1.
Spanish naming customs
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Spanish naming customs are historical traditions for naming children practised in Spain. According to these customs, a persons name consists of a name followed by two family names. The first surname is usually the fathers first surname, and the second the mothers first surname, in recent years, the order of the surnames can be reversed at birth if it is so decided by the parents. Currently in Spain, people bear a single or composite given name, a composite given name comprises two single names, for example Juan Pablo is considered not to be a first and a second forename, but a single composite forename. The two surnames refer to each of the parental families, traditionally, a persons first surname is the fathers first surname, and the second one is the mothers first surname. From 2013, if the parents of a child are unable to agree on order of surnames, the law also grants a person the option, upon reaching adulthood, of reversing the order of their surnames. Each surname can also be composite, the parts usually linked by the y or e. For example, a name might be Juan Pablo Fernández de Calderón García-Iglesias, consisting of a forename, a paternal surname. There are times when it is impossible, by inspection of a name, for example, the writer Sebastià Juan Arbó was alphabetised by the Library of Congress for many years under Arbó, assuming that Sebastiá and Juan were both given names. However, Juan was actually his first surname, to resolve questions like this, which typically involve very common names, one must consult the person involved, or legal documents. A man named José Antonio Gómez Iglesias would normally be addressed as either señor Gómez or señor Gómez Iglesias instead of señor Iglesias, because Gómez is his first surname. Furthermore, Mr. Gómez might be addressed as José Antonio, José, Pepe, Antonio, or Toño Jose, Joselito, Josito, Joselillo, Josico or Joselín, Antoñito, Tonín or Nono. Very formally, he could be addressed with an honorific as don José Antonio or don José, colombian writer Gabriel García Márquez is sometimes incorrectly referred to in English media as Mr. Márquez, when it should be Mr. García Márquez or, simply, Mr. García. It is not unusual, when the first surname is very common, for example, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero is often called simply Zapatero, the name he inherited from his mothers family, since Rodríguez is a common surname and may be ambiguous. The same occurs with another former Spanish Socialist leader, Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba, with the poet and dramatist Federico García Lorca, as these peoples paternal names are very common, they are often called with their maternal names. It would nonetheless be a mistake to index José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero under Z as Zapatero, a practical option to spare an explanation is using a single surname composed of two separate words. Parents choose their childs name, which must be recorded in the Registro Civil to establish his or her legal identity. With few restrictions, parents can now choose any name, common sources of names are the parents taste, honouring a relative, the General Roman Calendar nomina, legislation in Spain under Franco legally limited cultural naming customs to only Christian and typical Spanish names
2.
San Juan, Puerto Rico
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San Juan is the capital and most populous municipality in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, an unincorporated territory of the United States. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 395,326 making it the 46th-largest city under the jurisdiction of the United States, San Juan was founded by Spanish colonists in 1521, who called it Ciudad de Puerto Rico. Puerto Ricos capital is the second oldest European-established capital city in the Americas, after Santo Domingo, today, San Juan is Puerto Ricos most important seaport, and is the islands manufacturing, financial, cultural, and tourism center. San Juan is also a city of the San Juan-Caguas-Fajardo Combined Statistical Area. In 1508, Juan Ponce de León founded the settlement which he called Caparra. In 1521, the settlement was given its formal name. On the other hand, the name for the island became the name for the city only after the occupation of the island by the United States. San Juan, as a settlement of the Spanish Empire, was used by merchant, because of its prominence in the Caribbean, a network of fortifications was built to protect the transports of gold and silver from the New World to Europe. Because of the cargoes, San Juan became a target of the foreign powers of the time. The city was witness to attacks from the English led by Sir Francis Drake in 1595 and by George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland, artillery from San Juans fort, El Morro, repelled Drake, however, Clifford managed to land troops and lay siege to the city. After a few months of English occupation, Clifford was forced to abandon the siege when his troops began to suffer from exhaustion, in 1625 the city was sacked by Dutch forces led by Captain Balduino Enrico, but El Morro withstood the assault and was not taken. The Dutch were counterattacked by Captain Juan de Amezquita and 50 members of the militia on land. The land battle left 60 Dutch soldiers dead and Enrico with a wound to his neck which he received from the hands of Amezquita. The Dutch ships at sea were boarded by Puerto Ricans who defeated those aboard, after a long battle, the Spanish soldiers and volunteers of the citys militia were able to defend the city from the attack and save the island from an invasion. On October 21, Enrico set La Fortaleza and the city ablaze, captains Amezquita and Andre Botello decided to put a stop to the destruction and led 200 men in an attack against the enemys front and rear guard. They drove Enrico and his men from their trenches and into the ocean in their haste to reach their ships, the British attack in 1797, during the French Revolutionary Wars, led by Sir Ralph Abercromby. His army laid siege to the city but was forced to withdraw in defeat as the Puerto Rican defenses proved more resilient than those of Trinidad. The USS Yale captured a Spanish freighter, the Rita in San Juan Bay, on May 9, Yale fought a brief battle with an auxiliary cruiser of Spain, name unknown, resulting in a Spanish victory
3.
Puerto Rico
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Puerto Rico, officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and briefly called Porto Rico, is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea. It is an archipelago that includes the island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller ones such as Mona, Culebra. The capital and most populous city is San Juan and its official languages are Spanish and English, though Spanish predominates. The islands population is approximately 3.4 million, Puerto Ricos rich history, tropical climate, diverse natural scenery, renowned traditional cuisine, and attractive tax incentives make it a popular destination for travelers from around the world. Four centuries of Spanish colonial government transformed the ethnic, cultural and physical landscapes primarily with waves of African captives, and Canarian. In the Spanish imperial imagination, Puerto Rico played a secondary, in 1898, following the Spanish–American War, the United States appropriated Puerto Rico together with most former Spanish colonies under the terms of the Treaty of Paris. Puerto Ricans are natural-born citizens of the United States, however, Puerto Rico does not have a vote in the United States Congress, which governs the territory with full jurisdiction under the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950. As a U. S. territory, American citizens residing on the island are disenfranchised at the level and may not vote for president. However, Congress approved a constitution, allowing U. S. citizens on the territory to elect a governor. A fifth referendum will be held in June 2017, with only Statehood, in early 2017, the Puerto Rican government-debt crisis posed serious problems for the government. The outstanding bond debt that had climbed to $70 billion or $12,000 per capita at a time with 12. 4% unemployment, the debt had been increasing during a decade long recession. Puerto Ricans often call the island Borinquen – a derivation of Borikén, its indigenous Taíno name, the terms boricua and borincano derive from Borikén and Borinquen respectively, and are commonly used to identify someone of Puerto Rican heritage. The island is also known in Spanish as la isla del encanto. Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista, in honor of Saint John the Baptist, eventually traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico, while San Juan became the name used for the main trading/shipping port and the capital city. The islands name was changed to Porto Rico by the United States after the Treaty of Paris of 1898, the anglicized name was used by the US government and private enterprises. The name was changed back to Puerto Rico by a joint resolution in Congress introduced by Félix Córdova Dávila in 1931, the ancient history of the archipelago known today as Puerto Rico is not well known. The scarce archaeological findings and early Spanish scholarly accounts from the colonial era constitute the basis of knowledge about them. The first comprehensive book on the history of Puerto Rico was written by Fray Íñigo Abbad y Lasierra in 1786, the first settlers were the Ortoiroid people, an Archaic Period culture of Amerindian hunters and fishermen who migrated from the South American mainland
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Reggaeton
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Reggaeton is a musical genre which originated in Puerto Rico during the late 1990s. It is influenced by hip hop and Latin American and Caribbean music, vocals include rapping and singing, typically in Spanish. The word reggaeton was first used in 1995, when DJ Nelson listed it as a name for an upcoming album. Although there are several Spanish spellings, Fundéu BBVA recommends reguetón, often mistaken for reggae or reggae en español, reggaeton is a younger genre which originated in the clubs of San Juan, Puerto Rico in 1991. It became known as music, due to its circulation through informal networks. DJ Playero and DJ Nelson were inspired by hip hop and Latin American music to produce riddims, as Caribbean and African-American music gained momentum in Puerto Rico, reggae rap in Spanish marked the beginning of the Boricua underground and was a creative outlet for many young people. This created an inconspicuous-yet-prominent underground youth culture which sought to express itself, as a youth culture existing on the fringes of society and the law, it has often been criticized. Bootleg recordings and word of mouth became the means of distribution for this music until 1998. The genres popularity increased when it was discovered by international audiences during the early 2000s, the new genre, simply called underground, had explicit lyrics about drugs, violence, poverty, friendship, love and sex. These themes, depicting the troubles of inner-city life, can still be found in reggaeton, Underground music was recorded in marquesinas and distributed in the streets on cassettes. The marquesinas were crucial to the development of Puerto Ricos underground scene because of the fear of losing the ability to manipulate taste. Marquesinas were often in public housing such as Villa Kennedy. Despite being recorded in housing projects, most of the marquesinas were good quality, the availability and quality of the cassettes led to reggaetons popularity, which crossed socioeconomic barriers in the Puerto Rican music scene. The most popular cassettes in the early 1990s were DJ Negros The Noise I and II, gerardo Cruet spread the genre from the marginalized residential areas into other sectors of society, particularly private schools. By the mid-1990s, underground cassettes were being sold in music stores, the genre caught up to middle-class youth, and found its way into the media. By this time, Puerto Rico had several clubs dedicated to the scene, Club Rappers in Carolina. Bobby Digital Dixons Dem Bow production was played in clubs, Underground music was not originally intended to be club music. In South Florida, DJ Laz and Hugo Diaz of the Diaz Brothers were popularizing the genre from Palm Beach to Miami, Underground music in Puerto Rico was harshly criticized
6.
Universal Music Latin Entertainment
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Universal Music Latin Entertainment, a division of Universal Music Group, is a record company specialized in producing and distributing Latin Music in Mexico, United States and Puerto Rico. UMLE includes famous Latin music labels such as Universal Music Latino, Fonovisa Records, Universal Music Mexico, Capital Latin, Machete Music and Disa Records. The record company was created in 2008 with the acquisition of Univision Music Group and combining it with Universals top Latin artists, in 2003, Jennifer Peña became the only female artist nominated for a Grammy in the Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album category. The label was dissolved in May 2008 with Univision Music Group being acquired, fonovisas impressive roster of over 120 artists include multi-platinum artists Marco Antonio Solís, La Banda el Recodo, Conjunto Primavera, Los Temerarios, and Los Tigres del Norte. Disa Records is the second largest Regional-Mexican label after Fonovisa and it was owned by the Chávez family of Monterrey until June 2001, when Univision acquired 50% of Disa from the Chávez family. In November 2006 Univision acquired the other 50% of the making it a subsidiary of Univision Music Group. Machete Music includes the top artists from Puerto Rico and Latin artists from all over the world. Artists like Akwid, Wisin & Yandel, Ivy Queen, Daddy Yankee, Don Omar, Molotov, PolyGram Latino merged with Universal Music Latino after Universal Music Groups acquisition of PolyGram. In 2006 UML with Vene Music started Siente Music, canadian born artist Nelly Furtado and Miami rapper Pitbull have also joined Universal to release a Spanish album. Following Universal Music Groups acquisition of EMI Music in 2012, Capitol Latin was merged with UMLE, the label includes artists that were signed on at the time of the acquisition. A label which focuses on the electronic music Latin audience, launched in 2014, musical acts that have signed on to the label include 3Ball MTY, Juan Magan, Atellagali, Marcelo Cic, and Buraka Som Sistema. RMM Records & Video PolyGram Latino Rodven Records This is a list of artist currently signed on to Universal Music Latin Entertainment and these are artists who were formerly signed on to either Universal Music Latin Entertainment or Universal Music Latino. List of record labels Official website Universal Music Latin Entertainments channel on YouTube
7.
Puerto Ricans
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Puerto Ricans are the inhabitants or citizens of Puerto Rico. It is home to people of different national origins and equate their nationality with citizenship, allegiance. Over 90% of Puerto Ricans descend from migrants from these two regions of Spain. Puerto Rico has also influenced by African culture, Afro-Puerto Ricans being a significant minority. Puerto Rico has also received immigration from other parts of Spain such as Catalonia as well as from other European countries such as France, Ireland, Italy and Germany. The population of Puerto Ricans and descendants is estimated to be between 8 and 10 million worldwide, with most living within the islands of Puerto Rico and in the United States mainland. For 2009, the American Community Survey estimates give a total of 3,859,026 Puerto Ricans classified as Native Puerto Ricans. It also gives a total of 3,644,515 of the population being born in Puerto Rico and 201,310 born in the United States, the total population born outside Puerto Rico is 322,773. Of the 108,262 who were born outside the United States,92. 9% were born in Latin America,3. 8% in Europe,2. 7% in Asia,0. 2% in Northern America. Both run-away and freed African slaves were in Puerto Rico and this interbreeding was far more common in Latin America because of those Spanish and Portuguese mercantile colonial policies exemplified by the oft-romanticized male conquistadors. All of these factors would indeed prove detrimental for the Taínos in Puerto Rico, in 1791, the slaves in Saint-Domingue, revolted against their French masters. Many of the French escaped to Puerto Rico via what is now the Dominican Republic and settled in the west coast of the island, Some Puerto Ricans are of British heritage, most notably Scottish people and English people who came to reside there in the 17th and 18th centuries. They were followed by waves from other European countries and China. During the early 20th century Jews began to settle in Puerto Rico, the first large group of Jews to settle in Puerto Rico were European refugees fleeing German–occupied Europe in the 1930s and 1940s. The second influx of Jews to the island came in the 1950s, the native Taino population began to dwindle, with the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, through disease and miscegenation. Many Spaniard men took Taino and West African wives and in the first centuries of the Spanish colonial period the island was overwhelmingly racially mixed. However, under Spanish rule, mass immigration shifted the ethnic make-up of the island, Puerto Rico went from being two-thirds black and mulatto in the beginning of the 19th century, to being nearly 80% white by the middle of the 20th century. This was compounded by more flexible attitudes to race under Spanish rule, amerindian ancestry showed less fluctuation, generally hovering between 5% and 20% irrespective of self-identified race
8.
Daddy Yankee
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Ramón Luis Ayala Rodríguez, known by his stage name Daddy Yankee, is a Puerto Rican singer, rapper, songwriter, actor and record producer. Ayala was born in Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico and he is known as the King of Reggeatón. Ayala aspired to be a baseball player, and tried out for the Seattle Mariners of the Major League Baseball. Before he could be signed, he was hit by a stray round from an AK-47 rifle while taking a break from a studio recording session with reggaeton mix tape icon DJ Playero. Since then, he has sold over 18 million albums, Daddy Yankee first appeared on the 1992 DJ Playeros Mixtape, Playero 34, with the song So Persigueme, No Te Detengas. Ayala was originally going to become a baseball player but he was shot in his leg while taking a break from a studio recording session. The bullet was never removed and he credits this incident with allowing him to pursue a musical career and he made a few songs talking about the shooting incident, but his most complete song about it was 6 De Enero, released in 2012. His first official project as a solo artist was No Mercy. Early in his career he attempted to imitate the style of Vico C and he went on to emulate other artists in the genre, including DJ Playero, DJ Nelson, and DJ Drako, taking elements from their styles in order to develop an original style. In doing so, he abandoned the traditional model of rap. In 1997, Daddy Yankee collaborated with the rapper Nas, who was an inspiration for Ayala, in the song The Profecy and he released two compilation albums, El Cartel and El Cartel II, in 1997 and 2001, respectively. Both albums were very famous around Puerto Rico, but were not very successful around Latin America, between those years, Ayala released a total of nine music videos, including Posición featuring Alberto Stylee, Tu Cuerpo En La Cama featuring Nicky Jam and Muévete Y Perrea. In 2003, Ayala collaborated for the first time with the prestigious reggaeton producers Luny Tunes in the album Mas Flow, with his commercial success song Cógela Que Va Sin Jockey. In 2003, Daddy Yankee released an album named Los Homerun-es. That was later charted, Seguroski, being his first charted single after six of them. Barrio Fino performed well in the charts of the United States, Latin America, Europe, and Japan. Ayalas next album, Barrio Fino, was produced by Luny Tunes and DJ Nelson among others and released in July 2004 by El Cartel Records and it was the most highly anticipated album in the reggaeton community. Ayala had enjoyed Salsa music since he was young, and this led him to music of genres besides reggaeton in the album
9.
Latin Grammy Award
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A Latin Grammy Award is an award by The Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences to recognize outstanding achievement in the Latin music industry. The Latin Grammy honors works produced anywhere around the world that were recorded in either Spanish or Portuguese and is awarded in the United States. Submissions of products recorded in languages from Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula of Hispanophone or Lusophone countries such as Nahuatl, Catalán. Both the regular Grammy Award and the Latin Grammy Award have similar nominating and voting processes, the first annual Latin Grammys ceremony was held at the Staples Center in Los Angeles on September 13,2000. Broadcast by CBS, that first ceremony became the first primarily Spanish language primetime program carried on an English-language American television network, the most-recent ceremony, the 17th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, was held on November 17,2016 at the T-Mobile Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada. Since 2005, the awards are broadcast in the United States by the television network Univision, in 2013,9.8 million people watched the Latin Grammy Awards on Univision, making the channel a top-three network for the night in the U. S. The Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences was formed by the National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences in 1997 and it was founded by Michael Greene and Producers & Songwriters Rudy Pérez & Mauricio Abaroa. Rudy Pérez was the Grammy Florida chapters first President of the Board, the concept of a separate Grammy Awards for Latin music began in 1989. According to organizers, the Latin Grammy Awards was established as the Latin music universe was deemed too large to fit on the Grammy Awards, the Latin Grammy Awards mainly focuses on music from Latin America, Spain, Portugal, and the United States. In 2000, it was announced that the 1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards would take place at the Staples Center on September 13,2000, on July 7,2000, the nominations were announced in Miami, Florida, United States. The Latin Grammys were introduced with over 39 categories included limited to Spanish, the first telecast took place at the Staples Center and was broadcast. The following years show was canceled due to the September 11,2001 attacks, in 2002, the academy elected its first independent Board of Trustees. In 2005, the broadcast was moved from CBS to Univision where the whole telecast was in Spanish, voting members live in various regions in the US and outside of the US including Latin America, Spain, and Portugal. Products recorded in languages and dialects such as Catalan, Nahuatl, Quechua, Galician, Valencian, Mayan, for instrumental music, the Latin Recording Academy accepts recordings that have been composed or interpreted by an Iberian American musician. The eligibility period is July 1 to June 30 for an awards ceremony. Recordings are first entered and then reviewed to determine the awards they are eligible for, following that, nominating ballots are mailed to voting members of the academy. The votes are tabulated and the five recordings in each category with the most votes become the nominees, final voting ballots are sent out to voting members and the winners are determined. Winners are later announced at the Latin Grammy Awards, the current President & CEO of the Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences is Gabriel Abaroa, who is related to Mauricio, one of the founders
10.
Menudo (band)
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Menudo was a Puerto Rican boy band that was formed in the 1970s by producer Edgardo Díaz. Menudo was also one of the biggest Latin boy bands in history, the band achieved much success, especially during the 1980s, becoming the most popular Latin American teen musical group of the era. The band had radio hits during its course. Their success led them to release two feature films, Una Aventura Llamada Menudo and Menudo, La Película. The band was a point for both Ricky Martin and Draco Rosa, who were members around the mid-1980s during their youth. In the late 1970s, the group released several moderately-successful albums, then in 1981, the album Quiero Ser launched the group—now René Farrait, Johnny Lozada, Xavier Serbiá, Miguel Cancel, and remaining original member Ricky Melendez—into stardom. It included hit songs such as Quiero Ser, Súbete A Mi Moto, Rock En La TV, Claridad, Menudo became very popular throughout Latin America, from Mexico to Argentina, including Brazil, they also had a fan base in Spain and the rest of Europe. In 1982, Charlie Masso replaced René Farrait, debuting with Menudo on the album Por Amor, during this boom of popularity, fans started calling themselves contagious to the Menuditis, similar to Beatlemania and todays Bieber Fever, or the Menudomania. They were so popular that they starred in their own films, Menudo, La Pelicula. Aventura starred Gladys Rodríguez as Señora Mía and included such as Clara. During their first visit to New York in early 1983, Ray Reyes replaced Xavier Serbiá and they also sang the theme song for ABCs Rubik, the Amazing Cube. Miguel Cancel became the first member to quit the group. According to a 1998 interview, he was unhappy that a sudden voice change rendered him unable to sing his songs and he was replaced by Roy Rosselló. Menudo signed a 6-year multimillion-dollar contract with RCA International and released their Spanish album A Todo Rock, during the first half of 1984 Menudo toured the U. S. and Brazil. In July 1984, Ricky Melendez, the remaining original member, left the group in a huge concert in his birth town, Caguas. During this time, Menudos popularity reached parts of Asia including Japan and the Philippines, and the group made English-language commercials for Pepsi, Scope, McDonalds and they also made a guest appearance on the popular American childrens program Sesame Street. Then, much to the surprise of fans and himself, Ray Reyes was the next to leave the group due to a growth spurt and voice change. Raymond Acevedo took over Reyes spot in 1985 and Menudo released their second English-language album, Menudo which contains the songs Hold Me and Explosion and they also released their next Spanish album, Ayer Y Hoy, and their second Portuguese album A Festa Vai Comecar
11.
Dr. Phillips High School
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Dr. Phillips High School is a high school in Orlando, Florida, United States. Dr. Phillips High School opened in fall of 1987 and was built for approximately 2,500 students in the Dr. Phillips area of southwest Orange County, the campus is situated on 55 acres in the Orlando city limits and unincorporated Orange County. The schools first principal, Bill Spoone, went on to be elected to the Orange County School Board, the football stadium is named after him. The schools gymnasium is named after its principal, Dr. Larry Payne. The school opened with enrollment above capacity and began using portable classrooms on the North Campus, due to overflow from main campus, many non-freshman classes were moved into additional portable classrooms at the 9th Grade Center. Because the students attending classes at the 9th Grade Center were of mixed grade level, portable classrooms are still used on the North Campus and are primarily for freshman-level classes. As of the 2014–15 school year the school had 3,641 students, of whom 35% were Caucasian, 32% African American, 24% Hispanic, 7% Asian, the school is undergoing renovations that are to conclude in 2015. A new building has been added, along with new VPA classrooms on the South Campus, the press box at Bill Spoone Stadium is dedicated to Mike Murray, The Voice of the Panthers since the school opened its doors in 1987. A full-time employee of a large aerospace contractor and not formally employed by the school, the schools baseball facility is John Barbati Field. In 1992, the facilities were completely renovated with a state of the art press box, team office. The new facilities were designed and constructed by William P. Riegert, CEO of Cox Associates, Architects, accepting for the OC School Board were Assistant Superintendent Dave Wofford, Assistant Superintendent Dave Sojourner, Superintendent Don Shaw, Bill Spoone, and Bill Thompson. Today the Press Box is dedicated to Scott Muhlhann, a player and 1992 school valedictorian who died of cancer in 1998. The mascot for Dr. Phillips is the Panther, specifically and they have many sports including lacrosse, football, baseball, golf, basketball and swimming
12.
Orlando, Florida
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Orlando is a city in the U. S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County. Located in Central Florida, it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area, which had a population of 4,000,002, according to U. S. As of 2015, Orlando had an estimated population of 270,934, making it the 73rd-largest city in the United States, the fourth-largest city in Florida. The City of Orlando is nicknamed The City Beautiful, and its symbol is the fountain at Lake Eola, Orlando is also known as The Theme Park Capital of the World and in 2014 its tourist attractions and events drew more than 62 million visitors. The Orlando International Airport is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States, with the exception of Walt Disney World, most major attractions are located along International Drive. The city is one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions. Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida, which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015, in 2010, Orlando was listed as a Gamma− level of world-city in the World Cities Study Groups inventory. Orlando ranks as the fourth-most popular American city based on where people want to live according to a 2009 Pew Research Center study. Fort Gatlin, as the Orlando area was known, was established at what is now just south of the city limits by the 4th U. S. Artillery under the command of Ltc, alexander C. W. Fanning on November 9,1838 during the construction of a series of fortified encampments across Florida during the Second Seminole War. The fort and surrounding area were named for Dr. John S. Gatlin, king Phillip and Coacoochee frequented this area and the tree was alleged to be the place where the previous 1835 ambush that had killed over 100 soldiers had been planned. When the U. S. military abandoned the fort in 1839 the surrounding community was built up by settlers, prior to being known by its current name, Orlando was once known as Jernigan. Aarron Jernigan became Orange Countys first State Representative in 1845 but his pleas for military protection went unanswered. Fort Gatlin was briefly reoccupied by the military for a few weeks during October and November 1849, a historical marker indicates that by 1850 the Jernigan homestead served as the nucleus of a village named Jernigan. One of the countys first records, a grand jurys report, mentions a stockade where it states homesteaders were driven from their homes, Aaron Jernigan led a local volunteer militia during 1852. Jernigan appears on an 1855 map of Florida and by 1856 the area had become the county seat of Orange County and it is known for certain that the area was renamed Orlando in 1857. The move is believed to be sparked, in part, by Aaron Jernigans fall from grace after he was relieved of his command by military officials in 1856. His behavior was so notorious that Secretary of War Jefferson Davis wrote, in 1859, Jernigan and his sons were accused of committing a murder at the towns post office
13.
Joey Fatone
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Joseph Anthony Joey Fatone Jr. is an American singer, dancer, actor and television personality. He is best known as a member of the boyband NSYNC, in 2007, he came in second place on the ABC reality show Dancing With The Stars. He was also the host of the U. S. currently Fatone is the host of Food Networks Rewrapped, Live Well Networks My Family Recipe Rocks and is also guest host of The Price Is Right Live. at Ballys Las Vegas. Fatone was born in Brooklyn, New York City, to an Italian-American family, located at 8787 24th Avenue, Brooklyn. He is the son of Phyllis and Joseph Anthony Fatone Sr. an actor and he has two older siblings, Janine and Steven. When he was thirteen years old, Fatones family moved to Orlando, there, Fatone attended and graduated from Dr. Phillips High School. He sang the Star Spangled Banner before an Orlando Magic game with The Big Guys and he also performed in many plays and musicals. After high school, Fatone worked as a performer at Universal Studios in Orlando, then Lance Bass was added to the group that would become NSYNC. He acted in the acclaimed movie The Cooler. He has had roles in the experimental film, Red Riding Hood. Fatone has also been on Broadway performing leads in Rent and in a revival of Little Shop Of Horrors, Fatone hosted NBCs The Singing Bee as well as the Australian version of the show on Nine Network. On August 21,2007, it was announced that Fatone, along with Lisa Rinna, would replace Joan Rivers and his hosting duties with TV Guide continued for the 2008–2009 season. He was also the ringmaster for the NBC celebrity reality series Celebrity Circus, on November 30,2007, he participated in the taping of the 2007 Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade inside the Magic Kingdom at Disney World in Orlando, Florida. On May 22,2010, Fatone starred as a player in an episode of Imagination Movers on the Disney Channel. From July 6–18,2010, Fatone played Franz Liebkind, the comedic Nazi soldier and he has appeared as a voice actor in several episodes of Robot Chicken, starring as himself in a kung fu skit called Enter The Fat One and then in the shows Star Wars episode. In the twelfth season of Family Feud in 2010, Fatone became the announcer with Steve Harvey as the host for that season, in 2011, he started hosting the Live Well Network series My Family Recipe Rocks. In the same year he was in a film called Inkubus. In January 2012, he was one of eight celebrities participating in the Food Network reality series Rachael vs. Guy, in 6 weeks he was eliminated, but he won $5000 for his charity, the Fatone Family Foundation
14.
NSYNC
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NSYNC was an American boy band formed in Orlando, Florida in 1995 and launched in Germany by BMG Ariola Munich. NSYNC consisted of Justin Timberlake, JC Chasez, Chris Kirkpatrick, Joey Fatone, and Lance Bass.42 million copies in one week, blige, country music supergroup Alabama, and Gloria Estefan. Although NSYNC announced the start of a hiatus in early 2002. In 2007, Lance Bass confirmed that the group had broken up. They have sold over 70 million albums during their career, becoming the eighth-best-selling boy band in history, rolling Stone recognized their instant success as one of the Top 25 Teen Idol Breakout Moments of all time. Chris Kirkpatrick, who had missed the cut for the Backstreet Boys, Pearlman said that he would finance the group if Kirkpatrick would find other young male singers. This prompted Kirkpatrick to call Joey Fatone, a friend he had met while working at Universal Studios, then, Fatone and Kirkpatrick approached Lou Pearlman for more suggestions. Pearlman looked through some tapes they had, and one of Justin Timberlake from The Mickey Mouse Club caught his eye, Timberlake soon joined the group and recommended his friend JC Chasez, who also was a cast member on Disney Channels Mickey Mouse Club. Soon, they decided to out their sound by recruiting Jason Galasso as their bass singer. NSYNC received its name after Justin Timberlakes mother commented on how in sync the groups singing voices were, the groups name is also a play on the last letter of each of the original members names, JustiN, ChriS, JoeY, JasoN, and JC. After several weeks of rehearsals, the set up a showcase. However, at the last minute, Galasso dropped out and he was not fond of the groups musical direction, claiming that being a teen idol was never a goal of his. In need of a bass, the group auditioned several people without success, Timberlake soon called his vocal coach, who suggested a 16-year-old from Mississippi named Lance Bass. Bass flew to Orlando to audition and was accepted into the group. He was nicknamed Lansten so they could keep the name NSYNC, Pearlman hired Johnny Wright, manager of the Backstreet Boys, to manage the group. NSYNC sent him a two-song demo-tape including Ill Be Back for More and We Can Work It Out, the group performed for him and a group of BMG executives. Although the record company had concerns with the bands name and Basss dancing abilities. After being signed to BMG Ariola Munich, the group was sent to Sweden to begin working on their album with the help of producers such as Denniz Pop, Max Martin
15.
Florida State University
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Florida State University is an American public space-grant and sea-grant research university. Its primary campus is located on a 1,391. 54-acre campus in Tallahassee, Florida and it is a senior member of the State University System of Florida. Founded in 1851, it is located on the oldest continuous site of higher education in the state of Florida, the university is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. The university comprises 16 separate colleges and more than 110 centers, facilities, labs and institutes that offer more than 360 programs of study, the university has an annual budget of over $1.7 billion and an annual economic impact of over $10 billion. Florida State is home to Floridas only National Laboratory – the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and is the birthplace of the commercially viable anti-cancer drug Taxol. Florida State University also operates The John & Mable Ringling Museum of Art, the university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. Florida State University leads Florida in four of eight areas of external funding for the STEM disciplines, FSU officially launched the Raise the Torch, The Campaign for Florida State on October 17,2014. The campaign has a goal of more than $1 billion which will improve academics, research. As of September 30,2016, Florida State Universitys Raise the Torch campaign has raised $938,972,249, for 2017, U. S. News & World Report ranked Florida State as the 38th best public university in the United States. FSUs intercollegiate sports teams, commonly known by their Florida State Seminoles nickname, compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I, in their 113-year history, Florida States varsity sports teams have won 20 national athletic championships and Seminole athletes have won 78 individual NCAA national championships. In 1819 the Florida Territory was ceded to the United States by Spain as an element of the Adams–Onís Treaty, the Territory was conventionally split by the Appalachicola or later the Suwannee rivers into East and West areas. Florida State University is traceable to a set by the 1823 U. S. Congress to create a system of higher education. The 1838 Florida Constitution codified the system by providing for land allocated for the schools. In 1845 Florida became the 27th State of the United States, in 1851 the Florida Legislature voted to establish two seminaries of higher education on opposite sides of the Suwannee River. Francis W. Eppes and other city leaders established an academy called the Florida Institute in Tallahassee as a legislative inducement to locate the West Florida Seminary in Tallahassee. The East Florida Seminary opened in Ocala in 1853, closed in 1861, the East Florida Seminary is the institution to which the modern University of Florida traces its foundation. Two years later the institution absorbed the Tallahassee Female Academy founded in 1843 as the Misses Bates School, the West Florida Seminary stood near the front of the Westcott Building on the existing FSU campus, making this site the oldest continually used location of higher learning in Florida. In 1860–61 the legislature started formal training at the school with a law amending the original 1851 statute
16.
Choir
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A choir is a musical ensemble of singers. Choral music, in turn, is the music specifically for such an ensemble to perform. Choirs may perform music from the classical repertoire, which spans from the Medieval era to the present. Most choirs are led by a conductor, who leads the performances with arm, a body of singers who perform together as a group is called a choir or chorus. The former term is often applied to groups affiliated with a church and the second to groups that perform in theatres or concert halls. Choirs may sing without instrumental accompaniment, with the accompaniment of a piano or pipe organ, with a small ensemble, choirs are often led by a conductor or choirmaster. Other than four, the most common number of parts are three, five, six, and eight, choirs can sing with or without instrumental accompaniment. Singing without accompaniment is called a cappella singing, many choirs perform in one or many locations such as a church, opera house, or school hall. In some cases choirs join up to become one mass choir that performs for a special concert, in this case they provide a series of songs or musical works to celebrate and provide entertainment to others. Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance, such as a concert, by way of visible gestures with the hands, arms, face. The primary duties of the conductor or choirmaster are to unify performers, set the tempo, execute clear preparations and beats, and to listen critically and shape the sound of the ensemble. The conductor or choral director typically stands on a raised platform, many choral conductors use their hands to conduct. In the 2010s, most conductors do not play an instrument when conducting, although in earlier periods of music history. In Baroque music from the 1600s to the 1750s, conductors performing in the 2010s may lead an ensemble while playing a harpsichord or the violin, conducting while playing a piano may also be done with musical theatre pit orchestras. Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance, however, in rehearsals, frequent interruptions allow the conductor to give verbal directions as to how the music should be sung. Conductors act as guides to the choirs they conduct and they choose the works to be performed and study their scores, to which they may make certain adjustments, work out their interpretation, and relay their vision to the singers. Choral conductors may also have to conduct instrumental ensembles such as if the choir is singing a piece for choir. They may also attend to matters, such as scheduling rehearsals, planning a concert season, hearing auditions
17.
City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra
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The City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra is a British orchestra based in Birmingham, England. It is the resident orchestra at Symphony Hall, Birmingham, which has been its principal performance venue since 1991 and its administrative and rehearsal base is at the nearby CBSO Centre, where it also presents chamber concerts by members of the orchestra and guest performers. Each year the orchestra performs more than 130 concerts to audiences totalling over 200,000 people, another 72,000 people each year take part in its learning, participation and outreach events, and 750 local musicians are engaged in its six choirs and the CBSO Youth Orchestra. The CBSOs current music director is Mirga Gražinytė-Tyla, effective with the 2016-2017 season, the CBSOs current chief executive, appointed in 1999, is Stephen Maddock. Birminghams most notable early orchestra was the Birmingham Festival Orchestra, which formed as a group of 25 musicians in 1768 but by 1834 had grown into an orchestra of 147. This was eclipsed as the leading orchestra at the end of the 19th century by George Halfords Orchestra. The period between 1905 and 1920 saw this demand for orchestral music met by a number of competing enterprises. Landon Ronald presented a season of promenade concerts at the Theatre Royal in New Street from 1905 to 1914 with a 70-strong orchestra made up largely of Birmingham-based musicians. During its early years the orchestra was sometimes referred to as the Birmingham City Orchestra, as a result, a shortlist of four candidates was drawn up from the numerous applications for the post, though the initial one-year contract came to limit the choice to local applicants. The eventual appointee was Appleby Matthews, who had been running his own orchestra in the city since 1916 and had support from local music critics on the selection panel. Richard Wassell was appointed as Assistant Conductor, the CBOs first concert was given under Matthews baton as part of the Sunday series at the Theatre Royal on 5 September 1920, with the first piece of music performed being Granville Bantocks Saul. He had only limited experience in any of these roles, however, the CBO committee had two candidates in mind to replace Matthews, Eugene Goossens and Adrian Boult. For a while they explored the possibility of appointing both as joint conductors, but were convinced by Ernest de Sélincourt that this idea was unworkable. The urbane, Oxford-educated Boult was also dealing with influential local citizens. Boult brought a vision for the orchestras future, building on Matthews foundations. Some of the conductors in Europe were brought in to guest conduct, including Bruno Walter, Pierre Monteux, Ernest Ansermet. The orchestra made its first commercial recording in 1925. and building up the diary of out-of-town concerts. The advance made within a season is so considerable as to be remarkable
18.
Colombia
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Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a transcontinental country largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America. Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama, to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and it shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It is a unitary, constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments, the territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples including the Muisca, the Quimbaya and the Tairona. The Spanish arrived in 1499 and initiated a period of conquest and colonization ultimately creating the Viceroyalty of New Granada, independence from Spain was won in 1819, but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved. What is now Colombia and Panama emerged as the Republic of New Granada, the new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation, and then the United States of Colombia, before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886. Since the 1960s the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict, Colombia is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse countries in the world, and thereby possesses a rich cultural heritage. Cultural diversity has also influenced by Colombias varied geography. The urban centres are located in the highlands of the Andes mountains. Colombian territory also encompasses Amazon rainforest, tropical grassland and both Caribbean and Pacific coastlines, ecologically, it is one of the worlds 17 megadiverse countries, and the most densely biodiverse of these per square kilometer. Colombia is a power and a regional actor with the fourth-largest economy in Latin America, is part of the CIVETS group of six leading emerging markets and is an accessing member to the OECD. Colombia has an economy with macroeconomic stability and favorable growth prospects in the long run. The name Colombia is derived from the last name of Christopher Columbus and it was conceived by the Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda as a reference to all the New World, but especially to those portions under Spanish and Portuguese rule. The name was adopted by the Republic of Colombia of 1819. When Venezuela, Ecuador and Cundinamarca came to exist as independent states, New Granada officially changed its name in 1858 to the Granadine Confederation. In 1863 the name was changed, this time to United States of Colombia. To refer to country, the Colombian government uses the terms Colombia. Owing to its location, the present territory of Colombia was a corridor of early human migration from Mesoamerica, the oldest archaeological finds are from the Pubenza and El Totumo sites in the Magdalena Valley 100 km southwest of Bogotá. These sites date from the Paleoindian period, at Puerto Hormiga and other sites, traces from the Archaic Period have been found
19.
Dominican Republic
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The Dominican Republic is a sovereign state occupying the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western one-third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, christopher Columbus landed on the Western part of Hispaniola, in what is now Haiti, on December 6,1492. The island became the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World, the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 but were forcefully annexed by their more powerful neighbor Haiti in February 1822. After the 1844 victory in the Dominican War of Independence against Haitian rule the country again under Spanish colonial rule until the Dominican War of Restoration of 1865. The Dominican Republic experienced mostly internal strife until 1916, a civil war in 1965, the countrys last, was ended by another U. S. military occupation and was followed by the authoritarian rule of Joaquín Balaguer, 1966–1978. Since then, the Dominican Republic has moved toward representative democracy and has been led by Leonel Fernández for most of the time since 1996. Danilo Medina, the Dominican Republics current president, succeeded Fernandez in 2012, the Dominican Republic has the ninth-largest economy in Latin America and is the largest economy in the Caribbean and Central American region. Though long known for agriculture and mining, the economy is now dominated by services. Over the last two decades, the Dominican Republic have been standing out as one of the economies in the Americas – with an average real GDP growth rate of 5. 4% between 1992 and 2014. GDP growth in 2014 and 2015 reached 7.3 and 7. 0%, respectively, in the first half of 2016 the Dominican economy grew 7. 4% continuing its trend of rapid economic growth. Recent growth has been driven by construction, manufacturing and tourism, private consumption has been strong, as a result of low inflation, job creation, as well as high level of remittances. The Dominican Republic has a market, Bolsa de Valores de la Republica Dominicana. and advanced telecommunication system. Nevertheless, unemployment, government corruption, and inconsistent electric service remain major Dominican problems, the country also has marked income inequality. International migration affects the Dominican Republic greatly, as it receives, mass illegal Haitian immigration and the integration of Dominicans of Haitian descent are major issues. A large Dominican diaspora exists, mostly in the United States, contributes to development, the Dominican Republic is the most visited destination in the Caribbean. The year-round golf courses are major attractions, the island has an average temperature of 26 °C and great climatic and biological diversity. The country is also the site of the first cathedral, castle, monastery, and fortress built in all of the Americas, located in Santo Domingos Colonial Zone, a World Heritage Site. Music and sport are of importance in the Dominican culture, with Merengue and Bachata as the national dance and music
20.
El Salvador
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El Salvador, officially the Republic of El Salvador, is the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America. El Salvadors capital and largest city is San Salvador, as of 2015, the country had a population of approximately 6.38 million, consisting largely of Mestizos of European and Indigenous American descent. El Salvador was for centuries inhabited by several Mesoamerican nations, especially the Cuzcatlecs, as well as the Lenca, in the early 16th century, the Spanish Empire conquered the territory, incorporating it into the Viceroyalty of New Spain ruled from Mexico City. In 1821, the country achieved independence from Spain as part of the First Mexican Empire, from the late 19th to the mid-20th century, El Salvador endured chronic political and economic instability characterized by coups, revolts, and a succession of authoritarian rulers. The conflict ended with a settlement that established a multiparty constitutional republic. El Salvador has since reduced its dependence on coffee and embarked on diversifying the economy by opening up trade and financial links, the colón, the official currency of El Salvador since 1892, was replaced by the U. S. dollar in 2001. As of 2010, El Salvador ranks 12th among Latin American countries in terms of the Human Development Index, however, the country continues to struggle with high rates of poverty, inequality, and crime. Conquistador Pedro de Alvarado named the new province for Jesus Christ – El Salvador, the full name was Provincia De Nuestro Señor Jesus Cristo, El Salvador Del Mundo, which was subsequently abbreviated to El Salvador. Tomayate is a site located on the banks of the river of the same name in the municipality of Apopa. The site has produced abundant Salvadoran megafauna fossils belonging to the Pleistocene epoch, at the same time, it is considered the richest vertebrate paleontological site in Central America and one of the largest accumulations of proboscideans in the Americas. Sophisticated civilization in El Salvador dates to its settlement by the indigenous Lenca people, theirs was the first, the Lenca were succeeded by the Olmecs, who eventually also disappeared, leaving their monumental architecture in the form of the pyramids still extant in western El Salvador. The Maya arrived and settled in place of the Olmecs, the Pipil were the last indigenous people to arrive in El Salvador. They called their territory Kuskatan, a Pipil word meaning The Place of Precious Jewels, backformed into Classical Nahuatl Cōzcatlān, the people of El Salvador today are referred to as Salvadoran, while the term Cuzcatleco is commonly used to identify someone of Salvadoran heritage. In pre-Columbian times, the country was inhabited by various other indigenous peoples, including the Lenca. Cuzcatlan was the domain until the Spanish conquest. Since El Salvador resided on the edge of the Maya Civilization. However, it is agreed that Mayas likely occupied the areas around Lago de Guija. Other ruins such as Tazumal, Joya de Cerén and San Andrés may have built by the Pipil or the Maya or possibly both
21.
Mexico
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Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a federal republic in the southern half of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States, to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean, to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea, and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometers, Mexico is the sixth largest country in the Americas by total area, Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and a federal district that is also its capital and most populous city. Other metropolises include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, pre-Columbian Mexico was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya and Aztec before first contact with Europeans. In 1521, the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Three centuries later, this territory became Mexico following recognition in 1821 after the colonys Mexican War of Independence. The tumultuous post-independence period was characterized by instability and many political changes. The Mexican–American War led to the cession of the extensive northern borderlands, one-third of its territory. The Pastry War, the Franco-Mexican War, a civil war, the dictatorship was overthrown in the Mexican Revolution of 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the countrys current political system. Mexico has the fifteenth largest nominal GDP and the eleventh largest by purchasing power parity, the Mexican economy is strongly linked to those of its North American Free Trade Agreement partners, especially the United States. Mexico was the first Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and it is classified as an upper-middle income country by the World Bank and a newly industrialized country by several analysts. By 2050, Mexico could become the fifth or seventh largest economy. The country is considered both a power and middle power, and is often identified as an emerging global power. Due to its culture and history, Mexico ranks first in the Americas. Mexico is a country, ranking fourth in the world by biodiversity. In 2015 it was the 9th most visited country in the world, Mexico is a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G8+5, the G20, the Uniting for Consensus and the Pacific Alliance. Mēxihco is the Nahuatl term for the heartland of the Aztec Empire, namely, the Valley of Mexico, and its people, the Mexica and this became the future State of Mexico as a division of New Spain prior to independence. It is generally considered to be a toponym for the valley became the primary ethnonym for the Aztec Triple Alliance as a result. After New Spain won independence from Spain, representatives decided to name the new country after its capital and this was founded in 1524 on top of the ancient Mexica capital of Mexico-Tenochtitlan
22.
Venezuela
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Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a federal republic located on the northern coast of South America. It is bordered by Colombia on the west, Brazil on the south, Guyana on the east, Venezuela covers 916,445 km2 and has an estimated population of 31775371. The territory now known as Venezuela was colonized by Spain in 1522 amid resistance from indigenous peoples and it gained full independence as a separate country in 1830. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic governments. This new constitution changed the name of the country to República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Venezuela is a presidential republic consisting of 23 states, the Capital District. Venezuela also claims all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River, oil was discovered in the early 20th century, and Venezuela has the worlds largest known oil reserves and has been one of the worlds leading exporters of oil. Previously an underdeveloped exporter of commodities such as coffee and cocoa, oil quickly came to dominate exports. The recovery of oil prices in the early 2000s gave Venezuela oil funds not seen since the 1980s, the Venezuelan government then established populist policies that initially boosted the Venezuelan economy and increased social spending, significantly reducing economic inequality and poverty. However, such policies later became controversial since they destabilized the economy, resulting in hyperinflation, an economic depression. According to the most popular and accepted version, in 1499, the stilt houses in the area of Lake Maracaibo reminded the navigator, Amerigo Vespucci, of the city of Venice, so he named the region Veneziola Piccola Venezia. The name acquired its current spelling as a result of Spanish influence, where the suffix -uela is used as a term, thus. The German language 16th century-term for the area, Klein-Venedig, also means little Venice, however, Martín Fernández de Enciso, a member of the Vespucci and Ojeda crew, gave a different account. In his work Summa de geografía, he states that they found people who called themselves the Veneciuela. Thus, the name Venezuela may have evolved from the native word and it is not known how many people lived in Venezuela before the Spanish conquest, it has been estimated at around one million. In addition to indigenous peoples known today, the population included historic groups such as the Kalina, Auaké, Caquetio, Mariche, the Timoto-Cuica culture was the most complex society in Pre-Columbian Venezuela, with pre-planned permanent villages, surrounded by irrigated, terraced fields. They also stored water in tanks and their houses were made primarily of stone and wood with thatched roofs. They were peaceful, for the most part, and depended on growing crops, regional crops included potatoes and ullucos
23.
Christina Aguilera
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Christina María Aguilera is an American singer, songwriter, actress and television personality. Born in Staten Island, New York and raised in Rochester and Wexford, Pennsylvania, she appeared on the television series Star Search, after recording Reflection, the theme for Disneys 1998 film Mulan, Aguilera signed with RCA Records. She rose to prominence with her 1999 self-titled debut album spawned the Billboard Hot 100 number one singles, Genie in a Bottle, What a Girl Wants. The following year, Aguilera released two albums, the Spanish-language album Mi Reflejo and the holiday album My Kind of Christmas. She assumed creative control for her studio album, Stripped, which produced Dirrty, Beautiful. Aguileras fifth studio album, Back to Basics, debuted at one on the album charts of ten countries and spawned the tracks Aint No Other Man. In 2010, Aguilera released her studio album Bionic and starred in the film Burlesque. The following year, she debuted as a coach on the reality television series The Voice. Her seventh studio album, Lotus, was released in 2012, Aguilera has also been featured on several successful collaborations during her career, including Lady Marmalade, Moves like Jagger, and Say Something. Aguilera has been recognized as a pop icon and earned the title Pop Princess in her early years and her work has earned her five Grammy Awards, one Latin Grammy Award, and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. She has sold over 17.9 million albums in the United States as of 2014 and 50 million albums worldwide as of 2015. In 2009, she ranked at number 58 on Rolling Stones list of 100 Greatest Singers of All Time, thereby becoming the youngest and the only artist under 30 to be named. Billboard recognized her as the 20th most successful artist of the 2000s, aside from her work in the entertainment industry, Aguilera is involved in charitable activities through human rights, world issues, and her work as a UN ambassador for the World Food Programme. Christina María Aguilera was born in Staten Island, New York, on December 18,1980, to Shelly Loraine, a musician, and Fausto Xavier Aguilera and her father is Ecuadorian, while her mother has German, Irish, Welsh, and Dutch ancestry. Her family moved frequently because of her fathers service, and lived in places including New Jersey, Texas, New York. Aguilera and her mother alleged that her father was physically and emotionally abusive, claims which he denied, Aguilera used music as a form of escape from her turbulent household. Following her parents divorce when she was six years old, Aguilera, her younger sister Rachel, after several years of being estranged, Aguilera expressed interest in reconciling with her father in 2012. Growing up, Aguilera, known locally as the girl with the big voice, aspired to be a singer, singing in local talent shows
24.
Mi Reflejo
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Mi Reflejo is the second studio album and first Spanish album by American singer Christina Aguilera. It was released on September 12,2000 by BMG U. S. Latin, after the commercial success of her debut studio effort, Christina Aguilera, Aguilera recorded her follow-up project during 2000. It includes five Spanish-language versions of tracks from her previous album, in addition to four original compositions, the tracks were adapted and composed by Rudy Pérez who also produced the album. In the United States, Mi Reflejo peaked at number-one on the Billboard Top Latin Albums, the album was the best-selling Latin pop album of 2000 and was certified 6× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. It reached number two in Argentina and Uruguay, and has sold a three million copies worldwide. Upon its release, Mi Reflejo received generally mixed reviews from music critics, the album led to Aguilera receiving a Latin Grammy award for Best Female Pop Vocal Album, as well as a Grammy nomination, two Billboard Latin Music Awards, and a Lo Nuestro nomination. Three singles were released from the album, Ven Conmigo, Pero Me Acuerdo de Ti, to promote the album, Aguilera extended her tour, Christina Aguilera in Concert, into 2001 for eight more dates and performed at the 2001 Grammy Awards. According to her manager Steve Kurtz, Aguilera expressed interest in recording a Spanish-language album before she recorded her debut studio album Christina Aguilera. At the time, Aguilera was simultaneously touring to promote her album and recording a Christmas album My Kind of Christmas. Mi Reflejo was intended to be titled Latin Lover Girl, the origin came from the Spanish version of the song Reflection. In 1999, she began recording in Miami with Cuban-American producer Rudy Pérez and he co-wrote the songs Si No Te Hubiera Conocido, Cuando No es Contigo, and El Beso Del Final. He also composed the Spanish versions of Come On Over Baby, Genie in a Bottle, I Turn to You, What a Girl Wants, Aguilera covers Perezs song Pero Me Acuerdo de Ti, which was originally performed by Puerto Rican singer Lourdes Robles on her album Definitivamente. Mi Reflejo features a cover of César Portillo de la Luzs bolero Contigo En La Distancia, additionally, Aguilera made a duet with Puerto Rican singer Luis Fonsi on the ballad Si No Te Hubiera Conocido. Aguilera wanted Fonsi to perform a duet with her because she felt that she could relate to him as they grew up listening to the same things, Cuando No es Contigo is an uptempo salsa song which was arranged by Sergio George. Falsas Esperanzas is another song in the album which features Cuban musician Paquito Hechevarria performing the piano. Stephen Erlewine of Allmusic described the album as an image of her debut album Christina Aguilera. An editor for Billboard wrote that Aguilera has yielded a mostly mainstream pop album with Latin inflections, eliseo Cardona of CDNow gave the album a mixed review. He commended Cuando No es Contigo as making Aguilera a credible, expressive salsera, david Browne of Entertainment Weekly, who gave the album a C rating, wrote the review in a parody memo from Aguileras point of view
25.
Jubilee 2000
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Jubilee 2000 was an international coalition movement in over 40 countries that called for cancellation of third world debt by the year 2000. This movement coincided with the Great Jubilee, the celebration of the year 2000 in the Catholic Church, from early 2001, Jubilee 2000 split into an array of organisations around the world. The concept derived from the idea of the year of Jubilee. In the Jubilee Year as quoted in Leviticus, those enslaved because of debts are freed, lands lost because of debt are returned and it aimed to wipe out $90bn of debt owed by the worlds poorest nations, reducing the total to about $37bn. The activities were directed through church channels, and youth groups in particular became heavily involved. Campaigns were launched via a secretariat in the United Kingdom, franchising the trade mark to any who directed campaign in the spirit of Jubilee 2000, perhaps the best known part of the movement was the global campaign created to engage the music and entertainment industries called Drop The Debt. Among the supporters were Bono of rock band U2, Quincy Jones, Willie Colón, Muhammad Ali, Bob Geldof, Youssou Ndour, Thom Yorke, N. T. Wright, Jubilee 2000 staged demonstrations at the 1998 G8 meeting in Birmingham, England. Subsequently, the Prime Minister publicly expressed his support for. Jubilee later lobbied the United States Congress to make good on this promise, Congress responded to the growing pressure to address debt relief issues in 2000 by committing $769 million to bilateral and multilateral debt relief. These co-ordinate their actions through a loose global confederation, Jubilee USA, located in Washington DC, is the USAs campaigning successor to Jubilee 2000. There are very many other organisations around the world which also carry forward the debt campaign, Jubilee Research at the New Economics Foundation, located in London, took over from Jubilee 2000 in 2001 and now provides in-depth analysis and data on third world debt. Jubilee Debt Campaign is the UKs campaigning successor to Jubilee 2000, comprising much of the UKs original Jubilee 2000 membership, the campaign calls for cancellation of debts owed by the worlds poorest countries. Debt was one of the targets of 2005s Make Poverty History Campaign, Jubilee South The Birth of Jubilee 2000 Jubilee Debt Campaign Jubilee USA Network Jubilee Research at nef Jubilee Scotland Erlassjahr. de Jubilee Ecuador indana
26.
Pope John Paul II
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Pope Saint John Paul II, born Karol Józef Wojtyła, was Pope from 1978 to 2005. He is called by some Catholics Saint John Paul the Great and he was elected by the second Papal conclave of 1978, which was called after Pope John Paul I, who had been elected in August after the death of Pope Paul VI, died after thirty-three days. Cardinal Wojtyła was elected on the day of the conclave. John Paul II is recognised as helping to end Communist rule in his native Poland, John Paul II significantly improved the Catholic Churchs relations with Judaism, Islam, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion. He upheld the Churchs teachings on such matters as artificial contraception and the ordination of women and he was one of the most travelled world leaders in history, visiting 129 countries during his pontificate. By the time of his death, he had named most of the College of Cardinals, consecrated or co-consecrated a large number of the worlds bishops, a key goal of his papacy was to transform and reposition the Catholic Church. His wish was to place his Church at the heart of a new alliance that would bring together Jews, Muslims. He was the second longest-serving pope in history after Pope Pius IX. Born in Poland, John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope since the Dutch Pope Adrian VI, John Paul IIs cause for canonisation commenced in 2005 one month after his death with the traditional five-year waiting period waived. A second miracle attributed to John Paul IIs intercession was approved on 2 July 2013, John Paul II was canonised on 27 April 2014, together with Pope John XXIII. On 11 September 2014, Pope Francis added John Paul IIs optional memorial feast day to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints, in response to worldwide requests. It is traditional to celebrate saints feast days on the anniversary of their deaths, Karol Józef Wojtyła was born in the Polish town of Wadowice. He was the youngest of three born to Karol Wojtyła, an ethnic Pole, and Emilia Kaczorowska, whose mothers maiden surname was Scholz. Emilia, who was a schoolteacher, died in childbirth in 1929 when Wojtyła was eight years old and his elder sister Olga had died before his birth, but he was close to his brother Edmund, nicknamed Mundek, who was 13 years his senior. Edmunds work as a physician led to his death from scarlet fever. As a boy, Wojtyła was athletic, often playing football as goalkeeper, during his childhood, Wojtyła had contact with Wadowices large Jewish community. School football games were organised between teams of Jews and Catholics, and Wojtyła often played on the Jewish side. I remember that at least a third of my classmates at school in Wadowice were Jews
27.
Ednita Nazario
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Ednita Nazario Figueroa is a Puerto Rican musician, singer, songwriter and actress who has achieved stardom both at home and abroad. She has been in the business from a young age. Nazario was born on April 11,1955 in Ponce, Puerto Rico, to Domingo Nazario and she has two older brothers and a younger brother. Ednita showed inclinations to music even when small, a family anecdote tells that when she was 2 and shopping with her mother, she wandered away, and her mother found her singing on top of boxes to an enthusiastic crowd of laughing, clapping shoppers. When she was 6 she attended a game in Ponce with her brothers. While she was playing with her brothers glove, the hit the ball toward her. She held the glove up for protection, and the ball landed squarely in it, the crowd went wild, including Alfred D. Herger, one of Puerto Ricos top record producers, who was seated near the family. When he asked her if she wanted to be a player, she replied No. He asked her to sing something for him, and she responded with a rendition of a local salsa hit that left both the producer and the applauding crowd astonished. 2 months later, Herger visited the Nazario household with a recording contract, the family was reluctant at first, but they finally signed it. Which the family, reluctantly at first, signed, at 6, Ednita recorded her first song, Mi Amor Lolipop, a Spanish version of My Boy Lollipop. In 1966, at age 11, Nazario made her radio debut, after some presentations, Nazario started alongside singer and photographer José Manuel, and Frankie Sabath, in a band which Tony Morales created, called The Kids From Ponce. The group played at hotels and television networks, and achieved local success. However, the group disbanded and they became soloists, Nazario, then 17, was offered her own prime-time TV variety show, El Show de Ednita, broadcast by Telemundo Puerto Rico, and produced by Paquito Cordero. During this time she won the Miss Puerto Rico Teenage pageant. In 1973, then 18, she released her first album called Al Fin. Ednita, the album spawned a #1 Hit, Te Quiero y No Me Importa, and also brought her award as New Artist of the Year. With her TV show, Nazario became Puerto Ricos hottest idol, the show was also syndicated to other Latin-American countries. Among the international stars that she hosted were, Liza Minnelli, Tommy Dorsey, Charles Aznavour, Morey Amsterdam, Ferrer was so charmed by Nazarios presence that he designed a nightclub act for both of them
28.
September 11 attacks
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The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11,2001. The attacks killed 2,996 people, injured over 6,000 others, two of the planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, were crashed into the North and South towers, respectively, of the World Trade Center complex in New York City. A third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia and it was the deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed respectively. Suspicion for the attack fell on al-Qaeda. The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks. Although al-Qaedas leader, Osama bin Laden, initially denied any involvement, al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited U. S. support of Israel, the presence of U. S. troops in Saudi Arabia, and sanctions against Iraq as motives. Having evaded capture for almost a decade, bin Laden was located and killed by SEAL Team Six of the U. S. Navy in May 2011. S. many closings, evacuations, and cancellations followed, out of respect or fear of further attacks. Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2002, on November 18,2006, construction of One World Trade Center began at the World Trade Center site. The building was opened on November 3,2014. The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan and helped organize Arab mujahideen to resist the Soviets. Under the guidance of Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden became more radical, in 1996, bin Laden issued his first fatwā, calling for American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia. Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort Muslims to attack Americans until the stated grievances are reversed, Muslim legal scholars have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries, according to bin Laden. Bin Laden, who orchestrated the attacks, initially denied but later admitted involvement, in November 2001, U. S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. In the video, bin Laden is seen talking to Khaled al-Harbi, on December 27,2001, a second bin Laden video was released. In the video, he said, It has become clear that the West in general and it is the hatred of crusaders. Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, the transcript refers several times to the United States specifically targeting Muslims. He said that the attacks were carried out because, we are free, and want to regain freedom for our nation. As you undermine our security we undermine yours, Bin Laden said he had personally directed his followers to attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
29.
Britney Spears
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Britney Jean Spears is an American singer, dancer, and actress. Born in McComb, Mississippi, and raised in Kentwood, Louisiana, she performed acting roles in stage productions, Spearss first and second studio albums. Baby One More Time and Oops. I Did It Again, became international successes, with the former becoming the album by a teenage solo artist. Title tracks. Baby One More Time and Oops, I Did It Again broke international sales records. In 2001, Spears released her third studio album, Britney. She assumed creative control of her studio album, In the Zone. In 2007, Spearss much-publicized personal issues sent her career into hiatus and her fifth studio album, Blackout, was released later that year, and spawned singles such as Gimme More and Piece of Me. Her erratic behavior and hospitalizations continued through the year, at which point she was placed under a still ongoing conservatorship. Spearss sixth studio album, Circus, included the international chart-topping single Womanizer and her seventh studio album, Femme Fatale, became her first to yield three top-ten singles in the United States. She released her studio album Britney Jean in 2013. Later that year, Spears began the four-year residency show, Britney, Piece of Me, in 2016, Spears released her ninth studio album, Glory. Spears is regarded as a pop icon and credited with influencing the revival of teen pop during the late 1990s and she became the best-selling teenage artist of all time and garnered honorific titles including the Princess of Pop. In 2009, Billboard ranked her as the 8th overall Artist of the Decade, the Recording Industry Association of America lists Spears as the eighth top-selling female artist in the United States, with 34 million certified albums. She has sold 100 million albums and over 100 million singles worldwide making her one of the music artists of all time. According to Billboard Spears has sold about 22.38 million singles in digital downloads in US and is the fourth best-selling female artist since Nielsen SoundScan began. Forbes reported that Spears was the highest paid musician of 2012, with earnings of $58 million. Spears was born in McComb, Mississippi, the child of Lynne Irene Bridges and James Parnell Spears. Her maternal grandmother, Lillian Portell, was English, and one of Spearss maternal great-great-grandfathers was Maltese and her siblings are Bryan James and Jamie Lynn
30.
Dream Within a Dream Tour
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The Dream Within a Dream Tour was the fourth concert tour by American recording artist Britney Spears. It was launched in support of her studio album, Britney. The tour was promoted by Concerts West, marking the first time Spears did not tour with Clear Channel Entertainment, on September 21,2001, a North American tour was announced that kicked off exactly two months later after various dates were postponed. In February 2002, Spears announced a second leg of the tour and it was directed and choreographed by Wade Robson, who explained the main theme of the show was Spearss coming of age and newfound independence. The stage was designed by Steve Cohen and Rob Brenner and was composed of a main stage, inspired by Cleopatras barge, a flying device was developed so Spears could travel over the audience to the B-stage. The setlist was composed by songs from the supporting album. Songs from her previous two albums were also included in remixed form by Robson. The show was divided into seven segments with the last one being the encore, most of the performances were accompanied by extravagant special effects, including confetti, pyrotechnics, laser lights, and artificial fog and snow. In the encore, there was a screen that pumped two tons of water into the stage, this was considered one of the signature performances of the tour. During the 2002 leg, some changes were made, several songs were remixed, the show received mixed reviews by critics, who praised the show for being innovative but dismissed it for taking the attention away from the music. The Dream Within a Dream Tour was largely sold out and grossed $43.7 million, during the second show in Mexico, Spears left the stage after the sixth song due to a lightning storm, the show was canceled and angered the audience. The tour was broadcast live on an HBO special on November 18,2001, a DVD titled Live from Las Vegas was released in January 2002. On July 19,2001, Spearss band announced there would be a tour to support her third studio album, the following day, Spearss label Jive Records confirmed that there was a tour planned for the fall. The Dream Within a Dream Tour was promoted by Concerts West, chosen after a much publicized battle with concert promoter Clear Channel Entertainment and it marked the first time Concerts West outbid CCE, with reports claiming Spears would earn between $13 and $15 million during the tour. Spearss manager Larry Rudolph commented on the situation, saying, Clear Channel is an incredible company and we went with Concerts West because theyre a strong touring company and because they have ancillary properties, in that arenas and some 7,000 movie theaters throughout the country. This decision was not made to exclude Clear Channel and it was made to include Concerts West. Has the ability to help us market our core products—the album, on September 20,2001, dates were released along with the track listing of the album. The tour was slated to begin on October 26,2001, the tour was postponed one more day due to production delays and finally kicked off at Nationwide Arena in Columbus, Ohio
31.
Miss World 2003
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Miss World 2003, the 53rd edition of the Miss World pageant, was held on 6 December 2003 at the Crown of Beauty Theatre in Sanya, China PR. The pageant was presented by Phil Keoghan, Amanda Byram, the contestants also paid a visit to Hong Kong, Xian, Shanghai, and Beijing. Azra Akın of Turkey crowned her successor Rosanna Davison of Ireland,106 contestants from all over the world competed for the crown, marking at that time, the biggest edition in the pageant history. This was the first time China PR hosted the pageant, ticket pricing for the event ranged from $110 to $2,730. 106 contestants participated in Miss World 2003, Miss World 2003 had nine judges. She later competed at Miss Europe 2005 and finished 1º runner up, fiji – Aishwarya Sukhdeo - She withdrew at the very last minute for unknown reasons, however, she competed in Miss World a year later. Algeria – Mounia Achlaf Austria – Miss Austria 2003, Tanja Duhovich did not compete due meet the age of requirements, then the Miss Austria corporation decided appointed the Miss Austria 2003 secound runner up, Bianca Zudrell just at every last minute with no time to prepare the visa. American Virgin Islands – Alexandrya Evans and she competed at Miss Universe 20118 years later. British Virgin Islands – No contest Haiti Malawi – Mable Pulu Tahiti - Heitiare Tribondeau Turks & Caicos Ghana – Did not compete because of a shift in the Miss Ghana calendar. Organizers held the final, Miss Ghana 2003, on the same date Miss World 2003 was held. This is the reason Ghanaian delegates to Miss World have their titles dating back by a year. Latvia – Agnese Eiduka Sweden – Isabelle Jonsson - She was the first runner up of Fröken Sverige 2003, yugoslavia changed its name to Serbia & Montenegro. Northern Marianas was originally crowned for the Miss Universe pageant but was sent to Miss World instead, pageantopolis – Miss World 2003 Miss World 2003 at the Internet Movie Database http, //www. grahamecurtis. com/irishconnectionsmag/archives/v5i1/missworld. htm
32.
Spice Girls
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The Spice Girls are an English pop girl group formed in 1994. The group originally consisted of Melanie Brown, Melanie Chisholm, Emma Bunton, Geri Halliwell and they were signed to Virgin Records and released their debut single Wannabe in 1996, which hit number one in 37 countries and established them as a global phenomenon. Their debut album Spice sold more than 31 million copies worldwide and their follow-up album Spiceworld sold over 20 million copies worldwide. Among the highest profile acts in 1990s British popular culture, Time called them arguably the most recognisable face of Cool Britannia, the mid-1990s celebration of youth culture in the UK. The group became one of the most successful marketing engines ever, earning up to $75 million per year, under the guidance of their mentor and manager Simon Fuller, the Spice Girls embraced merchandising and became a regular feature of the British and global press. In 1996, Top of the Pops magazine gave each member of the group aliases, which were adopted by the group and media. According to Rolling Stone journalist and biographer David Sinclair, Scary, Baby, Ginger, Posh and Sporty were the most widely recognised group of individuals since John, Paul, George, with the girl power phenomenon, the Spice Girls were popular cultural icons of the 1990s. They are cited as part of the second wave 1990s British Invasion of the US, in 2016, Mel B, Emma Bunton and Geri Halliwell reunited and launched a new website called Spice Girls - GEM. In February 1994, together with financier Chic Murphy, they placed an advertisement in the trade magazine The Stage asking for singers to audition for a pop band at Danceworks studios. A week after the audition, the women were asked to attend a recall at Nomis Studios in Shepherds Bush, performing Signed, Sealed, Delivered on their own. During the session, Adams, Brown, Chisholm, Halliwell and Stephenson were selected to the band, the group moved to a house in Maidenhead, Berkshire, and spent most of 1994 training. During the first two months, they worked on demos at South Hill Park Recording Studios in Bracknell with producer/studio owner Michael Sparkes and songwriter/arranger Tim Hawes. According to Stephenson, the material the group was given was very, very pop, one of the songs they recorded, Sugar and Spice. They also worked on various dance routines at the Trinity Studios in Knaphill, near Woking, a few months into the training period, Stephenson was fired from the group and replaced with Emma Bunton. It was also during this time that Halliwell came up with the band name Spice, the group felt insecure about the lack of a contract and was frustrated by the direction in which Heart Management was steering them. In October 1994, armed with a catalogue of demos and dance routines, due to the large interest in the group, the Herberts quickly set about creating a binding contract for them. Encouraged by the reaction they had received at the Nomis showcase, all five members delayed signing contracts on the advice from, among others. In March 1995, the group parted from Heart Management due to their frustration with the unwillingness to listen to their visions
33.
Emma Bunton
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Emma Lee Bunton is an English singer-songwriter, actress, and radio and television presenter. She is best known as a member of the group the Spice Girls formed in the 1990s. The album debuted and peaked at No.4 on the UK Albums Chart and it was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry for sales in excess of 100,000 copies, ultimately becoming the 147th best-selling album in the UK for 2001. The album brought the UK and New Zealand No.1 single What Took You So Long. as well as top five hits What I Am and Take My Breath Away, Buntons second album, Free Me, was released in 2004 through 19 Entertainment/Universal Records. Four singles were taken from it, Free Me, Maybe, Ill Be There, after the release of her third album, Life in Mono, Bunton reunited with the Spice Girls in 2007 for an international tour and greatest hits album. From 2003 to 2012 Bunton had a role on the BBC comedy series Absolutely Fabulous. She performed at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony on 12 August 2012 with The Spice Girls and this would be the last time that the band would perform as a quintet. Since 2016 Bunton has reunited as the Spice Girls with Geri Halliwell, Buntons television appearances include being a judge on the ITV celebrity skating show Dancing on Ice and entertainment series Your Face Sounds Familiar. In addition, she gives her voice to Muhimu in the UK version of Disney Junior’s television series The Lion Guard, Emma Lee Bunton was born in Finchley, north London. Her parents, Pauline, an instructor, and Trevor Bunton. She has a brother, Paul James. As stated in an interview with Eammon Holmes & Ruth Langsford on This Morning during August 2016, Buntons maternal family originate in County Wexford, Bunton went to St. Theresas Roman Catholic Primary School in Finchley. Bunton appeared briefly in the BBC soap opera EastEnders in 1992 as a mugger, in 1993, Bunton appeared in the ITV police drama, The Bill, and also made a brief appearance as a prostitute in the BBC drama series To Play the King. Bunton also appeared in an information film for the British government concerning fire safety. In 1994, Melanie C, Mel B, Geri Halliwell, around 400 women who answered the ad went to Dance Works studios. The group felt insecure about the lack of a contract and were frustrated by the direction in which Heart Management was steering them, in October 1994, armed with a catalogue of demos and dance routines, the group began touring management agencies. Due to the large interest in the group, the Herberts quickly set about creating a contract for the group. Encouraged by the reaction they had received at the Nomis showcase, all five members delayed signing contracts on the advice from, amongst others
34.
Free Me (album)
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Free Me is the second solo studio album by English recording artist Emma Bunton. It was released on 9 February 2004 by Polydor Records, the lead single, Free Me, was released in the spring of 2003. The song immediately picked up airplay, and the single sold well in the UK, Maybe was released as the second single in the autumn of 2003, and also gained extensive airplay throughout the UK, peaking at number six. In the spring of 2004, the album and its third single, the single, like its two predecessors, performed well on the charts, peaking at number seven. The album sold more copies in its first week than her solo record had. With this, Bunton became the only Spice Girls member to have more copies of her second album than her first in UK. Later in the year, the single, Crickets Sing for Anamaria, was released. The song only came in at number fifteen on the UK Singles Chart, in the United States, both Free Me and Maybe were dance club regulars, reaching number four and number six on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play respectively. The album was produced by Mike Peden and Yak Bondy. Other contributions on the courtesy of Cathy Dennis, Henry Binns. The album was released via 19 Recordings, which is a division of 19 Management, however, Buntons songs on this album mainly started life as a simple scribble. She says, I have a book beside my bed. Its kind of weird, cuz usually when Im having a dream, Ill wake up, the album was acclaimed by critics for its catchy and fun use of sounds from the Motown and the 1960s era. The BBC says the album is light and frothy, like a good cappuccino, stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave a positive review saying, This music is stylish without being flashy, thanks in large part to the charmingly tuneful, sturdy songs. While Bunton may still have a small, sweet voice, shes developed a presence on record, giving this album not just a face. Credits adapted from the notes of Free Me. Sometimes –4,34 This song was released on an album for the Chickenshed theatre company. One Thing I Know –4,00 This track was co-written by Bunton for Free Me and it was recorded by another 19 Management act, S Club 8, for their album Sundown
35.
Nada Es Para Siempre
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Nada Es Para Siempre is a song written by Amaury Gutiérrez and recorded by Luis Fonsi in 2005. The song was the third number-one hit for Luis Fonsi, the song was featured in the soundtrack of Mexican telenovela Rebelde. The song was dedicated to Luis Fonsis wife, Adamari López, the song was the second single released from the album, Paso a Paso, after Estoy Perdido. Nada Es Para Siempre reached number-one during the week of August 27,2005 and this was the first time that Luis Fonsi had crossed over at the Billboard Hot 100 chart which peaked 90. Nada Es Para Siempre –3,40 Nada Es Para Siempre –4,51 Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
36.
Bolero
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Bolero is a genre of slow-tempo Latin music and its associated dance. There are Spanish and Cuban forms which are significant and which have separate origins. The term is used for some art music. In all its forms, the bolero has been popular for over a century, the original Spanish bolero is a 3/4 dance that originated in Spain in the late 18th century, a combination of the contradanza and the sevillana. In Cuba, the bolero was perhaps the first great Cuban musical and vocal synthesis to win universal recognition, in 2/4 time, this dance music spread to other countries, leaving behind what Ed Morales has called the most popular lyric tradition in Latin America. The Cuban bolero tradition originated in Santiago de Cuba in the last quarter of the 19th century, it does not owe its origin to the Spanish music and song of the same name. In the 19th century there grew up in Santiago de Cuba a group of itinerant musicians who moved around earning their living by singing and playing the guitar, pepe Sanchez is known as the father of the trova style and the creator of the Cuban bolero. Untrained, but with natural talent, he composed numbers in his head. As a result, most of these numbers are now lost and he was the model and teacher for the great trovadores who followed. The Cuban bolero has traveled to Puerto Rico and the rest of Latin America after its conception, some of the boleros leading composers have come from nearby countries, as in the case of the prolific Puerto Rican composer Rafael Hernández and the Mexican Agustín Lara. Some Cuban composers of the bolero are primarily considered trovadores, boleros saw a resurgence in popularity during the 1990s when Mexican singer Luis Miguel was credited for reviving interest in the bolero genre following the release Romance. This adaptability was largely achieved by dispensing with limitations in format or instrumentation, examples would be, Bolero in the danzón, the advent of lyrics in the danzón to produce the danzonete. The bolero-son, long-time favourite dance music in Cuba, captured abroad under the misnomer rumba, the bolero-mambo in which slow and beautiful lyrics were added to the sophisticated big-band arrangements of the mambo. The bolero-cha, many Cha-cha-cha lyrics come from boleros, the lyrics of the bolero can be found throughout popular music, especially Latin dance music. A version of the Cuban bolero is danced throughout the Latin dance world under the misnomer rumba and this came about in the early 1930s when a simple overall term was needed to market Cuban music to audiences unfamiliar with the various Cuban musical terms. The famous Peanut Vendor was so labelled, and the label stuck for other types of Cuban music, in Cuba, the bolero is usually written in 2/4 time, elsewhere often 4/4. The tempo for dance is about 120 beats per minute, the music has a gentle Cuban rhythm related to a slow son, which is the reason it may be best described as a bolero-son. Like some other Cuban dances, there are three steps to four beats, with the first step of a figure on the second beat, the slow is executed with a hip movement over the standing foot, with no foot-flick
37.
Sony
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Sony Corporation is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation that is headquartered in Kōnan, Minato, Tokyo. Its diversified business includes consumer and professional electronics, gaming, entertainment, the company is one of the leading manufacturers of electronic products for the consumer and professional markets. Sony was ranked 116th on the 2015 list of Fortune Global 500 and these make Sony one of the most comprehensive entertainment companies in the world. The group consists of Sony Corporation, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Sony Interactive Entertainment, Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Financial Holdings and others. Sony is among the Semiconductor sales leaders by year and as of 2013, the companys current slogan is BE MOVED. Their former slogans were make. believe, like. no. other, Sony has a weak tie to the SMFG keiretsu, the successor to the Mitsui keiretsu. Sony began in the wake of World War II, in 1946, Masaru Ibuka started an electronics shop in a department store building in Tokyo. The company had $530 in capital and a total of eight employees, in the following year he was joined by his colleague, Akio Morita, and they founded a company called Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo 東京通信工業. The company built Japans first tape recorder, called the Type-G, in 1958 the company changed its name to Sony. When Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo was looking for a name to use to market themselves, they strongly considered using their initials. The primary reason they did not is that the railway company Tokyo Kyuko was known as TTK, the company occasionally used the acronym Totsuko in Japan, but during his visit to the United States, Morita discovered that Americans had trouble pronouncing that name. Another early name that was tried out for a while was Tokyo Teletech until Akio Morita discovered that there was an American company already using Teletech as a brand name, the name Sony was chosen for the brand as a mix of two words. One was the Latin word sonus, which is the root of sonic and sound, and the other was sonny, a common slang term used in 1950s America to call a boy. In the 1950s Japan sonny boys, was a word into Japanese which connoted smart and presentable young men. The first Sony-branded product, the TR-55 transistor radio, appeared in 1955, at the time of the change, it was extremely unusual for a Japanese company to use Roman letters to spell its name instead of writing it in kanji. The move was not without opposition, TTKs principal bank at the time and they pushed for a name such as Sony Electronic Industries, or Sony Teletech. Akio Morita was firm, however, as he did not want the company tied to any particular industry. Eventually, both Ibuka and Mitsui Banks chairman gave their approval, according to Schiffer, Sonys TR-63 radio cracked open the U. S. market and launched the new industry of consumer microelectronics
38.
Sony BMG
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Sony BMG Music Entertainment was a record music company, which was a 50–50 joint venture between the Sony Corporation of America and Bertelsmann AG. The ventures successor, the again-active Sony Music Entertainment, is 100% owned by the Sony Corporation of America, Sony BMG Music Entertainment began in Skem as the result of a 50–50 joint venture between Sony Music Entertainment and Bertelsmann Music Group completed on March 4,2004. The merger affected all Sony Music and Bertelsmann Music Group companies worldwide except for Japan, financial analysts covering the merger anticipated that up to 2,000 jobs would be cut as a result, saving Sony BMG approximately $350 million annually. The companys chief executive officer is Rolf Schmidt-Holtz, who succeeded Andrew Lack on February 10,2006, in the first half of 2005, the companys share of new releases in the United States declined from 33% to 26% according to Nielsen SoundScan. This, and Lacks negotiation of what called a ill-conceived deal with Bruce Springsteen led to Bertelsmann informing Sony that it would not renew Lacks contract. The company signed a content deal with the video sharing community YouTube. On August 5,2008 Sony Corporation agreed to buy Bertelsmann AGs 50 percent stake in the company for $1.2 billion to get full control. The music company was renamed Sony Music Entertainment and became a unit of Sony Corporation of America, epic Records, one of their labels, was specifically cited for using fake contests in order to hide the fact that the gifts were going to disc jockeys rather than listeners. A scandal ensued over digital rights management software produced and shipped by Sony BMG that automatically installed itself on peoples computers, the scandal and attendant controversy about the practice of software auto-installation spawned several lawsuits. Sony BMG eventually recalled all of the affected CDs, uS-CERT advised, Do not install software from sources that you do not expect to contain software, such as an audio CD. In its Top Flops of 05 issue, the enterprise newsweekly eWeek had to create a new category for the Sony BMG root-kit fiasco, peter Coffee, of eWeek Labs reported, The Sony brand name was already in trouble—it lost 16 percent of its value between 2004 and 2005. Now it has taken a blow among tech-product opinion leaders, weve never done it before, and we hope well never have occasion to do it again but, for 2005, eWeek Labs awards a Stupid Tech Trick grand prize to Sony. EWeek Vol.22, No.50 In October 2007, Sony BMG, alongside other large music firms, successfully sued Jammie Thomas. Ms. Thomas – who made US$36,000 a year – was ordered to pay US$222,000 in damages for making 24 songs available for download on the Kazaa file-sharing network. Thomas had allegedly shared 1702 files in total, the court upholding the award called it a case of willful infringement. Sony did not restrict minor childrens participation in its websites, Sony paid a $1 million fine. Sony Commercial Music Group – Official Site Sony Music Entertainment, Incorporated – Company Profile on Yahoo
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