1.
Spanish naming customs
–
Spanish naming customs are historical traditions for naming children practised in Spain. According to these customs, a persons name consists of a name followed by two family names. The first surname is usually the fathers first surname, and the second the mothers first surname, in recent years, the order of the surnames can be reversed at birth if it is so decided by the parents. Currently in Spain, people bear a single or composite given name, a composite given name comprises two single names, for example Juan Pablo is considered not to be a first and a second forename, but a single composite forename. The two surnames refer to each of the parental families, traditionally, a persons first surname is the fathers first surname, and the second one is the mothers first surname. From 2013, if the parents of a child are unable to agree on order of surnames, the law also grants a person the option, upon reaching adulthood, of reversing the order of their surnames. Each surname can also be composite, the parts usually linked by the y or e. For example, a name might be Juan Pablo Fernández de Calderón García-Iglesias, consisting of a forename, a paternal surname. There are times when it is impossible, by inspection of a name, for example, the writer Sebastià Juan Arbó was alphabetised by the Library of Congress for many years under Arbó, assuming that Sebastiá and Juan were both given names. However, Juan was actually his first surname, to resolve questions like this, which typically involve very common names, one must consult the person involved, or legal documents. A man named José Antonio Gómez Iglesias would normally be addressed as either señor Gómez or señor Gómez Iglesias instead of señor Iglesias, because Gómez is his first surname. Furthermore, Mr. Gómez might be addressed as José Antonio, José, Pepe, Antonio, or Toño Jose, Joselito, Josito, Joselillo, Josico or Joselín, Antoñito, Tonín or Nono. Very formally, he could be addressed with an honorific as don José Antonio or don José, colombian writer Gabriel García Márquez is sometimes incorrectly referred to in English media as Mr. Márquez, when it should be Mr. García Márquez or, simply, Mr. García. It is not unusual, when the first surname is very common, for example, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero is often called simply Zapatero, the name he inherited from his mothers family, since Rodríguez is a common surname and may be ambiguous. The same occurs with another former Spanish Socialist leader, Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba, with the poet and dramatist Federico García Lorca, as these peoples paternal names are very common, they are often called with their maternal names. It would nonetheless be a mistake to index José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero under Z as Zapatero, a practical option to spare an explanation is using a single surname composed of two separate words. Parents choose their childs name, which must be recorded in the Registro Civil to establish his or her legal identity. With few restrictions, parents can now choose any name, common sources of names are the parents taste, honouring a relative, the General Roman Calendar nomina, legislation in Spain under Franco legally limited cultural naming customs to only Christian and typical Spanish names
Spanish naming customs
–
Spanish provincial surname concentrations: Percentage of population born with the ten most-common surnames for each province. (Source:
Instituto Nacional de Estadística 2006)
2.
San Juan, Puerto Rico
–
San Juan is the capital and most populous municipality in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, an unincorporated territory of the United States. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 395,326 making it the 46th-largest city under the jurisdiction of the United States, San Juan was founded by Spanish colonists in 1521, who called it Ciudad de Puerto Rico. Puerto Ricos capital is the second oldest European-established capital city in the Americas, after Santo Domingo, today, San Juan is Puerto Ricos most important seaport, and is the islands manufacturing, financial, cultural, and tourism center. San Juan is also a city of the San Juan-Caguas-Fajardo Combined Statistical Area. In 1508, Juan Ponce de León founded the settlement which he called Caparra. In 1521, the settlement was given its formal name. On the other hand, the name for the island became the name for the city only after the occupation of the island by the United States. San Juan, as a settlement of the Spanish Empire, was used by merchant, because of its prominence in the Caribbean, a network of fortifications was built to protect the transports of gold and silver from the New World to Europe. Because of the cargoes, San Juan became a target of the foreign powers of the time. The city was witness to attacks from the English led by Sir Francis Drake in 1595 and by George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland, artillery from San Juans fort, El Morro, repelled Drake, however, Clifford managed to land troops and lay siege to the city. After a few months of English occupation, Clifford was forced to abandon the siege when his troops began to suffer from exhaustion, in 1625 the city was sacked by Dutch forces led by Captain Balduino Enrico, but El Morro withstood the assault and was not taken. The Dutch were counterattacked by Captain Juan de Amezquita and 50 members of the militia on land. The land battle left 60 Dutch soldiers dead and Enrico with a wound to his neck which he received from the hands of Amezquita. The Dutch ships at sea were boarded by Puerto Ricans who defeated those aboard, after a long battle, the Spanish soldiers and volunteers of the citys militia were able to defend the city from the attack and save the island from an invasion. On October 21, Enrico set La Fortaleza and the city ablaze, captains Amezquita and Andre Botello decided to put a stop to the destruction and led 200 men in an attack against the enemys front and rear guard. They drove Enrico and his men from their trenches and into the ocean in their haste to reach their ships, the British attack in 1797, during the French Revolutionary Wars, led by Sir Ralph Abercromby. His army laid siege to the city but was forced to withdraw in defeat as the Puerto Rican defenses proved more resilient than those of Trinidad. The USS Yale captured a Spanish freighter, the Rita in San Juan Bay, on May 9, Yale fought a brief battle with an auxiliary cruiser of Spain, name unknown, resulting in a Spanish victory
San Juan, Puerto Rico
–
Ruins of Juan Ponce de León's residence at Caparra
San Juan, Puerto Rico
San Juan, Puerto Rico
–
La Plaza, San Juan, ca. 1900
San Juan, Puerto Rico
–
Shanty town along the Martín Peña Canal, 1973
3.
Universal Music Latin Entertainment
–
Universal Music Latin Entertainment, a division of Universal Music Group, is a record company specialized in producing and distributing Latin Music in Mexico, United States and Puerto Rico. UMLE includes famous Latin music labels such as Universal Music Latino, Fonovisa Records, Universal Music Mexico, Capital Latin, Machete Music and Disa Records. The record company was created in 2008 with the acquisition of Univision Music Group and combining it with Universals top Latin artists, in 2003, Jennifer Peña became the only female artist nominated for a Grammy in the Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album category. The label was dissolved in May 2008 with Univision Music Group being acquired, fonovisas impressive roster of over 120 artists include multi-platinum artists Marco Antonio Solís, La Banda el Recodo, Conjunto Primavera, Los Temerarios, and Los Tigres del Norte. Disa Records is the second largest Regional-Mexican label after Fonovisa and it was owned by the Chávez family of Monterrey until June 2001, when Univision acquired 50% of Disa from the Chávez family. In November 2006 Univision acquired the other 50% of the making it a subsidiary of Univision Music Group. Machete Music includes the top artists from Puerto Rico and Latin artists from all over the world. Artists like Akwid, Wisin & Yandel, Ivy Queen, Daddy Yankee, Don Omar, Molotov, PolyGram Latino merged with Universal Music Latino after Universal Music Groups acquisition of PolyGram. In 2006 UML with Vene Music started Siente Music, canadian born artist Nelly Furtado and Miami rapper Pitbull have also joined Universal to release a Spanish album. Following Universal Music Groups acquisition of EMI Music in 2012, Capitol Latin was merged with UMLE, the label includes artists that were signed on at the time of the acquisition. A label which focuses on the electronic music Latin audience, launched in 2014, musical acts that have signed on to the label include 3Ball MTY, Juan Magan, Atellagali, Marcelo Cic, and Buraka Som Sistema. RMM Records & Video PolyGram Latino Rodven Records This is a list of artist currently signed on to Universal Music Latin Entertainment and these are artists who were formerly signed on to either Universal Music Latin Entertainment or Universal Music Latino. List of record labels Official website Universal Music Latin Entertainments channel on YouTube
Universal Music Latin Entertainment
–
Universal Music Latin Entertainment
4.
Menudo (band)
–
Menudo was a Puerto Rican boy band that was formed in the 1970s by producer Edgardo Díaz. Menudo was also one of the biggest Latin boy bands in history, the band achieved much success, especially during the 1980s, becoming the most popular Latin American teen musical group of the era. The band had radio hits during its course. Their success led them to release two feature films, Una Aventura Llamada Menudo and Menudo, La Película. The band was a point for both Ricky Martin and Draco Rosa, who were members around the mid-1980s during their youth. In the late 1970s, the group released several moderately-successful albums, then in 1981, the album Quiero Ser launched the group—now René Farrait, Johnny Lozada, Xavier Serbiá, Miguel Cancel, and remaining original member Ricky Melendez—into stardom. It included hit songs such as Quiero Ser, Súbete A Mi Moto, Rock En La TV, Claridad, Menudo became very popular throughout Latin America, from Mexico to Argentina, including Brazil, they also had a fan base in Spain and the rest of Europe. In 1982, Charlie Masso replaced René Farrait, debuting with Menudo on the album Por Amor, during this boom of popularity, fans started calling themselves contagious to the Menuditis, similar to Beatlemania and todays Bieber Fever, or the Menudomania. They were so popular that they starred in their own films, Menudo, La Pelicula. Aventura starred Gladys Rodríguez as Señora Mía and included such as Clara. During their first visit to New York in early 1983, Ray Reyes replaced Xavier Serbiá and they also sang the theme song for ABCs Rubik, the Amazing Cube. Miguel Cancel became the first member to quit the group. According to a 1998 interview, he was unhappy that a sudden voice change rendered him unable to sing his songs and he was replaced by Roy Rosselló. Menudo signed a 6-year multimillion-dollar contract with RCA International and released their Spanish album A Todo Rock, during the first half of 1984 Menudo toured the U. S. and Brazil. In July 1984, Ricky Melendez, the remaining original member, left the group in a huge concert in his birth town, Caguas. During this time, Menudos popularity reached parts of Asia including Japan and the Philippines, and the group made English-language commercials for Pepsi, Scope, McDonalds and they also made a guest appearance on the popular American childrens program Sesame Street. Then, much to the surprise of fans and himself, Ray Reyes was the next to leave the group due to a growth spurt and voice change. Raymond Acevedo took over Reyes spot in 1985 and Menudo released their second English-language album, Menudo which contains the songs Hold Me and Explosion and they also released their next Spanish album, Ayer Y Hoy, and their second Portuguese album A Festa Vai Comecar
Menudo (band)
–
1982 lineup. L-to-R: (top left corner)
Miguel Cancel (top left corner)
Xavier Serbiá (middle)
Charlie Massó (top right corner)
Johnny Lozada (bottom left corner)
Ricky Meléndez (bottom right corner)
5.
Joey Fatone
–
Joseph Anthony Joey Fatone Jr. is an American singer, dancer, actor and television personality. He is best known as a member of the boyband NSYNC, in 2007, he came in second place on the ABC reality show Dancing With The Stars. He was also the host of the U. S. currently Fatone is the host of Food Networks Rewrapped, Live Well Networks My Family Recipe Rocks and is also guest host of The Price Is Right Live. at Ballys Las Vegas. Fatone was born in Brooklyn, New York City, to an Italian-American family, located at 8787 24th Avenue, Brooklyn. He is the son of Phyllis and Joseph Anthony Fatone Sr. an actor and he has two older siblings, Janine and Steven. When he was thirteen years old, Fatones family moved to Orlando, there, Fatone attended and graduated from Dr. Phillips High School. He sang the Star Spangled Banner before an Orlando Magic game with The Big Guys and he also performed in many plays and musicals. After high school, Fatone worked as a performer at Universal Studios in Orlando, then Lance Bass was added to the group that would become NSYNC. He acted in the acclaimed movie The Cooler. He has had roles in the experimental film, Red Riding Hood. Fatone has also been on Broadway performing leads in Rent and in a revival of Little Shop Of Horrors, Fatone hosted NBCs The Singing Bee as well as the Australian version of the show on Nine Network. On August 21,2007, it was announced that Fatone, along with Lisa Rinna, would replace Joan Rivers and his hosting duties with TV Guide continued for the 2008–2009 season. He was also the ringmaster for the NBC celebrity reality series Celebrity Circus, on November 30,2007, he participated in the taping of the 2007 Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade inside the Magic Kingdom at Disney World in Orlando, Florida. On May 22,2010, Fatone starred as a player in an episode of Imagination Movers on the Disney Channel. From July 6–18,2010, Fatone played Franz Liebkind, the comedic Nazi soldier and he has appeared as a voice actor in several episodes of Robot Chicken, starring as himself in a kung fu skit called Enter The Fat One and then in the shows Star Wars episode. In the twelfth season of Family Feud in 2010, Fatone became the announcer with Steve Harvey as the host for that season, in 2011, he started hosting the Live Well Network series My Family Recipe Rocks. In the same year he was in a film called Inkubus. In January 2012, he was one of eight celebrities participating in the Food Network reality series Rachael vs. Guy, in 6 weeks he was eliminated, but he won $5000 for his charity, the Fatone Family Foundation
Joey Fatone
–
Fatone at the
81st Academy Awards in February 2009.
6.
*NSYNC
–
NSYNC was an American boy band formed in Orlando, Florida in 1995 and launched in Germany by BMG Ariola Munich. NSYNC consisted of Justin Timberlake, JC Chasez, Chris Kirkpatrick, Joey Fatone, and Lance Bass.42 million copies in one week, blige, country music supergroup Alabama, and Gloria Estefan. Although NSYNC announced the start of a hiatus in early 2002. In 2007, Lance Bass confirmed that the group had broken up. They have sold over 70 million albums during their career, becoming the eighth-best-selling boy band in history, rolling Stone recognized their instant success as one of the Top 25 Teen Idol Breakout Moments of all time. Chris Kirkpatrick, who had missed the cut for the Backstreet Boys, Pearlman said that he would finance the group if Kirkpatrick would find other young male singers. This prompted Kirkpatrick to call Joey Fatone, a friend he had met while working at Universal Studios, then, Fatone and Kirkpatrick approached Lou Pearlman for more suggestions. Pearlman looked through some tapes they had, and one of Justin Timberlake from The Mickey Mouse Club caught his eye, Timberlake soon joined the group and recommended his friend JC Chasez, who also was a cast member on Disney Channels Mickey Mouse Club. Soon, they decided to out their sound by recruiting Jason Galasso as their bass singer. NSYNC received its name after Justin Timberlakes mother commented on how in sync the groups singing voices were, the groups name is also a play on the last letter of each of the original members names, JustiN, ChriS, JoeY, JasoN, and JC. After several weeks of rehearsals, the set up a showcase. However, at the last minute, Galasso dropped out and he was not fond of the groups musical direction, claiming that being a teen idol was never a goal of his. In need of a bass, the group auditioned several people without success, Timberlake soon called his vocal coach, who suggested a 16-year-old from Mississippi named Lance Bass. Bass flew to Orlando to audition and was accepted into the group. He was nicknamed Lansten so they could keep the name NSYNC, Pearlman hired Johnny Wright, manager of the Backstreet Boys, to manage the group. NSYNC sent him a two-song demo-tape including Ill Be Back for More and We Can Work It Out, the group performed for him and a group of BMG executives. Although the record company had concerns with the bands name and Basss dancing abilities. After being signed to BMG Ariola Munich, the group was sent to Sweden to begin working on their album with the help of producers such as Denniz Pop, Max Martin
*NSYNC
–
NSYNC
7.
Florida State University
–
Florida State University is an American public space-grant and sea-grant research university. Its primary campus is located on a 1,391. 54-acre campus in Tallahassee, Florida and it is a senior member of the State University System of Florida. Founded in 1851, it is located on the oldest continuous site of higher education in the state of Florida, the university is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. The university comprises 16 separate colleges and more than 110 centers, facilities, labs and institutes that offer more than 360 programs of study, the university has an annual budget of over $1.7 billion and an annual economic impact of over $10 billion. Florida State is home to Floridas only National Laboratory – the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and is the birthplace of the commercially viable anti-cancer drug Taxol. Florida State University also operates The John & Mable Ringling Museum of Art, the university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. Florida State University leads Florida in four of eight areas of external funding for the STEM disciplines, FSU officially launched the Raise the Torch, The Campaign for Florida State on October 17,2014. The campaign has a goal of more than $1 billion which will improve academics, research. As of September 30,2016, Florida State Universitys Raise the Torch campaign has raised $938,972,249, for 2017, U. S. News & World Report ranked Florida State as the 38th best public university in the United States. FSUs intercollegiate sports teams, commonly known by their Florida State Seminoles nickname, compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I, in their 113-year history, Florida States varsity sports teams have won 20 national athletic championships and Seminole athletes have won 78 individual NCAA national championships. In 1819 the Florida Territory was ceded to the United States by Spain as an element of the Adams–Onís Treaty, the Territory was conventionally split by the Appalachicola or later the Suwannee rivers into East and West areas. Florida State University is traceable to a set by the 1823 U. S. Congress to create a system of higher education. The 1838 Florida Constitution codified the system by providing for land allocated for the schools. In 1845 Florida became the 27th State of the United States, in 1851 the Florida Legislature voted to establish two seminaries of higher education on opposite sides of the Suwannee River. Francis W. Eppes and other city leaders established an academy called the Florida Institute in Tallahassee as a legislative inducement to locate the West Florida Seminary in Tallahassee. The East Florida Seminary opened in Ocala in 1853, closed in 1861, the East Florida Seminary is the institution to which the modern University of Florida traces its foundation. Two years later the institution absorbed the Tallahassee Female Academy founded in 1843 as the Misses Bates School, the West Florida Seminary stood near the front of the Westcott Building on the existing FSU campus, making this site the oldest continually used location of higher learning in Florida. In 1860–61 the legislature started formal training at the school with a law amending the original 1851 statute
Florida State University
–
West Florida Seminary main building, circa 1880. Built in 1854 as the Florida Institute. This building was replaced with College Hall in 1891. The
Westcott Building now stands on this site – the oldest site of higher education in Florida
Florida State University
–
Florida State University
Florida State University
–
William Denham, West Florida Seminary cadet during the Civil War
Florida State University
–
Chemistry lab in 1900, at what was then known as the West Florida Seminary
8.
Choir
–
A choir is a musical ensemble of singers. Choral music, in turn, is the music specifically for such an ensemble to perform. Choirs may perform music from the classical repertoire, which spans from the Medieval era to the present. Most choirs are led by a conductor, who leads the performances with arm, a body of singers who perform together as a group is called a choir or chorus. The former term is often applied to groups affiliated with a church and the second to groups that perform in theatres or concert halls. Choirs may sing without instrumental accompaniment, with the accompaniment of a piano or pipe organ, with a small ensemble, choirs are often led by a conductor or choirmaster. Other than four, the most common number of parts are three, five, six, and eight, choirs can sing with or without instrumental accompaniment. Singing without accompaniment is called a cappella singing, many choirs perform in one or many locations such as a church, opera house, or school hall. In some cases choirs join up to become one mass choir that performs for a special concert, in this case they provide a series of songs or musical works to celebrate and provide entertainment to others. Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance, such as a concert, by way of visible gestures with the hands, arms, face. The primary duties of the conductor or choirmaster are to unify performers, set the tempo, execute clear preparations and beats, and to listen critically and shape the sound of the ensemble. The conductor or choral director typically stands on a raised platform, many choral conductors use their hands to conduct. In the 2010s, most conductors do not play an instrument when conducting, although in earlier periods of music history. In Baroque music from the 1600s to the 1750s, conductors performing in the 2010s may lead an ensemble while playing a harpsichord or the violin, conducting while playing a piano may also be done with musical theatre pit orchestras. Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance, however, in rehearsals, frequent interruptions allow the conductor to give verbal directions as to how the music should be sung. Conductors act as guides to the choirs they conduct and they choose the works to be performed and study their scores, to which they may make certain adjustments, work out their interpretation, and relay their vision to the singers. Choral conductors may also have to conduct instrumental ensembles such as if the choir is singing a piece for choir. They may also attend to matters, such as scheduling rehearsals, planning a concert season, hearing auditions
Choir
–
Evensong rehearsal in the
quire of
York Minster, showing carved choirstalls
Choir
–
Amelia Nagoski, DMA conducting a choral ensemble at Western New England University
Choir
–
Egyptian Alexandria Jewish choir of Rabbin Moshe Cohen at Samuel Menashe synagogue,
Alexandria, Egypt
Choir
–
An English school choir
9.
City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra
–
The City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra is a British orchestra based in Birmingham, England. It is the resident orchestra at Symphony Hall, Birmingham, which has been its principal performance venue since 1991 and its administrative and rehearsal base is at the nearby CBSO Centre, where it also presents chamber concerts by members of the orchestra and guest performers. Each year the orchestra performs more than 130 concerts to audiences totalling over 200,000 people, another 72,000 people each year take part in its learning, participation and outreach events, and 750 local musicians are engaged in its six choirs and the CBSO Youth Orchestra. The CBSOs current music director is Mirga Gražinytė-Tyla, effective with the 2016-2017 season, the CBSOs current chief executive, appointed in 1999, is Stephen Maddock. Birminghams most notable early orchestra was the Birmingham Festival Orchestra, which formed as a group of 25 musicians in 1768 but by 1834 had grown into an orchestra of 147. This was eclipsed as the leading orchestra at the end of the 19th century by George Halfords Orchestra. The period between 1905 and 1920 saw this demand for orchestral music met by a number of competing enterprises. Landon Ronald presented a season of promenade concerts at the Theatre Royal in New Street from 1905 to 1914 with a 70-strong orchestra made up largely of Birmingham-based musicians. During its early years the orchestra was sometimes referred to as the Birmingham City Orchestra, as a result, a shortlist of four candidates was drawn up from the numerous applications for the post, though the initial one-year contract came to limit the choice to local applicants. The eventual appointee was Appleby Matthews, who had been running his own orchestra in the city since 1916 and had support from local music critics on the selection panel. Richard Wassell was appointed as Assistant Conductor, the CBOs first concert was given under Matthews baton as part of the Sunday series at the Theatre Royal on 5 September 1920, with the first piece of music performed being Granville Bantocks Saul. He had only limited experience in any of these roles, however, the CBO committee had two candidates in mind to replace Matthews, Eugene Goossens and Adrian Boult. For a while they explored the possibility of appointing both as joint conductors, but were convinced by Ernest de Sélincourt that this idea was unworkable. The urbane, Oxford-educated Boult was also dealing with influential local citizens. Boult brought a vision for the orchestras future, building on Matthews foundations. Some of the conductors in Europe were brought in to guest conduct, including Bruno Walter, Pierre Monteux, Ernest Ansermet. The orchestra made its first commercial recording in 1925. and building up the diary of out-of-town concerts. The advance made within a season is so considerable as to be remarkable
City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra
–
The City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra at Symphony Hall, Birmingham
10.
Miami
–
Miami is a seaport city at the southeastern corner of the U. S. state of Florida and its Atlantic coast. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, Miamis metro area is the eighth-most populous, Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Groups inventory, in 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities, in 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami Americas Cleanest City, for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and citywide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality. Miami has the third tallest skyline in the U. S. with over 300 high-rises, Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies. The Civic Center is a center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers. For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the Cruise Capital of the World, has been the number one cruise port in the world. It accommodates some of the worlds largest cruise ships and operations, Metropolitan Miami is the major tourism hub in the American South, number two in the U. S. after New York City and number 13 in the world, including the popular destination of Miami Beach. The Miami area was inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous Native American tribes, the Tequestas occupied the area for a thousand years before encountering Europeans. An Indian village of hundreds of people dating to 500–600 B. C. was located at the mouth of the Miami River, in 1566 the explorer, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, claimed it for Spain. A Spanish mission was constructed one year later in 1567, Spain and Great Britain successively controlled Florida, and Spain ceded it to the United States in 1821. In 1836, the US built Fort Dallas as part of its development of the Florida Territory and attempt to suppress, the Miami area subsequently became a site of fighting during the Second Seminole War. Miami is noted as the major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle, a local citrus grower. The Miami area was known as Biscayne Bay Country in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wilderness, the area was also characterized as one of the finest building sites in Florida. The Great Freeze of 1894–95 hastened Miamis growth, as the crops of the Miami area were the ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region
Miami
–
From top, left to right: Skyline of
Downtown,
Freedom Tower,
Villa Vizcaya,
Miami Tower,
Virginia Key Beach,
Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts,
AmericanAirlines Arena,
PortMiami, the Moon over Miami
Miami
–
The
Freedom Tower of 1925 is Miami's historical
landmark.
Miami
–
Approximately 400 men voted for Miami's incorporation in 1896 in the building to the left.
Miami
–
The mouth of the
Miami River at
Brickell Key
11.
Colombia
–
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a transcontinental country largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America. Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama, to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and it shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It is a unitary, constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments, the territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples including the Muisca, the Quimbaya and the Tairona. The Spanish arrived in 1499 and initiated a period of conquest and colonization ultimately creating the Viceroyalty of New Granada, independence from Spain was won in 1819, but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved. What is now Colombia and Panama emerged as the Republic of New Granada, the new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation, and then the United States of Colombia, before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886. Since the 1960s the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict, Colombia is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse countries in the world, and thereby possesses a rich cultural heritage. Cultural diversity has also influenced by Colombias varied geography. The urban centres are located in the highlands of the Andes mountains. Colombian territory also encompasses Amazon rainforest, tropical grassland and both Caribbean and Pacific coastlines, ecologically, it is one of the worlds 17 megadiverse countries, and the most densely biodiverse of these per square kilometer. Colombia is a power and a regional actor with the fourth-largest economy in Latin America, is part of the CIVETS group of six leading emerging markets and is an accessing member to the OECD. Colombia has an economy with macroeconomic stability and favorable growth prospects in the long run. The name Colombia is derived from the last name of Christopher Columbus and it was conceived by the Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda as a reference to all the New World, but especially to those portions under Spanish and Portuguese rule. The name was adopted by the Republic of Colombia of 1819. When Venezuela, Ecuador and Cundinamarca came to exist as independent states, New Granada officially changed its name in 1858 to the Granadine Confederation. In 1863 the name was changed, this time to United States of Colombia. To refer to country, the Colombian government uses the terms Colombia. Owing to its location, the present territory of Colombia was a corridor of early human migration from Mesoamerica, the oldest archaeological finds are from the Pubenza and El Totumo sites in the Magdalena Valley 100 km southwest of Bogotá. These sites date from the Paleoindian period, at Puerto Hormiga and other sites, traces from the Archaic Period have been found
Colombia
–
San Agustín Archaeological Park
Colombia
Colombia
–
Lost City
Colombia
–
Muisca raft. The figure refers to the ceremony of the legend of
El Dorado. The legend and the gold would play a pivotal role in luring Europeans to New Granada during the 16th and 17th centuries.
12.
Dominican Republic
–
The Dominican Republic is a sovereign state occupying the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western one-third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, christopher Columbus landed on the Western part of Hispaniola, in what is now Haiti, on December 6,1492. The island became the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World, the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 but were forcefully annexed by their more powerful neighbor Haiti in February 1822. After the 1844 victory in the Dominican War of Independence against Haitian rule the country again under Spanish colonial rule until the Dominican War of Restoration of 1865. The Dominican Republic experienced mostly internal strife until 1916, a civil war in 1965, the countrys last, was ended by another U. S. military occupation and was followed by the authoritarian rule of Joaquín Balaguer, 1966–1978. Since then, the Dominican Republic has moved toward representative democracy and has been led by Leonel Fernández for most of the time since 1996. Danilo Medina, the Dominican Republics current president, succeeded Fernandez in 2012, the Dominican Republic has the ninth-largest economy in Latin America and is the largest economy in the Caribbean and Central American region. Though long known for agriculture and mining, the economy is now dominated by services. Over the last two decades, the Dominican Republic have been standing out as one of the economies in the Americas – with an average real GDP growth rate of 5. 4% between 1992 and 2014. GDP growth in 2014 and 2015 reached 7.3 and 7. 0%, respectively, in the first half of 2016 the Dominican economy grew 7. 4% continuing its trend of rapid economic growth. Recent growth has been driven by construction, manufacturing and tourism, private consumption has been strong, as a result of low inflation, job creation, as well as high level of remittances. The Dominican Republic has a market, Bolsa de Valores de la Republica Dominicana. and advanced telecommunication system. Nevertheless, unemployment, government corruption, and inconsistent electric service remain major Dominican problems, the country also has marked income inequality. International migration affects the Dominican Republic greatly, as it receives, mass illegal Haitian immigration and the integration of Dominicans of Haitian descent are major issues. A large Dominican diaspora exists, mostly in the United States, contributes to development, the Dominican Republic is the most visited destination in the Caribbean. The year-round golf courses are major attractions, the island has an average temperature of 26 °C and great climatic and biological diversity. The country is also the site of the first cathedral, castle, monastery, and fortress built in all of the Americas, located in Santo Domingos Colonial Zone, a World Heritage Site. Music and sport are of importance in the Dominican culture, with Merengue and Bachata as the national dance and music
Dominican Republic
–
The Pomier Caves are a series of 55 caves located north of San Cristobal in the Dominican Republic. They contain the largest collection of 2,000-year-old rock art in the Caribbean.
Dominican Republic
–
Flag
Dominican Republic
–
The
Alcázar of Colón, located in Santo Domingo, is the oldest
Viceregal residence in all of the Americas.
Dominican Republic
–
Jean-Pierre Boyer the mulatto ruler of Haiti.
13.
El Salvador
–
El Salvador, officially the Republic of El Salvador, is the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America. El Salvadors capital and largest city is San Salvador, as of 2015, the country had a population of approximately 6.38 million, consisting largely of Mestizos of European and Indigenous American descent. El Salvador was for centuries inhabited by several Mesoamerican nations, especially the Cuzcatlecs, as well as the Lenca, in the early 16th century, the Spanish Empire conquered the territory, incorporating it into the Viceroyalty of New Spain ruled from Mexico City. In 1821, the country achieved independence from Spain as part of the First Mexican Empire, from the late 19th to the mid-20th century, El Salvador endured chronic political and economic instability characterized by coups, revolts, and a succession of authoritarian rulers. The conflict ended with a settlement that established a multiparty constitutional republic. El Salvador has since reduced its dependence on coffee and embarked on diversifying the economy by opening up trade and financial links, the colón, the official currency of El Salvador since 1892, was replaced by the U. S. dollar in 2001. As of 2010, El Salvador ranks 12th among Latin American countries in terms of the Human Development Index, however, the country continues to struggle with high rates of poverty, inequality, and crime. Conquistador Pedro de Alvarado named the new province for Jesus Christ – El Salvador, the full name was Provincia De Nuestro Señor Jesus Cristo, El Salvador Del Mundo, which was subsequently abbreviated to El Salvador. Tomayate is a site located on the banks of the river of the same name in the municipality of Apopa. The site has produced abundant Salvadoran megafauna fossils belonging to the Pleistocene epoch, at the same time, it is considered the richest vertebrate paleontological site in Central America and one of the largest accumulations of proboscideans in the Americas. Sophisticated civilization in El Salvador dates to its settlement by the indigenous Lenca people, theirs was the first, the Lenca were succeeded by the Olmecs, who eventually also disappeared, leaving their monumental architecture in the form of the pyramids still extant in western El Salvador. The Maya arrived and settled in place of the Olmecs, the Pipil were the last indigenous people to arrive in El Salvador. They called their territory Kuskatan, a Pipil word meaning The Place of Precious Jewels, backformed into Classical Nahuatl Cōzcatlān, the people of El Salvador today are referred to as Salvadoran, while the term Cuzcatleco is commonly used to identify someone of Salvadoran heritage. In pre-Columbian times, the country was inhabited by various other indigenous peoples, including the Lenca. Cuzcatlan was the domain until the Spanish conquest. Since El Salvador resided on the edge of the Maya Civilization. However, it is agreed that Mayas likely occupied the areas around Lago de Guija. Other ruins such as Tazumal, Joya de Cerén and San Andrés may have built by the Pipil or the Maya or possibly both
El Salvador
–
Temazcal in Joya de Ceren.
El Salvador
–
Flag
El Salvador
–
Spanish Conquistador
Pedro de Alvarado.
El Salvador
–
Tazumal ruins in Santa Ana, El Salvador.
14.
Venezuela
–
Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a federal republic located on the northern coast of South America. It is bordered by Colombia on the west, Brazil on the south, Guyana on the east, Venezuela covers 916,445 km2 and has an estimated population of 31775371. The territory now known as Venezuela was colonized by Spain in 1522 amid resistance from indigenous peoples and it gained full independence as a separate country in 1830. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic governments. This new constitution changed the name of the country to República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Venezuela is a presidential republic consisting of 23 states, the Capital District. Venezuela also claims all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River, oil was discovered in the early 20th century, and Venezuela has the worlds largest known oil reserves and has been one of the worlds leading exporters of oil. Previously an underdeveloped exporter of commodities such as coffee and cocoa, oil quickly came to dominate exports. The recovery of oil prices in the early 2000s gave Venezuela oil funds not seen since the 1980s, the Venezuelan government then established populist policies that initially boosted the Venezuelan economy and increased social spending, significantly reducing economic inequality and poverty. However, such policies later became controversial since they destabilized the economy, resulting in hyperinflation, an economic depression. According to the most popular and accepted version, in 1499, the stilt houses in the area of Lake Maracaibo reminded the navigator, Amerigo Vespucci, of the city of Venice, so he named the region Veneziola Piccola Venezia. The name acquired its current spelling as a result of Spanish influence, where the suffix -uela is used as a term, thus. The German language 16th century-term for the area, Klein-Venedig, also means little Venice, however, Martín Fernández de Enciso, a member of the Vespucci and Ojeda crew, gave a different account. In his work Summa de geografía, he states that they found people who called themselves the Veneciuela. Thus, the name Venezuela may have evolved from the native word and it is not known how many people lived in Venezuela before the Spanish conquest, it has been estimated at around one million. In addition to indigenous peoples known today, the population included historic groups such as the Kalina, Auaké, Caquetio, Mariche, the Timoto-Cuica culture was the most complex society in Pre-Columbian Venezuela, with pre-planned permanent villages, surrounded by irrigated, terraced fields. They also stored water in tanks and their houses were made primarily of stone and wood with thatched roofs. They were peaceful, for the most part, and depended on growing crops, regional crops included potatoes and ullucos
Venezuela
–
The signing of Venezuela's independence, by
Martín Tovar y Tovar
Venezuela
–
Flag
Venezuela
–
The
Battle of Carabobo, during the
Venezuelan War of Independence
Venezuela
–
José Gregorio Monagas abolished slavery in 1854.
15.
Christina Aguilera
–
Christina María Aguilera is an American singer, songwriter, actress and television personality. Born in Staten Island, New York and raised in Rochester and Wexford, Pennsylvania, she appeared on the television series Star Search, after recording Reflection, the theme for Disneys 1998 film Mulan, Aguilera signed with RCA Records. She rose to prominence with her 1999 self-titled debut album spawned the Billboard Hot 100 number one singles, Genie in a Bottle, What a Girl Wants. The following year, Aguilera released two albums, the Spanish-language album Mi Reflejo and the holiday album My Kind of Christmas. She assumed creative control for her studio album, Stripped, which produced Dirrty, Beautiful. Aguileras fifth studio album, Back to Basics, debuted at one on the album charts of ten countries and spawned the tracks Aint No Other Man. In 2010, Aguilera released her studio album Bionic and starred in the film Burlesque. The following year, she debuted as a coach on the reality television series The Voice. Her seventh studio album, Lotus, was released in 2012, Aguilera has also been featured on several successful collaborations during her career, including Lady Marmalade, Moves like Jagger, and Say Something. Aguilera has been recognized as a pop icon and earned the title Pop Princess in her early years and her work has earned her five Grammy Awards, one Latin Grammy Award, and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. She has sold over 17.9 million albums in the United States as of 2014 and 50 million albums worldwide as of 2015. In 2009, she ranked at number 58 on Rolling Stones list of 100 Greatest Singers of All Time, thereby becoming the youngest and the only artist under 30 to be named. Billboard recognized her as the 20th most successful artist of the 2000s, aside from her work in the entertainment industry, Aguilera is involved in charitable activities through human rights, world issues, and her work as a UN ambassador for the World Food Programme. Christina María Aguilera was born in Staten Island, New York, on December 18,1980, to Shelly Loraine, a musician, and Fausto Xavier Aguilera and her father is Ecuadorian, while her mother has German, Irish, Welsh, and Dutch ancestry. Her family moved frequently because of her fathers service, and lived in places including New Jersey, Texas, New York. Aguilera and her mother alleged that her father was physically and emotionally abusive, claims which he denied, Aguilera used music as a form of escape from her turbulent household. Following her parents divorce when she was six years old, Aguilera, her younger sister Rachel, after several years of being estranged, Aguilera expressed interest in reconciling with her father in 2012. Growing up, Aguilera, known locally as the girl with the big voice, aspired to be a singer, singing in local talent shows
Christina Aguilera
–
Aguilera at the Sanremo Music Festival
Christina Aguilera
–
Aguilera performing "The Voice Within", the fifth single from Stripped, during The Stripped Tour (2003)
Christina Aguilera
–
Aguilera singing "What A Girl Wants" during the "Back to Basics World Tour"
Christina Aguilera
–
Aguilera (at premiere of "To John With Love", September 2010).
16.
Mi Reflejo
–
Mi Reflejo is the second studio album and first Spanish album by American singer Christina Aguilera. It was released on September 12,2000 by BMG U. S. Latin, after the commercial success of her debut studio effort, Christina Aguilera, Aguilera recorded her follow-up project during 2000. It includes five Spanish-language versions of tracks from her previous album, in addition to four original compositions, the tracks were adapted and composed by Rudy Pérez who also produced the album. In the United States, Mi Reflejo peaked at number-one on the Billboard Top Latin Albums, the album was the best-selling Latin pop album of 2000 and was certified 6× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. It reached number two in Argentina and Uruguay, and has sold a three million copies worldwide. Upon its release, Mi Reflejo received generally mixed reviews from music critics, the album led to Aguilera receiving a Latin Grammy award for Best Female Pop Vocal Album, as well as a Grammy nomination, two Billboard Latin Music Awards, and a Lo Nuestro nomination. Three singles were released from the album, Ven Conmigo, Pero Me Acuerdo de Ti, to promote the album, Aguilera extended her tour, Christina Aguilera in Concert, into 2001 for eight more dates and performed at the 2001 Grammy Awards. According to her manager Steve Kurtz, Aguilera expressed interest in recording a Spanish-language album before she recorded her debut studio album Christina Aguilera. At the time, Aguilera was simultaneously touring to promote her album and recording a Christmas album My Kind of Christmas. Mi Reflejo was intended to be titled Latin Lover Girl, the origin came from the Spanish version of the song Reflection. In 1999, she began recording in Miami with Cuban-American producer Rudy Pérez and he co-wrote the songs Si No Te Hubiera Conocido, Cuando No es Contigo, and El Beso Del Final. He also composed the Spanish versions of Come On Over Baby, Genie in a Bottle, I Turn to You, What a Girl Wants, Aguilera covers Perezs song Pero Me Acuerdo de Ti, which was originally performed by Puerto Rican singer Lourdes Robles on her album Definitivamente. Mi Reflejo features a cover of César Portillo de la Luzs bolero Contigo En La Distancia, additionally, Aguilera made a duet with Puerto Rican singer Luis Fonsi on the ballad Si No Te Hubiera Conocido. Aguilera wanted Fonsi to perform a duet with her because she felt that she could relate to him as they grew up listening to the same things, Cuando No es Contigo is an uptempo salsa song which was arranged by Sergio George. Falsas Esperanzas is another song in the album which features Cuban musician Paquito Hechevarria performing the piano. Stephen Erlewine of Allmusic described the album as an image of her debut album Christina Aguilera. An editor for Billboard wrote that Aguilera has yielded a mostly mainstream pop album with Latin inflections, eliseo Cardona of CDNow gave the album a mixed review. He commended Cuando No es Contigo as making Aguilera a credible, expressive salsera, david Browne of Entertainment Weekly, who gave the album a C rating, wrote the review in a parody memo from Aguileras point of view
Mi Reflejo
–
Mi Reflejo
Mi Reflejo
–
Puerto Rican singer
Luis Fonsi (pictured) features on the song "Si No Te Hubiera Conocido".
17.
Jubilee 2000
–
Jubilee 2000 was an international coalition movement in over 40 countries that called for cancellation of third world debt by the year 2000. This movement coincided with the Great Jubilee, the celebration of the year 2000 in the Catholic Church, from early 2001, Jubilee 2000 split into an array of organisations around the world. The concept derived from the idea of the year of Jubilee. In the Jubilee Year as quoted in Leviticus, those enslaved because of debts are freed, lands lost because of debt are returned and it aimed to wipe out $90bn of debt owed by the worlds poorest nations, reducing the total to about $37bn. The activities were directed through church channels, and youth groups in particular became heavily involved. Campaigns were launched via a secretariat in the United Kingdom, franchising the trade mark to any who directed campaign in the spirit of Jubilee 2000, perhaps the best known part of the movement was the global campaign created to engage the music and entertainment industries called Drop The Debt. Among the supporters were Bono of rock band U2, Quincy Jones, Willie Colón, Muhammad Ali, Bob Geldof, Youssou Ndour, Thom Yorke, N. T. Wright, Jubilee 2000 staged demonstrations at the 1998 G8 meeting in Birmingham, England. Subsequently, the Prime Minister publicly expressed his support for. Jubilee later lobbied the United States Congress to make good on this promise, Congress responded to the growing pressure to address debt relief issues in 2000 by committing $769 million to bilateral and multilateral debt relief. These co-ordinate their actions through a loose global confederation, Jubilee USA, located in Washington DC, is the USAs campaigning successor to Jubilee 2000. There are very many other organisations around the world which also carry forward the debt campaign, Jubilee Research at the New Economics Foundation, located in London, took over from Jubilee 2000 in 2001 and now provides in-depth analysis and data on third world debt. Jubilee Debt Campaign is the UKs campaigning successor to Jubilee 2000, comprising much of the UKs original Jubilee 2000 membership, the campaign calls for cancellation of debts owed by the worlds poorest countries. Debt was one of the targets of 2005s Make Poverty History Campaign, Jubilee South The Birth of Jubilee 2000 Jubilee Debt Campaign Jubilee USA Network Jubilee Research at nef Jubilee Scotland Erlassjahr. de Jubilee Ecuador indana
Jubilee 2000
–
Logo of Jubilee 2000
18.
Pope John Paul II
–
Pope Saint John Paul II, born Karol Józef Wojtyła, was Pope from 1978 to 2005. He is called by some Catholics Saint John Paul the Great and he was elected by the second Papal conclave of 1978, which was called after Pope John Paul I, who had been elected in August after the death of Pope Paul VI, died after thirty-three days. Cardinal Wojtyła was elected on the day of the conclave. John Paul II is recognised as helping to end Communist rule in his native Poland, John Paul II significantly improved the Catholic Churchs relations with Judaism, Islam, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion. He upheld the Churchs teachings on such matters as artificial contraception and the ordination of women and he was one of the most travelled world leaders in history, visiting 129 countries during his pontificate. By the time of his death, he had named most of the College of Cardinals, consecrated or co-consecrated a large number of the worlds bishops, a key goal of his papacy was to transform and reposition the Catholic Church. His wish was to place his Church at the heart of a new alliance that would bring together Jews, Muslims. He was the second longest-serving pope in history after Pope Pius IX. Born in Poland, John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope since the Dutch Pope Adrian VI, John Paul IIs cause for canonisation commenced in 2005 one month after his death with the traditional five-year waiting period waived. A second miracle attributed to John Paul IIs intercession was approved on 2 July 2013, John Paul II was canonised on 27 April 2014, together with Pope John XXIII. On 11 September 2014, Pope Francis added John Paul IIs optional memorial feast day to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints, in response to worldwide requests. It is traditional to celebrate saints feast days on the anniversary of their deaths, Karol Józef Wojtyła was born in the Polish town of Wadowice. He was the youngest of three born to Karol Wojtyła, an ethnic Pole, and Emilia Kaczorowska, whose mothers maiden surname was Scholz. Emilia, who was a schoolteacher, died in childbirth in 1929 when Wojtyła was eight years old and his elder sister Olga had died before his birth, but he was close to his brother Edmund, nicknamed Mundek, who was 13 years his senior. Edmunds work as a physician led to his death from scarlet fever. As a boy, Wojtyła was athletic, often playing football as goalkeeper, during his childhood, Wojtyła had contact with Wadowices large Jewish community. School football games were organised between teams of Jews and Catholics, and Wojtyła often played on the Jewish side. I remember that at least a third of my classmates at school in Wadowice were Jews
Pope John Paul II
–
John Paul II in 1993
Pope John Paul II
–
The wedding portrait of John Paul II's parents, Emilia and Karol Wojtyła Snr
Pope John Paul II
–
The courtyard within the
family home of the Wojtyłas in
Wadowice,
Poland
Pope John Paul II
–
The tomb of the parents of John Paul II at
Rakowicki Cemetery in
Kraków,
Poland
19.
Ednita Nazario
–
Ednita Nazario Figueroa is a Puerto Rican musician, singer, songwriter and actress who has achieved stardom both at home and abroad. She has been in the business from a young age. Nazario was born on April 11,1955 in Ponce, Puerto Rico, to Domingo Nazario and she has two older brothers and a younger brother. Ednita showed inclinations to music even when small, a family anecdote tells that when she was 2 and shopping with her mother, she wandered away, and her mother found her singing on top of boxes to an enthusiastic crowd of laughing, clapping shoppers. When she was 6 she attended a game in Ponce with her brothers. While she was playing with her brothers glove, the hit the ball toward her. She held the glove up for protection, and the ball landed squarely in it, the crowd went wild, including Alfred D. Herger, one of Puerto Ricos top record producers, who was seated near the family. When he asked her if she wanted to be a player, she replied No. He asked her to sing something for him, and she responded with a rendition of a local salsa hit that left both the producer and the applauding crowd astonished. 2 months later, Herger visited the Nazario household with a recording contract, the family was reluctant at first, but they finally signed it. Which the family, reluctantly at first, signed, at 6, Ednita recorded her first song, Mi Amor Lolipop, a Spanish version of My Boy Lollipop. In 1966, at age 11, Nazario made her radio debut, after some presentations, Nazario started alongside singer and photographer José Manuel, and Frankie Sabath, in a band which Tony Morales created, called The Kids From Ponce. The group played at hotels and television networks, and achieved local success. However, the group disbanded and they became soloists, Nazario, then 17, was offered her own prime-time TV variety show, El Show de Ednita, broadcast by Telemundo Puerto Rico, and produced by Paquito Cordero. During this time she won the Miss Puerto Rico Teenage pageant. In 1973, then 18, she released her first album called Al Fin. Ednita, the album spawned a #1 Hit, Te Quiero y No Me Importa, and also brought her award as New Artist of the Year. With her TV show, Nazario became Puerto Ricos hottest idol, the show was also syndicated to other Latin-American countries. Among the international stars that she hosted were, Liza Minnelli, Tommy Dorsey, Charles Aznavour, Morey Amsterdam, Ferrer was so charmed by Nazarios presence that he designed a nightclub act for both of them
Ednita Nazario
–
Ednita at her concert in Puerto Rico in 2010
20.
Latin Grammy Award
–
A Latin Grammy Award is an award by The Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences to recognize outstanding achievement in the Latin music industry. The Latin Grammy honors works produced anywhere around the world that were recorded in either Spanish or Portuguese and is awarded in the United States. Submissions of products recorded in languages from Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula of Hispanophone or Lusophone countries such as Nahuatl, Catalán. Both the regular Grammy Award and the Latin Grammy Award have similar nominating and voting processes, the first annual Latin Grammys ceremony was held at the Staples Center in Los Angeles on September 13,2000. Broadcast by CBS, that first ceremony became the first primarily Spanish language primetime program carried on an English-language American television network, the most-recent ceremony, the 17th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, was held on November 17,2016 at the T-Mobile Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada. Since 2005, the awards are broadcast in the United States by the television network Univision, in 2013,9.8 million people watched the Latin Grammy Awards on Univision, making the channel a top-three network for the night in the U. S. The Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences was formed by the National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences in 1997 and it was founded by Michael Greene and Producers & Songwriters Rudy Pérez & Mauricio Abaroa. Rudy Pérez was the Grammy Florida chapters first President of the Board, the concept of a separate Grammy Awards for Latin music began in 1989. According to organizers, the Latin Grammy Awards was established as the Latin music universe was deemed too large to fit on the Grammy Awards, the Latin Grammy Awards mainly focuses on music from Latin America, Spain, Portugal, and the United States. In 2000, it was announced that the 1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards would take place at the Staples Center on September 13,2000, on July 7,2000, the nominations were announced in Miami, Florida, United States. The Latin Grammys were introduced with over 39 categories included limited to Spanish, the first telecast took place at the Staples Center and was broadcast. The following years show was canceled due to the September 11,2001 attacks, in 2002, the academy elected its first independent Board of Trustees. In 2005, the broadcast was moved from CBS to Univision where the whole telecast was in Spanish, voting members live in various regions in the US and outside of the US including Latin America, Spain, and Portugal. Products recorded in languages and dialects such as Catalan, Nahuatl, Quechua, Galician, Valencian, Mayan, for instrumental music, the Latin Recording Academy accepts recordings that have been composed or interpreted by an Iberian American musician. The eligibility period is July 1 to June 30 for an awards ceremony. Recordings are first entered and then reviewed to determine the awards they are eligible for, following that, nominating ballots are mailed to voting members of the academy. The votes are tabulated and the five recordings in each category with the most votes become the nominees, final voting ballots are sent out to voting members and the winners are determined. Winners are later announced at the Latin Grammy Awards, the current President & CEO of the Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences is Gabriel Abaroa, who is related to Mauricio, one of the founders
Latin Grammy Award
–
Latin Grammy Award
21.
September 11 attacks
–
The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11,2001. The attacks killed 2,996 people, injured over 6,000 others, two of the planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, were crashed into the North and South towers, respectively, of the World Trade Center complex in New York City. A third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia and it was the deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed respectively. Suspicion for the attack fell on al-Qaeda. The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks. Although al-Qaedas leader, Osama bin Laden, initially denied any involvement, al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited U. S. support of Israel, the presence of U. S. troops in Saudi Arabia, and sanctions against Iraq as motives. Having evaded capture for almost a decade, bin Laden was located and killed by SEAL Team Six of the U. S. Navy in May 2011. S. many closings, evacuations, and cancellations followed, out of respect or fear of further attacks. Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2002, on November 18,2006, construction of One World Trade Center began at the World Trade Center site. The building was opened on November 3,2014. The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan and helped organize Arab mujahideen to resist the Soviets. Under the guidance of Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden became more radical, in 1996, bin Laden issued his first fatwā, calling for American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia. Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort Muslims to attack Americans until the stated grievances are reversed, Muslim legal scholars have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries, according to bin Laden. Bin Laden, who orchestrated the attacks, initially denied but later admitted involvement, in November 2001, U. S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. In the video, bin Laden is seen talking to Khaled al-Harbi, on December 27,2001, a second bin Laden video was released. In the video, he said, It has become clear that the West in general and it is the hatred of crusaders. Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, the transcript refers several times to the United States specifically targeting Muslims. He said that the attacks were carried out because, we are free, and want to regain freedom for our nation. As you undermine our security we undermine yours, Bin Laden said he had personally directed his followers to attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
September 11 attacks
–
Top row: The Twin Towers of the
World Trade Center burning
September 11 attacks
–
1997 picture of Osama bin Laden
September 11 attacks
–
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed after his capture in 2003
September 11 attacks
–
Flight paths of the four planes used on September 11
22.
Britney Spears
–
Britney Jean Spears is an American singer, dancer, and actress. Born in McComb, Mississippi, and raised in Kentwood, Louisiana, she performed acting roles in stage productions, Spearss first and second studio albums. Baby One More Time and Oops. I Did It Again, became international successes, with the former becoming the album by a teenage solo artist. Title tracks. Baby One More Time and Oops, I Did It Again broke international sales records. In 2001, Spears released her third studio album, Britney. She assumed creative control of her studio album, In the Zone. In 2007, Spearss much-publicized personal issues sent her career into hiatus and her fifth studio album, Blackout, was released later that year, and spawned singles such as Gimme More and Piece of Me. Her erratic behavior and hospitalizations continued through the year, at which point she was placed under a still ongoing conservatorship. Spearss sixth studio album, Circus, included the international chart-topping single Womanizer and her seventh studio album, Femme Fatale, became her first to yield three top-ten singles in the United States. She released her studio album Britney Jean in 2013. Later that year, Spears began the four-year residency show, Britney, Piece of Me, in 2016, Spears released her ninth studio album, Glory. In 2017, she announced that her show would develop into a world tour, Britney. Spears is regarded as a pop icon and credited with influencing the revival of teen pop during the late 1990s and she became the best-selling teenage artist of all time and garnered honorific titles including the Princess of Pop. In 2009, Billboard ranked her as the 8th overall Artist of the Decade, the Recording Industry Association of America lists Spears as the eighth top-selling female artist in the United States, with 34 million certified albums. She has sold 100 million albums and over 100 million singles worldwide making her one of the music artists of all time. According to Billboard Spears has sold about 22.38 million singles in digital downloads in US and is the fourth best-selling female artist since Nielsen SoundScan began. Forbes reported that Spears was the highest paid musician of 2012, with earnings of $58 million. Spears was born in McComb, Mississippi, the child of Lynne Irene Bridges and James Parnell Spears
Britney Spears
–
Spears at the
102.7 KIIS FM Wango Tango concert in
Carson, California, May 2013
Britney Spears
–
Spears performing at the NFL Kickoff Live, September 2003
Britney Spears
–
Spears performing during
The Onyx Hotel Tour on April 2004
Britney Spears
–
Spears performing "Freakshow" at
The Circus Starring Britney Spears, May 2009
23.
Dream Within a Dream Tour
–
The Dream Within a Dream Tour was the fourth concert tour by American recording artist Britney Spears. It was launched in support of her studio album, Britney. The tour was promoted by Concerts West, marking the first time Spears did not tour with Clear Channel Entertainment, on September 21,2001, a North American tour was announced that kicked off exactly two months later after various dates were postponed. In February 2002, Spears announced a second leg of the tour and it was directed and choreographed by Wade Robson, who explained the main theme of the show was Spearss coming of age and newfound independence. The stage was designed by Steve Cohen and Rob Brenner and was composed of a main stage, inspired by Cleopatras barge, a flying device was developed so Spears could travel over the audience to the B-stage. The setlist was composed by songs from the supporting album. Songs from her previous two albums were also included in remixed form by Robson. The show was divided into seven segments with the last one being the encore, most of the performances were accompanied by extravagant special effects, including confetti, pyrotechnics, laser lights, and artificial fog and snow. In the encore, there was a screen that pumped two tons of water into the stage, this was considered one of the signature performances of the tour. During the 2002 leg, some changes were made, several songs were remixed, the show received mixed reviews by critics, who praised the show for being innovative but dismissed it for taking the attention away from the music. The Dream Within a Dream Tour was largely sold out and grossed $43.7 million, during the second show in Mexico, Spears left the stage after the sixth song due to a lightning storm, the show was canceled and angered the audience. The tour was broadcast live on an HBO special on November 18,2001, a DVD titled Live from Las Vegas was released in January 2002. On July 19,2001, Spearss band announced there would be a tour to support her third studio album, the following day, Spearss label Jive Records confirmed that there was a tour planned for the fall. The Dream Within a Dream Tour was promoted by Concerts West, chosen after a much publicized battle with concert promoter Clear Channel Entertainment and it marked the first time Concerts West outbid CCE, with reports claiming Spears would earn between $13 and $15 million during the tour. Spearss manager Larry Rudolph commented on the situation, saying, Clear Channel is an incredible company and we went with Concerts West because theyre a strong touring company and because they have ancillary properties, in that arenas and some 7,000 movie theaters throughout the country. This decision was not made to exclude Clear Channel and it was made to include Concerts West. Has the ability to help us market our core products—the album, on September 20,2001, dates were released along with the track listing of the album. The tour was slated to begin on October 26,2001, the tour was postponed one more day due to production delays and finally kicked off at Nationwide Arena in Columbus, Ohio
Dream Within a Dream Tour
–
Dream Within a Dream Tour
Dream Within a Dream Tour
–
Spears at
soundcheck in Oklahoma City.
Dream Within a Dream Tour
–
Spears performing "
(You Drive Me) Crazy ".
24.
Spice Girls
–
The Spice Girls are an English pop girl group formed in 1994. The group originally consisted of Melanie Brown, Melanie Chisholm, Emma Bunton, Geri Halliwell and they were signed to Virgin Records and released their debut single Wannabe in 1996, which hit number one in 37 countries and established them as a global phenomenon. Their debut album Spice sold more than 31 million copies worldwide and their follow-up album Spiceworld sold over 20 million copies worldwide. Among the highest profile acts in 1990s British popular culture, Time called them arguably the most recognisable face of Cool Britannia, the mid-1990s celebration of youth culture in the UK. The group became one of the most successful marketing engines ever, earning up to $75 million per year, under the guidance of their mentor and manager Simon Fuller, the Spice Girls embraced merchandising and became a regular feature of the British and global press. In 1996, Top of the Pops magazine gave each member of the group aliases, which were adopted by the group and media. According to Rolling Stone journalist and biographer David Sinclair, Scary, Baby, Ginger, Posh and Sporty were the most widely recognised group of individuals since John, Paul, George, with the girl power phenomenon, the Spice Girls were popular cultural icons of the 1990s. They are cited as part of the second wave 1990s British Invasion of the US, in 2016, Mel B, Emma Bunton and Geri Halliwell reunited and launched a new website called Spice Girls - GEM. In February 1994, together with financier Chic Murphy, they placed an advertisement in the trade magazine The Stage asking for singers to audition for a pop band at Danceworks studios. A week after the audition, the women were asked to attend a recall at Nomis Studios in Shepherds Bush, performing Signed, Sealed, Delivered on their own. During the session, Adams, Brown, Chisholm, Halliwell and Stephenson were selected to the band, the group moved to a house in Maidenhead, Berkshire, and spent most of 1994 training. During the first two months, they worked on demos at South Hill Park Recording Studios in Bracknell with producer/studio owner Michael Sparkes and songwriter/arranger Tim Hawes. According to Stephenson, the material the group was given was very, very pop, one of the songs they recorded, Sugar and Spice. They also worked on various dance routines at the Trinity Studios in Knaphill, near Woking, a few months into the training period, Stephenson was fired from the group and replaced with Emma Bunton. It was also during this time that Halliwell came up with the band name Spice, the group felt insecure about the lack of a contract and was frustrated by the direction in which Heart Management was steering them. In October 1994, armed with a catalogue of demos and dance routines, due to the large interest in the group, the Herberts quickly set about creating a binding contract for them. Encouraged by the reaction they had received at the Nomis showcase, all five members delayed signing contracts on the advice from, among others. In March 1995, the group parted from Heart Management due to their frustration with the unwillingness to listen to their visions
Spice Girls
–
The Spice Girls performing during their penultimate reunion concert in
Toronto, Ontario, in February 2008. (L–R) Melanie Chisholm, Victoria Beckham, Geri Halliwell, Melanie Brown and Emma Bunton.
Spice Girls
–
The group performing "Wannabe" at the
Air Canada Centre in Toronto, during
The Return of the Spice Girls tour.
Spice Girls
–
The Spice Girls performing "Spice Up Your Life" as the opening number of their Return of the Spice Girls tour, at the Air Canada Centre, in Toronto.
Spice Girls
–
The Spice Girls as a four-piece performing "Holler" in
Cologne, Germany.
25.
Emma Bunton
–
Emma Lee Bunton is an English singer-songwriter, actress, and radio and television presenter. She is best known as a member of the group the Spice Girls formed in the 1990s. The album debuted and peaked at No.4 on the UK Albums Chart and it was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry for sales in excess of 100,000 copies, ultimately becoming the 147th best-selling album in the UK for 2001. The album brought the UK and New Zealand No.1 single What Took You So Long. as well as top five hits What I Am and Take My Breath Away, Buntons second album, Free Me, was released in 2004 through 19 Entertainment/Universal Records. Four singles were taken from it, Free Me, Maybe, Ill Be There, after the release of her third album, Life in Mono, Bunton reunited with the Spice Girls in 2007 for an international tour and greatest hits album. From 2003 to 2012 Bunton had a role on the BBC comedy series Absolutely Fabulous. She performed at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony on 12 August 2012 with The Spice Girls and this would be the last time that the band would perform as a quintet. Since 2016 Bunton has reunited as the Spice Girls with Geri Halliwell, Buntons television appearances include being a judge on the ITV celebrity skating show Dancing on Ice and entertainment series Your Face Sounds Familiar. In addition, she gives her voice to Muhimu in the UK version of Disney Junior’s television series The Lion Guard, Emma Lee Bunton was born in Finchley, north London. Her parents, Pauline, an instructor, and Trevor Bunton. She has a brother, Paul James. As stated in an interview with Eammon Holmes & Ruth Langsford on This Morning during August 2016, Buntons maternal family originate in County Wexford, Bunton went to St. Theresas Roman Catholic Primary School in Finchley. Bunton appeared briefly in the BBC soap opera EastEnders in 1992 as a mugger, in 1993, Bunton appeared in the ITV police drama, The Bill, and also made a brief appearance as a prostitute in the BBC drama series To Play the King. Bunton also appeared in an information film for the British government concerning fire safety. In 1994, Melanie C, Mel B, Geri Halliwell, around 400 women who answered the ad went to Dance Works studios. The group felt insecure about the lack of a contract and were frustrated by the direction in which Heart Management was steering them, in October 1994, armed with a catalogue of demos and dance routines, the group began touring management agencies. Due to the large interest in the group, the Herberts quickly set about creating a contract for the group. Encouraged by the reaction they had received at the Nomis showcase, all five members delayed signing contracts on the advice from, amongst others
Emma Bunton
–
Bunton at
The Pride of Britain Awards in October 2011
Emma Bunton
–
Bunton in San Jose on
The Return of the Spice Girls tour in 2007
Emma Bunton
–
Brown, Chisholm, Halliwell, Bunton, and Beckham at the
Viva Forever premiere
Emma Bunton
–
Bunton in Toronto on The Return of the Spice Girls tour
26.
Free Me (album)
–
Free Me is the second solo studio album by English recording artist Emma Bunton. It was released on 9 February 2004 by Polydor Records, the lead single, Free Me, was released in the spring of 2003. The song immediately picked up airplay, and the single sold well in the UK, Maybe was released as the second single in the autumn of 2003, and also gained extensive airplay throughout the UK, peaking at number six. In the spring of 2004, the album and its third single, the single, like its two predecessors, performed well on the charts, peaking at number seven. The album sold more copies in its first week than her solo record had. With this, Bunton became the only Spice Girls member to have more copies of her second album than her first in UK. Later in the year, the single, Crickets Sing for Anamaria, was released. The song only came in at number fifteen on the UK Singles Chart, in the United States, both Free Me and Maybe were dance club regulars, reaching number four and number six on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play respectively. The album was produced by Mike Peden and Yak Bondy. Other contributions on the courtesy of Cathy Dennis, Henry Binns. The album was released via 19 Recordings, which is a division of 19 Management, however, Buntons songs on this album mainly started life as a simple scribble. She says, I have a book beside my bed. Its kind of weird, cuz usually when Im having a dream, Ill wake up, the album was acclaimed by critics for its catchy and fun use of sounds from the Motown and the 1960s era. The BBC says the album is light and frothy, like a good cappuccino, stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave a positive review saying, This music is stylish without being flashy, thanks in large part to the charmingly tuneful, sturdy songs. While Bunton may still have a small, sweet voice, shes developed a presence on record, giving this album not just a face. Credits adapted from the notes of Free Me. Sometimes –4,34 This song was released on an album for the Chickenshed theatre company. One Thing I Know –4,00 This track was co-written by Bunton for Free Me and it was recorded by another 19 Management act, S Club 8, for their album Sundown
Free Me (album)
–
Free Me
Free Me (album)
–
U.S. cover
27.
Nada Es Para Siempre
–
Nada Es Para Siempre is a song written by Amaury Gutiérrez and recorded by Luis Fonsi in 2005. The song was the third number-one hit for Luis Fonsi, the song was featured in the soundtrack of Mexican telenovela Rebelde. The song was dedicated to Luis Fonsis wife, Adamari López, the song was the second single released from the album, Paso a Paso, after Estoy Perdido. Nada Es Para Siempre reached number-one during the week of August 27,2005 and this was the first time that Luis Fonsi had crossed over at the Billboard Hot 100 chart which peaked 90. Nada Es Para Siempre –3,40 Nada Es Para Siempre –4,51 Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Nada Es Para Siempre
–
"Nada Es Para Siempre"
28.
Bolero
–
Bolero is a genre of slow-tempo Latin music and its associated dance. There are Spanish and Cuban forms which are significant and which have separate origins. The term is used for some art music. In all its forms, the bolero has been popular for over a century, the original Spanish bolero is a 3/4 dance that originated in Spain in the late 18th century, a combination of the contradanza and the sevillana. In Cuba, the bolero was perhaps the first great Cuban musical and vocal synthesis to win universal recognition, in 2/4 time, this dance music spread to other countries, leaving behind what Ed Morales has called the most popular lyric tradition in Latin America. The Cuban bolero tradition originated in Santiago de Cuba in the last quarter of the 19th century, it does not owe its origin to the Spanish music and song of the same name. In the 19th century there grew up in Santiago de Cuba a group of itinerant musicians who moved around earning their living by singing and playing the guitar, pepe Sanchez is known as the father of the trova style and the creator of the Cuban bolero. Untrained, but with natural talent, he composed numbers in his head. As a result, most of these numbers are now lost and he was the model and teacher for the great trovadores who followed. The Cuban bolero has traveled to Puerto Rico and the rest of Latin America after its conception, some of the boleros leading composers have come from nearby countries, as in the case of the prolific Puerto Rican composer Rafael Hernández and the Mexican Agustín Lara. Some Cuban composers of the bolero are primarily considered trovadores, boleros saw a resurgence in popularity during the 1990s when Mexican singer Luis Miguel was credited for reviving interest in the bolero genre following the release Romance. This adaptability was largely achieved by dispensing with limitations in format or instrumentation, examples would be, Bolero in the danzón, the advent of lyrics in the danzón to produce the danzonete. The bolero-son, long-time favourite dance music in Cuba, captured abroad under the misnomer rumba, the bolero-mambo in which slow and beautiful lyrics were added to the sophisticated big-band arrangements of the mambo. The bolero-cha, many Cha-cha-cha lyrics come from boleros, the lyrics of the bolero can be found throughout popular music, especially Latin dance music. A version of the Cuban bolero is danced throughout the Latin dance world under the misnomer rumba and this came about in the early 1930s when a simple overall term was needed to market Cuban music to audiences unfamiliar with the various Cuban musical terms. The famous Peanut Vendor was so labelled, and the label stuck for other types of Cuban music, in Cuba, the bolero is usually written in 2/4 time, elsewhere often 4/4. The tempo for dance is about 120 beats per minute, the music has a gentle Cuban rhythm related to a slow son, which is the reason it may be best described as a bolero-son. Like some other Cuban dances, there are three steps to four beats, with the first step of a figure on the second beat, the slow is executed with a hip movement over the standing foot, with no foot-flick
Bolero
–
Bolero dancer by
Lautrec Marcelle Lender in Chilperic, 1895
Bolero
Bolero
–
Antonio Cabral Bejarano a bolero dancer
29.
Palabras del Silencio
–
Palabras del Silencio is the seventh studio album, and sixth in Spanish recorded by Puerto Rican singer-songwriter Luis Fonsi. The album was released by Universal Music Latino on August 26,2008, the album debuted at #15 on Billboard 200 Album Charts selling about 30,000 in the first week. The album was certified Platinum for shipping 200,000 units in the United States and it was also certified Gold in Mexico and Argentina and Platinum Spain. This album received nomination a Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album in the 51st Annual Grammy Awards on February 8,2009, palabras del Silencio, Un Año Después was released September 8,2009. The album contained live tracks as previously unreleased remixes of No Me Doy Por Vencido
Palabras del Silencio
–
Palabras Del Silencio
30.
Billboard Hot 100
–
The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
Billboard Hot 100
–
The Billboard logo
31.
No Me Doy por Vencido
–
No me Doy por Vencido is a Spanish-language song by Spanish singer Luis Fonsi. It was released on June 2,2008, for the promotional and charity compilation, the music video of the song was released on YouTube in August 2008. It is one of the singers biggest hit to date, breaking into the Billboard Hot 100, after making its debut during Summer 2008, the song became a #1 hit on the Hot Latin Tracks in September. As of January 17,2009, the song was at the top for 17 of the latest 19 weeks and it was a big success in Spain where it peaked at #4 and sold 40,000 copies. No Me Doy Por Vencido was named the fourth best-performing Latin pop song of the decade ending December 31,2009. No Me Doy Por Vencido No Me Doy Por Vencido No Me Doy Por Vencido No Me Doy Por Vencido No Me Doy Por Vencido No Me Doy Por Vencido Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
No Me Doy por Vencido
–
US iTunes Store cover
32.
Nobel Peace Prize Concert
–
The Nobel Peace Prize Concert has been held annually since 1994 on 11 December, to honour the Nobel Peace Prize laureate. The award ceremony on 10 December takes place in Oslo City Hall, while the concert has been held at Oslo Spektrum, with the attendance of the laureate, the Concert is broadcast to a global audience and reaches up to 350 million households in 100 countries. In 2015 a new distributor was announced and after 20 years at Oslo Spectrum, the international entertainment giant IMG lost the job in obtaining sponsors and distribute it. Instead the concert will be produced by the Norwegian event agency Gyro in cooperation with the production department to Norwegian Warner Bros. The concert features performers from a range of musical genres, the exception being the year of 1995. Several editions of the concert are recorded, with different lengths and content, the hosts give descriptions of the winners work, an interview with the winner is shown, and the winner gives a speech during the concert. Since planning starts in January, the invited to the concert arent typically connected to the winner. However, a few late additions are made to reflect the winner. Originally, the show was hosted by Norwegian celebrities or television personalities, however, since the year 2000 hosts have with few exceptions come from the United States of America. The Norwegian Radio Orchestra is the main orchestra every year, another performance edited out by Fox in 1998, was Norwegian artist Espen Linds Pop From Hell. The word hell was not the problem, but the following sentence, a Fox-producer stated it would be too much to take for the American family audience. Espen Lind was told his performance would not be edited out if he did not include the hard in the song. He said he did not want to let himself be controlled by a double-moralistic American family channel, robert Plant sang and changed the word religion with division in the sentence Nothing to kill or die for/ And no division too. There was however no mention of Scientology during the concert and Cruise has stated his remarks on the war were misquoted, the Grand Finale was led by Patti LaBelle. For the third year in a row, the chosen for the finale was John Lennons Imagine
Nobel Peace Prize Concert
–
Scarlett Johansson and
Michael Caine at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert 2008
Nobel Peace Prize Concert
–
Nobel Peace Prize Concert 2010
Nobel Peace Prize Concert
–
Nobel Peace Prize Concert 2009
33.
Oslo
–
Oslo is the capital and the most populous city in Norway. It constitutes both a county and a municipality, founded in the year 1040, and established as a kaupstad or trading place in 1048 by Harald Hardrada, the city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V of Norway around 1300. Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814, after being destroyed by a fire in 1624, the city was moved closer to Akershus Fortress during the reign of Christian IV of Denmark and renamed Christiania in his honour. It was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838, following a spelling reform, it was known as Kristiania from 1877 to 1925, at which time its original Norwegian name was restored. Oslo is the economic and governmental centre of Norway, the city is also a hub of Norwegian trade, banking, industry and shipping. It is an important centre for industries and maritime trade in Europe. The city is home to companies within the maritime sector, some of which are among the worlds largest shipping companies, shipbrokers. Oslo is a city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission intercultural cities programme. Oslo is considered a city and ranked Beta World City in studies carried out by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group. It was ranked one in terms of quality of life among European large cities in the European Cities of the Future 2012 report by fDi magazine. A survey conducted by ECA International in 2011 placed Oslo as the second most expensive city in the world for living expenses after Tokyo. In 2013 Oslo tied with the Australian city of Melbourne as the fourth most expensive city in the world, as of January 1,2016, the municipality of Oslo has a population of 658,390, while the population of the citys urban area was 942,084. The metropolitan area had an population of 1.71 million. The population was during the early 2000 increasing at record rates and this growth stems for the most part from international immigration and related high birth rates, but also from intra-national migration. The immigrant population in the city is growing faster than the Norwegian population. As of January 1,2016, the municipality of Oslo has a population of 658,390, the urban area extends beyond the boundaries of the municipality into the surrounding county of Akershus, the total population of this agglomeration is 942,084. To the north and east, wide forested hills rise above the city giving the location the shape of a giant amphitheatre. The urban municipality of Oslo and county of Oslo are two parts of the entity, making Oslo the only city in Norway where two administrative levels are integrated
Oslo
–
From upper left: Rising skyline over
Bjørvika,
Royal Palace,
Akershus Castle, sunset over the
Oslofjord,
Stortinget,
Oslo Opera House
Oslo
–
Det Kongelige Slott (The Royal Palace) is the home of the
Royal Family.
Oslo
–
Port of Christiania anno 1800
Aquatint by
John William Edy
Oslo
–
The seal of
Haakon V Magnusson, the King who made Oslo the capital of Norway
34.
Barack Obama
–
Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed many landmark bills. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
Barack Obama
–
Barack Obama
Barack Obama
–
Obama with his half-sister
Maya Soetoro-Ng, mother
Ann Dunham and grandfather
Stanley Dunham, in
Honolulu, Hawaii
Barack Obama
–
Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after
ShoreBank co-founder Milton Davis in 1998
Barack Obama
–
Obama in his official portrait as a member of the United States Senate
35.
Daddy Yankee
–
Ramón Luis Ayala Rodríguez, known by his stage name Daddy Yankee, is a Puerto Rican singer, rapper, songwriter, actor and record producer. Ayala was born in Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico and he is known as the King of Reggeatón. Ayala aspired to be a baseball player, and tried out for the Seattle Mariners of the Major League Baseball. Before he could be signed, he was hit by a stray round from an AK-47 rifle while taking a break from a studio recording session with reggaeton mix tape icon DJ Playero. Since then, he has sold over 18 million albums, Daddy Yankee first appeared on the 1992 DJ Playeros Mixtape, Playero 34, with the song So Persigueme, No Te Detengas. Ayala was originally going to become a baseball player but he was shot in his leg while taking a break from a studio recording session. The bullet was never removed and he credits this incident with allowing him to pursue a musical career and he made a few songs talking about the shooting incident, but his most complete song about it was 6 De Enero, released in 2012. His first official project as a solo artist was No Mercy. Early in his career he attempted to imitate the style of Vico C and he went on to emulate other artists in the genre, including DJ Playero, DJ Nelson, and DJ Drako, taking elements from their styles in order to develop an original style. In doing so, he abandoned the traditional model of rap. In 1997, Daddy Yankee collaborated with the rapper Nas, who was an inspiration for Ayala, in the song The Profecy and he released two compilation albums, El Cartel and El Cartel II, in 1997 and 2001, respectively. Both albums were very famous around Puerto Rico, but were not very successful around Latin America, between those years, Ayala released a total of nine music videos, including Posición featuring Alberto Stylee, Tu Cuerpo En La Cama featuring Nicky Jam and Muévete Y Perrea. In 2003, Ayala collaborated for the first time with the prestigious reggaeton producers Luny Tunes in the album Mas Flow, with his commercial success song Cógela Que Va Sin Jockey. In 2003, Daddy Yankee released an album named Los Homerun-es. That was later charted, Seguroski, being his first charted single after six of them. Barrio Fino performed well in the charts of the United States, Latin America, Europe, and Japan. Ayalas next album, Barrio Fino, was produced by Luny Tunes and DJ Nelson among others and released in July 2004 by El Cartel Records and it was the most highly anticipated album in the reggaeton community. Ayala had enjoyed Salsa music since he was young, and this led him to music of genres besides reggaeton in the album
Daddy Yankee
–
Capitol Latin
36.
YouTube
–
YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. As of February 2017, there are more than 400 hours of content uploaded to YouTube each minute, as of April 2017, the website is ranked as the second most popular site in the world by Alexa Internet, a web traffic analysis company. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day
YouTube
–
From left to right:
Chad Hurley,
Steve Chen, and
Jawed Karim
YouTube
–
Screenshot of YouTube's homepage
YouTube
–
YouTube's headquarters as of 2010 in
San Bruno, California.
37.
Billboard (magazine)
–
Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
Billboard (magazine)
–
An 1896 issue of Billboard
Billboard (magazine)
–
Cover of Billboard (January 26, 2013).
38.
Justin Bieber
–
Justin Drew Bieber is a Canadian singer and songwriter. After a talent manager discovered him through his YouTube videos covering songs in 2008 and signed to RBMG, Bieber released his debut EP, My World and it was certified Platinum in the U. S. He became the first artist to have seven songs from a record chart on the Billboard Hot 100. Bieber released his first full-length studio album, My World 2.0 and it debuted at or near number one in several countries, was certified triple Platinum in the U. S. and contained his single Baby. He released his studio album, Under the Mistletoe, in November 2011. Bieber released his studio album, Believe, in 2012. His fourth studio album Purpose was released in November 2015, spawning three number one singles, What Do You Mean and his U. S. album and singles sales total 44.7 million. He has sold an estimated 100 million records, making him one of the world’s best-selling music artists, Bieber has won numerous awards, including the American Music Award for Artist of the Year in 2010 and 2012. In his career, he has won one Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording for the song Where Are Ü Now at the 2016 ceremony. He has been listed four times by Forbes magazine among the top ten most powerful celebrities in the world in 2011,2012, Bieber also became the first artist to surpass 10 billion total video views on Vevo. Bieber was born on March 1,1994, in London, Ontario, at St Josephs Hospital and he is the only child of Jeremy Jack Bieber and Patricia Pattie Mallette. Pattie raised her son with the help of her mother, Diane and his mother is of French-Canadian descent, his paternal great-grandfather was of German ancestry, and his other roots are English, Scottish and Irish. He has also claimed that he has some undetermined Aboriginal Canadian ancestry, through Jeremy, Bieber has two younger half-siblings, Jazmyn and Jaxon. Pattie worked a series of low-paying office jobs, raising Bieber as a mother in low-income housing. Bieber has maintained contact with his father, Bieber attended a French-language immersion elementary school in Stratford, the Jeanne Sauvé Catholic School. Growing up, he learned to play the piano, drums, guitar and he graduated from high school in Stratford, Ontario, the St. Michael Catholic Secondary School in 2012 with a 4.0 GPA. In early 2007, aged 12, Bieber sang Ne-Yos So Sick for a singing competition in Stratford and was placed second. Mallette posted a video of the performance on YouTube for their family and she continued to upload videos of Bieber singing covers of various R&B songs, and Biebers popularity on the site grew
Justin Bieber
–
Bieber at the 2012 NRJ Music Awards
Justin Bieber
–
Bieber in 2010, displaying his earlier haircut.
Justin Bieber
–
Bieber performing during his
Believe Tour in October 2012.
Justin Bieber
–
Bieber performing in
Zürich, 2011
39.
Telenovela
–
A telenovela, Brazilian Portuguese, ) is a type of limited-run serial drama originally produced in Latin America that has become popular in European, Asian, and other global television networks. The word combines tele, short for televisión or televisão, and novela, There are similar genres to the telenovela that use the novela format, but go by varying names including teleserye, téléroman, or simply dramas. Telenovelas differ from soap operas in that they continue for more than a year. This makes them shorter than operas, but still much longer than most other serials. In Spain, they are also called culebrones because of the convoluted plots, episodes of telenovelas usually last between 30 and 45 minutes, and rarely more than an hour, except for final episodes. The telenovela combines drama with the 19th-century feuilleton, and naturally evolved from the Latin American radionovela, by the 1970s and 1980s Mexico became a world pioneer in using telenovelas to shape behavior, particularly successfully in introducing the idea of family planning. Mexico and Brazil later, in the 1990s, played a key role in the export of telenovelas. Over time telenovelas evolved in the structure of their plots and in the themes that they address, couples who kiss each other in the first minutes of the first episode sometimes stay together for many episodes before the scriptwriter splits them up. Moreover, previously taboo themes such as violence, racism. Since the 2000s, Latin America and Asia altogether have emerged as the biggest producers of telenovelas, the end result is that the telenovela requires a faster-paced, more concise style of melodrama compared to the soap opera. Telenovelas, which are sometimes called tassels or comedias, are produced primarily in Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries and are usually shown during prime time. The first telenovelas were produced in Brazil, Cuba and Mexico, Sua vida me pertence was shown twice a week, between 1957 and 1958 Mexico produced its first drama serial in the modern telenovela format of Monday to Friday slots, Senda prohibida, written by Fernanda Villeli. The first global telenovela was Los ricos también lloran, which was exported to Russia, China, countries that produce well-known telenovelas are Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, Chile and Venezuela. Telenovelas tend to fall within these six categories, Working-class melodrama and they typically feature a poor woman who falls in love with a rich man whose family spurns her, such as the Las Tres Marias. This genre started with Quinceañera in 1987, mystery/thriller is a category of telenovela that is more cold-hearted than the other subgenres. It may portray a mysterious death or disappearance, which may tear couples, even families apart, such as Cuna de Lobos, La Casa al Final de la Calle, La Mujer de Judas, El Rostro de la Venganza or La Casa de al Lado. Romantic comedy, which portrays love stories with some or lots of such as Las tontas no van al cielo Fools Dont Go to Heaven or Yo soy Betty. Pop band story portrays the lives of aspiring popsters such as in Alcanzar una estrella and its sequel Alcanzar una estrella II, as well as Rebelde, some, though not all, of these type of telenovelas are geared towards a teenage and/or pre-teen audience
Telenovela
–
Brazilian actress
Juliana Paes as Maya, character of the telenovela
India – A Love Story (2009).
40.
Nickelodeon (Latin America)
–
Nickelodeon Latin America is a cable and satellite television channel, counterpart of the American network Nickelodeon. It is oriented to the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin American and the Caribbean, mainly for children and it is owned by Viacom International Media Networks The Americas. The channel was launched on December 20,1996 and it includes shows like Skimo and the hit teen drama Isa TKM and its successor Isa TK+. The channel has a channel called Nick Turbo. Nickelodeon Latin America is divided into three feeds, North, Central and South, Brazil has its own dedicated Portuguese language channel, Nickelodeon Brazil. The channel was launched on December 20,1996 in Latin America as a channel, being the main competitor of Cartoon Network. In 1999, Nickelodeon launched its website for the region. Nick Radio was also available, but eventually it was replaced by the Nick Jr. official site, on June 9,2008, the channel launched Nickers, a live-action show with two hosts introducing shows and music. It followed the line and was very similar to Disney Channels Zapping Zone. The block was retired in all feeds in December 2008, in 2008, two new original productions premiered, both being telenovelas. The first one, Isa TKM premiered on September 29,2008, in 2009, a new segment called Nick Hits, which airs classic Nick Toons, replaced Nick at Nite on weekends. On April 5,2010, Nickelodeon Latin America started carrying the new logo already in use on many Nickelodeon networks around the world, also, classic Nicktoons seen on Nick Hits became part of Nick at Nite. In June 2010, Viacom gave the rights for Mexico to release their own Kids Choice Awards and it premiered on September 4,2010. On July 20,2010, another series called Sueña conmigo premiered. On May 2,2011 premiered the original production called Grachi. In late January 2012, MTV Networks Latin America announced another telenovela, Miss XV, on January 1,2015, the block Nick at Nite went off the air and got replaced by the new block, Nick Clásicos. Nickelodeon Latin America is divided three different feeds for its transmission in the Latin American region. Central, Colombia, Central America, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, South, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay in PAL transmission
Nickelodeon (Latin America)
–
Nickelodeon HD logo
41.
Taina (TV series)
–
Taina is an American sitcom that aired on Nickelodeon and distributed by Nelvana Limited. It was one of the last live-action comedy shows taped at Nickelodeon Studios but later moved to the Nickelodeon on Sunset in Hollywood, the show aired from January 14,2001 to May 11,2002. Taina Morales is a young Latina woman who aspires to be a singer and she, along with her best friend, Renee Jones, attend the Manhattan High School of the Performing Arts. Once there, they reunite with Lamar, whom neither has seen since elementary school, Taina and Renees nemesis, Maritza Hogg attends the same school they do, and is also an aspiring singer/actress. Every episode features Taina daydreaming her super stardom, with performances of a new song. Production on the show began sometime around the summer of 2000 the pilot was shot at the Laguardia Performers School. Season 2 was shot from December 2001 – January 6,2002 The show premiered on January 14,2001 on Nickelodeons TEENick, Taina was scheduled to air every Sunday at 6pm. The show was put on Nickelodeons SNICK lineup on Saturday nights from January to May 2002. Despite its popularity, the show was cancelled that June because Nick thought the show appealed to girls. CBC reran the show for a few months in 2003 and she attended a performing arts school with her best friend Renee, rival Maritza, and friends Daniel and Lamar. She and her friends often got themselves into situations in an attempt to become stars. Though Tainas impatience and impulsiveness would occasionally get her into scraps, she let her honesty. Shes an aspiring comedian and rapper, a wacky girl, she attended the performing arts school to become a comedian and a rapper. She often helped to ground Taina when her imagination ran away with her, Renee also tended to chase after boys frequently, unfortunately, her love interests were never the right ones for her. Lamar Johnson, Tainas passionate guy friend was an aspiring director, not only did he serve as an editor of the performing art schools newspaper, he also had a crush on Taina and waited for the day she would finally come around. His best friend was Daniel, and the two collaborated to make a quick buck. He served as a support for Taina and the others, offering level-headed advice, Daniel McDaniel, A multi-instrumentalist, who also shared the same school locker with Taina. Sweet and opinionated, his loves included writing songs, playing multi instruments, Daniel prided himself on being quite the ladies man, but often ended up snubbed
Taina (TV series)
–
Taina
42.
Univision
–
Univision is an American Spanish language broadcast television network that is owned by Univision Communications. Univision is headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, and has its studios, production facilities. In recent years, the network has reached viewership parity with the five major English language U. S. television networks, Univision is available on cable and satellite television throughout most of the United States, with local stations in over 60 markets with large Hispanic and Latino populations. Chief operating officer Randy Falco has been in charge of the company since the departure of Univision Communications president, the new owners helped to turn around the stations fortunes by heavily investing in programming. Televisas ownership interest in SIN transferred posthumously from Emilio Azcárraga Vidaurreta to his son, Emilio Azcárraga Milmo, in Chicago, SIN moved its programming from WCIU-TV to new full-time affiliate WSNS-TV in July 1985. After WSNS was sold to Telemundo in 1988, what had become Univision moved its programming back to WCIU-TV, wGBO-TV became an Univision-owned station in January 1995. to operate the network and its stations. The Federal Communications Commission and SINs competitors had long questioned whether the relationship between SIN and the Azcárraga family was impermissibly tight, both the FCC and other Spanish-language broadcasters had long suspected that Televisa was merely using Nicolas to skirt FCC rules prohibiting foreign ownership of broadcast media. The FCC and the U. S. Justice Department eventually encouraged a sale of the network to a properly constituted domestic organization, joaquin Blaya, the networks new chief executive officer, would sign agreements to carry two programs that would change the face of the network. He signed contracts to develop programs hosted by Cristina Saralegui and Chilean-born Mario Kreutzberger – better known as Don Francisco – for the network. It also prohibited the use of English in its programming or advertisements, in 1988, Blaya also substantially ramped up production of American-based programs on Univisions lineup, reducing the share of programming imported from Latin America on its schedule. With this, the network began producing programs with an audience in mind, resulting in Univisions schedule consisting of 50% foreign programming. During Flores tenure as host of TV Mujer, the remained the #1 daytime show on Spanish-language television. Telemundos Dia a Dia, which debuted prior to the premiere of TV Mujer, TV Mujer inspired a series of other programs, including Hola, America and Al Mediodia, which never garnered the ratings of the original concept and were ultimately cancelled. However, the networks began to wane following the Hallmark purchase. The network opted to replace the Mexican-produced serials with novelas produced in South America, however, to make matters worse, with limited revenue from advertising, the sale to Hallmark left Univision with a huge debt load to cover. On April 8,1992, Hallmark sold Univision to a group that included Los Angeles-based investor A. 5% stake in the station group, the deal placed Univision under common ownership with competing cable channel Galavisión, which the Azcárraga-run Grupo Televisa owned at the time. KMEX became the first Spanish-language television station ever to outperform English-language network stations and that year, Univision also acquired KXLN, the first Spanish-language television station in the Houston market. Perenchio also implemented new programming requirements in which programs were no longer allowed to run 20 minutes over their allotted timeslot
Univision
–
A Univision float in the 2010 North Hudson Cuban Day Parade in
Union City, New Jersey.
Univision
–
Univision
43.
Guaynabo, Puerto Rico
–
Guaynabo is a municipality in the northern part of Puerto Rico, located in the northern coast of the island, north of Aguas Buenas, south of Cataño, east of Bayamón, and west of San Juan. Guaynabo is spread over 9 wards and Guaynabo Pueblo, Guaynabo is considered, along with its neighbors – San Juan and the municipalities of Bayamón, Carolina, Cataño, Trujillo Alto and Toa Baja – to be part of the San Juan metropolitan area. It is also part of the larger San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area, the municipio has a land area of 27.13 square miles and a population of 97,924 as of the 2010 census. The first European settlement in Puerto Rico, Caparra, was founded in 1508 by Juan Ponce de León in land that is part of Guaynabo. Ponce de León resided there as first Spanish governor of Puerto Rico and this settlement was abandoned in 1521 in favor of San Juan. The ruins of Caparra remain and are a U. S. National Historic Landmark, the Museum of the Conquest and Colonization of Puerto Rico, which features artifacts from the site and others in Puerto Rico, is located on the grounds. The municipality of Guaynabo was founded in 1769 by Pedro R. Davila, previously, the municipality was known as Buinabo, a name that means in Taíno Aquí hay otro lugar de agua dulce or Here is another place of fresh water. El Nuevo Día, Chrysler, Santander Securities, Puerto Rico Telephone, wAPA-TV and Univision Puerto Rico have their main studios in Guaynabo. Iberias San Juan-area offices are in Guaynabo, the Conquistadores de Guaynabo, or Guaynabo Conquistadores, are the Guaynabo Mets replacement and still play in the Mario Morales Coliseum. The Mets de Guaynabo are the womens volleyball team that play in the LVSF. They have not won any championships yet and they also play in the Mario Morales Coliseum. Guaynabo Fluminense FC is Guaynabos professional soccer team plays in the Puerto Rico Soccer League. The league started in 2008 and Guaynabos current position in the league is 4th place and it was at the same year that the Puerto Rico Soccer League was starting to take place. In the 2009 season, Guaynabo Fluminense FC moved to the Sixto Escobar Stadium, the Federal Bureau of Prisons operates the Metropolitan Detention Center, Guaynabo in Guaynabo. Some regions of the city belong to the Puerto Rico Senatorial district I while others belong to the Puerto Rico Senatorial district II, both of the Districts are represented by two Senators. Professional Hospital Guaynabo located on Felisa Rincón Avenue, is the newest hospital infrastructure built in Puerto Rico, Guaynabo is the only city in Puerto Rico to have a hospital specialized in advanced vascular surgery. Some of the first and newest procedures performed in Puerto Rico during 2009 were done in Professional Hospital Guaynabo, the Japanese Language School of Puerto Rico, a weekend Japanese school, previously held its classes in Guaynabo
Guaynabo, Puerto Rico
–
Guaynabo's Central Business District
Guaynabo, Puerto Rico
–
Guaynabo's main town square, Puerto Rico
Guaynabo, Puerto Rico
–
San Patricio Guaynabo
Guaynabo, Puerto Rico
–
Metropolitan Detention Center, Guaynabo
44.
Carlos Ponce
–
Carlos Ponce is a Puerto Rican actor, singer, composer and television personality. Ponce began his career by participating in Spanish language soap operas for Televisa. Ponce continued to expand his career by participating in various American television series. He did not limit himself solely to a career in television, Ponce, who is also a singer, is also active in the American movie industry as a character actor. Ponce was born Carlos Ponce Freyre in Santurce, Puerto Rico and his parents, Carlos Ponce, Sr. and Esther Freyre, emigrated from Cuba after the Cuban Revolution led by Fidel Castro. After his birth, the moved to Humacao, where Ponce was raised. As a child, he participated in his schools plays. Carlitos, as he is known in Puerto Rico, started to appear in commercials at the age of six. He attended high school in Humacao and was a member of the drama club. In 1986, the Ponce family moved to Miami, Florida and he was named the best student actor of the southern region of the United States. In 1990, Ponce participated in the Southeastern Theatre Conference and competed for the chance to win a scholarship and he won and enrolled in the New World School of the Arts conservatory. However, the Spanish-language television station Univision offered Ponce the opportunity to host a show called Hablando and this was his first serious television debut and after his debut he gave up his university studies. After the show came to its end, Ponce went to Mexico to visit a friend, while there he visited the Televisa television station. The talent director of the station met Ponce and offered Ponce his first role in an opera, Guadalupe, starring Adela Noriega. He participated in soap opera for Televisa, Sentimientos Ajenos. Ponce also sang the song for the production. He received the Actor Revelation of 1997 Award by Eres magazine, in between productions, Ponce returned to Miami and Univision hired him as the host of a new show, Control. He hosted the show for three years and won an ACE Award, in 2003, Ponce joined Entertainment Tonight as a correspondent
Carlos Ponce
–
Carlos Ponce
45.
Spaniards
–
Within Spain there are a number of nationalisms and regionalisms, reflecting the countrys complex history and diverse culture. There are several commonly spoken languages, most notably Basque. There are many populations outside Spain with ancestors who emigrated from Spain, the Roman Republic conquered Iberia during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. As a result of Roman colonization, the majority of languages, with the exception of Basque. The Germanic Vandals and Suebi, with part of the Iranian Alans under King Respendial conquered the peninsula in 409 AD. The Iberian Peninsula was conquered and brought under the rule of the Arab Umayyads in 711 and by the Berber North African dynasties the Almohads, in the early 16th century the Kingdom of Navarre was also conquered. In parallel, a wave of emigration began to the Americas began with over 16 million people emigrating to the Americas during the colonial period. In the post-colonial period, a further 3.5 million Spanish left for the Americas, particularly Argentina, Uruguay, Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Venezuela, Puerto Rico, as a result, Spanish-descendants in Latin America number in the hundreds of millions. Spain is home to one of the largest communities of Romani people, the Spanish Roma, which belong to the Iberian Kale subgroup, are a formerly-nomadic community, which spread across Western Asia, North Africa, and Europe, first reaching Spain in the 15th century. The population of Spain is became increasingly diverse due to recent immigration, the earliest modern humans inhabiting Spain are believed to have been Neolithic peoples who may have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula as early as 35, 000–40,000 years ago. In more recent times the Iberians are believed to have arrived or developed in the region between the 4th millennium BC and the 3rd millennium BC, initially settling along the Mediterranean coast, celts settled in Spain during the Iron Age. Some of those tribes in North-central Spain, which had contact with the Iberians, are called Celtiberians. In addition, a known as the Tartessians and later Turdetanians inhabited southwestern Spain. The seafaring Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians successively founded trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast over a period of several centuries, the Second Punic War between the Carthaginians and Romans was fought mainly in what is now Spain and Portugal. The Roman Republic conquered Iberia during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC transformed most of the region into a series of Latin-speaking provinces, hispania emerged as an important part of the Roman Empire and produced notable historical figures such as Trajan, Hadrian, Seneca and Quintilian. The Germanic Vandals and Suebi, with part of the Iranian Alans under King Respendial, the Suebi became the first Germanic kingdom to convert officially to Roman Catholicism in 447 AD. under king Rechiar. After two centuries of domination by the Visigothic Kingdom, the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by a Muslim force under Tariq Bin Ziyad in 711 and this army consisted mainly ethnic Berbers from the Ghomara tribe, which were reinforced by Arabs from Syria once the conquest was complete. Muslim Iberia became part of the Umayyad Caliphate and would be known as Al-Andalus, the Berbers of Al Andalus revolted as early as 740 AD, halting Arab expansion across the Pyrenees into France
Spaniards
–
Lady of Elche, a piece of
Iberian sculpture from the 4th century BC
Spaniards
–
1st row:
Isabella I of Castile
Spaniards
–
A young
Hispano-Roman nobleman from the 1st century BC
Spaniards
–
People of
Granada
46.
No me doy por vencido
–
No me Doy por Vencido is a Spanish-language song by Spanish singer Luis Fonsi. It was released on June 2,2008, for the promotional and charity compilation, the music video of the song was released on YouTube in August 2008. It is one of the singers biggest hit to date, breaking into the Billboard Hot 100, after making its debut during Summer 2008, the song became a #1 hit on the Hot Latin Tracks in September. As of January 17,2009, the song was at the top for 17 of the latest 19 weeks and it was a big success in Spain where it peaked at #4 and sold 40,000 copies. No Me Doy Por Vencido was named the fourth best-performing Latin pop song of the decade ending December 31,2009. No Me Doy Por Vencido No Me Doy Por Vencido No Me Doy Por Vencido No Me Doy Por Vencido No Me Doy Por Vencido No Me Doy Por Vencido Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
No me doy por vencido
–
US iTunes Store cover
.JPG)
