1.
Shortstop
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Shortstop, abbreviated SS, is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base, which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions. The position is filled by defensive specialists, so shortstops are generally relatively poor batters who bat later in the batting order. In the numbering used by scorers to record defensive plays. More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any position, as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters. Like a second baseman, a shortstop must be agile, for example performing a 4-6-3 double play. Also, like a third baseman, the shortstop fields balls hit to the side of the infield. Doc Adams of the Knickerbockers created the concept of the position, according to Thorn. In the first five years the Knickerbockers played, the team fielded anywhere from eight to eleven players, the only infielders were the players covering each of the bases, if there were more than eight players, extra outfielders were sometimes used. The outfielders had difficulty throwing baseballs into the infield, because of the light weight. Adams shortstop position, which he started playing at some time from 1849 to 1850, was used to field throws from the outfielders, with the advent of higher-quality baseballs, Adams moved to the infield, since the distance the balls could travel increased. Adams had a playing career with the Knickerbockers, he remained a player with the team until 1860. The shortstop ordinarily is positioned near second base on the third-base side, a shortstop must also be extremely agile, because balls hit to or near the shortstop position are usually hit harder than to other infield positions. Shortstops are required to cover second base in double play situations when the ball is hit to the second baseman or first baseman and they also cover second when a runner is attempting a stolen base, but only when a left-handed hitter is batting. This is because the infield will respond to a batter by shifting toward first base. They often become the man on balls to any part of the outfield that are being directed towards third base and all balls to left. Depending on the system the shortstop may cut balls from left field heading home, however, the emphasis on defense makes the position unusually difficult to fill. Historically, a strong shortstop did not have to be a good hitter.200, since the 1960s, however, such mediocre hitting has become rarer as teams increasingly demand players with ability to both field and hit. Alex Rodríguez, Michael Young, or Miguel Tejada, the year in which the player was inducted is given in brackets after his name
2.
High Point, North Carolina
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High Point is a city located in the Piedmont Triad region of the State of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census the city had a population of 104,371. High Point is currently the ninth-largest municipality in North Carolina, High Point is known for its furniture, textiles, and bus manufacturing. The city is referred to as the Furniture Capital of the World. The citys official slogan is North Carolinas International City due to the semi-annual High Point Furniture Market that attracts 100,000 exhibitors and buyers from around the world. Most of the city is located in Guilford County, with portions spilling into neighboring Randolph, Davidson, High Point is North Carolinas only city that extends into four counties. Among the first Europeans to settle Guilford County were English Quakers, High Point was located at the highest point of the 1856 North Carolina Railroad between Charlotte and Goldsboro where it intersected the 1852 Great Western Plank Road. Its central location and transportation allowed for the delivery of raw materials like cotton and lumber and processed goods in and out of the city, settled before 1750, High Point was incorporated in 1859. Before it became a manufacturing center, the most important industries were tobacco, woodworking. The first of many High Point furniture factories was opened in 1889, established in 1924, High Point University is a liberal arts institution with approximately 4,400 undergraduate and graduate students from 51 countries and 46 states. It is ranked by U. S. News and World Report 2013 edition of Americas Best Colleges 1st among comprehensive universities in the South, the university offers 44 undergraduate majors,10 graduate-degree programs and one doctorate program. It is accredited by the Commission of Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, and is a member of the NCAA Division I, High Point is the only city in North Carolina that exists within four counties, Davidson, Forsyth, Guilford and Randolph. It also stands within two watersheds, the Yadkin–Pee Dee to the west and the Cape Fear to the east. Parts of the city rise above 1,000 feet, making it among the highest cities in North Carolinas Piedmont, High Point is located at 35°58′14″N 79°59′51″W. It is bordered by the city of Greensboro to the north, Jamestown to the northeast, the city limits of Trinity and Thomasville come within half a mile of the High Point city limits to the south and southwest, respectively. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 55.4 square miles, of which 53.8 square miles is land and 1.7 square miles. Summers are hot and humid, and the dew points will often climb to near or even above 70 °F by late June through much of August, nights usually remain warm above 70 degrees. Most summers the hottest day will record a maximum between 96 and 98 °F, about once every 5 to 10 years the city will climb to or above 100 °F
3.
Cumming, Georgia
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Cumming is a city in Forsyth County, Georgia, United States, and the sole incorporated area in the county. It is part of the Atlanta metropolitan area and its population was 5,430 at the 2010 census, up from 4,220 at the 2000 census. Surrounding unincorporated areas with a Cumming mailing address have a population of around 100,000 and it is the county seat of Forsyth County. The area now called Cumming is located west of the location of Vanns Ferry between Forsyth County and Hall County. The area, now called Cumming, was first inhabited by Cherokee tribes, the Cherokee and Creek people developed disputes over hunting land. After two years of fighting, the Cherokee won the land in the Battle of Taliwa, the Creek people were forced to move south of the Chattahoochee River. The Cherokee coexisted with white settlers until the discovery of gold in Georgia in 1828, settlers that moved to the area to mine for gold pushed for the removal of the Cherokee. In 1835, the Treaty of New Echota was signed, the treaty stated that the Cherokee Nation must move to the Indian Territory, west of the Mississippi River. This resulted in the Trail of Tears, the Cherokee territory was then formed into Cherokee County in 1831. In 1832, the county was split into several counties including Forsyth County, in 1833, the town of Cumming was formed from two 40-acre land lots that had been issued as part of a Georgia State Land Lottery in 1832. The boundaries of the two ended at what is now Tolbert Street on the west side, Eastern Circle on the east side, Resthaven Street on the south side. In 1834 the post office was established and began delivering mail, the justices of the Inferior Court divided the town land into smaller lots and began selling them to people over the next several years, reserving one lot for the county courthouse. During that same year, the Georgia State Legislature incorporated the town of Cumming into the City of Cumming, Cumming was named after Colonel William Cumming. During the 1830s and 1840s, Cumming benefited from the mining industry as many businesses were created to meet the needs of the miners. However, the California Gold Rush in 1849 put the city into an economic depression, newly built railroads bypassed the city and took traffic from the Federal Road that ran near Cumming. The city was spared during the Civil War because William T. Sherman did not pass through the city during his March to the Sea, in 1900, the county courthouse was destroyed in a fire, it was rebuilt in 1905. In 1912, Governor Joseph M. Brown sent four companies of militia to Cumming to prevent riots after several rapes of young white women allegedly by African-American men. The governor then declared martial law, but the effort did little to stop a month-long barrage of attacks by night riders on the African-American citizens and this led to the banishment of African-Americans, and the city had virtually no black population
4.
Batting average
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Batting average is a statistic in cricket, baseball, and softball that measures the performance of batsmen in cricket and batters in baseball. The development of the statistic was influenced by the cricket statistic. In cricket, a batting average is the total number of runs they have scored divided by the number of times they have been out. The number is also simple to interpret intuitively, if all the batsmans innings were completed, this is the average number of runs they score per innings. If they did not complete all their innings, this number is an estimate of the average number of runs they score per innings. Batting average has been used to gauge cricket players relative skills since the 18th century, most players have career batting averages in the range of 20 to 40. This is also the range for wicket-keepers, though some fall short. All-rounders who are more prominent bowlers than batsmen typically average something between 20 and 30,15 and under is typical for specialist bowlers. Under this qualification, the highest Test batting average belongs to Australias Sir Donald Bradman, given that a career batting average over 50 is exceptional, and that only four other players have averages over 60, this is an outstanding statistic. The fact that Bradmans average is so far above that of any other cricketer has led several statisticians to argue that, statistically at least, he was the greatest sportsman in any sport. As at 21 October 2016, Adam Voges of Australia has recorded an average of 72.75 from 27 innings played and it should also be remembered, especially in relation to the ODI histogram above, that there were no ODI competitions when Bradman played. If their scores have a geometric distribution then total number of runs scored divided by the number of times out is the maximum likelihood estimate of their true unknown average, Batting averages can be strongly affected by the number of not outs. A different, and more developed, statistic which is also used to gauge the effectiveness of batsmen is the strike rate. It measures a different concept however – how quickly the batsman scores – so it does not supplant the role of batting average and it is used particularly in limited overs matches, where the speed at which a batsman scores is more important than it is in first-class cricket. Table shows players with at least 20 innings completed, in baseball, the batting average is defined by the number of hits divided by at bats. It is usually reported to three places and read without the decimal, A player with a batting average of.300 is batting three-hundred. A point is understood, in only, to be.001. If necessary to break ties, batting averages could be taken beyond the.001 measurement, henry Chadwick, an English statistician raised on cricket, was an influential figure in the early history of baseball
5.
Hit (baseball)
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If a batter reaches first base because of offensive interference by a preceding runner, he is also credited with a hit. A hit for one base is called a single, for two bases a double, and for three bases a triple, a home run is also scored as a hit. Doubles, triples, and home runs are also called extra base hits, an infield hit is a hit where the ball does not leave the infield. Infield hits are uncommon by nature, and most often earned by speedy runners, a no-hitter is a game in which one of the teams prevented the other from getting a hit. Throwing a no-hitter is rare and considered an accomplishment for a pitcher or pitching staff. In most cases in the game, no-hitters are accomplished by a single pitcher who throws a complete game. A pitcher who throws a no-hitter could still allow runners to reach safely, by way of walks, errors, hit batsmen. If the pitcher allows no runners to reach base, the no-hitter is a perfect game, in 1887, Major League Baseball counted bases on balls as hits. The result was skyrocketing batting averages, including some near.500, Tip ONeill of the St. Louis Browns batted.485 that season, the experiment was abandoned the following season. There is controversy regarding how the records of 1887 should be interpreted, the number of legitimate walks and at-bats are known for all players that year, so computing averages using the same method as in other years is straightforward. In 1968, Major League Baseball formed a Special Baseball Records Committee to resolve this issues, the Committee ruled that walks in 1887 should not be counted as hits. Most current sources list ONeills 1887 average as.435, as calculated by omitting his walks and he would retain his American Association batting championship. However, the variance between methods results in differing recognition for the 1887 National League batting champion, cap Anson would be recognized, with his.421 average, if walks are included, but Sam Thompson would be the champion at.372 if they are not. The official rulebook of Major League Baseball states in Rule 10, Rule 10.05 Comment, In applying Rule 10.05, the official scorer shall always give the batter the benefit of the doubt. Runner is called out for interference with a fielder attempting to field a batted ball, unless in the scorers judgment the batter-runner would have been safe had the interference not occurred
6.
Home run
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In modern baseball, the feat is typically achieved by hitting the ball over the outfield fence between the foul poles without first touching the ground, resulting in an automatic home run. There is also the home run, increasingly rare in modern baseball. When a home run is scored, the batter is credited with a hit and a run scored. Likewise, the pitcher is recorded as having given up a hit, a batted ball is also a home run if it touches either foul pole or its attached screen before touching the ground, as the foul poles are by definition in fair territory. A batted ball that goes over the wall after touching the ground is not a home run. A fielder is allowed to reach over the wall to attempt to catch the ball as long as his feet are on or over the field during the attempt. If the fielder successfully catches the ball while it is in flight the batter is out, however, since the fielder is not part of the field, a ball that bounces off a fielder and over the wall without touching the ground is still a home run. A home run accomplished in any of the above manners is a home run. This stipulation is in Approved Ruling of Rule 7.10, an inside-the-park home run occurs when a batter hits the ball into play and is able to circle the bases before the fielders can put him out. Unlike with a home run, the batter-runner and all preceding runners are liable to be put out by the defensive team at any time while running the bases. This can only happen if the ball does not leave the ballfield, with outfields much less spacious and more uniformly designed than in the games early days, inside-the-park home runs are now a rarity. They are usually the result of a ball being hit by a very fast runner, either way, this sends the ball into open space in the outfield and thereby allows the batter-runner to circle the bases before the defensive team can put him out. The speed of the runner is crucial as even triples are relatively rare in most modern ballparks, all runs scored on such a play, however, still count. An example of an unexpected bounce occurred during the 2007 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at AT&T Park in San Francisco on July 10,2007, by the time the ball was relayed, Ichiro had already crossed the plate standing up. This was the first inside-the-park home run in All-Star Game history, Home runs are often characterized by the number of runners on base at the time. A home run hit with the bases empty is seldom called a one-run homer, with one runner on base, two runs are scored and thus the home run is often called a two-run homer or two-run shot. Similarly, a home runs with two runners on base is a three-run homer or three-run shot, the term four-run homer is seldom used, instead, it is nearly always called a grand slam. Hitting a grand slam is the best possible result for the turn at bat
7.
Run batted in
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A run batted in, plural runs batted in, is a statistic in baseball and softball that credits a batter for making a play that allows a run to be scored. For example, if the batter bats a base hit, then another player on a base can go home. Prior to the 1920 Major League Baseball season, runs batted in were not a baseball statistic. Nevertheless, the RBI statistic was tabulated—unofficially—from 1907 through 1919 by baseball writer Ernie Lanigan, common nicknames for an RBI include ribby, rib, and ribeye. The plural of RBI is generally RBIs, although some commentators use RBI as both singular and plural, as it can stand for runs batted in. The official scorers judgment must determine whether a run batted in shall be credited for a run that scores when a fielder holds the ball or throws to a wrong base. The perceived significance of the RBI is displayed by the fact that it is one of the three categories that comprise the triple crown, in addition, career RBIs are often cited in debates over who should be elected to the Hall of Fame. This implies that better offensive teams—and therefore, the teams in which the most players get on base—tend to produce hitters with higher RBI totals than equivalent hitters on lesser-hitting teams, totals are current through October 8,2015
8.
Chicago White Sox
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The Chicago White Sox is an American professional baseball team based in Chicago, Illinois. The White Sox compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the American League Central division. The White Sox play their games at Guaranteed Rate Field. They are one of two league clubs in Chicago, the other is the Chicago Cubs, who are a member of the National League Central division. The team is owned by Jerry Reinsdorf. One of the American Leagues eight charter franchises, the Chicago team was established as a major baseball club in 1900. The club was called the Chicago White Stockings, but this was soon shortened to Chicago White Sox. The team played games at South Side Park before, in 1910. The White Sox won the 1906 World Series with a team dubbed the Hitless Wonders, and the 1917 World Series led by Eddie Cicotte, Eddie Collins. The 1919 World Series was marred by the Black Sox Scandal, in response, Major League Baseballs new Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis banned the players from Major League Baseball for life. In 1959, led by Early Wynn, Nellie Fox, Luis Aparicio and manager Al Lopez and they won the AL pennant in 2005, and went on to win the World Series. The White Sox originated as the Sioux City Cornhuskers of the Western League, in 1894, Charles Comiskey bought the Cornhuskers and moved them to St. Paul, Minnesota, where they became the St. Paul Saints. In 1901, the Western League broke the National Agreement and became the new major league American League, the very first season in the American League ended with a White Stockings championship. However, that would be the end of the season as the World Series did not begin until 1903, the franchise, now known as the Chicago White Sox, made its first World Series appearance in 1906, beating the crosstown Cubs in six games. The White Sox would win a pennant and second World Series in 1917, beating the New York Giants in six games with help from stars Eddie Cicotte. The Sox were heavily favored in the 1919 World Series, huge bets on the Reds fueled speculation that the series had been fixed. This set the franchise back, as they did not win another pennant for 40 years. The White Sox did not finish in the half of the American League again until after club founder Charles Comiskey died and passed ownership of the club to his son
9.
History of the Oakland Athletics
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In 1954, Chicago real estate magnate Arnold Johnson bought the Philadelphia Athletics and moved them to Kansas City. Although he was initially a hero for making Kansas City a major-league town, hed also bought Blues Stadium in Kansas City, home of the Yankees top farm team, the Kansas City Blues of the American Association. After Johnson got permission to move the As to Kansas City, he sold Blues Stadium to the city, the lease gave Johnson a three-year escape clause if the team failed to draw one million or more customers per season. The subsequent lease signed in 1960 also contained a clause if the team failed to draw 850,000 per season. Major-league rules of the time gave the Yankees the major-league rights to Kansas City, however, the Yankees waived these payments as soon as the purchase was approved. This, combined with the Yankees thinly concealed support for the sale, rumors abounded that Johnsons real motive was to operate the Athletics in Kansas City for a few years, then move the team to Los Angeles. Whatever the concern about the move to Kansas City, fans turned out in numbers for the era. That number would never be approached again while the team was in Kansas City, Johnsons previous business ties to the Yankees resulted in several trades between the Athletics and the Bronx Bombers that helped keep the New York dynasty afloat. Invariably, any good young As player was traded to the Yankees for aging veterans, however, with few exceptions, the trades were heavily weighted in favor of the Yankees. On the positive side, Johnson devoted attention to development for the first time in the history of the franchise. Previously, Connie Mack either did not or could not spend any money building a farm system, when Johnson bought the team, the As only had three scouts in the entire organization. Johnson did make some improvements to the system, but was unwilling to pay top dollar for players that could get the As within sight of contention. Johnson was returning from watching the Athletics in spring training when he was stricken with a cerebral hemorrhage. He died in West Palm Beach, Florida on March 3,1960 at the age of 53, on December 19,1960, Charles Charlie O. Finley purchased a controlling interest in the team from Johnsons estate after losing out to Johnson six years earlier in Philadelphia. He bought out the minority owners a year later, Finley promised the fans a new day. In a highly publicized move, he purchased a bus, pointed it in the direction of New York and he called another press conference to burn the existing lease at Municipal Stadium which included the despised escape clause. He spent over $400,000 of his own money in stadium improvements and he introduced new uniforms which had Kansas City on the road uniforms for the first time ever and an interlocking KC on the cap. This was the first time the franchise had acknowledged its home city on its uniforms and he announced, My intentions are to keep the As permanently in Kansas City and build a winning ball club
10.
1967 Major League Baseball season
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The 1967 Major League Baseball season. The St. Louis Cardinals defeated the Boston Red Sox four games to three in the 64th World Series, which was the first World Series appearance for the Red Sox in 21 years, following the season, the Kansas City Athletics relocated to Oakland. United States Senator Stuart Symington attended the meeting and discussed the possibility of revoking baseballs antitrust exemption if the As were allowed to leave Kansas City, the owners began deliberation and after the first ballot, only six owners were in favor of relocation. The owner of Baltimore voted against, while the ownership for Cleveland, New York, in the second ballot, the New York Yankees voted in favor of the Athletics relocation to Oakland. To appease all interested parties, the Athletics announced that MLB would expand to Kansas City, MLB owners, bowing to Symingtons threat, awarded Kansas City and Seattle expansion American League franchises for the 1969 season. Selig later became Commissioner of Baseball in 1998
11.
Major League Baseball All-Star Game
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The game usually occurs on either the second or third Tuesday in July, and is meant to mark a symbolic halfway-point in the MLB season. Both of the major leagues share a common All-Star break, with no games scheduled on the day before or two days after the All-Star Game itself. Some additional events and festivities associated with the game take place each year close to, no official MLB All-Star Game was held in 1945 including the official selection of players due to World War II travel restrictions. The first All-Star Game was held on July 6,1933 as part of the 1933 Worlds Fair in Chicago, at Comiskey Park and was initiated by Arch Ward, initially intended to be a one-time event, its great success resulted in making the game an annual one. The venue for the All-Star Game is chosen by Major League Baseball, the criteria for the venue are subjective, generally, cities with new ballparks and those who have not hosted the game in a long time—or ever—tend to get selected. New York City has hosted more than any city, having done so nine times in five different stadiums. At the same time, the New York Mets failed to host for 48 seasons, in the first two decades of the game there were two pairs of teams that shared ballparks, located in Philadelphia and St. Louis. This led to some shorter-than-usual gaps between the use of venues, The Cardinals hosted the game in 1940, and the Browns in 1948. The Athletics hosted the game in 1943, and the Phillies in 1952, the venues traditionally alternate between the American League and National League every year. This tradition has been several times, The first time was in 1951. Detroit Tigers were chosen to host the game as part of the citys 250th birthday. The second was when the format during the 1959–1962 seasons resulted in the A. L. being one game ahead in turn. This was corrected in 2007, when the N. L, San Francisco Giants were the host for the 2007 All-Star Game, which also set up the 2008 game to be held at the A. L. s Yankee Stadium in its final season. This decision was made following the announcement of Miami as host for the 2017 All Star Game, the coaching staff for each team is selected by its manager. This honor is given to the manager, not the team and this happened in 2003, when Dusty Baker managed the National League team despite having moved from the National League champion San Francisco Giants to the Chicago Cubs. This has also included situations where the person is no longer actively managing a team, mcGraw came out of retirement for that purpose. Dick Williams resigned after managing the Oakland Athletics to the 1973 World Series, in 1974, he became manager of the California Angels, whose uniform he wore for the game. Tony La Russa, who managed the World Series champion St. Louis Cardinals in 2011, in 1979, Bob Lemon managed the American League team after having been fired by New York Yankees owner George Steinbrenner
12.
1941 Major League Baseball All-Star Game
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The game was held on July 8,1941, at Briggs Stadium in Detroit, Michigan, the home of the Detroit Tigers of the American League. The game resulted in the American League defeating the National League, ted Williams hit a walk-off home run with two outs in the ninth inning to win it for the AL. Players in italics have since been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame, the umpires changed assignments in the middle of the fifth inning – Summers and Pinelli swapped positions, also Jorda and Grieve swapped positions
13.
National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum
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The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame, located at 25 Main Street in Cooperstown, New York, and operated by private interests. The Halls motto is Preserving History, Honoring Excellence, Connecting Generations, the word Cooperstown is often used as shorthand for the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. The Hall of Fame was established in 1939 by Stephen Carlton Clark, Clark had sought to bring tourists to a city hurt by the Great Depression, which reduced the local tourist trade, and Prohibition, which devastated the local hops industry. A new building was constructed, and the Hall of Fame was dedicated on June 12,1939, the erroneous claim that U. S. Civil War hero Abner Doubleday invented baseball in Cooperstown was instrumental in the early marketing of the Hall. An expanded library and research facility opened in 1994, dale Petroskey became the organizations president in 1999. In 2002, the Hall launched Baseball As America, an exhibit that toured ten American museums over six years. The Hall of Fame has since also sponsored educational programming on the Internet to bring the Hall of Fame to schoolchildren who might not visit, the Hall and Museum completed a series of renovations in spring 2005. The Hall of Fame also presents an annual exhibit at FanFest at the Major League Baseball All-Star Game, Jeff Idelson replaced Petroskey as president on April 16,2008. In 2012, Congress passed and President Barack Obama signed a law ordering the United States Mint to produce and sell commemorative, non-circulating coins to benefit the private, non-profit Hall. The bill, House Bill H. R.2527, was introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Rep. Richard Hanna, a Republican from New York, the coins, which depict baseball gloves and balls, are the first concave designs produced by the Mint. The mintage included 50,000 gold coins,400,000 silver coins, the Mint released them on March 27,2014, and the gold and silver editions quickly sold out. The Hall receives money from surcharges included in the sale price,114 members of the Hall of Fame have been inducted posthumously, including four who died after their selection was announced. Of the 35 Negro league members,29 were inducted posthumously, the Hall of Fame includes one female member, Effa Manley. The newest inductees, enshrined on July 24,2016, are players Mike Piazza, the incoming class of 2017, to be formally enshrined on July 30, consists of executives John Schuerholz and Bud Selig and players Jeff Bagwell, Tim Raines, and Iván Rodríguez. In addition to honoring Hall of Fame inductees, the National Baseball Hall of Fame has presented 40 men with the Ford C, while Frick and Spink Award honorees are not members of the Hall of Fame, they are recognized in an exhibit in the Hall of Fames library. ONeil Award honorees are also not Hall of Fame members, but are listed alongside a permanent statue of the namesake and first recipient, Buck ONeil. From a final ballot typically including 25–40 candidates, each writer may vote for up to 10 players, until the late 1950s, any player named on 75% or more of all ballots cast is elected. A player who is named on fewer than 5% of ballots is dropped from future elections, players receiving 5% or more of the votes but fewer than 75% are reconsidered annually until a maximum of ten years of eligibility
14.
Major League Baseball
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Major League Baseball is a professional baseball organization, the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams now play in the National League and American League, the NL and AL operated as separate legal entities from 1876 and 1901 respectively. After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities since 1903, the merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball in 2000. The organization also oversees Minor League Baseball, which comprises about 240 teams affiliated with the Major League clubs, with the World Baseball Softball Confederation, MLB manages the international World Baseball Classic tournament. Baseballs first professional team was founded in Cincinnati in 1869,30 years after Abner Doubleday supposedly invented the game of baseball, the first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another. The period before 1920 in baseball was known as the dead-ball era, Baseball survived a conspiracy to fix the 1919 World Series, which came to be known as the Black Sox Scandal. The sport rose in popularity in the 1920s, and survived potential downturns during the Great Depression, shortly after the war, baseballs color barrier was broken by Jackie Robinson. The 1950s and 1960s were a time of expansion for the AL and NL, then new stadiums, Home runs dominated the game during the 1990s, and media reports began to discuss the use of anabolic steroids among Major League players in the mid-2000s. In 2006, an investigation produced the Mitchell Report, which implicated many players in the use of performance-enhancing substances, today, MLB is composed of thirty teams, twenty-nine in the United States and one in Canada. Baseball broadcasts are aired on television, radio, and the Internet throughout North America, MLB has the highest season attendance of any sports league in the world with more than 73 million spectators in 2015. MLB is governed by the Major League Baseball Constitution and this document has undergone several incarnations since 1875, with the most recent revisions being made in 2012. Under the direction of the Commissioner of Baseball, MLB hires and maintains the sports umpiring crews, and negotiates marketing, labor, MLB maintains a unique, controlling relationship over the sport, including most aspects of Minor League Baseball. This ruling has been weakened only slightly in subsequent years, the weakened ruling granted more stability to the owners of teams and has resulted in values increasing at double-digit rates. There were several challenges to MLBs primacy in the sport between the 1870s and the Federal League in 1916, the last attempt at a new league was the aborted Continental League in 1960. The chief executive of MLB is the commissioner, Rob Manfred, the chief operating officer is Tony Petitti. There are five other executives, president, chief officer, chief legal officer, chief financial officer. The multimedia branch of MLB, which is based in Manhattan, is MLB Advanced Media and this branch oversees MLB. com and each of the 30 teams websites. Its charter states that MLB Advanced Media holds editorial independence from the league, MLB Productions is a similarly structured wing of the league, focusing on video and traditional broadcast media
15.
Oglethorpe University
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Oglethorpe University is a private, liberal arts college in Brookhaven, a city adjoining the northern edge of Atlanta, in the U. S. state of Georgia. Originally chartered in 1835, it was named in honor of General James Edward Oglethorpe, Oglethorpe University was chartered in 1835 in Midway, just south of the city of Milledgeville, then the state capital. The school was built and, at time, governed by the Presbyterian Church. The American Civil War led to the schools closing from 1862 to 1866, the college followed the relocation of the capital to Atlanta. In 1870, it began holding classes at the present site of Atlanta City Hall, plagued by financial difficulties, the school closed its doors after only two years. Oglethorpe College was re-chartered as an institution in 1913. In 1915 the cornerstone to the new campus was laid at its present location on Peachtree Road in Brookhaven, the person behind rebuilding Oglethorpe was Dr. Thornwell Jacobs, whose grandfather Ferdinand Jacobs had served on the faculty of Old Oglethorpe. Jacobs would serve as president for three decades. In the early 1940s Oglethorpe University had a medical school, under the direction of Dr. John Bernard, the university was given several elephants for research, who had been poisoned by the Ringling Brothers Barnum & Bailey Circus. After the students had finished dissecting the animals they were buried under what is today as the Philip Weltner Library. Oglethorpe University became Oglethorpe College in 1965, and reclaimed the designation university in 1972, many of Oglethorpes campus buildings were built in a Gothic revival architecture style. This area of the 100-acre campus is listed in the National Register of Historic Places, in December 2009, The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools fully reaffirmed the Universitys accreditation. Oglethorpes collegiate coat-of-arms is emblazoned with three heads and the Latin inscription Nescit Cedere, meaning He does not know how to give up. The Conant Performing Arts Center, completed in 1997, served as the home of Georgia Shakespeare until fall 2014. The Oglethorpe University Museum of Art opened in 1984 and is located on the top floor of the Philip Weltner Library, the two galleries, the South and Skylight, and gift shop cover 7,000 square feet. Bringing in thousands of visitors each year, the museum has become an important point of interest in Atlantas art community, in 1994, Lupton Hall, Phoebe Hearst Hall, Lowry Hall and Hermance Stadium were added to the National Register of Historic Places. In addition, a district including part or all of the 100-acre campus was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Other academic buildings include Goslin Hall, primarily used for science courses, Oglethorpe University is home to the Crypt of Civilization, the first and most complete time capsule ever created, according to the Guinness Book of World Records
16.
Atlanta Crackers
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The Atlanta Crackers were minor league baseball teams based in Atlanta between 1901 and 1965. The Crackers were Atlantas home team until the Atlanta Braves moved from Milwaukee in 1966. For 60 years, the Crackers were part of the Class AA Southern Association, a team in the Sunbelt Baseball League, a summer collegiate league, has adopted the team name for one of their teams. The Crackers played in Ponce de Leon Park from 1907 until a fire on September 9,1923, spiller Field, became their home starting in the 1924 season, it was named in honor of a wealthy businessman who paid for the new concrete-and-steel stadium. That new park was unusual because it was constructed around a tree that became part of the outfield. Balls landing in the tree remained in play, until Earl Mann took over the team in 1947 and had the wall moved in about fifty feet. The Crackers played their last season in the newly built Atlanta Stadium, the Crackers were independent of major league farm systems until 1950. They then became a AA affiliate of the Boston Braves/Milwaukee Braves, as an International League team, they were the top affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals, Minnesota Twins and the Braves again. The team then played in Richmond, Virginia, in the International League as the Braves Class AAA farm team, the Richmond Braves, through the 2008 season. The team moved to newly built Coolray Field in Lawrenceville, in Gwinnett County, northeast of Atlanta, in 2009 and now plays as the Gwinnett Braves, thus marking a homecoming of sorts. The close proximity of the AAA and MLB clubs makes for a zero delay when players are called up or sent down. According to Tim Darnell, who wrote The Crackers, Early Days of Atlanta Baseball, the term cracker is derived from the Gaelic craic, meaning entertaining conversation or boasting, with the latter sense still attested in the idiom not all s cracked up to be. It was used in the 18th century to denote Irish and Scottish colonists of the Deep South backcountry, during the period of Reconstruction following the American Civil War, there was also a political party of the same name. Organized in Augusta, Georgia, this platform was one of opposition to Catholics. Luke Appling, a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame who later played for the Chicago White Sox, an Atlanta Braves coach in 1981 and again in 1984. Ralph Country Brown, member of the 1950 Southern Association championship team, art Fowler, longtime major league pitcher and pitching coach. Lloyd Gearhart, who played with the New York Giants. Billy Goodman, a major league.300 hitter who won the 1950 American League batting title
17.
Mercer University
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Mercer University is the oldest private university in Georgia with its main campus in Macon, Georgia, United States. Mercer is a member of the Georgia Research Alliance and has a chapter of Phi Beta Kappa, Mercer has three campuses, the main campus in Macon, a graduate and professional education campus in Atlanta, and a four-year campus of the School of Medicine in Savannah. Mercer also has regional centers in Henry County, Douglas County, and Newnan. The Mercer University Health Sciences Center encompasses Mercers medical, pharmacy, nursing, U. S. News and World Report ranks Mercer 135th among the 310 universities in the National Universities category. Mercer, along with Emory University, the Georgia Institute of Technology, Mercer is also ranked as the 24th best value among the 310 national universities in terms of education relative to cost. The school opened as Mercer Institute with 39 students on January 14,1833, the school was named for Jesse Mercer, a prominent Baptist leader who provided a founding endowment and who served as the first chairman of the board of trustees. The Georgia General Assembly granted a university charter in December 1837, Mercer adopted its present name in 1838 and graduated its first university class, of three students, in 1841. In 1871, Mercer moved to Macon, a center of transportation, Mercer expanded to Atlanta in 1959 when the university absorbed the independent Southern School of Pharmacy. Atlanta Baptist College was founded in 1968 under the leadership of Dr. Monroe F. Swilley, the college merged with Mercer in 1972 and became the College of Arts and Sciences, and in 1984 was named the Cecil B. Day College of Arts and Sciences, Mercer offered undergraduate liberal arts education in Atlanta until 1990 when the college closed. Faculty and students tried to prevent the closure, but were not successful, the mission of the Atlanta campus changed to graduate and professional education. The Southern School of Pharmacy moved in 1992 from its location to the Cecil B. William D. Underwood became Mercers 18th president on July 1,2006, succeeding Dr. Raleigh Kirby Godsey, Underwood previously served at Baylor University as interim president and held the prestigious Leon Jaworski Chair at Baylor Law School. During Underwoods presidency, enrollment has increased by twenty percent to more than 8,500 students. Mercer, founded by early 19th-century Baptists, ended its affiliation with the Georgia Baptist Convention in 2006 after 173 years, before the affiliation ended, Mercer had an independent board of trustees, the convention provided financial support but did not control the university. The lack of control caused friction, with Mercer resisting restraints on social issues while the convention saw Mercer as becoming secularized and not conforming to its values. Mercer received a $5 million grant from the John S. the Mercer On Mission medical outreach program, launched in 2007, has been recognized by the Clinton Global Initiative as an exemplary approach to addressing a specific global challenge. It helps students combine research, study abroad and service learning under faculty direction, in 2014, Mercer set an enrollment record in the fall of 2014 with a university-wide population of 8,557 students
18.
Southern League (baseball)
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The Southern League is a minor league baseball league that operates in the Southern United States. Classified a Double-A league, it is headquartered in the Atlanta suburb of Marietta, the league acquired its name in 1964, after the South Atlantic League, which had started in 1936, renamed itself to Southern League. The original Southern League existed from 1885 to 1899, a new league, the Southern Association, was formed in 1901, consisting of twelve teams. The association shut down after the 1961 season, in 1964, the original South Atlantic League changed its name to the Southern League. The original South Atlantic League was a mid- to higher-classification circuit that played from 1904 to 1917,1919 to 1930,1936 to 1942, the old South Atlantic League grew from Class C status to Class B and then Class A. In its final season, it was elevated to Double-A, the Southern League is divided into two divisions, North and South. Before 2005, the divisions were East and West, however, in 2012, the Carolina Mudcats relocated to Pensacola, Florida to become the Pensacola Blue Wahoos. In 2015, the Huntsville Stars relocated to Biloxi, Mississippi to become the Biloxi Shuckers, League members Other Current League Other Defunct League In 1971, the Southern League and Texas League were both down to 7 teams so they formed the Dixie Association for one season. They played interlocking schedules but held their own separate playoffs
19.
Chicago Cubs
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The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago, Illinois. The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the National League Central division. The team plays its games at Wrigley Field, located on the citys North Side. The Cubs are one of two league teams in Chicago, the other, the Chicago White Sox, is a member of the American League Central division. The Cubs, first known as the White Stockings, was a member of the NL in 1876. The Cubs have appeared in a total of eleven World Series, the 1906 Cubs won 116 games, finishing 116–36 and posting a modern-era record winning percentage of.763, before losing the World Series to the Chicago White Sox by four games to two. The Cubs won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908, the 108-year drought was also the longest such occurrence in all major North American sports. Since the start of play in 1969, the Cubs have appeared in the postseason eight times through the 2016 season. The Cubs are known as the North Siders, a reference to the location of Wrigley Field within the city of Chicago, there is a divisional rivalry with the St. Louis Cardinals and also a newer rivalry with the Milwaukee Brewers. There is also a rivalry with the White Sox. The Cubs began play in 1876 as the Chicago White Stockings, joining the National League as a charter member. Owner William Hulbert signed multiple star players, such as pitcher Albert Spalding and infielders Ross Barnes, Deacon White, the White Stockings played their home games at West Side Grounds and quickly established themselves as one of the new leagues top teams. Spalding won forty-seven games and Barnes led the league in hitting at.429 as Chicago won the first ever National League pennant, which at the time was the games top prize. After back-to-back pennants in 1880 and 1881, Hulbert died, and Spalding, the White Stockings, with Anson acting as player-manager, captured their third consecutive pennant in 1882, and Anson established himself as the games first true superstar. In 1885 and 86, after winning N. L. pennants, both seasons resulted in match ups with the St. Louis Brown Stockings, with the clubs tying in 1885 and with St. Louis winning in 1886. This was the genesis of what would become one of the greatest rivalries in sports. In all, the Anson-led Chicago Base Ball Club won six National League pennants between 1876 and 1886. As a result, Chicagos club nickname transitioned, and by 1890 they had known as the Chicago Colts, or sometimes Ansons Colts
20.
Double play
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In baseball, a double play is the act of making two outs during the same continuous play. Double plays are common, as they can occur any time there is at least one baserunner. During the 2016 Major League Baseball regular season, the average for double plays completed by each team during the course of a 162-game season was 145 – nearly one per game by each team. The simplest scenario for a play is a runner on first base with less than two outs. As both outs are made by force plays, this is referred to as a double play. As the force out at first base removed the force condition at second base, the batter hits the ball in the air a line drive to the first baseman, who catches it, and then steps on first base before the baserunner can return to first to tag up. This is also an example of a double play. Highly desirable to the team and highly undesirable to the batting team. The fielding team is likely to change pitch selection and defensive alignment to try and get a batter to ground into a force double play. Pitchers may throw pitches more likely to be hit as a ground ball – such as a sinker – while fielders can be positioned to make a ground ball more likely to be turned into a double play. Likewise, the team may take action – such as a hit. In baseball slang, making a play is referred to as turning two or a twin killing. Double plays are known as the pitchers best friend because they disrupt offense more than any other play. A force double play made on a ball hit to the third baseman, who throws to the second baseman. A strike em out, throw em out double play occurs when a runner is caught stealing immediately after the batter strikes out. The ability to make the pivot on a double play – receiving a throw from the third base side. All three players were part of the Cubs team that won the National League pennant in 1906,1907,1908, and 1910, and they were elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946. The New York Yankees recorded a rare 4-1-5 double play against the San Francisco Giants on July 24,2016, castro threw to pitcher Chad Green at first base to retire Peña
21.
Triple (baseball)
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In baseball, a triple is the act of a batter safely reaching third base after hitting the ball, with neither the benefit of a fielders misplay nor another runner being put out on a fielders choice. Triples have become rare in Major League Baseball. It often requires a hit to a distant part of the field. It also usually means that the hit the ball solidly. The triple is considered one of the most exciting plays in baseball, a triple is the hardest to achieve in terms of hitting for the cycle. com List of single-season triples leaders, Baseball-Reference. com
22.
American League
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The American League of Professional Baseball Clubs, or simply the American League, is one of two leagues that make up Major League Baseball in the United States and Canada. It developed from the Western League, a league based in the Great Lakes states. It is sometimes called the Junior Circuit because it claimed Major League status for the 1901 season,25 years after the formation of the National League. At the end of season, the American League champion plays in the World Series against the National League champion. Through 2016, American League teams have won 64 of the 112 World Series played since 1903, the 2016 American League champions are the Cleveland Indians. The New York Yankees have won 40 American League titles, the most in the history, followed by the Philadelphia/Kansas City/Oakland Athletics. Originally a minor league known as the Western League, the American League later developed into a major league after the American Association disbanded, in its early history, the Western League struggled until 1894, when Ban Johnson became the president of the league. Johnson led the Western League into major league status and soon became the president of the newly renamed American League, babe Ruth, noted as one of the most prolific hitters in Major League Baseball history, spent the majority of his career in the American League. The American League has one notable difference versus the National League, in 1902, the Milwaukee Brewers moved to St. Louis and were renamed the St. Louis Browns. In 1902, The Cleveland Bluebirds were also renamed the Cleveland Broncos, in 1903, the Broncos were renamed the Cleveland Naps. In 1915, the Naps were renamed the Cleveland Indians, in 1903, the Baltimore Orioles moved to New York and were renamed the New York Highlanders. In 1913, the Highlanders were renamed the New York Yankees, in 1904, the Chicago White Stockings were renamed the Chicago White Sox. In 1908, the Boston Americans were renamed the Boston Red Sox, in 1954, the St. Louis Browns moved to Baltimore and were renamed as the Baltimore Orioles. In 1955, the Philadelphia Athletics moved to Kansas City and were renamed as the Kansas City Athletics, in 1961, the league expanded and added two teams as the Los Angeles Angels and the Washington Senators, expanding the league to 10 teams. The original Senators team moved to Minneapolis/St, Paul in 1961 and were renamed as the Minnesota Twins. The Angels team name changed to the California Angels in 1966, then to the Anaheim Angels in 1997, the Kansas City Royals and the Seattle Pilots were added to the American League, expanding the league to 12 teams. In 1970, the Seattle Pilots moved to Milwaukee and were renamed the Milwaukee Brewers, in 1972, the Washington Senators relocated to the Dallas/Fort Worth area and were renamed the Texas Rangers. In 1977, the league expanded to fourteen teams, when the Seattle Mariners, in 1998, the Tampa Bay Rays was added to the American League and at the same time, the Milwaukee Brewers were switched to the National League, leaving the American League with 14 teams
23.
Luis Aparicio
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Luis Ernesto Aparicio Montiel, nicknamed Little Louie, was the first Venezuelan professional baseball player to be inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame, in 1984. He was one of the most dominant shortstops of Major League Baseball in his era and he played for the Chicago White Sox, Baltimore Orioles, and Boston Red Sox, from 1956 through 1973. Aparicio won the American League Rookie of the Year Award in 1956 and he helped the Go-Go White Sox win the American League Pennant championship in 1959 and was the AL Most Valuable Player runner-up that season. He was nominated for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team in 1999, born in Maracaibo, Zulia State, Venezuela, Aparicio came from a baseball family. His father, Luis Aparicio, Sr. was a shortstop in Venezuela and owned a Winter League team with Aparicios uncle. At the age of 19, Aparicio was selected as a member of the Venezuelan team in the 1953 Amateur World Series held in Caracas and he signed to play for the local professional team in Maracaibo alongside his father in 1953. In a symbolic gesture during the teams 1953 home opener, his father led off as the first hitter of the game, took the first pitch, and had Aparicio Jr. take his place at bat. The Cleveland Indians had been negotiating to sign Aparicio, but Indians General Manager Hank Greenberg expressed the opinion that he was too small to play in the major leagues. Chicago White Sox General Manager Frank Lane, on the recommendation of fellow Venezuelan shortstop Chico Carrasquel, then signed Aparicio for $5,000 down and $5,000 in first year salary. After only two years in the leagues, he made his major league debut at the age of 22. Aparicio would lead the American League in stolen bases, assists, and putouts and he was the first Latin American player to win the Rookie of the Year award. Aparicio quickly became a member of the Go-Go White Sox teams of the mid-1950s. Over the next decade, Aparicio set the standard for the spray-hitting, slick-fielding and he combined with second baseman Nellie Fox to become one of the best double play combinations in major league baseball. In 1958, Aparicio earned recognition as one of the top shortstops in major league baseball when he was selected to be the starting shortstop for the American League in the 1958 All-Star Game. The White Sox would once again finish the season in place behind the Yankees. Aparicio again led the league in bases, assists and putouts. Aparicio was the leader when the Go Go White Sox won the American League pennant in 1959. Aparicio finished the runner-up to team-mate Nellie Fox in the American League Most Valuable Player Award balloting and he was selected as a starting All-Star for the second time and also won a second Gold Glove award
24.
Batting order (baseball)
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In baseball, the batting order or batting lineup is the sequence in which the members of the offense take their turns in batting against the pitcher. The batting order is the component of a teams offensive strategy. The home plate umpire keeps one copy of the card of each team. Once the home plate umpire gives the lineup cards to the managers, the batting lineup is final. If a team out of order, it is a violation of baseballs rules. Dictionary. com, however, defines bat around as to have every player in the lineup take a turn at bat during a single inning and it is not an official statistic. Opinions differ as to whether nine batters must get an at-bat, in modern American baseball, some batting positions have nicknames, leadoff for first, cleanup for fourth, and last for ninth. Others are known by the numbers or the term #-hole. At the start of each inning, the batting order resumes where it left off in the previous inning, early forms of baseball or rounders from the mid 19th-Century did not require a fixed batting order, any player who was not on base could be called upon to bat. The concept of a set batting order is said to have been invented by Alexander Cartwright, who also instituted rules such as the ball and tagging the runner. In the early days of baseball, the rules did not require that the order be announced before game time. This permitted strategic decisions regarding batting order to occur while the game was in progress, for example, Cap Anson was known to wait to see if the first two men got on base in the first inning. If they did not, he would wait and hit in the next inning, however, in the 1880s, organized baseball began mandating that the batting order be disclosed before the first pitch. For example, Rule 36 in The Playing Rules of Professional Base Ball Clubs of 1896 stated the following, after the first inning the first striker in each inning shall be the batsman whose name follows that of the last man who completed his turn. In cricket, the order is generally fixed so that players are sure of their role within the team. A batsman can be promoted to a spot in the batting order according to the teams wishes. The idea of a batting order, in which the on-deck batter at the time the final out is made in one inning becomes the lead-off batter in the next inning, is unique to baseball. In the shorter form of cricket, there is only one innings per side, in a typical innings of this latter form, all eleven players on the team will have a chance to bat, and the innings finishes when 10 players are out
25.
Base on balls
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The base on balls is defined in Section 2.00 of baseballs Official Rules, and further detail is given in 6.08. The term base on balls distinguishes a walk from the manners in which a batter can be awarded first base without liability to be put out. An important difference is that for a hit batter or catchers interference, the ball is dead and no one may advance unless forced, a batter who draws a base on balls is commonly said to have been walked by the pitcher. When the batter is walked, runners advance one base without liability to be put out only if forced to vacate their base to allow the batter to take first base.04. Receiving a base on balls does not count as a hit or an at bat for a batter but does count as a time on base, therefore, a base on balls does not affect a players batting average, but it can increase his on-base percentage. A hit by pitch is not counted statistically as a walk, though the effect is mostly the same, one exception is that on a HBP, the ball is dead. On a HBP, any runners attempting to steal on the play must return to their original base unless forced to the next base anyway. When a walk occurs, the ball is live, any runner not forced to advance may nevertheless attempt to advance at his own risk. Also, because a ball is live when a base on balls occurs, runners on base forced to advance one base may attempt to advance one base. The batter-runner himself may attempt to advance beyond first base, at his own risk, rule 6.08 addresses this matter as well. An attempt to advance an additional base beyond the base awarded might occur when ball four is a ball or a wild pitch. In 1880, the National League changed the rules so that eight balls instead of nine were required for a walk, in 1884, the National League changed the rules so that six balls were required for a walk. In 1887, the National League and American Association agreed to abide by some uniform rule changes, in 1889, the National League and the American Association decreased the number of balls required for a walk to four. In 2017, Major League Baseball approved a change allowing for a batter to be walked intentionally by having the defending bench signal to the Umpire. The move was met some controversy. A subset of the base on balls, a base on balls or intentional walk is when the pitcher deliberately pitches the ball away from the batter in order to issue a base on balls. As with any other walk, an intentional walk entitles the batter to first base without liability to be put out, intentional walks are a strategic defensive maneuver, commonly done to bypass one hitter for one the defensive team believes is less likely to initiate a run-scoring play. Teams also commonly use intentional walks to set up a play or force out situation for the next batter
26.
Libby Holman
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Elizabeth Lloyd Holzman, best known as Libby Holman, was an American torch singer and stage actress who also achieved notoriety for her complex and unconventional personal life. Elizabeth Lloyd Holzman was born May 23,1904, in Cincinnati, Ohio to a Jewish lawyer and stockbroker, Alfred Holzman and his wife and their other children were daughter Marion H. Holzman and son Alfred Paul Holzman. In 1904, the family grew destitute after Holmans uncle Ross Holzman embezzled nearly $1 million of their stock brokerage business. At some point, Alfred changed the name from Holzman to Holman. She graduated from Hughes High School on June 11,1920 and she graduated from the University of Cincinnati on June 16,1923, with a Bachelor of Arts degree. Holman later subtracted two years from her age, insisting she was born in 1906, the year she gave the Social Security Administration as the year of her birth. In the summer of 1924, Holman left for New York City and her first theater job in New York was in the road company of The Fool. Channing Pollock, the writer of The Fool, recognized Holmans talents immediately and she followed Pollocks advice and soon became a star. An early stage colleague who became a close friend was future film star Clifton Webb. He gave her the nickname, The Statue of Libby and her Broadway theatre debut was in the play The Sapphire Ring in 1925 at the Selwyn Theatre, which closed after thirteen performances. She was billed as Elizabeth Holman, also in that show, she sang the Kay Swift and Paul James song, Cant We Be Friends. The following year, Holman introduced the Howard Dietz and Arthur Schwartz standard Something to Remember You By in the show Threes a Crowd, which also starred Allen and Webb. One of Holmans signature looks was the dress, which she has been credited with having invented. Holman was married three times, and had a variety of relationships with both men and women throughout her lifetime. Her famous lesbian lovers included the DuPont heiress Louisa dAndelot Carpenter, actress Jeanne Eagels, Carpenter was to play a significant part throughout Holmans lifetime. They raised their children and lived together and were accepted by their theater companions. She scandalized some by dating younger men, such as fellow American actor Montgomery Clift. Holman took an interest in one fan, Zachary Smith Reynolds and he was smitten with her from the start, despite their seven-year age difference
27.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
28.
American Association (20th century)
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The American Association was a minor league baseball league at the Triple-A level of baseball in the United States from 1902 to 1962 and 1969 to 1997. In both incarnations, it comprised teams primarily from Midwestern and South Central United States, later, its teams would also compete in the Triple-A World Series and Triple-A Classic, and its players in the Triple-A All-Star Game. By 1961, the league was down to six clubs, after the 1962 season, the American Association disbanded, and some of its member teams were distributed between the Pacific Coast League and the International League, while others folded. The Indianapolis Indians were first assigned to the IL but then, in a geographic oddity, the Dallas Rangers, the Denver Bears, and the Oklahoma City 89ers also went to the PCL. After the 1997 season, the American Association disbanded for the second time, the Iowa Cubs, Nashville Sounds, New Orleans Zephyrs, Oklahoma City 89ers, and Omaha Royals joined the West Coast Pacific Coast League starting with the 1998 season. The Buffalo Bisons, Indianapolis Indians, and Louisville Redbirds became part of the International League, the Buffalo Bisons were the last league champions in 1997, and the trophy is still in their possession. On and off, from 1905 to 1975, the American Association champion played against the champion from the International League in the Junior World Series, the champions from these two leagues and the Pacific Coast League also met during 1983 at the Triple-A World Series. From 1988 to 1992, the AA and IL voted to play games during the season. From 1988 until the demise in 1997, players from all three Triple-A leagues were selected to play in the mid-season Triple-A All-Star Game. One team was made up of All-Stars from American League affiliates and the other of National League affiliates
29.
New York Yankees
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The Essendon Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club which plays in the Australian Football League, the sports premier competition. Formed in 1871 as a club and playing as a senior club since 1878. It is historically associated with Essendon, a suburb in the north-west of Melbourne, dyson Heppell is the current team captain. A founding member club of both the Victorian Football Association, in 1877, and the Victorian Football League, in 1896, the club claims to have over at least one million supporters Australia wide. Essendon has won 16 VFL/AFL premierships which, along with Carlton, is the most of any club in the competition, the club was founded by members of the Royal Agricultural Society, the Melbourne Hunt Club and the Victorian Woolbrokers. The Essendon Football Club is thought to have formed in 1872 at a meeting it the home of a well-known brewery family, the McCrackens, whose Ascot Vale property hosted a team of local junior players. Robert McCracken, the owner of several city hotels, was the founder and first president of the Essendon club and his son, Alex, Alex would later become president of the newly formed VFL. Alexs cousin, Collier, who had played with Melbourne, was the teams first captain. The club played its first recorded match against the Carlton second twenty on 7 June 1873, Essendon played 13 matches in its first season, winning seven, with four draws and losing two. The club was one of the junior members of the Victorian Football Association in 1877. During its early years in the Association, Essendon played its matches at Flemington Hill. In 1878, Essendon played in the first match on what would be considered by modern standards to be a field at Flemington Hill. In 1879 Essendon played Melbourne in one of the earliest night matches recorded when the ball was painted white, in 1883 the team played four matches in Adelaide. In 1891 Essendon won their first VFA premiership, which they repeated in 1892,1893 and 1894, one of the clubs greatest players, Albert Thurgood played for the club during this period. Essendon was undefeated in the 1893 season, at the end of the 1896 season Essendon along with seven other clubs formed the Victorian Football League. Essendons first VFL game was in 1897 was against Geelong at Corio Oval in Geelong, Essendon won its first VFL premiership by winning the 1897 VFL finals series. Essendon again won the premiership in 1901, defeating Collingwood in the Grand Final, the club won successive premierships in 1911 and 1912 over Collingwood and South Melbourne respectively. The nickname first appeared in print in the local North Melbourne Advertiser in 1889 and it was known firstly as Essendon Town and, after 1905, as Essendon
30.
Toledo Mud Hens
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The Toledo Mud Hens are a Minor League Baseball team located in Toledo, Ohio. The Mud Hens play in the International League and are affiliated with the Detroit Tigers franchise of Major League Baseball and they play their home games at Fifth Third Field. Professional baseball had been played off and on in Toledo since 1883, but the Mud Hens era began in 1896 with the Swamp Angels and they played in Bay View Park, which was outside the Toledo city limits and therefore not covered by the citys blue laws. The park was located near marshland inhabited by American coots, also known as mud hens, for this reason, the local press soon dubbed the team the Mud Hens—a nickname that has stuck to Toledo baseball teams for all but a few years since. After only one year, though, the moved to Armory Park. M*A*S*H character Maxwell Klinger hailed from Toledo and often mentioned the Mud Hens as his baseball team throughout the series. He was often wearing a Toledo Mud Hens jersey and cap. Like Klinger, Farr was born and raised in Toledo, in fact, Klinger feels so strongly about the Mud Hens that he gets put on KP duty for a month when he hits his mortal enemy Sgt Zelmo Zale, who insulted the Mud Hens. The Mud Hens retired jersey #1 in Farrs honor, the title character of the comic strip Crankshaft was a pitcher for the Mud Hens just before World War II when he enlisted in the Army. He invariably wears a Mud Hens cap in the strip, in the summer of 2016 the Mud Hens retired jersey #13 in Crankshafts honor. Lou Brown, manager of the Cleveland Indians in the film Major League, richard Pryors character, Montgomery Brewster, in the 1985 film Brewsters Millions was said to have previously pitched for the Mud Hens. List of baseball parks in Toledo, Ohio Current and former Toledo Mud Hens players The Toledo Baseball Guide of the Mud Hens 1883–1943, www. baseball-reference. com Toledo Mud Hens web site
31.
Alvin Dark
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Alvin Ralph Dark, nicknamed Blackie and The Swamp Fox, was an American Major League Baseball shortstop and manager. He played fourteen years for five National League teams from 1946 through 1960, Dark was named the major leagues 1948 Rookie of the Year after batting.322 for the Boston Braves. Dark was an All-Star for three seasons and he hit.300 or more three times while playing for the New York Giants, and became the first NL shortstop to hit 20 home runs more than once. His.411 career slugging average was the seventh highest by an NL shortstop at his retirement, after leading the NL in putouts and double plays three times each, he ended his career with the seventh most double plays and tenth highest fielding percentage in league history. He went on to become the manager to win pennant championships managing both National and American League teams. Dark was born in Comanche, Oklahoma, Dark attended LSU in 1942 and was a football standout there as well as a baseball player. During World War II, he transferred through the V-12 program to the University of Louisiana at Lafayette in Lafayette, Louisiana and his football skills were evident there as well as he quarterbacked SLI to an undefeated season in 1943 and a New Years Day victory in the Oil Bowl. This led to his getting drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 1945 NFL Draft, after serving in Asia during the war, however, he came home and chose baseball.167 in the World Series loss to the Cleveland Indians. He was traded after the 1949 season, which turned out to be a boon for the Giants, Dark was immediately named team captain by manager Leo Durocher, and had several great seasons in New York. He followed up with seasons hitting.301 and.300 in 1952-53 and he was the NLs starting shortstop for the All-Star game in 1951,1952 and 1954. In 1955 he was awarded the first Lou Gehrig Memorial Award, given to the player who best exemplified Gehrigs character and integrity both on and off the field. In June 1956 he was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals in a deal, he continued to hit well. Dark had a role in one of baseball historys weirdest plays and it took place during a game played on June 30,1959, between the St. Louis Cardinals and Chicago Cubs. Stan Musial was at the plate, with a count of 3-1, bob Andersons next pitch was errant, evading catcher Sammy Taylor and rolling all the way to the backstop. Umpire Vic Delmore called ball four, but Anderson and Taylor contended that Musial foul tipped the ball, because the ball was still in play, and because Delmore was embroiled in an argument with the catcher and pitcher, Musial took it upon himself to try for second base. Seeing that Musial was trying for second, Dark ran to the backstop to retrieve the ball, the ball wound up in the hands of field announcer Pat Pieper, but Dark ended up getting it back anyway. Absentmindedly, however, Delmore pulled out a new ball and gave it to Taylor, Anderson finally noticed that Musial was trying for second, took the new ball, and threw it to second baseman Tony Taylor. Andersons throw flew over Tony Taylors head into the outfield, Dark, at the same time that Anderson threw the new ball, threw the original ball to shortstop Ernie Banks
32.
Cleveland Indians
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The Cleveland Indians are an American professional baseball team based in Cleveland, Ohio. The Indians compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the American League Central division. Since 1994, they have played at Progressive Field, the teams spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear, Arizona. The Indians current World Series championship drought is the longest active drought, the name Indians originated from a request by club owner Charles Somers to baseball writers to choose a new name to replace Cleveland Naps following the departure of Nap Lajoie after the 1914 season. The name referenced the nickname Indians that was applied to the Cleveland Spiders baseball club during the time when Louis Sockalexis, common nicknames for the Indians include the Tribe and the Wahoos, the latter being a reference to their logo, Chief Wahoo, a controversial Native American caricature. The teams mascot is named Slider, the franchise originated in Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1894 as the Grand Rapids Rustlers, a minor league team in the Western League. The team moved to Cleveland in 1900 and changed its name to the Cleveland Lake Shores, one of the American Leagues eight charter franchises, the major league incarnation of the club was founded in Cleveland in 1901. Originally called the Cleveland Bluebirds, the played in League Park until moving permanently to Cleveland Stadium in 1946. At the end of the 2016 season, they had a regular season record of 9. In 1857 baseball games were a spectacle in Clevelands Public Squares. City authorities tried to find an ordinance forbidding it, to the joy of the crowd, – Harold Seymour 1865–1868 Forest Citys of Cleveland 1869–1872 Forest Citys of Cleveland From 1865 to 1868 Forest Citys was an amateur ball club. During the 1869 season, Cleveland was among several cities which established professional baseball teams following the success of the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team. In the newspapers before and after 1870, the team was called the Forest Citys. In 1871 the Forest Citys joined the new National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, ultimately, two of the leagues western clubs went out of business during the first season and the Chicago Fire left that citys White Stockings impoverished, unable to field a team again until 1874. Cleveland was thus the NAs westernmost outpost in 1872, the year the club folded, Cleveland played their full schedule to July 19 followed by two games versus Boston in mid-August and disbanded at the end of the season. 1879–1881 Cleveland Forest Citys 1882–1884 Cleveland Blues In 1876, the National League supplanted the NA as the professional league. Cleveland were not among its members, but by 1879 the league was looking for new entries. The Cleveland Forest Citys baseball team was then re-created, the National League required distinct colors for the 1882 season, so the Cleveland Forest Citys became the Cleveland Blues
33.
Detroit Tigers
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The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit, Michigan. The Tigers compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the American League Central division. One of the ALs eight charter franchises, the club was founded in Detroit in 1901 and they are the oldest continuous one-name, one-city franchise in the AL. The Tigers have won four World Series championships,11 AL pennants, the Tigers also won division titles in 1972,1984 and 1987 while members of the AL East. The team currently plays its games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit. The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown, in 1912, the team moved into Navin Field, which was built on the same location. It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium and it was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000. The club is a member of the American League, one of four clubs still located in its original city. It was established as a member in 1901. The Tigers played their first game as a league team at home against the Milwaukee Brewers on April 25,1901. After entering the ninth inning behind 13–4, the team staged a comeback to win 14–13. The team finished third in the eight-team league,11 years later, an elegant stadium was constructed on the site of Bennett Park and named Navin Field for owner Frank Navin. In 1938, it was improved and named Briggs Stadium, and was subsequently renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961, Tiger Stadium was used by the Tigers until the end of the 1999 season. Since 2000, they have played in Comerica Park, there are various legends about how the Tigers got their nickname. One involves the orange stripes they wore on their black stockings, Tigers manager George Stallings took credit for the name, however, the name appeared in newspapers before Stallings was manager. Another legend concerns a sportswriter equating the 1901 teams opening day victory with the ferocity of his alma mater and they had played significant roles in certain Civil War battles and in the 1898 Spanish–American War. The baseball team was informally called both Wolverines and Tigers in the news. The earliest known use of the name Tigers in the media was in the Detroit Free Press on April 16,1895, upon entry into the majors, the ballclub sought and received formal permission from the Light Guard to use its trademark
34.
Baltimore Orioles
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The Baltimore Orioles are an American professional baseball team based in Baltimore, Maryland. The Orioles compete in Major League Baseball as a member of the American League East division, Louis, Missouri to become the St. Louis Browns. After 52 often-beleaguered years in St. Louis, the franchise was purchased in November 1953 by Baltimore business interests led by Clarence Miles, the franchise officially moved to Baltimore for the 1954 season and adopted the historic Orioles name in honor of the official state bird of Maryland. The Orioles name had also used by several previous major and minor league baseball clubs in Baltimore. Nicknames for the team include the Os and the Birds, the Orioles experienced their greatest success from 1966 to 1983, when they made six World Series appearances, winning three of them. The franchise has won a total of nine division championships, six pennants. The Orioles are also known for their successful stadium, the trend-setting Oriole Park at Camden Yards. The modern Orioles franchise can trace its roots back to the original Milwaukee Brewers of the minor Western League, the Brewers were there when the WL renamed itself the American League in 1900. At the end of the 1900 season, the American League removed itself from baseballs National Agreement, two months later, the AL declared itself a competing major league. As a result of several shifts, the Brewers were one of only two Western League teams that didnt fold, move or get kicked out of the league. In its first game in the American League, the team lost to the Detroit Tigers 14–13 after blowing a lead in the 9th inning. To this day, it is a league record for the biggest deficit overcome that late in the game. During the first American League season in 1901, they finished last with a record of 48–89 and its lone Major League season, the team played at Lloyd Street Grounds, between 16th and 18th Streets in Milwaukee. The Miles-Krieger -Hoffberger group renamed their new team the Baltimore Orioles soon after taking control of the franchise, the name has a rich history in Baltimore, having been used by a National League team in the 1890s. In 1901, Baltimore and McGraw were awarded a franchise in the growing American League. After a battle with Ban Johnson, the Head of the American League in 1902, McGraw took many of the top players including Dan McGann, Roger Bresnahan and Joe McGinnity to the New York Giants. As an affront to Johnson, McGraw kept the black and orange colors of the New York Giants, which San Francisco wears to this day. In 1903, the rest of the team was transferred to New York where they were nicknamed the Highlanders until circa 1912, as a member of the high-minor league level International League, the Orioles competed at what is now known as the AAA level from 1903 to 1953
35.
Red Ruffing
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Charles Herbert Red Ruffing was an American professional baseball player. A pitcher, he played in Major League Baseball from 1924 through 1947 and he played for the Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees, and Chicago White Sox. Ruffing is most remembered for his time with the highly successful Yankees teams of the 1930s and 1940s, Ruffing dropped out of school as a child to work in a coal mine in his native Illinois. He played for the company baseball team as an outfielder. After he lost four toes from his foot in a mining accident, he became unable to run in the field. He played in minor baseball in 1923 and 1924 before making his MLB debut with the Red Sox. After struggling with Boston, pitching to a 36–93 win–loss record, the Red Sox traded Ruffing to the Yankees, after one season with the White Sox, Ruffing retired from pitching to work in coaching. He served as a coach for the White Sox, a pitching coach for the New York Mets. Ruffing was a member of six World Series championship teams with the Yankees and he also appeared in six MLB All-Star Games. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1967, the Yankees dedicated a plaque to Ruffing in Monument Park in 2004. Ruffing was born on May 3,1905, in Granville and he was one of five children. His parents, John and Louise Ruffing, emigrated to the United States from Germany, Ruffing was raised in Coalton, Illinois and Nokomis, Illinois. He went to school in Nokomis and his father was a coal miner, working in a mine in Coalton, Illinois, until he suffered a broken back. John became the superintendent of the mine, and also served as mayor of Coalton, Red quit school at the age of 13 to work for his father in the mine, earning $3 per day, working as a coupler. Conditions in the mine were dangerous, reds cousin, who also worked in the mine, died in an accident. He also played baseball as an outfielder and first baseman for the company team. When Ruffing was 15 years old, he suffered an accident in the mine, though the doctor was able to save his foot, Red lost four toes. He was supposed to begin his baseball career in the Kentucky–Illinois–Tennessee League that year
