of taking LSD by mouth, peak three to four hours after ingestion, and last up to 12 hours. It is impossible to predict when a bad trip will occur, some users, including Albert Hofmann, report a strong metallic taste for the duration of the effects. LSD causes an animated experience of senses, emotions, memories, time. Generally beginning within 30 to 90 minutes after ingestion, the user may experience anything from subtle changes in perception to overwhelming cognitive shifts, changes in auditory and visual perception are typical
Lysergic acid diethylamide
–
Pink elephant blotters containing LSD
Lysergic acid diethylamide
–
Lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic acid diethylamide
–
White on White blotters (WoW)
Lysergic acid diethylamide
–
Albert Hofmann in 2006
16.
Lewis Carroll
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Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, better known by his pen name Lewis Carroll, was an English writer, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon, and photographer. He is noted for his facility at word play, logic, There are societies in many parts of the world dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works and the investigation of his life. Dodgsons family was predominantly northern English, with Irish connections, conservative, most of Dodgsons male ancestors were army officers or Church of England clergy. His great-grandfather, also named Charles Dodgson, had risen through the ranks of the church to become the Bishop of Elphin. His paternal grandfather, another Charles, had been an army captain, the older of these sons – yet another Charles Dodgson – was Carrolls father. He went to Westminster School and then to Christ Church, Oxford and he reverted to the other family tradition and took holy orders. He was mathematically gifted and won a double first degree, which could have been the prelude to a brilliant academic career, instead, he married his first cousin Frances Jane Lutwidge in 1830 and became a country parson. Dodgson was born in the parsonage at Daresbury in Cheshire near the towns of Warrington and Runcorn. When Charles was 11, his father was given the living of Croft-on-Tees in North Yorkshire, and this remained their home for the next 25 years. He was High Church, inclining to Anglo-Catholicism, an admirer of John Henry Newman and the Tractarian movement, Young Charles was to develop an ambiguous relationship with his fathers values and with the Church of England as a whole. During his early youth, Dodgson was educated at home and his reading lists preserved in the family archives testify to a precocious intellect, at the age of seven, he was reading books such as The Pilgrims Progress. He also suffered from a stammer – a condition shared by most of his siblings – that often influenced his life throughout his years. At the age of twelve, he was sent to Richmond Grammar School at nearby Richmond, in 1846, Dodgson entered Rugby School where he was evidently unhappy, as he wrote some years after leaving, I cannot say. That any earthly considerations would induce me to go through my three years again, I can honestly say that if I could have been. Secure from annoyance at night, the hardships of the daily life would have been comparative trifles to bear, scholastically, though, he excelled with apparent ease. I have not had a promising boy at his age since I came to Rugby. He left Rugby at the end of 1849 and matriculated at Oxford in May 1850 as a member of his fathers old college, after waiting for rooms in college to become available, he went into residence in January 1851. He had been at Oxford only two days when he received a summons home and his mother had died of inflammation of the brain – perhaps meningitis or a stroke – at the age of 47
Lewis Carroll
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Lewis Carroll, 1855
Lewis Carroll
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Lewis Carroll
Lewis Carroll
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Lewis Carroll self-portrait c. 1856
Lewis Carroll
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Lewis Carroll (1863). Photograph by
Oscar G. Rejlander.
17.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, the BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own. Thus the BBC was granted sufficient leeway to pursue the Governments objectives largely in a manner of its own choosing, supporters of the strike nicknamed the BBC the BFC for British Falsehood Company. Reith personally announced the end of the strike which he marked by reciting from Blakes Jerusalem signifying that England had been saved, Reith argued that trust gained by authentic impartial news could then be used
BBC
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BBC Television Centre at
White City, West London, which opened in 1960 and closed in 2013
BBC
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BBC Pacific Quay in
Glasgow, which was opened in 2007
BBC
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BBC New Broadcasting House, London which came into use during 2012–13.
BBC
–
The headquarters of the BBC at
Broadcasting House in
Portland Place, London, England. This section of the building is called 'Old Broadcasting House'.
18.
BBC Radio
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BBC Radio is an operational business division and service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The service provides national radio stations covering the majority of genres, as well as local radio stations covering local news, affairs. It also oversees online audio content, of the national radio stations, BBC Radio 1,2,3,4 and 5 Live are all available through analogue radio as well as on DAB Digital Radio and internet services through RealMedia, WMA and BBC iPlayer. The remaining stations, BBC Radio 1Xtra,4 Extra,5 Live Sports Extra and 6 Music, all of the BBCs national radio stations broadcast from bases in London, usually in or near to Broadcasting House in Marylebone. However, the BBCs network production units located in Belfast, Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Glasgow, the BBCs radio services began in 1922. Today radio broadcasting still makes up a part of the corporations output - the title of the BBCs listings magazine, Radio Times. On 1 January 1927 the British Broadcasting Company was succeeded in control of the airwaves by the British Broadcasting Corporation. John Reith, who had been the managing director of the commercial company. He expounded firm principles of centralised, all-encompassing radio broadcasting, stressing programming standards and these he set out in his autobiography, Broadcast Over Britain, influencing modern ideas of public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom. To this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate, although no other broadcasting organisation was licensed in the UK until 1973, commercial competition soon opened up from overseas. The English language service of Radio Luxembourg began in 1933 as one of the earliest commercial radio broadcasting to Britain. The IBC began leasing time on transmitters in continental Europe and then reselling it as sponsored English-language programming aimed at audiences in Britain and it was an important forerunner of pirate radio and modern commercial radio in the United Kingdom. The onset of World War II silenced all but one of the original IBC stations, at the start of the Second World War it was renamed The Overseas Service but is now known as the BBC World Service. Beginning in 1964 the first in what became a fleet of 10 offshore pirate radio stations began to ring the British coastline, by 1967 millions were tuning into these commercial operations and the BBC was rapidly losing its radio listening audience. The British government reacted by passing the Marine Offences Act, which all, One of the stations called Radio London was so successful that the BBC was told to copy it as best they could. This led to an overhaul by Frank Gillard the BBCs Director of Radio of the BBC output creating the four analogue channels that still form the basis of its broadcasting today. The creator of BBC Radio One told the press that his family had been fans of Radio London, the BBC hired many out-of-work broadcasting staff who had come from the former offshore stations. Tony Blackburn who presented the very first BBC Radio One morning show had previously presented the morning show on Radio Caroline
BBC Radio
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Much of BBC radio comes from Broadcasting House, Portland Place at the head of Regent Street, London
BBC Radio
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BBC Radio
19.
Simple triple metre
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It is reasonably common in ballads and classical music but much less so in traditions such as rock & roll and jazz. The most common time in rock, blues, country, funk, although jazz writing has become more adventurous since Dave Brubecks seminal Time Out, the majority of jazz and jazz standards are still in straight quadruple time. One noteworthy example of a classic that employs triple-meter time is John Coltranes version of My Favorite Things. Triple time is common in formal dance styles, for example the waltz, the minuet and the mazurka, the baroque sarabande is commonly a slow triple rather than the much faster Spanish original, consistent with the courtly European interpretations of many Latin dances. Tunes in triple metre tend to be lyrical and less martial than those in duple meter. Consequently, for example, triple meter is rare in national anthems – the national anthems of the United Kingdom, there are many classical works in triple metre. Joseph Haydns Farewell Symphony is a case, as the first three movements are all in triple meter, as is the farewell section of the final movement. In hymns and other works it is still common, with tunes such as Dave Bilboroughs Abba, Father following from more traditional melodies such as Slane, Cloisters. In contemporary pop traditions triple metre is much less common but examples do exist, the verses of Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds from The Beatles 1967 album, Sgt. Manic Depression from the 1967 album, Are You Experienced, the Way Young Lovers Do from the 1968 album, Astral Weeks, by Van Morrison. You Aint The First from the 1991 album, Use Your Illusion I, Waltz #2 and Waltz #1 from Elliott Smiths 1998 album XO. The verses of 3 Libras from the 2000 album, Mer de Noms, by A Perfect Circle and Its About Time from Young the Giants 2014 album, sWVs 1992 R&B hit Weak includes the lyrics cause my heart starts beating triple time but the song is in 44 time. In film music, the score to Peter Pan by James Newton Howard is remarkable in that it is almost entirely written in triple meter
Simple triple metre
–
Compound triple drum pattern: divides each of three beats into three Play (
help ·
info)
20.
Refrain
–
A refrain is the line or lines that are repeated in music or in verse, the chorus of a song. Poetic fixed forms that feature refrains include the villanelle, the virelay, the use of refrains is particularly associated with where the verse-chorus-verse song structure typically places a refrain in almost every song. The refrain or chorus often contrasts the verse melodically, rhythmically, and harmonically. Chorus form, or strophic form, is a sectional and/or additive way of structuring a piece of music based on the repetition of one section or block played repeatedly. In music, a refrain has two parts, the lyrics of the song, and the melody, a similar refrain is found in the Battle Hymn of the Republic, which affirms in successive verses that Our God, or His Truth, is marching on. Refrains usually, but not always, come at the end of the verse, some songs, especially ballads, incorporate refrains into each verse. Fa la la la la la la la la, as one grew bright as is the sun, Lay the bent to the bonny broom So coal black grew the other one. Here, the refrain is syntactically independent of the poem in the song, and has no obvious relationship to its subject. The device can also convey material which relates to the subject of the poem, such a refrain is found in Dante Gabriel Rossettis Troy Town, Heavenborn Helen, Spartas queen, O Troy Town. Had two breasts of heavenly sheen, The sun and moon of the desire, All Loves lordship lay between, A sheen on the breasts I Love. O Troys down, Tall Troys on fire, phrases of apparent nonsense in refrains, and solfege syllables such as fa la la, familiar from the Christmas carol Deck the Halls with Boughs of Holly, have given rise to much speculation. Some believe that the traditional refrain Hob a derry down O encountered in some English folksongs is in fact an ancient Celtic phrase meaning dance around the oak tree, there are two distinct uses of the word chorus. In the thirty-two bar song form that was most common in the earlier twentieth-century popular music, beginning in the rock music of the 1950s, another form became more common in commercial pop music, which was based in an open-ended cycle of verses instead of a fixed 32-bar form. In this form, choruses with fixed lyrics are alternated with verses in which the lyrics are different with each repetition, in this use of the word, chorus contrasts with the verse, which usually has a sense of leading up to the chorus. Many popular songs, particularly early in this century, are in a verse. Most popular songs from the middle of the century consist only of a chorus, according to the musicologists Ralf von Appen and Markus Frei-Hauenschild, In German, the term, Refrain, is used synonymously with chorus when referring to a chorus within the verse/chorus form. At least one English-language author, Richard Middleton, uses the term in the same way, in this usage, the refrain does not constitute a discrete, independent section within the form. A large number of Tin-Pan Alley songs using thirty-two bar form are central to the jazz repertoire
Refrain
–
Musical notation for the chorus of "Jingle Bells" Play (
help ·
info)
21.
Key (music)
–
In music theory, the key of a piece is a group of pitches, or scale upon which a music composition is created in classical, Western art, and Western pop music. Notes and chords other than the tonic in a piece create varying degrees of tension, the key may be in the major or minor mode, although major is assumed in a phrase like this piece is in C. Popular songs are usually in a key, and so is classical music during the common practice period, longer pieces in the classical repertoire may have sections in contrasting keys. Methods that establish the key for a piece can be complicated to explain. The key signature is not always a reliable guide to the key of a written piece, occasionally, a piece in a mode such as Mixolydian or Dorian is written with a major or minor key signature appropriate to the tonic, and accidentals throughout the piece. Pieces in modes not corresponding to major or minor keys may sometimes be referred to as being in the key of the tonic. A piece using some type of harmony, resolving e. g. to A. An instrument may be said to be in a key, an unrelated usage referring to the pitches considered natural for that instrument. For example, modern trumpets are usually in the key of B♭, a key relationship is the relationship between keys, measured by common tones and nearness on the circle of fifths. The key usually identifies the tonic note and/or chord, the note and/or major or minor triad that represents the point of rest for a piece. For example, the key of G includes the following pitches, G, A, B, C, D, E, and F♯, and its corresponding tonic chord is G—B—D. Most often at the beginning and end of traditional pieces during the common practice period, a key may be major or minor. Music can be described as being in the Dorian mode, or Phrygian, languages other than English may use other key naming systems. Although many musicians confuse key with scale, a scale is a set of notes typically used in a key, while the key is the center of gravity. All of these notes and chords, however, are used in patterns that serve to establish the primacy of the tonic note. Cadences are particularly important in the establishment of key, even cadences that do not include the tonic note or triad, such as half cadences and deceptive cadences, serve to establish key because those chord sequences imply a unique diatonic context. Short pieces may stay in a single key throughout, more elaborate pieces may establish the main key, then modulate to another key, or a series of keys, then back to the original key. In the Baroque it was common to repeat a phrase of music, called a ritornello
Key (music)
–
Perfect authentic cadence (V-I [here in
V7 -I form] with roots in the bass and tonic in the highest voice of the final chord):
ii-V7-I progression in C Play (
help ·
info).
22.
A major
–
A major is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C♯, D, E, F♯, and G♯. Its key signature has three sharps and its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on 2 ^ requires both a flat and a natural accidental. In the treble, alto, and bass clefs, the G♯ in the key signature is placed higher than C♯, however, in the tenor clef, it would require a ledger line and so G♯ is placed lower than C♯. Although not as rare in the literature as sharper keys. 7, Bruckners Symphony No.6 and Mendelssohns Symphony No.4 comprise a complete list of symphonies in this key in the Romantic era. Mozarts Clarinet Concerto and Clarinet Quintet are both in A major, and generally Mozart was more likely to use clarinets in A major than in any other key besides E-flat major, moreover, the climax part of Tchaikovskys Violin Concerto is also A major. A major is often thought of as the simplest key for violin and other orchestra instruments, a major occurs frequently in chamber music. Franz Schuberts Piano Quintet known as the Trout Quintet and Antonín Dvořáks Piano Quintet No.2 are both in A major, johannes Brahms, César Franck, and Gabriel Fauré wrote violin sonatas in A major. In connection to Beethovens Kreutzer Sonata, Peter Cropper said that A major is the fullest sounding key for the violin, according to Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart, A major is a key suitable for declarations of innocent love. Hope of seeing ones beloved again when parting, youthful cheerfulness, for orchestral works in A major, the timpani are typically set to A and E a fifth apart, rather than a fourth apart as for most other keys. 9, Op.47 – Ludwig van Beethoven String quartet No, media related to A major at Wikimedia Commons
A major
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A major
23.
B-flat major
–
In music theory, B♭ major is a major scale based on B♭. The pitches B♭, C, D, E♭, F, G and its key signature has two flats. B♭ majors relative minor is G minor, and its parallel minor is B♭ minor, many transposing instruments are pitched in B-flat major, including the clarinet, trumpet, tenor saxophone, and soprano saxophone. As a result, B-flat major is a key for concert band compositions. In Nordic, Baltic, Western and Southern Slavic languages, Hungarian, German and most Central and Northern European languages, joseph Haydns Symphony No.98 is credited as the first symphony he wrote in that key in which he included trumpet and timpani parts. Actually, his brother Michael Haydn had written one such symphony earlier, many editions of the work, however, use no key signature and specify the instrument as Timpani in B-flat–F. Five of Mozarts piano concertos are in B-flat major
B-flat major
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B ♭ major
24.
G major
–
G major is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F♯. Its key signature has one sharp, F♯, G majors relative minor is E minor, and its parallel minor is G minor. For orchestral works in G major, the timpani are typically set to G and D, in the Baroque era, G major was regarded as the key of benediction. Of Domenico Scarlattis 555 keyboard sonatas, G major is the key for 69. Pianist Jeremy Denk observes that the Goldberg Variations are 80 minutes in G major, twelve of Joseph Haydns 104 Symphonies are in G major. See also, List of symphonies in G major, likewise one of Haydns most famous piano trios, No. 39, and one of his last two complete published string quartets, are in G major, G major is the home key of Mozarts Eine kleine Nachtmusik, serving as the tonic for three of its four movements. However, almost none of his works such as his symphonies or concertos are in this key. 17, Flute Concerto No.1 and his String Quartet No,14, along with some examples among his juvenilia. G sometimes called the key, is one of the most frequently-employed keys across classical. It is the key stipulated by Queen Elizabeth II to be used for God Save the Queen in Canada, the music to the American national anthem, The Star-Spangled Banner, was originally written in G major. God Defend New Zealand was originally composed by John Joseph Woods in A-flat, key Major and minor Chord Chord names and symbols Media related to G major at Wikimedia Commons
G major
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G major
25.
Tanpura (instrument)
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The repeated cycle of plucking all strings creates the sonic canvas on which the melody of the raga is drawn. The name tanapura is derived from tana, referring to a phrase, and pura. Hindustani musicians favour the term tanpura whereas Carnatic musicians say tambura, concerning its history, A. D. Ranade states, The first unambiguous reference to the tanpura is in Sangeet Parijat. It is neither mentioned by the earlier texts nor does it find a place in sculptures, stephen Slawek notes that by the end of the 16th century, the tanpura had fully developed in its modern form, and was seen in the miniature paintings of the Mughals. Slawek further suggests that due to structural similarity the sitar and tanpura share a related history, a 2006 article in the performing arts magazine Sruti notes, Any model electronic tanpura produces a sound that is necessarily artificial, which is the opposite of artistic. The electronic substitute has no value and has nothing to teach us. The body shape of the tanpura somewhat resembles that of the sitar, one or more tanpuras may be used to accompany vocalists or instrumentalists. It has four or five strings, which are plucked one after another in a regular pattern to create a harmonic resonance on the basic notes of a key. Jiva refers to soul, that gives life, implying that the tanpura embodies an animated tone quality. To achieve this effect, the pass over a table-shaped, curved-top bridge. When a string is plucked, it has an intermittent periodical grazing contact with the bridge, when the string is plucked, it has a large amplitude. As the energy of the movement gradually diminishes, the contact point of the string with the bridge slowly creeps up the slope of the bridge. Depending on scale, tension and pitch, this can take three and ten seconds. Every single string produces its own cascading range of harmonics and, at the same time, according to this principle, tanpuras are attentively tuned to achieve a particular tonal shade relative to the tonal characteristics of the raga. Tanpuras come in different sizes and pitches, larger males, smaller females for vocalists, and these play at the octave so as not to drown out the soloists lower registers. One female singer may take her sa at F, another at A, sitariyas tune mostly around C#, sarodiyas around C, the male tanpura has an open string length of approximately one metre, the female is three-fourths of the male. The standard tuning is 5-8-8-1 or, in Indian sargam, pa-SA-SA-sa, for ragas that omit the fifth tone, pa, the first string is tuned down to the natural fourth, 4-8-8-1 or Ma-sa-sa-Sa. Some ragas require a common tuning with shuddh or komal NI, NI-sa-sa-SA or 7-8-8-1, or even with the 6th, Dha-s-s-S
Tanpura (instrument)
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5-string Hemen & Co. instrumental tamburi, for accompanying sitar or sarod
Tanpura (instrument)
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Prof Haji Abdulkarim Ismailsaheb & Sons, Satarmakers Miraj, male vocal tanpura
Tanpura (instrument)
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A pair of female vocal tanpuras, ready to go to a concert
Tanpura (instrument)
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Tanjore-style Carnatic tambura
26.
George Harrison
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George Harrison, MBE was an English guitarist, singer, songwriter, and music and film producer who achieved international fame as the lead guitarist of the Beatles. Although most of the Beatles songs were written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney and his songs for the group included Taxman, Within You Without You, While My Guitar Gently Weeps, Here Comes the Sun and Something, the last of which became the Beatles second-most covered song. Harrisons earliest musical influences included George Formby and Django Reinhardt, Carl Perkins, Chet Atkins and Chuck Berry were subsequent influences. By 1965 he had begun to lead the Beatles into folk rock through his interest in the Byrds and Bob Dylan, having initiated the bands embracing of Transcendental Meditation in 1967, he subsequently developed an association with the Hare Krishna movement. He also organised the 1971 Concert for Bangladesh with Indian musician Ravi Shankar, in his role as a music and film producer, Harrison produced acts signed to the Beatles Apple record label before founding Dark Horse Records in 1974 and co-founding HandMade Films in 1978. Harrison released several best-selling singles and albums as a solo performer, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 11 in their list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. He is a two-time Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee – as a member of the Beatles in 1988, Harrisons first marriage, to model Pattie Boyd in 1966, ended in divorce in 1977. The following year he married Olivia Harrison, with whom he had one son, Harrison died in 2001, aged 58, from lung cancer. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered in the Ganges and Yamuna rivers in India and he left an estate of almost £100 million. Born in Liverpool, United Kingdom, on 25 February 1943, Harrison was the youngest of four children of Harold Hargreaves Harrison and he had one sister, Louise, and two brothers, Harry and Peter. His mother was an assistant from a Catholic family with Irish roots. His future wife, the model Pattie Boyd, described Harrisons parents as quite short, an enthusiastic music fan, she was known among friends for her loud singing voice, which at times startled visitors by rattling the Harrisons windows. While pregnant with George, she listened to the weekly broadcast Radio India. Harrisons biographer Joshua Greene wrote, Every Sunday she tuned in to mystical sounds evoked by sitars and tablas, hoping that the music would bring peace. Harrison was born and lived the first six years of his life at 12 Arnold Grove, Wavertree, Liverpool, the home had an outdoor toilet and its only heat came from a single coal fire. In 1949 the family were offered a house and moved to 25 Upton Green. In 1948, at the age of five, Harrison enrolled at Dovedale Primary School and he passed the eleven-plus exam and attended Liverpool Institute High School for Boys from 1954 to 1959. Though the institute did offer a course, Harrison was disappointed with the absence of guitars
George Harrison
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Harrison at the
White House in 1974
George Harrison
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Harrison's first home and place of birth –
12 Arnold Grove
George Harrison
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Harrison at a press conference in the Netherlands in 1964
George Harrison
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Harrison (third from left) with the other Beatles in New York City in 1964
27.
Leslie speaker
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The Leslie speaker is a combined amplifier and two-way loudspeaker that projects the signal from an electric or electronic instrument, while modifying the sound by rotating the loudspeakers. It is most commonly associated with the Hammond organ, though it was used for the guitar. A typical Leslie speaker contains an amplifier, and a treble, a musician controls the Leslie speaker by either an external switch or pedal that alternates between a slow and fast speed setting, known as chorale and tremolo. The speaker is named after its inventor, Donald Leslie, Leslie began working in the late 1930s to get a speaker for a Hammond organ that had a closer emulation of a pipe or theatre organ, and discovered that rotating sound gave the best effect. Hammond was not interested in marketing or selling the speakers, so Leslie sold them himself as an add-on, Leslie made the first speaker in 1941. The sound of the organ being played through his speakers received national radio exposure across the US and it soon became an essential tool for most jazz organists. In 1965, Leslie sold his business to CBS who, in 1980, Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation subsequently acquired the Hammond and Leslie brands. Because the Leslie is a sound device in its own right. Many musicians have used the Univox Uni-Vibe, the Neo Ventilator, or Hammond-Suzukis own simulator in a box, Leslie worked as a radio service engineer at Barker Brothers Department Store in Los Angeles, which sold and repaired Hammond organs. He bought one in 1937, hoping it would be a substitute for a pipe organ. He was disappointed, however, with the sound in his home compared to the large showroom where he heard it. Consequently, he attempted to design a speaker to overcome this and he initially tried making a cabinet similar to Hammonds, but soon concluded that pipe organs produced a spacially varied sound because of the different location of each pipe. He set out to emulate this by making a moving speaker and he tried various combinations of speakers and speeds, and discovered that a single one running at whats now known as the tremolo speed worked best. After further experimentation, he decided that splitting the signal into a drum and horn helped accentuate bass. By 1940, Leslie decided his prototype was ready to market, laurens Hammond, however, was not impressed with Leslies attempt to better his own organ design, and declined to market it. The company even changed the interface on their organs to make them Leslie-proof. Leslie began manufacturing the speaker in 1941—initially under a variety of names, including Vibratone, Brittain Speakers, Hollywood Speakers and he returned to the name Leslie Vibratone in 1947. To counteract Hammonds slogan Musics Most Glorious Voice, Leslie added a similar slogan and he eventually owned nearly 50 patents on the speaker
Leslie speaker
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A Leslie speaker in a clear plastic cabinet
Leslie speaker
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Identification plate with the slogan "Pipe Voice of the Electric Organ"
Leslie speaker
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The half-moon switch on a
Hammond organ that changes setting on the Leslie speaker between "chorale" and "tremolo"
Leslie speaker
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A Leslie 122 speaker
28.
Counter melody
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In music, Hauptstimme or Hauptsatz is the main voice, chief part, i. e. the contrapuntal or melodic line of primary importance, in opposition to Nebenstimme. Nebenstimme or Seitensatz is the part, i. e. a secondary contrapuntal or melodic part, always occurring simultaneously with, and subsidiary to. The practice of marking the primary voice within the musical score/parts was invented by Arnold Schoenberg, the terms are used primarily by Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, and Anton Webern, but are not uncommon in scores for string quartet. They are commonly indicated in musical scores with the marks H and N, when the primary voice ends in one instrument/staff/part, it may be marked with a closing bracket at the point where it passes to another instrument/staff/part. Further contrapuntal lines or material may be considered accompaniment, other examples of the terms use include lead and back up vocals, melody and counter-melody. In a footnote to a score, Schoenberg wrote, The human voice is always Hauptstimme. A counter-melody performs a role, and is typically heard in a texture consisting of a melody plus accompaniment. In marches, the melody is often given to the trombones or horns The more formal term countersubject applies to a secondary or subordinate melodic idea in a fugue. A Hauptrhythmus is a motif or cell
Counter melody
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Primary and secondary melody in Bach's
BWV 1079 Play (
help ·
info)
29.
Lowrey organ
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The Lowrey organ is an electronic organ named for its developer, Frederick Lowrey, a Chicago-based industrialist and entrepreneur. During the 1960s and 1970s, Lowrey was the largest manufacturer of organs in the world. In 1989, the Lowrey Organ Company produced its 1,000, up until 2011, modern Lowrey organs were built in LaGrange Park, Illinois. In 2011, it was announced production of a few models was to be moved to Indonesia. Most notably, the Lowrey organ differs from the Hammond Organ in its incorporation of automatic accompaniment features, while originally intended for the home entertainment market, it was also used by some rock groups in the 1960s and 1970s. Garth Hudson, the keyboardist of the Band, played a Lowrey Festival organ on many of the groups most notable songs and its sound can be heard prominently on the 1968 recording of Chest Fever, which begins with a Bach-inspired prelude/intro. The Lowrey Organ is one of several organs on the Beatles 1967 song Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite, furthermore, a Lowrey DSO Heritage organ was used to produce the classic opening for Lucy In the Sky With Diamonds. The Lowrey Organ and its build-in drum patterns are heard on the million-seller single. A rather surprising use of a Lowrey Organ, on a percussive marimba repeat setting, was the background noise on The Who song Baba ORiley. To prevent feedback in the silences between notes, Ratledge invented a style of his own avoiding the between-note gaps by soloing in legato, mike Oldfield made use of the instrument quite extensively on his Tubular Bells album, and on several later albums as well. From 1966 to 1971, Lowrey also produced combo organs for Gibson while the manufacturer was owned by parent company Chicago Musical Instruments. The most popular of these was first introduced in 1966 as the Kalamazoo K-101, the Gibson branded organs design and circuitry were similarly based on Lowreys own T-1 and T-2 models, as well as their TLO-R and Holiday spinet models. However, they had additional features that made their sound distinctive from other Lowrey models, including Repeat, Glide
Lowrey organ
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A Lowrey Grand Royale SU600 / Palladium 630 organ (high end model)
Lowrey organ
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Lowrey C500 Celebration electronic organ (1977)
Lowrey organ
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Lowrey Genie 44 electronic organ (1970s)
30.
Celesta
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The celesta /sᵻˈlɛstə/ or celeste /sᵻˈlɛst/ is a struck idiophone operated by a keyboard. It looks similar to a piano, albeit with smaller keys. The keys connect to hammers that strike a set of metal plates or bars suspended over wooden resonators. Four- or five-octave models usually have a pedal that sustains or damps the sound. The three-octave instruments do not have a pedal because of their small table-top design, one of the best-known works that uses the celesta is Tchaikovskys Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy from The Nutcracker. The sound of the celesta is similar to that of the glockenspiel and this quality gave the instrument its name, celeste meaning heavenly in French. The celesta is used to enhance a melody line played by another instrument or section. The delicate, bell-like sound is not loud enough to be used in full ensemble sections, as well, the celesta is a transposing instrument, it sounds one octave higher than the written pitch. Its sounding range is considered to be C4 to C8. The original French instrument had a range, but because the lowest octave was considered somewhat unsatisfactory. The standard French four-octave instrument is now gradually being replaced in symphony orchestras by a larger, although it is a member of the percussion family, in orchestral terms it is more properly considered a member of the keyboard section and usually played by a keyboardist. The celesta part is written on two braced staves, called a grand staff. The celesta was invented in 1886 by Parisian harmonium builder Auguste Mustel and his father, Victor Mustel, had developed the forerunner of the celesta, the typophone, in 1860. This instrument produced sound by striking tuning forks instead of the plates that would be used in the celesta. The dulcitone functioned identically to the typophone and was developed concurrently in Scotland, the typophone/dulcitones uses were limited by its low volume, too quiet to be heard in a full orchestra. Pyotr Tchaikovsky is usually cited as the first major composer to use this instrument in a work for symphony orchestra. He first used it in his symphonic poem The Voyevoda, Op. posth. The following year, he used the celesta in passages in his ballet The Nutcracker, most notably in the Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy, which also appears in the derived Nutcracker Suite, Op. 71a
Celesta
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Celesta or celeste
Celesta
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A German celesta from 1920
Celesta
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An upright piano (left) and celesta (right) compared
