1.
PayPal
–
PayPal is one of the worlds largest Internet payment companies. The company operates as a payment processor for online vendors, auction sites and other commercial users, established in 1998, PayPal had its IPO in 2002, and became a wholly owned subsidiary of eBay later that year. In 2014, PayPal moved $228 billion in 30 currencies across more than 190 nations, the same year, eBay announced plans to spin-off PayPal into an independent company by mid-2015 and this was completed on July 18,2015. On July 20,2015, PayPal had its second IPO, PayPal was established in December 1998 as Confinity, a company that developed security software for handheld devices founded by Max Levchin, Peter Thiel, Luke Nosek and Ken Howery. PayPal was developed and launched as a transfer service at Confinity in 1999. In March 2000, Confinity merged with X. com, a banking company founded by Elon Musk. Musk was optimistic about the success of the money transfer business Confinity was developing. Musk and then-president and CEO of X. com, Bill Harris, disagreed on this point, in October of that year, Musk made the decision that X. com would terminate its other Internet banking operations and focus on the PayPal money service. The X. com company was then renamed PayPal in 2001, Paypals IPO listed under the ticker PYPL at $13 per share and ended up generating over $61 million. Shortly after PayPals IPO, the company was acquired by eBay in July 2002 for $1.5 billion, more than 70 percent of all eBay auctions accepted PayPal payments, and roughly 1 in 4 closed auction listings were transacted via PayPal. PayPal acquired the VeriSign payment solution in 2005 to expand its e-commerce business, by the end of 2007, the company generated $1.8 billion in revenue. In November 2008, the company acquired Bill Me Later, a payments company offering transactional credit at over 9000 online merchants in the US. PayPal revenues for Q12009 were $643 million, up 11 percent year over year,42 percent of revenues in Q12009 were from international markets. PayPals Total Payment Volume, the value of transactions in Q12009 was nearly $16 billion. By 2010, PayPal had over 100 million active user accounts in 190 markets through 25 different currencies, in July 2011, fourteen alleged members of the Anonymous hacktivist group were charged with attempting to disrupt PayPals operations. The denial of service attacks occurred in December 2010, after PayPal stopped processing donations to Wikileaks, on December 5,2013,13 of the PayPal 14 pleaded guilty to misdemeanor and felony charges related to the attacks. The company continued to focus on growth and growth of its Merchant Services division. In 2011, PayPal announced that it would begin moving its business offline so that customers can make payments via PayPal in stores
PayPal
–
PayPal's corporate headquarters in San Jose, California
PayPal
–
eBay, PayPal, Kijiji, and StubHub in Toronto
PayPal
–
PayPal Operations Center and main office located in
Omaha, NE
2.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
3.
Entrepreneur
–
What appears as a real opportunity ex ante might actually be a non-opportunity or one that cannot be actualized by entrepreneurs lacking the necessary business skills, financial or social capital. Traditionally, an entrepreneur has been defined as a person who starts, organizes and manages any enterprise, especially a business, usually with considerable initiative and risk. Rather than working as an employee, an entrepreneur runs a business and assumes all the risk and reward of a given business venture, idea. The entrepreneur is commonly seen as a leader and innovator of new ideas. They act as the manager and oversee the launch and growth of an enterprise, Entrepreneurship is the process by which an individual identifies a business opportunity and acquires and deploys the necessary resources required for its exploitation. For Schumpeter, the changes and dynamic disequilibrium brought on by the innovating entrepreneur, the ‘norm’ of a healthy economy. Entrepreneurial spirit is characterized by innovation and risk-taking, for example, in the 2000s, the field of social entrepreneurship has been identified, in which entrepreneurs combine business activities with humanitarian, environmental or community goals. In the 2010s, entrepreneurship can be studied in college or university as part of the disciplines of management or business administration, Entrepreneur, is a loanword from French. First used in 1723, today the term entrepreneur implies qualities of leadership, initiative, economist Robert Reich has called team-building, leadership, and management ability essential qualities for the entrepreneur. Historically the study of entrepreneurship reaches back to the work in the late 17th and early 18th centuries of Richard Cantillon and Adam Smith, which was foundational to classical economics. In the 20th century, entrepreneurship was studied by Joseph Schumpeter in the 1930s and other Austrian economists such as Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, the term entrepreneurship was coined around the 1920s, while the loan from French of the word entrepreneur dates to the 1850s. According to Schumpeter, an entrepreneur is willing and able to convert a new idea or invention into a successful innovation, thus, creative destruction is largely responsible for long-term economic growth. The idea that leads to economic growth is an interpretation of the residual in endogenous growth theory. For Schumpeter, entrepreneurship resulted in new industries and in new combinations of currently existing inputs, Schumpeters initial example of this was the combination of a steam engine and then current wagon making technologies to produce the horseless carriage. In this case the innovation, the car, was transformational and it did not immediately replace the horse-drawn carriage, but in time, incremental improvements reduced the cost and improved the technology, leading to the modern auto industry. Despite Schumpeters early 20th-century contributions, traditional microeconomic theory did not formally consider the entrepreneur in its theoretical frameworks, in this treatment, the entrepreneur was an implied but unspecified actor, consistent with the concept of the entrepreneur being the agent of x-efficiency. For Schumpeter, the entrepreneur did not bear risk, the capitalist did, Schumpeter was of the opinion that entrepreneurs shift the Production Possibility Curve to a higher level using innovations. Cantillon emphasized the willingness of the entrepreneur to assume risk and to deal with uncertainty, thus, he draws attention to the function of the entrepreneur, and distinguishes clearly between the function of the entrepreneur and the owner who provides the money
Entrepreneur
–
Left to right,
Eric Schmidt,
Sergey Brin and
Larry Page of
Google, which is cited as an example of entrepreneurship and
disruptive innovation. As of the 2010s, Google is a huge corporation, but in the late 1990s, it started out as an entrepreneurial venture in a garage.
Entrepreneur
–
In 2012, Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women's Issues
Melanne Verveer greeted participants in an African Women's Entrepreneurship Program at the State Department in Washington, D.C.
Entrepreneur
–
British entrepreneur
Karren Brady has an estimated net worth of $123 million
Entrepreneur
–
Dell Women's Entrepreneur
Network event in New York City, May 2013
4.
Poland
–
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe, situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges in the south. Bordered by Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, the total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres, making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world, the 8th most populous country in Europe, Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, and its capital and largest city is Warsaw. Other metropolises include Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin, the establishment of a Polish state can be traced back to 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of a territory roughly coextensive with that of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe, Poland regained its independence in 1918 at the end of World War I, reconstituting much of its historical territory as the Second Polish Republic. In September 1939, World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, followed thereafter by invasion by the Soviet Union. More than six million Polish citizens died in the war, after the war, Polands borders were shifted westwards under the terms of the Potsdam Conference. With the backing of the Soviet Union, a communist puppet government was formed, and after a referendum in 1946. During the Revolutions of 1989 Polands Communist government was overthrown and Poland adopted a new constitution establishing itself as a democracy, informally called the Third Polish Republic. Since the early 1990s, when the transition to a primarily market-based economy began, Poland has achieved a high ranking on the Human Development Index. Poland is a country, which was categorised by the World Bank as having a high-income economy. Furthermore, it is visited by approximately 16 million tourists every year, Poland is the eighth largest economy in the European Union and was the 6th fastest growing economy on the continent between 2010 and 2015. According to the Global Peace Index for 2014, Poland is ranked 19th in the list of the safest countries in the world to live in. The origin of the name Poland derives from a West Slavic tribe of Polans that inhabited the Warta River basin of the historic Greater Poland region in the 8th century, the origin of the name Polanie itself derives from the western Slavic word pole. In some foreign languages such as Hungarian, Lithuanian, Persian and Turkish the exonym for Poland is Lechites, historians have postulated that throughout Late Antiquity, many distinct ethnic groups populated the regions of what is now Poland. The most famous archaeological find from the prehistory and protohistory of Poland is the Biskupin fortified settlement, dating from the Lusatian culture of the early Iron Age, the Slavic groups who would form Poland migrated to these areas in the second half of the 5th century AD. With the Baptism of Poland the Polish rulers accepted Christianity and the authority of the Roman Church
Poland
–
Reconstruction of a
Bronze Age,
Lusatian culture settlement in
Biskupin, c. 700 BC
Poland
–
Flag
Poland
–
Earliest known contemporary depiction of a Polish ruler; King
Mieszko II Lambert of Poland being presented with a
Liturgical book by
Matilda of Swabia, 1025–1031
Poland
–
Drawing of the
Battle of Grunwald, which was fought against the
German Order of Teutonic Knights, 15 July 1410
5.
B.S.
–
A Bachelor of Science is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last three to five years. Whether a student of a subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities. For one example, a degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts by one university but as a B. Sc. by another. Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA, even in the natural sciences, in both instances, there are historical and traditional reasons. Northwestern Universitys School of Communication grants B. Sc. degrees in all of its programs of study, including theater, dance, the first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860. Prior to this, science subjects were included in the B. A. bracket, notably in the cases of mathematics, physics, physiology, in Argentina and Chile, most university degrees are given as a license in a field or discipline. For instance, besides the courses, biochemistry and biology require 1–2 years hands-on training either in a clinical laboratory plus a final exam or in a research laboratory plus a thesis defense. The degrees are term licenses in the field of study or profession i. e. biology, nutrition, physical therapy or kinesiology, etc. However, a masters degree requires 2-3 more years of specific training, engineering and medical degrees are also different and are six-year programs of specific classes and training starting immediately after high school. No intermediate degrees count towards the admission examination or even exist, medical degrees are complemented with a 3–4 years of hospital residence plus 1–2 years of specialization training. In Australia, the B. Sc. is generally a three-four year degree, an honours year or a Master of Science is required to progress on to the Doctor of Philosophy. In New Zealand, in cases, the honours degree comprises an additional postgraduate qualification. In South Africa, the B. Sc. is taken three years, while the postgraduate B. Sc. Entails an additional year of study, admission to the honours degree is on the basis of a sufficiently high average in the B. Sc. major, an honours degree is required for M. Sc. Level study, and admission to a doctorate is via the M. Sc, commonly in British Commonwealth countries and Ireland graduands are admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Science after having completed a programme in one or more of the sciences. These programmes may take different lengths of time to complete, note that in British English, no full stops are used in the title, hence BSc, not B. Sc. A Bachelor of Science receives the designation BSc or BS for a major/pass degree, in England, Wales and Northern Ireland an honours degree is typically completed over a three-year period, though there are a few intensified two-year courses. Bachelors degrees were typically completed in two years for most of the twentieth century, in Scotland, where access to university is possible after one less year of secondary education, degree courses have a foundation year making the total course length four years
B.S.
–
Three years
6.
SponsorNet New Media
–
Maksymilian Rafailovych Max Levchyn is a Ukrainian-born American computer scientist and internet entrepreneur. He is the Chief Executive of digital lending start-up Affirm and he is also the former chief technology officer of PayPal, which he co-founded in 1998. In 2002, he was named to the Technology Review TR100 as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35, Levchin founded Slide in 2004 and was involved until 2011. In 2004, he helped start Yelp, a social networking and review service. He is involved with companies as well, for example having previously served on the board of directors for Yahoo. Born in Kiev, Ukrainian SSR to a Ukrainian Jewish family, Levchin moved to the United States under political asylum, in an interview with Emily Chang of Bloomberg, Levchin discussed his overcoming adversity as a child. He had respiratory problems and doctors doubted his chance of living, with guidance from his grandmother and his parents he took up the clarinet to expand his lung capacity. He attended Mather High School and earned a degree in computer science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1997. In the summer of 1995, Levchin and fellow University of Illinois students Luke Nosek, after changing the company name to Confinity, they developed a popular payment product known as PayPal and focused on digital transfers of funds by PDA. The company merged with X. com in 2000, and in 2001, PayPal, Inc. went public in February 2002, and was subsequently acquired by eBay. Levchin worked there with Peter Thiel, Roelof Botha, David Sacks, levchins 2. 3% stake in PayPal was worth approximately $34 million at the time of the acquisition. In 2002, he was named to the MIT Technology Review TR100 as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35, as well as Innovator of the Year. He is primarily known for his contributions to PayPals anti-fraud efforts and is also the co-creator of the Gausebeck-Levchin test, in 2004, Levchin founded Slide, a personal media-sharing service for social networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook. Slide was sold to Google in August 2010 for $182 Million and, on August 25, on 26 August 2011, Google announced it was shutting down Slide, and that Levchin was leaving the company. In 2004, Levchin helped start Yelp, a social networking. He is the companys largest shareholder, owning more than 7 million shares as of 2012, Levchin served as chairman of its board of directors from its founding until July 2015. On August 7,2006, Levchin was appointed to the board of directors of Evernote, in late 2011, Levchin started a company called HVF that was intended to explore and fund projects and companies in the area of leveraging data, such as data from analog sensors. In early 2012, Affirm was spun out of HVF, with the goal of building the next generation credit network, in 2013, HVF launched Glow, a fertility app that helps couples conceive naturally
SponsorNet New Media
–
Max Levchin Максиміліан Левчин Maksymilian Levchyn
SponsorNet New Media
–
Max Levchin seen playing
Guitar Hero at a conference.
7.
Max Levchin
–
Maksymilian Rafailovych Max Levchyn is a Ukrainian-born American computer scientist and internet entrepreneur. He is the Chief Executive of digital lending start-up Affirm and he is also the former chief technology officer of PayPal, which he co-founded in 1998. In 2002, he was named to the Technology Review TR100 as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35, Levchin founded Slide in 2004 and was involved until 2011. In 2004, he helped start Yelp, a social networking and review service. He is involved with companies as well, for example having previously served on the board of directors for Yahoo. Born in Kiev, Ukrainian SSR to a Ukrainian Jewish family, Levchin moved to the United States under political asylum, in an interview with Emily Chang of Bloomberg, Levchin discussed his overcoming adversity as a child. He had respiratory problems and doctors doubted his chance of living, with guidance from his grandmother and his parents he took up the clarinet to expand his lung capacity. He attended Mather High School and earned a degree in computer science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1997. In the summer of 1995, Levchin and fellow University of Illinois students Luke Nosek, after changing the company name to Confinity, they developed a popular payment product known as PayPal and focused on digital transfers of funds by PDA. The company merged with X. com in 2000, and in 2001, PayPal, Inc. went public in February 2002, and was subsequently acquired by eBay. Levchin worked there with Peter Thiel, Roelof Botha, David Sacks, levchins 2. 3% stake in PayPal was worth approximately $34 million at the time of the acquisition. In 2002, he was named to the MIT Technology Review TR100 as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35, as well as Innovator of the Year. He is primarily known for his contributions to PayPals anti-fraud efforts and is also the co-creator of the Gausebeck-Levchin test, in 2004, Levchin founded Slide, a personal media-sharing service for social networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook. Slide was sold to Google in August 2010 for $182 Million and, on August 25, on 26 August 2011, Google announced it was shutting down Slide, and that Levchin was leaving the company. In 2004, Levchin helped start Yelp, a social networking. He is the companys largest shareholder, owning more than 7 million shares as of 2012, Levchin served as chairman of its board of directors from its founding until July 2015. On August 7,2006, Levchin was appointed to the board of directors of Evernote, in late 2011, Levchin started a company called HVF that was intended to explore and fund projects and companies in the area of leveraging data, such as data from analog sensors. In early 2012, Affirm was spun out of HVF, with the goal of building the next generation credit network, in 2013, HVF launched Glow, a fertility app that helps couples conceive naturally
Max Levchin
–
Max Levchin Максиміліан Левчин Maksymilian Levchyn
Max Levchin
–
Max Levchin seen playing
Guitar Hero at a conference.
8.
Netscape
–
When it was an independent company, its headquarters were in Mountain View, California. Netscapes web browser was dominant in terms of usage share. The usage share of Netscape had fallen from over ninety percent in the mid-1990s to less than one percent by the end of 2006, Netscape stock traded from 1995 until 1999 when it was acquired by AOL in a pooling-of-interests transaction ultimately worth US $10 billion. Shortly before its acquisition by AOL, Netscape released the code for its browser. The Mozilla Organization rewrote the entire source code based on the Gecko rendering engine. The Gecko engine would later be used to power the Mozilla Foundations Firefox browser, under AOL, Netscapes browser development continued until December 2007 when AOL announced that the company would stop supporting the Netscape browser as of early 2008. As of 2011, AOL has continued to use the Netscape brand to market a discount Internet service provider, Netscape was the first company to attempt to capitalize on the nascent World Wide Web. The first meeting between Clark and Andreessen was never truly about a software or service like Netscape, but more about a product that was similar to Nintendo, Clark recruited other early team members from SGI and NCSA Mosaic. Jim Barksdale came on board as CEO in January 1995, jim Clark and Marc Andreessen originally created a 20-page concept pitch for an online gaming network to Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 console, but a deal was never reached. Marc Andreessen explains, If they had shipped a year earlier, the companys first product was the web browser, called Mosaic Netscape 0.9, released on October 13,1994. Within four months of its release, it had already taken three-quarters of the browser market and it became the main browser for Internet users in such a short time due to its superiority over other competition, like Mosaic. The Mosaic Netscape web browser did not use any NCSA Mosaic code, the internal codename for the companys browser was Mozilla, which stood for Mosaic killer, as the companys goal was to displace NCSA Mosaic as the worlds number one web browser. A cartoon Godzilla-like lizard mascot was drawn by artist-employee Dave Titus, the Mozilla mascot featured prominently on Netscapes web site in the companys early years. However, the need to project a professional image led to this being removed. On August 9,1995, Netscape made an extremely successful IPO, the stock was set to be offered at US$14 per share, but a last-minute decision doubled the initial offering to US$28 per share. The stocks value soared to US$75 during the first day of trading, the stock closed at US$58.25, which gave Netscape a market value of US$2.9 billion. While it was unusual for a company to go public prior to becoming profitable, Netscapes revenues had, in fact, the success of this IPO subsequently inspired the use of the term Netscape moment to describe a high-visibility IPO that signals the dawn of a new industry. During this period, Netscape also pursued a publicity strategy packaging Andreessen as the rock star
Netscape
–
Netscape Communications
Netscape
–
Original green and purple
Mozilla mascot, a
Godzilla -like lizard which represented the company's goal of producing the browser that would be the "Mosaic killer".
9.
Peter Thiel
–
Peter Andreas Thiel is an American businessman, philanthropist, political activist, and author. Thiel was born in Frankfurt, and holds German citizenship and he moved with his family to the United States as an infant, and spent a portion of his upbringing in Africa before returning to the U. S. and attending San Mateo High School. He studied philosophy at Stanford University, graduating with a B. A. in 1989 and he then went on to the Stanford Law School, and received his J. D. in 1992. After graduation, he worked as a clerk for Judge James Larry Edmondson, a securities lawyer for Sullivan & Cromwell. Secretary of Education William Bennett and as a trader at Credit Suisse prior to founding Thiel Capital in 1996. He then co-founded PayPal in 1999, and served as executive officer until its sale to eBay in 2002 for $1.5 billion. After eBays acquisition of PayPal, he founded Clarium Capital, a macro hedge fund. He launched Palantir Technologies, a software company, in 2004. His Founders Fund, a venture firm, was launched in 2005 along with PayPal partners Ken Howery. Earlier, Thiel became Facebooks first outside investor when he acquired a 10. 2% stake for $500,000 in August 2004 and he sold the majority of his shares in Facebook for over $1 billion in 2012, but remains on the board of directors. Thiel became a New Zealand citizen in 2011 and owns a 193 hectare estate near Lake Wanaka, in January 2017 questions were raised in the media about the decision to grant him New Zealand citizenship. When he applied, he stated he had no intention of living in New Zealand, Thiel is involved with a variety of philanthropic and political pursuits. Through the Thiel Foundation, he governs the grant-making bodies Breakout Labs and Thiel Fellowship, a founder of The Stanford Review, he is a conservative libertarian who is critical of excessive government spending, high debt levels, and foreign wars. He has donated to political figures, and provided financial support to Hulk Hogan in Bollea v. Gawker. In November 2016, he was named to the committee of President-elect Donald Trumps transition team. Peter Andreas Thiel was born in Frankfurt am Main, West Germany on October 11,1967 to Susanne, the family migrated to the United States when Peter was aged one and lived in Cleveland, where Klaus worked as a chemical engineer. Klaus then worked for mining companies, which caused an itinerant upbringing for Thiel and his younger brother. Before settling in Foster City, California in 1977, the Thiels had lived in South Africa and South-West Africa, and Peter had been forced to change elementary schools seven times
Peter Thiel
–
Peter Thiel at the 2008
TechCrunch50 conference.
10.
Elon Musk
–
Elon Reeve Musk is a South African-born Canadian-American business magnate, investor, engineer, and inventor. As of March 2017, he has a net worth of $13.9 billion. In December 2016, Musk was ranked 21st on Forbes list of The Worlds Most Powerful People, Musk has stated that the goals of SolarCity, Tesla, and SpaceX revolve around his vision to change the world and humanity. He has a brother, Kimbal, and a younger sister. His paternal grandmother was British, and he also has Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry, after his parents divorced in 1980, Musk lived mostly with his father in the suburbs of Pretoria. During his childhood he had an interest in reading and often did so for hours at a time, at age 10, he developed an interest in computing with the Commodore VIC-20. He taught himself computer programming at the age of 12, sold the code for a BASIC-based video game he created called Blastar, to a magazine called PC and Office Technology, a web version of the game is available online. Musk was severely bullied throughout his childhood, and was hospitalized when a group of boys threw him down a flight of stairs. Musk was initially educated at schools, attending the English-speaking Waterkloof House Preparatory School. Musk later graduated from Pretoria Boys High School and moved to Canada in June 1989, just before his 18th birthday, therefore, with the law change, he is considered to have always been a Canadian citizen by birth. At the age of 19, Musk was accepted into Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, Musk extended his studies for one year to finish the second bachelors degree. While at the University of Pennsylvania, Musk and fellow Penn student Adeo Ressi rented a 10-bedroom fraternity house, in 2002, he became a U. S. citizen. In 1995, Musk and his brother, Kimbal, started Zip2, the company developed and marketed an Internet city guide for the newspaper publishing industry. Musk obtained contracts with The New York Times and the Chicago Tribune, while at Zip2, Musk wanted to become CEO, however, none of the board members would allow it. Compaq acquired Zip2 for US$307 million in cash and US$34 million in stock options in February 1999, Musk received 7% or US$22 million from the sale. In March 1999, Musk co-founded X. com, an financial services and e-mail payment company. One year later, the merged with Confinity, which had a money transfer service called PayPal. The merged company focused on the PayPal service and was renamed PayPal in 2001, PayPals early growth was driven mainly by a viral marketing campaign where new customers were recruited when they received money through the service
Elon Musk
–
Musk at the 2015 Tesla Motors Annual Shareholder Meeting
Elon Musk
–
Musk and President
Barack Obama at the Falcon 9 launch site in 2010
Elon Musk
–
Musk observing an assembly demo at the reopening of the
NUMMI plant, now known as the
Tesla Factory (
Fremont, California) in 2010
Elon Musk
–
Musk standing in front of a Tesla Model S in 2011
11.
Ken Howery
–
Ken Howery is a co-founder and partner at Founders Fund, a San Francisco-based venture capital firm with over $3 billion under management. Howery graduated from Stanford University in 2000 with a B. A. in economics and that same year, he co-founded PayPal with Peter Thiel, Luke Nosek, Elon Musk, and Max Levchin. From 1998 to 2002, Howery served as PayPal’s CFO, following PayPal’s acquisition by eBay in 2002, Howery served as eBay’s Director of Corporate Development until 2003. Howery then rejoined Thiel in 2004 at Clarium Capital Management, where he served as president of private equity, as well as a member of the research. In 2005, Howery and Thiel, along with fellow PayPal alumnus, Luke Nosek and he currently serves on the boards of Quantcast, PopExpert, and ZocDoc. Howery is a member of the Council on Competitiveness and the Selection Committee of the World Economic Forum Technology Pioneers Program. In 2010, VC Journal named Howery one of the Top 10 VCs under 35, and in March 2012, the World Economic Forum named him a Young Global Leader
Ken Howery
–
Ken Howery
12.
Cryonics
–
Cryopreservation of humans is not reversible with present technology, cryonicists hope that medical advances will someday allow cryopreserved people to be revived. Cryonics is regarded with skepticism within the scientific community and is not part of normal medical practice. It is not known if it ever be possible to revive a cryopreserved human being. Cryonics depends on beliefs that the patient has not experienced information-theoretic death. Such views are at the edge of medicine. Cryonics procedures can only begin after legal death, and cryonics patients are considered legally dead, Cryonics procedures ideally begin within minutes of cardiac arrest, and use cryoprotectants to prevent ice formation during cryopreservation. The first corpse to be cryopreserved was that of Dr. James Bedford in 1967, as of 2014, about 250 bodies were cryopreserved in the United States, and 1,500 people had made arrangements for cryopreservation after their legal death. Long-term memory is stored in cell structures and molecules within the brain, the metabolic rate can be reduced by around 50% at 28 °C, and by around 80% at 18 °C or profound hypothermia. Cryonics goes further than the consensus that the brain doesnt have to be continuously active to survive or retain memory. Cryonicists argue that as long as brain structure remains intact, there is no barrier, given our current understanding of physical law. Cryonicists argue that death should be defined as irreversible loss of brain information critical to personal identity. Cryonics uses temperatures below −130°C, called cryopreservation, in an attempt to preserve enough brain information to permit future revival of the cryopreserved person, cryopreservation may be accomplished by freezing, freezing with cryoprotectant to reduce ice damage, or by vitrification to avoid ice damage. Even using the best methods, cryopreservation of whole bodies or brains is very damaging, Cryonics requires future technology to repair or regenerate tissue that is diseased, damaged, or missing. Brain repairs in particular will require analysis at the molecular level and this far-future technology is usually assumed to be nanomedicine based on molecular nanotechnology. Biological repair methods or mind uploading have also been proposed, as of 2011, U. S. cryopreservation costs can range from $28,000 to $200,000, and are often financed via life insurance. KrioRus, which stores bodies communally in large dewars, charges $12,000 to $36,000 for the procedure, some patients opt to have only their head, rather than their whole body, cryopreserved. As of 2016, four facilities exist in the world to retain cryopreserved bodies, as of 2014, about 250 people have been cryogenically preserved in the U. S. and around 1,500 more have signed up to be preserved. Long-term preservation of tissue can be achieved by cooling to temperatures below −130°C
Cryonics
–
Technicians prepare a legally dead patient for cryopreservation.
13.
Cryopreservation
–
At low enough temperatures, any enzymatic or chemical activity which might cause damage to the biological material in question is effectively stopped. Cryopreservation methods seek to reach low temperatures without causing additional damage caused by the formation of ice during freezing, traditional cryopreservation has relied on coating the material to be frozen with a class of molecules termed cryoprotectants. New methods are constantly being investigated due to the inherent toxicity of many cryoprotectants, by default it should be considered that cryopreservation alters or compromises the structure and function of cells unless it is proven otherwise for a particular cell population. Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources is the process in which genetic material is collected and stored with the intention of conservation of the breed. Mixtures of solutes can achieve similar effects, some solutes, including salts, have the disadvantage that they may be toxic at intense concentrations. In addition to the water-bear, wood frogs can tolerate the freezing of their blood, urea is accumulated in tissues in preparation for overwintering, and liver glycogen is converted in large quantities to glucose in response to internal ice formation. Both urea and glucose act as cryoprotectants to limit the amount of ice that forms, frogs can survive many freeze/thaw events during winter if not more than about 65% of the total body water freezes. Research exploring the phenomenon of Freezing frogs has been performed primarily by the Canadian researcher, snapping turtles Chelydra serpentina and wall lizards Podarcis muralis also survive nominal freezing but it has not been established to be adaptive for overwintering. In the case of Rana sylvatica one cryopreservant is ordinary glucose, one of the most important early theoreticians of cryopreservation was James Lovelock known for Gaia theory. He suggested that damage to red blood cells during freezing was due to osmotic stress, during the early 1950s, Lovelock had also suggested that increasing salt concentrations in a cell as it dehydrates to lose water to the external ice might cause damage to the cell. Cryopreservation of tissue during recent times began with the freezing of fowl sperm, the process was applied to humans during the 1950s with pregnancies obtained after insemination of frozen sperm. Increased understanding of the mechanism of freezing injury to cells emphasised the importance of controlled or slow cooling to obtain maximum survival on thawing of the living cells, the ability of cryoprotectants, in the early cases glycerol, to protect cells from freezing injury was discovered accidentally. Freezing injury has two aspects, direct damage from the ice crystals and secondary damage caused by the increase in concentration of solutes as progressively more ice is formed. Storage at very cold temperatures is presumed to provide an indefinite longevity to cells, researchers experimenting with dried seeds found that there was noticeable variability of deterioration when samples were kept at different temperatures – even ultra-cold temperatures. Many of these effects can be reduced by cryoprotectants, once the preserved material has become frozen, it is relatively safe from further damage. However, estimates based on the accumulation of radiation-induced DNA damage during cryonic storage have suggested a maximum period of 1000 years. Solution effects As ice crystals grow in freezing water, solutes are excluded, high concentrations of some solutes can be very damaging. Extracellular ice formation When tissues are cooled slowly, water migrates out of cells, too much extracellular ice can cause mechanical damage to the cell membrane due to crushing
Cryopreservation
–
Cryopreservation of plant shoots. Open tank of liquid nitrogen behind.
Cryopreservation
–
A tank of
liquid nitrogen, used to supply a cryonic freezer (for storing laboratory samples at a temperature of about −150 °C)
Cryopreservation
–
Four different
ecotypes of
Physcomitrella patens stored at the
IMSC.
14.
EBay
–
EBay Inc. is a multinational e-commerce corporation, facilitating online consumer-to-consumer and business-to-consumer sales. It is headquartered in San Jose, California, eBay was founded by Pierre Omidyar in 1995, and became a notable success story of the dot-com bubble. Today it is a business with operations in about 30 countries. The company manages eBay. com, an auction and shopping website in which people and businesses buy and sell a broad variety of goods. It previously offered online money transfers, which was a wholly owned subsidiary of eBay from 2002 until 2015, the website is free to use for buyers, but sellers are charged fees for listing items and again when those items are sold. The AuctionWeb was founded in California on September 3,1995 by French-born Iranian-American computer programmer Pierre Omidyar as part of a personal site. One of the first items sold on AuctionWeb was a laser pointer for $14.83. Astonished, Omidyar contacted the winning bidder to ask if he understood that the pointer was broken. In his responding email, the buyer explained, Im a collector of broken laser pointers and this was revealed in Adam Cohens book, The Perfect Store, and confirmed by eBay. Reportedly, eBay was simply a hobby for Omidyar until his Internet service provider informed him he would need to upgrade to a business account due to the high volume of traffic to his website. The resulting price increase forced him to start charging those who used eBay and it resulted in the hiring of Chris Agarpao as eBays first employee to handle the number of checks coming in for fees. Jeffrey Skoll was hired as the first president of the company in early 1996, growth was phenomenal, in January 1997 the site hosted 2,000,000 auctions, compared with 250,000 during the whole of 1996. The company officially changed the name of its service from AuctionWeb to eBay in September 1997, originally, the site belonged to Echo Bay Technology Group, Omidyars consulting firm. Omidyar had tried to register the domain name echobay. com, but found it already taken by the Echo Bay Mines, in 1997, the company received $6.7 million in funding from the venture capital firm Benchmark Capital. Meg Whitman was hired as eBay President and CEO in March 1998, at the time, the company had 30 employees, half a million users and revenues of $4.7 million in the United States. EBay went public on September 21,1998, and both Omidyar and Skoll became instant billionaires, eBays target share price of $18 was all but ignored as the price went to $53.50 on the first day of trading. As the company expanded product categories beyond collectibles into almost any saleable item, in February 2002, the company purchased iBazar, a similar European auction web site founded in 1998, and then bought PayPal on October 3,2002. By early 2008, the company had expanded worldwide, counted hundreds of millions of registered users,15, after nearly ten years at eBay, Whitman decided to enter politics
EBay
–
eBay headquarters in
San Jose, California
EBay
–
Pierre Omidyar, founder and chairman of eBay
EBay
–
eBay North First Street satellite office campus (home to PayPal)
EBay
–
eBay Office in Toronto
15.
Angel investor
–
An angel investor is an affluent individual who provides capital for a business start-up, usually in exchange for convertible debt or ownership equity. A similar term is patron, commonly used in arts, Angel investors are often retired entrepreneurs or executives, who may be interested in angel investing for reasons that go beyond pure monetary return. Thus, in addition to funds, angel investors can provide valuable management advice. According to the Center for Venture Research, there were 258,000 active angel investors in the U. S. in 2007. According to literature reviewed by the US Small Business Administration, the number of individuals in the US who made an investment between 2001 and 2003 is between 300,000 and 600,000. Beginning in the late 1980s, angels started to coalesce into groups with the goal of sharing deal flow and due diligence work. Angel groups are generally local organizations made up of 10 to 150 accredited investors interested in early-stage investing, in 1996 there were about 10 angel groups in the United States. There were over 200 as of 2006, Angels typically invest their own funds, unlike venture capitalists who manage the pooled money of others in a professionally managed fund. Angel capital fills the gap in seed funding between friends and family and more robust start-up financing through formal venture capital, there is no set amount for angel investors, and the range can go anywhere from a few thousand, to a few million dollars. While more readily available than venture financing, angel investment is still difficult to raise. However some new models are developing that are trying to make this easier, Angel investments bear extremely high risks and are usually subject to dilution from future investment rounds. As such, they require a high return on investment. Total investments in 2011 were $22.5 billion, an increase of 12.1 percent over 2010 when investments totalled $20.1 billion. In the United States, angels are generally accredited investors in order to comply with current SEC regulations, in 2013, 41% of tech sector executives name angel investors as a means of funding. A study by NESTA in 2009 estimated that there were between 4,000 and 6,000 angel investors in the UK with an average investment size of £42,000 per investment. Furthermore, each angel investor on average acquired 8 percent of the venture in the deal with 10 percent of investments accounting for more than 20 percent of the venture. In terms of returns,35 percent of investments produced returns of between one and five times of the investment, whilst 9 percent produced returns of multiples of ten times or more. The mean return, however, was 2.2 times investment in 3.6 years, the UK Business Angel market grew in 2009/2010 and, despite recessionary concerns, continues to show signs of growth
Angel investor
–
Basic investment types
16.
Founders Fund
–
Founders Fund is an American San Francisco-based venture capital firm investing in companies building revolutionary technologies. Founders Fund was the first institutional investor in Space Exploration Technologies and Palantir Technologies, formed in 2005, Founders Fund had more than $3 billion in aggregate capital under management as of 2016. The firm was organized by Peter Thiel, Ken Howery, and Luke Nosek in early 2005 and raised its first fund of $50 million from individual entrepreneurs, sean Parker, Co founder of Napster and ex-president of Facebook, joined in 2006. In 2007, the firm raised a new fund of $220 million, in 2010, the firm raised its third fund, with $250 million in committed capital, and in 2011, a fourth fund with $625 million of committed capital was raised. In 2014, Founders Fund raised a $1 billion fifth suite of funds, bruce Gibney, founder and author, left in December 2012. Unlike many venture capital funds in Silicon Valley, Founders Fund does not limit itself to Web 2.0 companies
Founders Fund
–
Peter Thiel
17.
Venture capital
–
Venture capital firms or funds invest in these early-stage companies in exchange for equity–an ownership stake–in the companies they invest in. Venture capitalists take on the risk of financing risky start-ups in the hopes some of the firms they support will become successful. The start-ups are usually based on a technology or business model and they are usually from the high technology industries, such as information technology. The typical venture capital investment occurs after a seed funding round. The first round of venture capital to fund growth is called the Series A round. This institution helps identify promising new firms and provide them with finance, technical expertise, mentoring, marketing know-how, and business models. Once integrated into the network, these firms are more likely to succeed. However, venture capitalists decisions are often biased, exhibiting for instance overconfidence and illusion of control, a venture may be defined as a project prospective converted into a process with an adequate assumed risk and investment. With few exceptions, private equity in the first half of the 20th century was the domain of wealthy individuals, the Wallenbergs, Vanderbilts, Whitneys, Rockefellers, and Warburgs were notable investors in private companies in the first half of the century. In 1938, Laurance S. Rockefeller helped finance the creation of both Eastern Air Lines and Douglas Aircraft, and the Rockefeller family had vast holdings in a variety of companies. Eric M. Warburg founded E. M. Warburg & Co. in 1938, which would ultimately become Warburg Pincus, with investments in both leveraged buyouts and venture capital. The Wallenberg family started Investor AB in 1916 in Sweden and were early investors in several Swedish companies such as ABB, Atlas Copco, Ericsson, before World War II, money orders remained primarily the domain of wealthy individuals and families. Georges Doriot, the father of capitalism, founded INSEAD in 1957. Along with Ralph Flanders and Karl Compton, Doriot founded ARDC in 1946 to encourage investment in businesses run by soldiers returning from World War II. ARDC became the first institutional private-equity investment firm to raise capital from other than wealthy families. ARDC is credited with the first trick when its 1957 investment of $70,000 in Digital Equipment Corporation would be valued at over $355 million after the initial public offering in 1968. Former employees of ARDC went on to several prominent venture-capital firms including Greylock Partners and Morgan, Holland Ventures. ARDC continued investing until 1971, when Doriot retired, in 1972 Doriot merged ARDC with Textron after having invested in over 150 companies
Venture capital
–
A highway exit for
Sand Hill Road in
Menlo Park, California, where many Bay Area venture capital firms are based
Venture capital
–
Technology in Israel
Venture capital
–
Basic investment types
18.
SpaceX
–
Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, better known as SpaceX, is an American aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company headquartered in Hawthorne, California. It was founded in 2002 by entrepreneur Elon Musk with the goal of reducing space transportation costs, SpaceX has since developed the Falcon launch vehicle family and the Dragon spacecraft family, which both currently deliver payloads into Earth orbit. As of March 2017, SpaceX has since flown ten missions to the International Space Station under a cargo resupply contract, SpaceX announced in 2011 they were beginning a privately funded reusable launch system technology development program. In December 2015, a first stage was flown back to a landing pad near the launch site and this was the first such achievement by a rocket for orbital spaceflight. In April 2016, with the launch of CRS-8, SpaceX successfully vertically landed a first stage on an ocean drone-ship landing platform, in May 2016, in another first, SpaceX again landed a first stage, but during a significantly more energetic geostationary transfer orbit mission. In March 2017, SpaceX became the first to successfully re-launch and this is the main purpose this System was designed for. In February 2017, Elon Musk announced that the company had contracted by two private individuals to send them in a Dragon spacecraft on a free return trajectory around the Moon. Provisionally launching in 2018, this may become the first instance of lunar tourism. Musk tried to buy cheap rockets from Russia, but returned empty-handed after failing to find rockets for an affordable price, on the flight home, Musk realized that he could start a company that could build the affordable rockets he needed. According to early Tesla and SpaceX investor Steve Jurvetson, Musk calculated that the raw materials for building a rocket actually were only 3 percent of the price of a rocket at the time. SpaceX started with the smallest useful orbital rocket, instead of building a complex and riskier launch vehicle. In early 2002, Musk was seeking staff for his new space company, Musk approached renowned rocket engineer Tom Mueller and Mueller agreed to work for Musk, and thus SpaceX was born. SpaceX was first headquartered in a warehouse in El Segundo, California, the company has grown rapidly since it was founded in 2002, growing from 160 employees in 2005 to nearly 5,000 in late 2015 and February 2016. At year-end 2012, SpaceX had over 40 launches on its manifest representing about $4 billion in contract revenue, the contracts included both commercial and government customers. As of December 2013, SpaceX had a total of 50 future launches under contract, Musk has stated that one of his goals is to improve the cost and reliability of access to space, ultimately by a factor of ten. CEO Elon Musk said, I believe $500 per pound or less is very achievable, a major goal of SpaceX has been to develop a rapidly reusable launch system. Musk stated in a 2011 interview that he hopes to send humans to Mars surface within 10–20 years, in 2010, Musks calculations convinced him that the colonization of Mars was possible. After completing its primary burn, the first stage of the rocket detached from the second stage as usual
SpaceX
–
The company's headquarters, located in
Hawthorne, California.
SpaceX
–
SpaceX employees with the Dragon capsule at SpaceX HQ in Hawthorne, California, February, 2015.
SpaceX
–
Falcon 9 v1.1 rocket cores under construction at the SpaceX Hawthorne facility, November 2014.
SpaceX
–
SpaceX McGregor engine test bunker, September 2012
19.
ResearchGate
–
ResearchGate is a social networking site for scientists and researchers to share papers, ask and answer questions, and find collaborators. People that wish to use the site need to have an address at a recognized institution or to be manually confirmed as a published researcher in order to sign up for an account. Users may also follow the activities of users and engage in discussions with them. Users are also able to block interactions with other users, a study found that over half of the uploaded papers appear to infringe copyright, because the authors uploaded the publishers version. The New York Times described the site as a mashup of Facebook, Twitter, site members may follow a research interest, in addition to following other individual members. It has a feature for users to write short reviews on peer-reviewed articles. ResearchGate indexes self-published information on user profiles to suggest members to connect with others who have similar interests, when a member posts a question, it is fielded to others that have identified on their user profile that they have a relevant expertise. It also has chat rooms where users can share data, edit shared documents. The site also features a research-focused job board, as of 2016, it has 11 million users, with its largest user-bases coming from Europe and North America. Most of ResearchGates users are involved in medicine or biology, though it also has participants from engineering, computer science, agricultural sciences, ResearchGate publishes a citation impact measurement in the form of an RG Score. RG score is not a citation impact measure, RG Scores have been reported to be correlated with existing citation impact measures, but have also been criticized as having questionable reliability and an unknown calculation methodology. ResearchGate does not require peer review or fees and it started in Boston, Massachusetts, and moved to Berlin, Germany, shortly afterwards. The companys first round of funding, in 2010, was led by the capital firm Benchmark, with contributions from investors such as Joachim Schoss. Benchmark partner Matt Cohler became a member of the board and participated in the decision to move to Berlin, according to The New York Times, the website began with few features, then was developed further over time based on input from scientists. From 2009 to 2011, the number of users of the site grew from 25,000 to more than 1 million, a second round of funding led by Peter Thiels Founders Fund was announced in February 2012. On June 4,2013, it closed Series C financing arrangements for $35M from investors including Bill Gates, the company grew from 12 employees in 2011 to 120 in 2014. It currently has about 300 employees, including a staff of 100. ResearchGates competitors include Academia. edu, Google Scholar and Mendeley, Academia. edu reportedly has more registered users and higher web traffic, but ResearchGate is substantially larger in terms of active usage by researchers. edu are lapsed or inactive
ResearchGate
–
ResearchGate
20.
Inc. (magazine)
–
Inc. magazine, founded in 1979 and based in New York City, is an American monthly publication focused on growing companies. The magazine publishes annual lists of the 500 and 5000 fastest-growing publicly held companies in the U. S. called the Inc.500. Inc. was founded in Boston by Bernie Goldhirsh, and its first issue appeared in April 1979, paul W. Kellam, who had joined Goldhirshs company as editor of Marine Business, was tapped as the first editor. Goldhirsh kept a low profile, and longtime editor George Gendron was the face of the magazine for two decades. In 2000, widowed and battling cancer, Goldhirsh sold the magazine to Gruner + Jahr for a price reported over $200 million. The magazine was purchased in 2005 by Morningstar founder, Joe Mansueto, the magazine is now based in New York City, and its editor-in-chief is Eric Schurenberg. In December 2013, Schurenberg was appointed as President of Inc. replacing the long-tenured Bob LaPointe, in late January 2014, Inc. announced that Reuters Opinion editor James Ledbetter would take over as editor of the magazine and Web site. Goldhirshs devotion to the principles of entrepreneurism led him to create the Goldhirsh Foundation, founder Bernie Goldhirshs son, Ben Goldhirsh, is the founder of Good Magazine. In October 1981, Inc. became the first magazine to feature Steve Jobs on its cover, alongside the proclamation, the Inc.500 is an annual list of the 500 fastest-growing private companies in the United States, introduced in 1982. The Inc.5000 is an expansion of the Inc,500, which ranks the country’s top 5000 fastest-growing private companies and also features a special ranking of the top 10% of the list as the Inc.500. The Inc.5000 is ranked according to revenue growth over a three-year period. To qualify, companies must have been founded and generating revenue by the first week of the calendar year. Additionally, they had to be U. S. -based, privately held, revenue in the initial year must have been at least $100,000, and revenue in the most recent year must have been at least $2 million. In its first issue in 1979, Inc. magazine published the Inc,100, a list of the fastest-growing publicly held small companies, in 1982, the list was expanded to become the Inc. 500, and in 2007, it was expanded again to become the Inc.5000, the Inc.500 |5000 Conference and Awards Ceremony is an annual event that promotes the list publication. This annual conference brings together the current years class of Inc.500 |5000 honorees, the Inc.5000 expanded to a European edition, which was released on February 24,2015. Inc India Inc.30 under 30 Official website Inc 500 Fastest Growing Companies in America List
Inc. (magazine)
–
Inc. magazine, September 2009 issue
21.
CNBC
–
CNBC is an American basic cable, internet and satellite business news television channel that is owned by NBCUniversal News Group, a division of NBCUniversal, owned by Comcast. As of February 2015, CNBC is available to approximately 93,623,000 pay television households in the United States, in 2007, the network was ranked as the 19th most valuable cable channel in the United States, worth roughly $4 billion. In addition to the domestic U. S. feed, various localized versions of CNBC also operate, serving different regions, NBCUniversal is the owner, or a minority stakeholder, in many of these versions. CNBC had its beginnings around 1980 as the Satellite Program Network, showing a mix of old movies, instructional. The channel later changed its name to Tempo Television, after initially signing a letter of intent to acquire Tempo, NBC eventually opted for a deal to lease the channels transponder in June 1988. On this platform, and under the guidance of Tom Rogers, NBC and Cablevision initially operated CNBC as a 50-50 joint venture, choosing to headquarter the channel in Fort Lee, New Jersey. CNBC had considerable difficulty getting cable carriage at first, as many providers were skeptical of placing it alongside the longer-established Financial News Network. By the winter of 1990, CNBC was only in 17 million homes – less than half of FNNs potential reach – despite having the muscle of NBC standing behind it, however, around this time, FNN encountered serious financial difficulties. The deal increased the distribution of the enlarged network to over 40 million homes. Cablevision sold its 50% stake to NBC upon completion of the deal, with the full name Consumer News and Business Channel dropped, the networks business programming was at first branded CNBC/FNN, although this was phased out before the mid-1990s. Under Rogers leadership, CNBC began to grow during the 1990s, NBC Universal reacquired full control of loss-making CNBC Europe and CNBC Asia from Dow Jones at the end of 2005. The licensing agreement between Dow and CNBC U. S. remained intact, however, a rolling ticker provides real-time updates on share prices on the NYSE, NASDAQ, and AMEX, as well as market indices, news summaries, and weather updates by NBC meteorologists. A rotating top band of the screen rotates provides real-time updates on index and commodity prices from world markets. As of January 4,2016, the networks 480i standard definition feed now shows the same 16,9 HD feed on its 4,3 picture, CNBC provides a variety of programs throughout the business day. These short bulletins, which are around 30 seconds in length, the CNBC. com News Now update segments were discontinued as of early 2010. These bulletins were reintroduced in 2015 and they are aired hourly, on the half-hour between 10. 30am and 4. 30pm. The bulletins are read by Sue Herera, CNBCs breakout hit among its original series is Mad Money. Hosted by money manager Jim Cramer, the show gives stock advice to viewers who call to the program
CNBC
–
The newsroom at CNBC headquarters, also used to host
Power Lunch
CNBC
–
CNBC
CNBC
–
Englewood Cliffs headquarters
CNBC
–
A
Squawk Box outside broadcast, hosted by
Rebecca Quick
22.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
23.
Reid Hoffman
–
Reid Garrett Hoffman is an American internet entrepreneur, venture capitalist and author. Hoffman was the co-founder and executive chairman of LinkedIn, a social network used primarily for professional networking. He is currently a partner at the capital firm Greylock Partners. On the Forbes 2017 list of the worlds billionaires, Hoffman was ranked #631 with a net worth of US$3.1 billion, Hoffman was born in Palo Alto, California, to Deanna Ruth and William Parker Hoffman, Jr. and grew up in Berkeley, California. His paternal great-great-great-grandfather was Theophilus Adam Wylie, a Christian Presbyterian minister, reids uncle Eric Hoffman is a writer. Hoffman himself describes how he was a tabletop roleplaying gamer as a child. His first paid job was as an editor at the game company Chaosium, Hoffman attended high school at The Putney School, where he farmed maple syrup, drove oxen and studied epistemology. He graduated from Stanford University in 1990, where he won both a Marshall Scholarship and a Dinkelspiel Award, with a B. S. in Symbolic Systems and Cognitive Science. He went on to earn an M. A. in Philosophy from Wolfson College, while in college, according to Hoffman, he formed a conviction that he wanted to try to influence the state of the world on a large scale. He saw academia as an opportunity to make an impact, when I graduated from Stanford my plan was to become a professor and public intellectual. That is not about quoting Kant and its about holding up a lens to society and asking who are we. and who should we be, as individuals and a society. But I realised academics write books that 50 or 60 people read, with that in mind, Hoffman pursued a career in business and entrepreneurship. He joined Apple Computer in 1994, where he worked on eWorld, eWorld was acquired by AOL in 1996. He later worked at Fujitsu before co-founding his first company – SocialNet. com in 1997. It focused “on online dating and matching up people with similar interests, like golfers who were looking for partners in their neighborhood. ”Peter Thiel has said SocialNet. com was “literally an idea before its time. It was a social network 7 or 8 years before became a trend. ”While at SocialNet, Hoffman was a member of the board of directors during the founding of PayPal. Peter Thiel, Hoffmans boss at PayPal, has said that Hoffman “was the firefighter-in-chief at PayPal. Though that diminishes his role there were many, many fires. ”At the time of PayPals acquisition by eBay for $1. 5B in 2002
Reid Hoffman
–
Hoffman in 2011
Reid Hoffman
–
Hoffman speaks at an event.
24.
Steve Chen
–
Steven Shih Steve Chen is an American Internet entrepreneur. He is best known as one of the co-founders and the chief technology officer of the popular website YouTube. After having co-founded the company AVOS Systems, Inc. and built the video-sharing app MixBit, Chen was born in Taipei, Taiwan. When he was fifteen, he and his family immigrated to the United States and settled in Prospect Heights and he went to River Trails Middle School in Mount Prospect for his middle school education and John Hersey High School in Arlington Heights for his freshman year of high school. For his final three years of school, he attended the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy in Aurora. At the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, he studied computer science, Chen was an employee at the industry financial company PayPal, where he first met Chad Hurley and Jawed Karim. Chen was also an employee at Facebook, although he left after several months to start YouTube. In 2005, Chad Hurley, Jawed Karim and Chen founded YouTube, in June 2006, Chen was named by Business 2.0 as one of The 50 people who matter now in business. On October 16,2006, Chen and Hurley sold YouTube to Google, Chen received 625,366 shares of Google and an additional 68,721 in a trust as part of the sale. The Google shares that he received were reported to be worth over $326 million about 1 year later and he and Hurley started AVOS Systems which acquired Delicious from Yahoo. Inc. Chen was listed as one of the 15 Asian Scientists To Watch by Asian Scientist Magazine on 15 May 2011, Chen married Park Ji-hyun, who is now Jamie Chen, a Google Korea product marketing manager, in 2009. They live in San Francisco with their two children, one son was born in July 2010. The Chens are major supporters of the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco where Jamie was appointed a trustee in July 2012, Steve Chens YouTube profile Steve Chen, the local boy that created YouTube – Taipei Times, October 8,2006
Steve Chen
–
Steve Chen 陳 士 駿
25.
Chad Hurley
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Chad Meredith Hurley is an American co-founder and former CEO of the popular video-sharing website YouTube and MixBit. In June 2006, he was voted 28th on Business 2. 0s 50 People Who Matter Now list, in October 2006, he and Steve Chen sold YouTube for $1.65 billion to Google. Hurley worked in eBays PayPal division—one of his tasks involved designing the original PayPal logo — before starting YouTube with fellow PayPal colleagues Steve Chen, Hurley was primarily responsible for the tagging and video-sharing aspects of YouTube. Hurley was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, the child of Don and Joann Hurley. He has two siblings, a sister, Heather, and a younger brother, Brent. Since childhood, Chad showed extreme interest in the arts, but then became interested in computers. He was a runner for Twin Valley High Schools cross-country program. He was also member of the Technology Student Association during high school and he graduated from Twin Valley High School, Elverson in 1995 and went on to receive his B. A. in Fine Art from Indiana University of Pennsylvania in 1999. By his marriage to Kathy Clark, Hurley is the son-in-law of the legendary Silicon Valley entrepreneur James H. Clark, Hurley founded YouTube in 2005 with Steve Chen and Jawed Karim. On October 16,2006, Chen and Hurley sold YouTube to Google Inc. for $1.65 billion and it was reported in the Wall Street Journal that Chad Hurleys share was $345. 6M at Googles February 7,2007 closing stock price of $470.01. He received 694,087 Google shares directly and another 41,232 shares in a trust, youTubes other two co-founders, Steve Chen and Jawed Karim, received 625,366 shares and 137,443 shares, respectively valued at $326. 2M and $64. 6M. The Journals report was based on Googles registration statement with SEC filed on February 7,2007, Hurley stepped down as CEO of YouTube in October 2010 and stated he would stay on as an advisor of YouTube, allowing Salar Kamangar to take over the CEO position. In August 2013, Chen and Hurley launched another company called MixBit which does video editing using smart phones, Chad was involved as a major investor with US F1 Team, one of the new entrants in Formula One automobile racing for the 2010 season. On March 2,2010, the personnel were dismissed from their duties. Neither Hurley, team principal Ken Anderson, nor sporting director Peter Windsor would comment on the failure to make it to the grid. It is rumored that Hurley is still trying to get involved with F1 via other teams and he is a part-owner of the NBAs Golden State Warriors and the MLS Los Angeles Football Club. Michael Moritz interviews Chad Hurley et al. at TechCrunch40 conference video Chad Hurleys Executive Producer profile on The 1 Second Film
Chad Hurley
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World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2009, Davos, Switzerland.
Chad Hurley
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Chad Hurley in 2007.
26.
Roelof Botha
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Roelof F. Botha is a venture capitalist and company director. By training, he is a qualified actuary, Botha is a partner at Sequoia Capital and currently sits on the boards of Jawbone, Eventbrite, Evernote, Mahalo, Natera, Nimbula, Square, Tokbox, Tumblr, Weebly, Unity, Whisper and Xoom. He also works with 10gen, AssureRX, FutureAdvisor, Instagram, Mixpanel and he previously sat on the board of directors of Meebo and YouTube before they were each acquired by Google. On Forbes Midas List, a ranking of venture capital professionals, he ranked 22nd in 2008. Botha was born in Pretoria, South Africa, and at the age of six he moved to Cape Town with his parents and he was raised in Hout Bay, a suburb of Cape Town, and attended Hoërskool Jan van Riebeeck. Botha earned a BSc in Actuarial Science, Economics, and Statistics from the University of Cape Town, Botha worked as a business analyst at McKinsey & Co. Johannesburg, from August 1996 through June 1998, in 2000, prior to his graduation from Stanford, Botha became director of corporate development for PayPal. He moved on to vice-president of finance and was named CFO in September 2001, Botha was 28 when PayPal went public in February 2002. The company was purchased by eBay in October 2002, Botha left to join Sequoia Capital in January 2003. Bothas father, also named Roelof, is an economist and his grandfather is Roelof Frederik Pik Botha, a former South African politician who served as the countrys foreign minister in the last years of the apartheid era. His uncle is the rock musician Piet Botha
Roelof Botha
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Roelof Botha, September 2010
27.
Jawed Karim
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Jawed Karim is a German-American Internet entrepreneur, who co-founded YouTube and was the first person to upload a video on it. The video he released was named Me at the zoo and as of 2017 has reached 36 million views, many of the core components of PayPal, including its real-time anti-internet fraud system, were also designed and implemented by Karim. Karim was born in Merseburg, East Germany and he crossed the inner German border with his family in 1981, growing up in Neuss, West Germany. Karim grew up in Germany and his moved to Saint Paul. Karim graduated from Saint Paul Central High School and later attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Computer Science and he left campus prior to graduating to become an early employee at PayPal, but continued his coursework, earning his Bachelor of Science in computer science. He subsequently earned a degree in computer science from Stanford University. In 1998 Jawed served an Internship at Silicon Graphics Inc. where he worked on 3D voxel data management for large data sets for volume rendering, including the data for the Visible Human Project. While working at PayPal, he met Chad Hurley and Steve Chen, the three later founded the YouTube video sharing website in 2005. YouTubes first-ever video, Me at the zoo, was uploaded by Karim on 23 April 2005, when the site was introduced in February 2005, Karim agreed not to be an employee and simply be an informal adviser, and that he was focusing on his studies. As a result, he took a lower share in the company compared to Hurley. Because of his role in the company, Karim was mostly unknown to the public as the third founder until YouTube was acquired by Google in 2006. Despite his lower share in the company, the purchase was still large enough that he received 137,443 shares of stock, worth about $64 million based on Googles closing stock price at the time. In October 2006, Karim gave a lecture about the history of YouTube at the University of Illinois annual ACM Conference entitled YouTube, in his lecture he mentioned Wikipedia as being an innovative social experiment. Karim returned again to the University of Illinois in May 2007 as the 136th, in March 2008, Karim launched a venture fund called Youniversity Ventures, with the goal of helping current and former university students to develop and launch their business ideas. On 6 November 2013, YouTube began requiring that commenting on its videos be done via a Google+ account, an online petition to revert the change garnered over 240,000 signatures. In response to Google requiring YouTube members to use Google+ for its comment system, Karim wrote on his YouTube account, and updated the video description on his first video titled Me at the zoo to, I cant comment here anymore, since i dont want a google+ account. Google subsequently dropped its Google+ requirement across all products, beginning with YouTube, Karim has published articles on programming in Dr. Dobbs Journal, including one on loading rendering and animating Quake models. Jawed Karims Personal Website Jaweds YouTube Profile Cache of Jaweds YouTube Profile in 2008 Youniversity Ventures He went off to college to make his fortune – The News-Gazette
Jawed Karim
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Jawed Karim in 2008
28.
David O. Sacks
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David Oliver Sacks is the former chief executive officer of Zenefits. He has been an entrepreneur, executive and investor in technology firms since the late 1990s. As a result of Yammer’s acquisition by Microsoft in July 2012, on December 10,2014 he joined Zenefits, a San Francisco based startup company, as COO. On February 8,2016 he was promoted to CEO following the departure of Zenefits founder Parker Conrad, born in Cape Town, South Africa, Sacks immigrated with his family to the United States when he was 5 years old. Sacks attended Memphis University School in Memphis, Tennessee and he earned his B. A. in Economics from Stanford University in 1994 and received a J. D. from the University of Chicago Law School in 1998. In 1999, Sacks left his job as a management consultant for McKinsey & Company to join e-commerce service PayPal as its chief operating officer, in February 2002, PayPal went public, it was one of the first IPO after the September 11,2001 attacks. The stock rose more than 54% that first day and closed at $20.09, in October 2002, eBay acquired PayPal for $1.5 billion. Sacks is a member of the PayPal Mafia—a group of founders and they are often credited with inspiring Web 2.0 and for the re-emergence of consumer-focused Internet companies after the dot com bust of 2001. Sacks is the co-author with Peter Thiel of the 1995 book The Diversity Myth, Multiculturalism, the book is critical of political correctness in higher education and the consequent dilution of academic rigor. In 2016, Sacks apologized for two statements made in the book, The purpose of the rape crisis movement seems as much about vilifying men as about raising awareness. But since a multicultural rape charge may indicate nothing more than belated regret, said Sacks, This is college journalism written over 20 years ago. It does not represent who I am or what I believe today, im embarrassed by some of my former views and regret writing them. Following PayPal’s acquisition, Sacks moved to Hollywood where he produced and financed the hit movie Thank You For Smoking through his independent production company, the 2006 film won praise from film critics and was nominated for two Golden Globes. In 2006, Sacks founded Geni. com, a website that enables family members to collaboratively build an online family tree. At Geni, he wanted more visibility into what was going on across the organization, in 2008, Sacks and co-founder Adam Pisoni spun this internal communications tool into a standalone company called Yammer. Geni was acquired by MyHeritage in 2012, and Sacks continues to serve on its board, Yammer launched at TechCrunch50 in September 2008, winning the grand prize. It is among the fastest-growing enterprise software companies in history, exceeding five million users in just four years. The company raised $142 million in funding from top tier firms and is used by more than 300,000 companies worldwide
David O. Sacks
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Sacks in February 2011
29.
Premal Shah
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Premal Shah is president of microfinance company Kiva. org and is a leading social entrepreneur. In 2009, he was selected to Fortune Magazines 40 Under 40 List and was named as a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum, prior to Kiva, Premal joined PayPal early on and spent 6 years at the company. He is considered to be a part of the PayPal Mafia, Premal has spoken widely on applying Silicon Valley breakthroughs to global poverty. In 1991 and 1992 was a participant in the National Youth Leadership Training program from National Youth Leadership Council in St. Paul, featured speaker at the 2006 Clinton Global Initiative. Premal Shah was a spokesperson for BlackBerry and was featured widely in advertisements and he also carried the Olympic Torch for the 2008 Summer Games
Premal Shah
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Premal Shah
30.
Jeremy Stoppelman
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Jeremy Stoppelman is an American business executive. He is the CEO of Yelp, Inc. which he co-founded in 2004, Stoppelman obtained a bachelors degree in computer engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1999. After a short time working for @Home Network, he worked at X. com, Stoppelman left PayPal to attend Harvard Business School. During a summer internship at MRL Ventures, he and others came up with the idea for Yelp Inc and he turned down an acquisition offer by Google and took the company public in 2012. Stoppelman was born in Arlington, Virginia in 1977 and his mother, Lynn, was an English teacher, and his father, John, was a securities lawyer. He attended a Reform temple as a child and had a Bar Mitzvah, as a child Stoppelman had an interest in computers and business and began investing in stocks at the age of 14. Stoppelman aspired to be a game developer and took computer programming classes. He attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and obtained a degree in computer engineering in 1999. After graduating he took a job with @Home Network, after four months of working for @Home Network, Stoppelman accepted a position as an engineer at X. com, which later became PayPal. It was here that Stoppelman met businessman Max Levchin, who became an investor in Stoppelmans company. Stoppelman became the V. P. of engineering at PayPal, Stoppelman left PayPal, after it was acquired by eBay in 2003 and attended Harvard Business School for one year. During Stoppelmans school break Levchin persuaded Stoppelman to do an internship at the business incubator, in the summer of 2004, Jeremy Stoppelman got the flu and had a hard time finding recommendations for a local doctor. Stoppelman and Simmons pitched the idea to Levchin who provided $1 million in initial funding, under Stoppelmans leadership, Yelp grew to a market capitalization of $4 billion and hosted 138 million user reviews. According to Stoppelman, the biggest challenge at Yelp has been the same problem Google faces in its rankings, in February 2013, Stoppelman accepted a salary of $1, though he continues to earn income from the vestment of his 11 percent interest in the company. Stoppelman has a management style. Instead of an office, he has a desk among his employees. Sometimes I feel like the companys psychiatrist, but I do feel like listening to people and hearing about their problems cleans out the cobwebs and keeps the organization humming. ”Stoppelman is a voracious non-fiction reader, as of 2012, Stoppelman had written over one-thousand Yelp reviews. As of 2011, his net worth was estimated to be $111 million to $222 million, official profile Interview with Stoppelman on NPR
Jeremy Stoppelman
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Stoppelman in 2013
