1.
Austin, Texas
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Austin is the capital of the U. S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. It is the 11th-most populous city in the U. S. and it is the fastest growing large city in the United States and the second most populous capital city after Phoenix, Arizona. As of the U. S. Census Bureaus July 1,2015 estimate and it is the cultural and economic center of the Austin–Round Rock metropolitan area, which had an estimated population of 2,056,405 as of July 1,2016. In the 1830s, pioneers began to settle the area in central Austin along the Colorado River, in 1839, the site was officially chosen to replace Houston as the new capital of the Republic of Texas and was incorporated under the name Waterloo. Shortly thereafter, the name was changed to Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin, the Father of Texas and the republics first secretary of state. The city subsequently grew throughout the 19th century and became a center for government and education with the construction of the Texas State Capitol and the University of Texas at Austin. After a lull in growth from the Great Depression, Austin resumed its development into a city and, by the 1980s, it emerged as a center for technology. A number of Fortune 500 companies have headquarters or regional offices in Austin, including Amazon. com, cisco, eBay, Google, IBM, Intel, Oracle Corporation, Texas Instruments, 3M, and Whole Foods Market. Dells worldwide headquarters is located in nearby Round Rock, a suburb of Austin, residents of Austin are known as Austinites. They include a mix of government employees, college students, musicians, high-tech workers, blue-collar workers. The city also adopted Silicon Hills as a nickname in the 1990s due to an influx of technology. In the late 1800s, Austin was known as the City of the Violet Crown because of the glow of light across the hills just after sunset. Even today, many Austin businesses use the term Violet Crown in their name, Austin is known as a clean-air city for its stringent no-smoking ordinances that apply to all public places and buildings, including restaurants and bars. The FBI ranked Austin as the second-safest major city in the U. S. for the year 2012, U. S. News & World Report named Austin the best place to live in the U. S. in 2017. Austin, Travis County and Williamson County have been the site of habitation since at least 9200 BC. When settlers arrived from Europe, the Tonkawa tribe inhabited the area, the Comanches and Lipan Apaches were also known to travel through the area. Spanish colonists, including the Espinosa-Olivares-Aguirre expedition, traveled through the area for centuries, in 1730, three missions from East Texas were combined and reestablished as one mission on the south side of the Colorado River, in what is now Zilker Park, in Austin. The mission was in area for only about seven months
2.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Lyndon B. Johnson
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A Democrat from Texas, he previously served as a United States Representative from 1937 to 1949 and then as a United States Senator from 1949 to 1961. He spent six years as Senate Majority Leader, two as Senate Minority Leader, and two more as Senate Majority Whip, Johnson ran for the Democratic nomination in the 1960 presidential election. Although unsuccessful, he was chosen by then-Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts to be his running mate and they went on to win a close election over Richard Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. Johnson was sworn in as Vice President on January 20,1961. Two years and ten months later, on November 22,1963 and he successfully ran for a full term in the 1964 election, winning by a landslide over Republican opponent Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona. He is one of four people who have served as President, Vice President, Senator. Johnson was renowned for his personality and the Johnson treatment. Assisted in part by an economy, the War on Poverty helped millions of Americans rise above the poverty line during his administration. With the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, Johnson escalated American involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted Johnson the power to use force in Southeast Asia without having to ask for an official declaration of war. The number of American military personnel in Vietnam increased dramatically, from 16,000 advisors in non-combat roles in 1963 to 550,000 in early 1968, American casualties soared and the peace process bogged down. Growing unease with the war stimulated a large, angry antiwar movement based especially on university campuses in the U. S. and abroad. Johnson faced further troubles when summer riots broke out in most major cities after 1965, while he began his presidency with widespread approval, support for Johnson declined as the public became upset with both the war and the growing violence at home. In 1968, the Democratic Party factionalized as antiwar elements denounced Johnson, Republican Richard Nixon was elected to succeed him, as the New Deal coalition that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years collapsed. After he left office in January 1969, Johnson returned to his Texas ranch, historians argue that Johnsons presidency marked the peak of modern liberalism in the United States after the New Deal era. Johnson is ranked favorably by some historians because of his policies and the passage of many major laws, affecting civil rights, gun control, wilderness preservation. Lyndon Baines Johnson was born on August 27,1908, near Stonewall, Texas, in a farmhouse on the Pedernales River. Johnson had one brother, Sam Houston Johnson, and three sisters, Rebekah, Josefa, and Lucia, the nearby small town of Johnson City, Texas, was named after LBJs cousin, James Polk Johnson, whose forebears had moved west from Oglethorpe County, Georgia. Johnson had English, German, and Ulster Scots ancestry and he was maternally descended from pioneer Baptist clergyman George Washington Baines, who pastored eight churches in Texas, as well as others in Arkansas and Louisiana
5.
Gordon Bunshaft
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Gordon Bunshaft, FAIA, was an American architect, a leading proponent of modern design in the mid-twentieth century. A partner in the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, Bunshaft joined in 1937, Bunshaft was born in Buffalo, New York, to Russian Jewish immigrant parents, and attended Lafayette High School. He received both his undergraduate and his masters degrees from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, studied in Europe on a Rotch Traveling Scholarship from 1935 to 1937, after his traveling scholarship, Bunshaft worked briefly for Edward Durell Stone and industrial designer Raymond Loewy before joining SOM. Bunshafts early influences included Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier, in the 1950s, Bunshaft was hired by the State Departments Office of Foreign Building Operations as a collaborator on the design for several U. S. consulates in Germany. Bunshafts only single-family residence was the 2300 square foot Travertine House, on his death he left the house to MoMA, which sold it to Martha Stewart in 1995. Her extensive remodelling stalled amid an acrimonious planning dispute with a neighbour, in 2005, she sold the house to textile magnate Donald Maharam, who described the house as decrepit and largely beyond repair and demolished it. Bunshaft was elected to the National Institute of Arts and Letters and was the recipient of other honors. He received the Brunner Prize of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters in 1955 and he also recevied the American Institute of Architects Twenty-five Year Award for Lever House, in 1980, and the Pritzker Architecture Prize, in 1988. In 1958, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, from 1963 to 1972, he was a member of the Commission of Fine Arts in Washington. It is the capstone of my life in architecture, Bunshaft was a trustee of the Museum of Modern Art. He also received the Medal of Honor of the New York Chapter of the American Institute of Architects, bunshafts personal papers are held by the Department of Drawings & Archives in the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia University, his architectural drawings remain with SOM. R. Grace Building - New York, New York 1974 - Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden - Washington, D. C.1983 - National Commercial Bank - Jeddah, Saudi Arabia In 1943, Bunshaft married Nina Wayler. They were avid collectors of art and owned many major pieces including works by Joan Miro, Dubuffet, Giacometti, Léger. They lived in the Manhattan House Apartments in New Yorks Upper East Side, which he helped design, and at the Travertine House in East Hampton, which was his only single-family residence. He is buried next to his wife and parents in the Temple Beth El cemetery on Pine Ridge Road in Buffalo, carol Herselle Krinsky, Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, MIT Press,1988 Oral history interview with Gordon Bunshaft. Chicago Architects Oral History Project, The Art Institute of Chicago, archived from the original on May 16,2006. Discussion and links about preservation and rebuilding of the Bunshaft Residence, Gordon Bunshaft architectural drawings and papers, 1909-1990. Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Gordon Bunshaft at Find a Grave
6.
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
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Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP is an American architectural, urban planning, and engineering firm. It was formed in Chicago in 1936 by Louis Skidmore and Nathaniel Owings, with a portfolio spanning thousands of projects across 50 countries, SOM is one of the largest architectural firms in the world. Their primary expertise is in commercial buildings, as it was SOM that led the way to the widespread use of the modern international-style or glass box skyscraper. They have designed several of the tallest buildings in the world, including the John Hancock Center, Willis Tower, due to their faithful following of Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohes ideas, Frank Lloyd Wright nicknamed them The Three Blind Mies. Notable SOM architects include, Edward Charles Bassett, Natalie de Blois, Gordon Bunshaft, David Childs, Myron Goldsmith, Bruce Graham, Gertrude Kerbis, Fazlur Rahman Khan. Lucien Lagrange, Walter Netsch, Larry Oltmanns, Brigitte Peterhans, Adrian Smith, indeed, Khan is responsible for developing the algorithms that made the Hancock building and many subsequent skyscrapers possible. Another notable SOM engineer is Bill Baker, who is best known as the engineer of Burj Khalifa, to support the towers record heights and slim footprint, he developed the buttressed core structural system, consisting of a hexagonal core reinforced by three buttresses that form a Y shape. Davis Allen, a pioneer in corporate interior design, had a tenure at SOM. Throughout its history, SOM has been recognized more than 1,700 awards for quality. More than 900 of these awards have received since 1998. In 1996 and 1962, SOM received the Architecture Firm Award from the American Institute of Architects, SOM is the only firm to have received this honor twic13 R+D Awards from Architect Magazine. In addition, a collaboration between SOM and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, The Center for Architecture, Science and Ecology, was honored with a fifth award. SOM has completed over 10,000 projects around the United States and in more than 50 other countries around the world, london, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Mumbai, and Abu Dhabi. Smaller field offices supplement these in such as the Philippines. Burj Khalifa is the tallest man-made structure ever built, at 829.8 m, construction began on 21 September 2004, and the building officially opened on 4 January 2010. The towers architect and engineer was Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, george J. Efstathiou was the Managing Partner for the project. Bill Baker, the Chief Structural Engineer for the project, invented the buttressed core structural system in order to enable the tower to achieve such heights economically, Adrian Smith, who worked with Skidmore, Owings and Merrill until 2006, was the Consulting Design Partner. The primary builder is a joint venture of South Korean Samsung C&T, one World Trade Center, also known as the Freedom Tower, is located in Manhattan, New York City, and is 1,776 ft high, making it the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere
7.
National archives
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National archives are the archives of a nation-state. The concept evolved in various nations at the dawn of modernity based on the impact of nationalism upon bureaucratic processes of paperwork retention. From the Middle Ages into the Early Modern period archives generated by royal and clerical institutions retained proofs of political and genealogical claims as a bastion of authenticity. The emerging Enlightenment concept of studying history as a rather than as literature was influenced by Leopold von Ranke. In the late 18th Century, the storage of old records was divided, business records in the archives courantes went the way of records management while documents of cultural import in the archives historiques formed the core of Western-conceived archives. As the popularity of archives increased as a function of substantiating historical narratives, for example, the National Historical Archive of Spain as created excluded contemporary records in favor of documenting defunct institutions as a matter of national heritage. Historian Nicholas Dirks has said that national archives are the site of state monumentality. The 19th Century centralization of archives, precursor to the 20th Centurys nationalism, has been opposed by some, historian Craig Robertson posits that archives do not neutrally store documents, rather, objects captured through archival practices are transformed into knowledge. The concept of the archivist as a custodian of records originated in the late 19th Century and was championed by no less than Hilary Jenkinson and this contrasted with the prior practice of archives serving to embellish the histories of politicians and other wealthy patrons. The retention of records in a national archive would then become a universal bureaucratic norm rather than the retention of a few records for a predetermined purpose. Jenkinson also specified that rather than holding source documents piecemeal, that the integrity of an organic archive group must be maintained, political impact on the administration of archives has been common in both dictatorships and democracies. Anecdotes from former Soviet Republics such as Uzbekistan evince this mentality of politicization of national archives, the National Archives of France was created informally on July 29,1789 by the Revolutionaries to document the prior ancien régime. The crowns Treasury of Charters as well as records from the clergy were collected for historical value as those parties were deemed irrelevant to French society. Thus the National Archives served to house practical documents from the First Republic onwards while the National Library of France became the center of historical study, the changing view of the 19th Century began merging the two concepts of the historically important records and the bureaucratic transactional records. Archivists trained at the French National School of Paleography and Archival Studies were charged with maintaining records as a factor of accountability to the public, is a fit inmate for a National Archive Establishment. He characterized the combination like a melange of the Manuscripts Commission and the Public Record Office, the National Archives were formed in 2003, as a merger of the much older Public Record Office and the Historical Manuscripts Commission. The records of England originate in the Chancery Archives and the tax accounting records of the Pipe rolls, the Memoranda Rolls of the Exchequer, without the funding to archive this mass of records, many were destroyed in the early 19th Century. The English Public Record Office Act 1877 specified the date of 1715
8.
University of Texas at Austin
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Founded in 1881 as The University of Texas, its campus is in Austin, Texas—approximately 1 mile from the Texas State Capitol. The institution has the nations seventh-largest single-campus enrollment, with over 50,000 undergraduate and graduate students and over 24,000 faculty, UT Austin was inducted into the American Association of Universities in 1929, becoming only the third university in the American South to be elected. It is a center for academic research, with research expenditures exceeding $550 million for the 2014–2015 school year. J. Pickle Research Campus and the McDonald Observatory, among university faculty are recipients of the Nobel Prize, Pulitzer Prize, the Wolf Prize, the Emmy Award, the Turing Award, and the National Medal of Science, as well as many other awards. UT Austin student athletes compete as the Texas Longhorns and are members of the Big 12 Conference and its Longhorn Network is the only sports network featuring the college sports of a single university. The first mention of a university in Texas can be traced to the 1827 constitution for the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. Although Title 6, Article 217 of the Constitution promised to establish education in the arts and sciences. On April 18,1838, An Act to Establish the University of Texas was referred to a committee of the Texas Congress. On January 26,1839, the Texas Congress agreed to set aside fifty leagues of land towards the establishment of a publicly funded university, in addition,40 acres in the new capital of Austin were reserved and designated College Hill. In 1845, Texas was annexed into the United States, interestingly, the states Constitution of 1845 failed to mention higher education. On February 11,1858, the Seventh Texas Legislature approved O. B,102, an act to establish the University of Texas, which set aside $100,000 in United States bonds toward construction of the states first publicly funded university. The legislature also designated land reserved for the encouragement of railroad construction toward the universitys endowment, Texas secession from the Union and the American Civil War delayed repayment of the borrowed monies. At the end of the Civil War in 1865, The University of Texas endowment was just over $16,000 in warrants, the more valuable lands reverted to the fund to support general education in the state. The legislature additionally appropriated $256,272.57 to repay the funds taken from the university in 1860 to pay for frontier defense, the 1883 grant of land increased the land in the Permanent University Fund to almost 2.2 million acres. Under the Act of 1858, the university was entitled to just over 1,000 acres of land for every mile of railroad built in the state. On March 30,1881, the legislature set forth the structure and organization. By popular election on September 6,1881, Austin was chosen as the site, galveston, having come in second in the election was designated the location of the medical department. On November 17,1882, on the original College Hill, smite the earth, smite the rocks with the rod of knowledge and fountains of unstinted wealth will gush forth
9.
Presidential library
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These are repositories for preserving and making available the papers, records, collections and other historical materials of every President of the United States since Herbert Hoover. In addition to the services, museum exhibitions concerning the presidency are displayed. Although recognized as having historical significance, before the middle 20th century, presidential papers, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd president, proposed to leave his papers to the public in a building donated by him on his Hyde Park estate. Since then a series of laws have established the library system. While not officially sanctioned and maintained by the NARA, libraries have been organized for several presidents who preceded the start of the Presidential Library Office. Each library also provides a series of public programs. The first presidential library is the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, official fundraising for the Barack Obama Presidential Library and Museum began in January 2014, the 14th facility in the presidential library system is then expected to be open around 2020. The presidential library system is made up of thirteen presidential libraries operated by the NARA, for example, the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is owned and operated by the state of Illinois. The Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace was not originally part of the library system. In January 2004, Congress passed legislation that provided for the establishment of a federally operated Richard Nixon Presidential Library in Yorba Linda, on July 11,2007, the Nixon Foundation deeded the Library and Birthplace to the government of the United States. On the same day, the newly renamed federal Richard Nixon Presidential Library, historian John Simon edited Grants letters into a 32-volume scholarly edition published by Southern Illinois University Press. To access these funds, the Theodore Roosevelt Center must first raise $3 million from non-state sources, dickinson State University is also home to the Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library which has formed partnerships with the Library of Congress and Harvard University, among other institutions. They currently have over 25,000 items online, historically, all presidential papers were considered the personal property of the president. Some took them at the end of their terms, others destroyed them, though many pre-Hoover collections now reside in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress, others are split among other libraries, historical societies, and private collections. However, many materials have been lost or deliberately destroyed, lucretia Rudolph Garfield, the wife of James A. Garfield added a Memorial Library wing to their family home in Mentor, Ohio, four years after his assassination. The James A. Garfield National Historic Site is operated by the National Park Service, in 1939, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt donated his personal and presidential papers to the federal government. Roosevelts decision stemmed from his belief that Presidential papers were an important part of the national heritage and he asked the National Archives to take custody of his papers and other historical materials and to administer his library. In 1950, Harry S. Truman decided that he, too, would build a library to house his Presidential papers, in 1955, Congress passed the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955, establishing a system of privately erected and federally maintained libraries
10.
Museum
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Most large museums are located in major cities throughout the world and more local ones exist in smaller cities, towns and even the countryside. Museums have varying aims, ranging from serving researchers and specialists to serving the general public, the goal of serving researchers is increasingly shifting to serving the general public. There are many types of museums, including art museums, natural history museums, science museums, war museums, the city with the largest number of museums is Mexico City with over 128 museums. According to The World Museum Community, there are more than 55,000 museums in 202 countries, the English museum comes from the Latin word, and is pluralized as museums. The first museum/library is considered to be the one of Plato in Athens, however, Pausanias gives another place called Museum, namely a small hill in Classical Athens opposite to the Akropolis. The hill was called Mouseion after Mousaious, a man who used to sing on the hill, the purpose of modern museums is to collect, preserve, interpret, and display items of artistic, cultural, or scientific significance for the education of the public. The purpose can also depend on ones point of view, to a family looking for entertainment on a Sunday afternoon, a trip to a local history museum or large city art museum could be a fun, and enlightening way to spend the day. To city leaders, a healthy museum community can be seen as a gauge of the health of a city. To a museum professional, a museum might be seen as a way to educate the public about the museums mission, Museums are, above all, storehouses of knowledge. In 1829, James Smithsons bequest, that would fund the Smithsonian Institution, stated he wanted to establish an institution for the increase, Museums of natural history in the late 19th century exemplified the Victorian desire for consumption and for order. Gathering all examples of classification of a field of knowledge for research. As American colleges grew in the 19th century, they developed their own natural history collections for the use of their students, while many large museums, such as the Smithsonian Institution, are still respected as research centers, research is no longer a main purpose of most museums. While there is a debate about the purposes of interpretation of a museums collection, there has been a consistent mission to protect. Much care, expertise, and expense is invested in efforts to retard decomposition in aging documents, artifacts, artworks. All museums display objects that are important to a culture, as historian Steven Conn writes, To see the thing itself, with ones own eyes and in a public place, surrounded by other people having some version of the same experience can be enchanting. Museum purposes vary from institution to institution, some favor education over conservation, or vice versa. For example, in the 1970s, the Canada Science and Technology Museum favored education over preservation of their objects and they displayed objects as well as their functions. One exhibit featured a printing press that a staff member used for visitors to create museum memorabilia
11.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
12.
National Archives and Records Administration
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The NARA also transmits votes of the Electoral College to Congress. The chief administrator of NARA is the Archivist of the United States, the Archivist of the United States is the chief official overseeing the operation of the National Archives and Records Administration. The Archivist not only maintains the official documentation of the passage of amendments to the U. S, Constitution by state legislatures, but has the authority to declare when the constitutional threshold for passage has been reached, and therefore when an act has become an amendment. The Office of the Federal Register publishes the Federal Register, Code of Federal Regulations and it also administers the Electoral College. Since 1964, the NHPRC has awarded some 4,500 grants, the Office of Government Information Services is a Freedom of Information Act resource for the public and the government. Congress has charged NARA with reviewing FOIA policies, procedures and compliance of Federal agencies, NARAs mission also includes resolving FOIA disputes between Federal agencies and requesters. Originally, each branch and agency of the U. S. government was responsible for maintaining its own documents, Congress established the National Archives Establishment in 1934 to centralize federal record keeping, with the Archivist of the United States as chief administrator. The National Archives was incorporated with GSA in 1949, in 1985 it became an independent agency as NARA, connor, began serving in 1934, when the National Archives was established by Congress. As a result of a first Hoover Commission recommendation, in 1949 the National Archives was placed within the newly formed General Services Administration. The Archivist served as an official to the GSA Administrator until the National Archives. An audit indicated that more than one third withdrawn since 1999 did not contain sensitive information, the program was originally scheduled to end in 2007. In 2011, a retired employee pleaded guilty to stealing original sound recordings from the archives, Archival Recovery Teams investigate the theft of records. NARAs holdings are classed into record groups reflecting the governmental department or agency from which they originated, Records include paper documents, microfilm, still pictures, motion pictures, and electronic media. Archival descriptions of the permanent holdings of the government in the custody of NARA are stored in the National Archives Catalog. The archival descriptions include information on traditional paper holdings, electronic records, as of December 2012, the catalog consisted of about 10 billion logical data records describing 527,000 artifacts and encompassing 81% of NARAs records. There are also 922,000 digital copies of already digitized materials, most records at NARA are in the public domain, as works of the federal government are excluded from copyright protection. However, records from other sources may still be protected by copyright or donor agreements and its Information Security Oversight Office monitors and sets policy for the U. S. governments security classification system. Many of NARAs most requested records are used for genealogy research
13.
Richard Nixon
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Richard Milhous Nixon was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974, when he became the only U. S. president to resign from office. He had previously served as a U. S, Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California, after completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government and he subsequently served on active duty in the U. S. Navy Reserve during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 and his pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president and he waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968, he ran for the presidency again and was elected by defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home, and ended the military draft. His administration generally transferred power from Washington D. C. to the states and he imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days, enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency. Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing, which signaled the end of the moon race and he was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U. S. history in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern. The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, the scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9,1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, in retirement, Nixons work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a stroke on April 18,1994. Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9,1913 in Yorba Linda, California and his parents were Hannah Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. His mother was a Quaker and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith, Nixons upbringing was marked by evangelical Quaker observances of the time, such as refraining from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. Nixon had four brothers, Harold, Donald, Arthur, four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in historical or legendary England, Richard, for example, was named after Richard the Lionheart. Nixons early life was marked by hardship, and he quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood, We were poor. The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the moved to Whittier
14.
Texas State Capitol
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The Texas State Capitol, completed in 1888 in Downtown Austin, contains the offices and chambers of the Texas Legislature and the Office of the Governor. Designed in 1881 by architect Elijah E. Myers, it was constructed from 1882 to 1888 under the direction of civil engineer Reuben Lindsay Walker, a $75 million underground extension was completed in 1993. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, the Texas State Capitol is 302.64 feet tall, making it the sixth tallest state capitol and one of several taller than the United States Capitol in Washington, D. C. The current Texas State Capitol is the building to serve that purpose. The value of the land, combined with expenses, added to a total cost of $3.7 million for the original building and it was constructed largely by convicts or migrant workers, as many as a thousand at a time. The building has been renovated several times, with air conditioning installed in 1955. The cornerstone for the building was laid on March 2,1885, Texas Independence Day, the designers originally planned for the building to be clad entirely with hill country limestone quarried in Oatmanville, about 10 miles to the southwest. However, the iron content of the limestone led it to rapidly discolor with rust stains when exposed to the elements. Learning of the problem, the owners of Granite Mountain near Marble Falls offered to donate to the state, free of charge, while the building is mostly built of the Oak Hill limestone, most of this is hidden behind the walls and on the foundations. Red granite was used for many state government buildings in the Austin area. On February 6,1983 a fire began in the apartment of William P. Hobby, a guest of Hobbys was killed, and four firemen and a policeman were injured by the subsequent blaze. The capitol was crowded with accumulated archives, and the fire was intense and it caused severe damage to the east wing and compromised much of the framing, which was largely composed of exposed cast iron posts and beams. Restoration continued until 1993, and the took advantage of the extensive rebuilding to update the mechanical and structural systems to modern standards. Additionally, the sought to address the intensifying shortage of space in the old building, deciding that a new office wing should be added. Instead, an expansion to the capitol was built beneath the north plaza, in 1993, the $75 million, four-story, underground Capitol Extension was completed to the north, doubling the square footage available to Capitol occupants and providing much improved functionality. In 1995, an interior and exterior restoration of the original building was completed at a cost of approximately $98 million. Finally, in 1997, the grounds surrounding the Capitol received an $8 million renovation and restoration. The capitol building and grounds are located in downtown Austin, with the entrance facing onto the Congress Avenue Historic District to the south
15.
Travertine
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Travertine is a form of limestone deposited by mineral springs, especially hot springs. Travertine often has a fibrous or concentric appearance and exists in white, tan, cream-colored and it is formed by a process of rapid precipitation of calcium carbonate, often at the mouth of a hot spring or in a limestone cave. In the latter, it can form stalactites, stalagmites, and it is frequently used in Italy and elsewhere as a building material. Travertine is a sedimentary rock, formed by the precipitation of carbonate minerals from solution in ground and surface waters. Similar deposits formed from water are known as tufa. The word travertine is derived from the Italian travertino, itself a derivation of the Latin tiburtinus ‘of Tibur’ and its namesake is also the origin of Tivoli, a district near Rome. Modern travertine is formed from geothermally heated supersaturated alkaline waters, with raised pCO2, on emergence, waters degas CO2 due to the lower atmospheric pCO2, resulting in an increase in pH. Since carbonate solubility decreases with increased pH, precipitation is induced, precipitation may be enhanced by factors leading to a reduction in pCO2, for example increased air-water interactions at waterfalls may be important, as may photosynthesis. Precipitation may also be enhanced by evaporation in some springs, both calcite and aragonite are found in hot spring travertines, aragonite is preferentially precipitated when temperatures are hot, while calcite dominates when temperatures are cooler. When pure and fine, travertine is white, but often it is brown to yellow due to impurities, travertine may precipitate out directly onto rock and other inert materials as in Pamukkale or Yellowstone for example. The latter has a historic value, because it was one of the quarries that Gian Lorenzo Bernini selected material from to build the famous Colonnade of St. Peters Square in Rome in 1656-1667. Michaelangelo also chose travertine as the material for the ribs of the dome of St Peters Basilica. Travertine derives its name from the town, known as Tibur in ancient Roman times. The ancient name for the stone was lapis tiburtinus, meaning tibur stone, detailed studies of the Tivoli and Guidonia travertine deposits revealed diurnal and annual rhythmic banding and laminae, which have potential use in geochronology. Cascades of natural lakes formed behind travertine dams can be seen in Pamukkale, Turkey, in Central Europes last post-glacial palaeoclimatic optimum, huge deposits of tufa formed from karst springs. On a smaller scale, these karst processes are still working, travertine has been an important building material since the Middle Ages. Travertine has formed sixteen huge, natural dams in a valley in Croatia known as Plitvice Lakes National Park, clinging to moss and rocks in the water, the travertine has built up over several millennia to form waterfalls up to 70 m in height. In the U. S. the most well-known place for travertine formation is Yellowstone National Park, Oklahoma has two parks dedicated to this natural wonder
16.
Johnson City, Texas
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Johnson City is a city in Blanco County, Texas, United States. The population was 1,656 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Blanco County. Johnson City was the hometown of President Lyndon Johnson and was founded by James Polk Johnson, nephew of Samuel Ealy Johnson, Sr. James Polk Johnson donated a 320-acre site on the Pedernales River for the founding of the town in 1879. The county seat of Blanco County was moved to Johnson City in 1890, Johnson City is located in central Blanco County at 30°16′35″N 98°24′29″W, about 1 mile south of the Pedernales River. Routes 281 and 290 join near the center of town, US281 leads north 23 miles to Marble Falls, and US290 leads west 30 miles to Fredericksburg. The two highways run south out of town together, US290 soon turns east and leads 47 miles to Austin, according to the United States Census Bureau, Johnson City has a total area of 1.7 square miles, all land. Johnson City experiences a subtropical climate, with hot summers. Temperatures range from 82 °F or 27.8 °C in the summer to 47 °F or 8.3 °C during winter, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,191 people,442 households, and 317 families residing in the city. The population density was 891.7 people per square mile, there were 490 housing units at an average density of 366.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 89. 67% White,0. 84% Native American,0. 17% Asian,8. 23% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 20. 57% of the population. 24. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.07. In the city, the population was out with 28. 0% under the age of 18,6. 5% from 18 to 24,27. 3% from 25 to 44,21. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 88.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.5 males, the median income for a household in the city was $34,148, and the median income for a family was $39,375. Males had an income of $30,529 versus $21,607 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,977, about 9. 2% of families and 12. 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17. 8% of those under age 18 and 11. 8% of those age 65 or over. The Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park, operated by the National Park Service, is 12 miles west of Johnson City, Johnson City is served by the Johnson City Independent School District. The district has a school, middle school and high school
17.
Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park
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Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park is a United States National Historical Park in central Texas about 50 miles west of Austin in the Texas Hill Country. The park protects the birthplace, home, ranch, and final resting place of Lyndon B, Johnson, 36th President of the United States. During Johnsons administration, the LBJ Ranch was known as the Texas White House because the President spent approximately twenty percent of his time in office there, the park is split into two distinct visitor areas, Johnson City District and the LBJ Ranch District. The Johnson City District, located in Johnson City, contains the home of President Johnson and his grandparents log cabin settlement. The LBJ Ranch District is located roughly 14 miles west of Johnson City along the side of the Pedernales River. Among the sites preserved at the Ranch are the Presidents first school, birthplace, Texas White House and the Johnson Family Cemetery, the land south of the Pedernales River is operated as Lyndon B. Johnson State Park and Historic Site. To see the LBJ Ranch, visitors take an auto driving tour from State Park visitor center. The park was authorized on December 2,1969, as Lyndon B. Johnson National Historic Site and was redesignated as a National Historical Park on December 28,1980, present holdings are approximately 1,570 acres,674 acres of which are federal. The Johnson family continues to land to this property, their most recent gift was in April 1995. Johnson, from C-SPANs American Presidents, Life Portraits, broadcast from the LBJ Ranch, November 12,1999
18.
Lady Bird Johnson
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Claudia Alta Lady Bird Johnson was First Lady of the United States, as the wife of the 36th President of the United States, Lyndon B. Johnson. Notably well-educated for a woman of her era, she proved a capable manager and she bought a radio station, followed by a TV station, which generated revenues making them millionaires. As First Lady, she broke new ground by interacting directly with Congress, employing her own press secretary, Lady Bird Johnson was a lifelong advocate for beautifying the nations cities and highways. The Highway Beautification Act was informally known as Lady Birds Bill and she received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest U. S. civilian honors. Claudia Alta Taylor was born in Karnack, Texas, a town in Harrison County and her birthplace was The Brick House, an antebellum plantation house on the outskirts of town, which her father had purchased shortly before her birth. She is a descendant of Rowland Taylor through his grandson Captain Thomas J. Taylor and she was named for her mothers brother Claud. During her infancy, her nursemaid, Alice Tittle, said that she was as purty as a ladybird, opinions differ about whether the name refers to a bird or a ladybird beetle, the latter of which is commonly referred to as a ladybug in North America. The nickname virtually replaced her first name for the rest of her life and her father and siblings called her Lady, and her husband called her Bird—the name she used on her marriage license. During her teenage years, some classmates would call her Bird to provoke her, a native of Alabama, her father had primarily English ancestry, and some Welsh and Danish. Her mother was also a native of Alabama, of English and Scottish descent and her father, Thomas Jefferson Taylor, was a sharecroppers son. He became a businessman, and owned 15,000 acres of cotton. My father was a strong character, to put it mildly. He lived by his own rules and it was a whole feudal way of life, really. Born Minnie Lee Pattillo, her mother loved opera and felt out of place in Karnack, when Lady Bird was five years old, Minnie fell down a flight of stairs while pregnant and died of complications of miscarriage. Her husband, however, tended to see blacks as hewers of wood and drawers of water, Lady Bird had two elder brothers, Thomas Jefferson Jr. and Antonio, also known as Tony. Her widowed father married twice more and his third wife was Ruth Scroggins, whom he married in 1937. She was largely raised by her maternal aunt Effie Pattillo, who moved to Karnack after her sisters death, Lady Bird also visited her Pattillo relatives in Autauga County, Alabama, every summer until she was a young woman. As she explained, Until I was about 20, summertime always meant Alabama to me
19.
Mark K. Updegrove
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Mark K. Updegrove is an American author, historian, journalist, television commentator, and director of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum in Austin, Texas. Updegrove was born outside Philadelphia in Abington, PA, on Aug.25,1961 and he attended high school in Newtown, PA, at the George School, which honored him with its Distinguished Alumnus Award in 2015. He attended Guilford College in Greensboro, NC, and graduated from the University of Maryland, College Park, since October 2009, Updegrove has served as the fourth director of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library in Austin, Texas. Early in his tenure at the library, Updegrove oversaw the $11 million renovation of the core exhibits on Lyndon Johnson and his administration. In January 2015, Updegrove addressed the issue on CBS Face the Nation, in 2013 and 2015, Updegrove taught The Johnson Years for Liberal Arts Honors students as an adjunct professor at The University of Texas at Austin. He has spoken extensively at colleges and universities, museums, presidential libraries
20.
Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs
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The Lyndon B. D. in Public Policy. The school also offers a Ph. D. in Public Policy, as of 2011-2012, the LBJ School has graduated 3,508 masters degree students since its first inaugural class of 1972, as well as 56 Ph. D. students from 1992 to August 2013. The school also offers a Portfolio Program in Arts and Cultural Management and Entrepreneurship, the school also sponsors a variety of non-degree programs for public affairs professionals. In 2013, the LBJ School launched a new Executive Master in Public Leadership for mid-career professionals, the first of its kind in Texas, the EMPL at the LBJ School of Public Affairs is a blending of rigorous academic studies and practical learning. The Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs is committed to improving the quality of service in the United States and abroad at all levels of governance. Many of the Schools centers also sponsor a range of activities, including conferences, workshops. The Center partners with a range of stakeholders to conduct timely, relevant research and to translate research into effective policies. The Centers research addresses pressing issues in philanthropy, nonprofit management, social entrepreneurship, the Great Society Fund was created by the class of 2005 to finance innovative social entrepreneurship projects started by LBJ students and alumni. The Baines Report is the student publication of the LBJ School of Public Affairs. Led by students, the Baines Report publishes student opinion pieces and these are the schools alumni chapters, Austin Alumni Association http, //www. lbjalumni. org Association Webpage] Washington, D. C. Alumni Chapter 1972 Allen E. Pritchard, Jr. incoming Vice President, National League of Cities 1973 J. J. Jake Pickle, congressman from Texas, member of the House Ways and Means Committee 1974 Richard W. Bolling, U. S. Senator from Colorado 1987 James C, wright, Jr. Speaker, U. S. House of Representatives 1988 Yvonne B. Steinberg, Deputy Secretary of State, U. S. Department of State 2011 Kathleen A. Merrigan, news & World Report, down from 9th in 2004, 7th in 2002 and 5th in 1998, but up from 16th in 2012. Cannon Alan K. Campbell Elspeth Rostow Max Sherman Edwin Dorn Bobby Ray Inman James B. Steinberg Bobby Ray Inman Robert Hutchings Angela Evans James Kumar Aiyer,1992 Houston Community College trustee Kenneth S. Apfel, M. P. Aff. 1978, Commissioner of the Social Security Administration from 1997 until his term ended in January 2001 Robert N. Campbell,1973, vice chairman of Deloitte & Touche USA LLP. 2003, Speechwriter for Mexicos President Felipe Calderón Rafael Fernández de Castro, Academic Dean of the Department of International Studies,1993, Tourism Secretary, Mendoza Province, Argentina. 1994, Lewis-Sebring Director, Consortium on Chicago School Research at the University of Chicago Urban Education Institute Andrea Kane,1996, Secretary of Postgraduate Studies, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina. 1990, Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services Bill Owens,1975, Governor of Colorado from 1999–2007 Michael Reyna, M. P. Aff
21.
Oval Office
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The Oval Office is the official office of the President of the United States. It is located in the West Wing of the White House Complex, the room features three large south-facing windows behind the presidents desk, and a fireplace at the north end. Presidents generally decorate the office to suit their taste, choosing new furniture, new drapery. Artwork is selected from the White Houses own collection, or borrowed from museums for the term in office. The Oval Office has become associated in Americans minds with the presidency itself through memorable images, such as a young John F. Kennedy, several presidents have addressed the nation from the Oval Office on occasion. George Washington never occupied the White House and he spent most of his presidency in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which served as the temporary national capital for 10 years, 1790–1800, while Washington, D. C. was under construction. In 1790, Washington built a large, two-story, semi-circular addition to the rear of the Presidents House in Philadelphia, Washington received his guests, standing between the windows in his back drawing-room. The company, entering a front room and passing through a door, made their salutations to the President. The apsidal end of a room was a site of honor, for a host. President John Adams occupied the Philadelphia mansion beginning in 1797, curved foundations of Washingtons Bow Window were uncovered during a 2007 archaeological excavation of the Presidents House site. Architect James Hoban visited President Washington in Philadelphia in June 1792, the following month, he was named winner of the design competition for The White House. The elliptic salon at the center of the White House was the feature of Hobans original plan. An oval interior space was a Baroque concept that was adapted by Neoclassicism, Oval rooms became popular in eighteenth century neoclassical architecture. In November 1800, John Adams became the first President to occupy the White House, during the 19th century, a number of presidents used the White Houses second-floor Yellow Oval Room as a private office or library. The one-story Executive Office Building was intended to be a temporary structure, Building it to the west of the White House allowed the removal of a vast, dilapidated set of pre-Civil War greenhouses that had been constructed by President James Buchanan. Roosevelt moved the offices of the branch to the newly constructed wing in 1902. His workspace was a suite of Executive Office and Cabinet Room. The furniture, including the desk, was designed by architect Charles Follen McKim and executed by A. H. Davenport and Company
22.
Animatronics
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Animatronics refers to the use of robotic devices to emulate a human or an animal, or bring lifelike characteristics to an otherwise inanimate object. A robot designed to be an imitation of a human is more specifically labeled as an android. Modern animatronics have found applications in movie special effects and theme parks and have, since their inception. Animatronics is a field which integrates anatomy, robots, mechatronics. Animatronic figures are often powered by pneumatics, hydraulics, and/or by electrical means, motion actuators are often used to imitate muscle movements and create realistic motions in limbs. Animatronics is portmanteau of animate and electronics The term audio-animatronics was coined by Walt Disney in 1961 when he started developing animatronics for entertainment, Audio-Animatronics does not differentiate between animatronics and androids. 1515, Leonardo da Vinci designed and built the Automata Lion,1738, The construction of automata begins in Grenoble, France by Jacques de Vaucanson. 1770, Pierre Jaquet-Droz and his son Henri-Louis Jaquet-Droz, both Swiss watchmakers, start making automata for European royalty, once completed, they had created three dolls. One doll was able to write, the other play music,1801, Joseph Jacquard builds a loom that is controlled autonomously with punched cards. The animatronic galloping horse was also on display at the 1939 Worlds Fair,1939 New York Worlds Fair 1961, Heinrich Ernst develops the MH-1, a computer-operated mechanical hand. 1961, Walt Disney coins the term audio-animatronics and begins developing modern animatronic technology,1963, The first animatronics, called Audio-Animatronics, created by Disney were the Enchanted Tiki Birds. Disneyland 1964, In the film Mary Poppins, animatronic birds are the first animatronics to be featured in a motion picture,1965, The first animatronics figure of a person is created by Disney and is Abraham Lincoln. 1968, The first animatronic character at a restaurant is created, goes by the name Golden Mario and was built by Team Built in 1968. 1977, Chuck E. Cheeses opens its doors, as the first restaurant with animatronics as an attraction,1980, ShowBiz Pizza Place opens with the Rock-afire Explosion 1982, Ben Franklin is the first animatronic figure to walk up a set of stairs. 1989, The first A-100 animatronic is developed for The Great Movie Ride attraction at the Disney-MGM Studios to represent The Wicked Witch of the West,1993, The largest animatronic figure ever built is the T. rex for the movie, Jurassic Park. 1998, Tiger Electronics begins selling Furby, a pet with over 800 English phrases or Furbish. Vernon Hills, Illinois May 11,1999, Sony releases the AIBO animatronics pet, tokyo, Japan 2008, Mr. Potato Head at the Toy Story exhibit features lips with superior range of movement to any other animatronic figure previously. Disneys Hollywood Studios October 31,2008 –July 1,2009, the Hall of Presidents September 28,2009, Disney develops Otto, the first interactive figure that can hear, see and sense actions in the room
23.
George H. W. Bush
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George Herbert Walker Bush is an American politician who was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Republican Party, he was previously a congressman, ambassador, and he is the oldest living former President and Vice President. Prior to his sons presidency, he was referred to as George Bush or President Bush. Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Bush postponed his university studies, enlisted in the U. S. Navy on his 18th birthday and he served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University. Graduating in 1948, he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, Bush became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company, serving as a member of the House of Representatives and Director of Central Intelligence, among other positions. He failed to win the Republican nomination for President in 1980, but was chosen as a mate by party nominee Ronald Reagan. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation, in 1988, Bush ran a successful campaign to succeed Reagan as President, defeating Democratic opponent Michael Dukakis. Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency, military operations were conducted in Panama and the Persian Gulf, the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, and the Soviet Union dissolved two years later. Domestically, Bush reneged on a 1988 campaign promise and, after a struggle with Congress and his presidential library was dedicated in 1997, and he has been active—often alongside Bill Clinton—in various humanitarian activities. Besides being the 43rd president, his son George also served as the 46th Governor of Texas and is one of only two other being John Quincy Adams—to be the son of a former president. His second son, Jeb Bush, served as the 43rd Governor of Florida, George Herbert Walker Bush was born at 173 Adams Street in Milton, Massachusetts, on June 12,1924, to Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Bush. The Bush family moved from Milton to Greenwich, Connecticut, shortly after his birth, growing up, his nickname was Poppy. Bush began his education at the Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Bush decided to join the US, Navy, so after graduating from Phillips Academy in 1942, he became a naval aviator at the age of 18. He was assigned to Torpedo Squadron as the officer in September 1943. The following year, his squadron was based on USS San Jacinto as a member of Air Group 51, during this time, the task force was victorious in one of the largest air battles of World War II, the Battle of the Philippine Sea. After Bushs promotion to Lieutenant on August 1,1944, San Jacinto commenced operations against the Japanese in the Bonin Islands, Bush piloted one of four Grumman TBM Avenger aircraft from VT-51 that attacked the Japanese installations on Chichijima
24.
John Lewis (civil rights leader)
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John Robert Lewis is an American politician and civil rights leader. Representative for Georgias 5th congressional district, serving since 1987, and is the dean of the Georgia congressional delegation and his district includes three quarters of Atlanta. John Lewis was born in Troy, Alabama, the son of Willie Mae. Lewis grew up in Pike County, Alabama and he has several siblings, including brothers Edward, Grant, Freddie, Sammy, Adolph, and William, and sisters Ethel, Rosa, and Ora. Lewis had seen only two people in his life until age six. While a student, he was invited to attend nonviolence workshops held in the basement of Clark Memorial United Methodist Church by the Rev. James Lawson and Rev. Kelly Miller Smith. There he and many of his students became dedicated adherents to the discipline and philosophy of nonviolence. The Nashville sit-in movement was responsible for the desegregation of lunch counters in downtown Nashville, Lewis was arrested and jailed many times in the nonviolent movement to desegregate the downtown area of the city. In an interview, John Lewis said, I saw racial discrimination as a young child, I saw those signs that said White Men, Colored Men, White Women, Colored Women. Lewis listened to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Rosa Parks on the radio, Lewis met Parks in 1957 when he was 17, and he met King the following year. John Lewis was the youngest of the Big Six civil rights leaders as chairman of SNCC from 1963 to 1966, during his tenure, SNCC opened Freedom Schools, launched the Mississippi Freedom Summer, and organized some of the voter registration efforts during the 1965 Selma voting rights campaign. As the chairman of SNCC, Lewis had written a speech in reaction to the Civil Rights Bill of 1963 and he denounced the bill because it didnt protect African Americans against police brutality or provide African Americans with the right to vote. Lewis graduated from the American Baptist Theological Seminary in Nashville and then received a degree in Religion. As a student, he was dedicated to the Civil Rights Movement. He organized sit-ins at segregated lunch counters in Nashville and took part in other civil rights activities as part of the Nashville Student Movement. He was instrumental in organizing student sit-ins, bus boycotts and nonviolent protests in the fight for voter, in 1960, Lewis became one of the 13 original Freedom Riders. There were seven whites and six blacks who were determined to ride from Washington, at that time, several states of the old Confederacy still enforced laws prohibiting black and white riders from sitting next to each other on public transportation. Virginia that declared segregated interstate bus travel to be unconstitutional, in the South, Lewis and other nonviolent Freedom Riders were beaten by angry mobs, arrested at times and taken to jail
25.
John Dingell
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John David Dingell Jr. is an American politician who was a member of the United States House of Representatives from December 13,1955, until January 3,2015. He is a member of the Democratic Party and he represented Michigan throughout his congressional tenure and most recently served as the representative for Michigans 12th congressional district. He began his career representing Michigans 16th district by succeeding his father. Having served for over 59 years, he has the longest Congressional tenure in U. S. history and he was also the longest-serving Dean of the U. S. House of Representatives and Dean of the Michigan congressional delegation. Dingell is one of the final two World War II veterans to have served in Congress, the other is Texas Congressman Ralph Hall, Dingell was a long-time member of the House Energy and Commerce Committee and chaired the committee over multiple Congresses. Dingell announced on February 24,2014, that he would not seek re-election to a 31st term in Congress and his wife, Debbie Dingell, indicated that she planned to run to succeed her husband. She won the November 4,2014, general election, defeating Republican Terry Bowman, President Barack Obama awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2014. John David Dingell Jr. was born on July 8,1926, in Colorado Springs, Colorado and his father was of Austrian and Polish descent and his mother had Swiss and Scots-Irish ancestry. The Dingells were in Colorado in search of a cure for Dingell Sr. s tuberculosis, the Dingell surname had been Dzieglewicz, and was Americanized by John Dingell Srs father. Dingell Sr. capitalized on the change in his first campaign for office with the slogan Ring with Dingell, the family moved back to Michigan and, in 1932, Dingell Sr. was elected the first representative of Michigans newly created 15th District. John Jr. attended Georgetown Preparatory School and then the House Page School when he served as a page for the U. S. House of Representatives from 1938 to 1943. He was on the floor of the House when President Roosevelt gave his famous speech after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, in 1944, at the age of 18, Dingell joined the United States Army. He then attended Georgetown University in Washington, D. C. where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry in 1949, in 1955, John Sr. died and John Jr. won a special election to succeed him. He won a term in 1956 and was reelected 29 times. Dingell received less than 62% of the vote on two occasions. In 1994 when the Republican Revolution swept the Republicans into the majority in the House of Representatives for the first time since 1954, in 2010 when the Republicans re-took control of the House of Representatives, Dingell received 57% of the vote. Between them, he and his father represented the southeastern Michigan area for 80 years, the 15th District for the 109th Congress included Wayne County suburbs generally southwest of Detroit, the Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti areas in Washtenaw County, and all of Monroe County. With the retirement of Jamie L and he is one of four people to serve in the House for 50 years, the others being Whitten, Carl Vinson, and Conyers, the latter of whom had worked in Dingells congressional office
26.
Carl Levin
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Carl Milton Levin is a former United States Senator from Michigan, having served from 1979 to 2015. He was the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Armed Services and is a member of the Democratic Party, born in Detroit, Michigan, Levin is a graduate of Swarthmore College and Harvard Law School. He worked as the General Counsel of the Michigan Civil Rights Commission from 1964 to 1967, Levin was elected to the Detroit City Council in 1968, serving from 1969 to 1977, and was president of the City Council from 1973 to 1977. In 1978, Levin ran for the United States Senate, defeating incumbent Republican Senator Robert P. Griffin, Levin was re-elected in 1984,1990,1996,2002 and 2008. On March 7,2013, Levin announced that he would not seek a seventh term to the Senate, Levin became Michigans senior senator in 1995. He is the senator in the states history, and was ultimately the fourth longest-serving incumbent in the U. S. Senate. Levin was born in Detroit, and is the son of Jewish parents, Bess, Saul served on the Michigan Corrections Commission. He graduated from Detroit Central High School in 1952, and worked as a taxi driver and he attended Swarthmore College, graduating with his Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1956. He then attended Harvard Law School, where he earned his Juris Doctor in 1959 and he received honorary degrees from Michigan State University in 2004, Wayne State University in 2005, and Michigan Technological University in 2008. After earning his law degree, he was admitted to the State Bar of Michigan and he entered private practice as a lawyer for Grossman, Hyman and Grossman and taught law at Wayne State University and the University of Detroit Mercy. He served as an assistant attorney general for the state of Michigan. Levin was elected to the Detroit City Council in 1969, serving two terms from 1970 to 1977. Levin served as president of the City Council throughout his second term. He was close to Detroit Mayor Coleman Young, the citys first African-American Mayor, during his time on the City Council, Levin practiced law part-time, working as a counsel for the Schlussel, Lifton, Simon, Rands and Kaufman law firm from 1971 to 1973. He later served as the counsel at Jaffe, Snider, Raitt, Garratt and Heuer. Levin was elected to the United States Senate in 1978, defeating incumbent Republican Senator Robert P. Griffin, Committee on Armed Services As Chairman of the full committee, Sen. The bill would designate as wilderness about 32,500 acres of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore in the state of Michigan, the newly designated lands and inland waterways would comprise the Sleeping Bear Dunes Wilderness, a new component of the National Wilderness Preservation System. Levin was formerly the chairman of the Armed Services Committee and he has served as the Democratic ranking member on the committee since January 7,1997
27.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
28.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
29.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
30.
Texas's 10th congressional district
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Texas District 10 of the United States House of Representatives is a congressional district that serves the northwestern portion of the Greater Houston region stretching to the Austin area of Texas. The current representative is Michael McCaul, list of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
31.
First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
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The inauguration marked the commencement of the first term of Lyndon B. Johnson as President. This was the eighth non-scheduled, extraordinary inauguration to take place since the presidency was established in 1789, at 12,30 pm Central Standard Time on November 22, Kennedy was shot in Dallas while riding with his wife, Jacqueline, in the presidential motorcade. Vice President Johnson was riding in a car behind the president with his wife, Lady Bird Johnson, immediately after shots were fired, Johnson was thrown down and sat on by Secret Service agent Rufus Youngblood, and the Presidents and Vice Presidents cars sped to Parkland Memorial Hospital. There were initial reports that Johnson might have also been shot, Mrs. Johnson confirmed to reporters that he was fine and did not suffer any injury or illness other than being shaken at what hed seen. In the hospital, Johnson was surrounded by Secret Service agents, Johnson wished to wait until he knew of Kennedys condition, at 1,20 pm he was told Kennedy was dead and left the hospital almost twenty minutes later. Johnson was driven by a police car to Love Field. The President waited for Jacqueline Kennedy, who in turn would not leave Dallas without her husbands body, Kennedys casket was finally brought to the aircraft, but takeoff was delayed until Johnson took the oath of office. Assassination of the President was not yet a federal crime, President Johnson chose federal district Judge Sarah T. Hughes, a long standing friend, to swear him in. He had previously sought her appointment to a judgeship, which Robert Kennedy initially rejected on advice from the Justice Department on account of her age. When the Justice Department reversed its decision a few weeks later and appointed Hughes, for the inauguration twenty-seven people squeezed into the sixteen-foot square stateroom of Air Force One for the proceedings. Adding to the discomfort was the lack of air conditioning as the aircraft had been disconnected from the power supply. As the inauguration proceeded the four jet engines of Air Force One were being powered up, federal Judge Marah T. Hughes hastened to the plane to administer the oath. Members of the Presidential and Vice-Presidential parties filled the central compartment of the plane to witness the swearing in, at 2,38 p. m. CST, Lyndon Baines Johnson took the oath of office as the 36th President of the United States. Audio Mrs. Kennedy and Mrs. Johnson stood at the side of the new President as he took the oath of office, nine minutes later, the Presidential airplane departed for Washington, D. C. Instead of the usual Bible, Johnson was sworn in upon a missal found on a table in Kennedys Air Force One bedroom. After the oath had been taken, Johnson kissed his wife on the forehead, Mrs. Johnson then took Jackie Kennedys hand and told her, The whole nation mourns your husband. The famous photograph of the inauguration was taken by Cecil Stoughton, on Stoughtons suggestion Johnson was flanked by his wife and Jacqueline Kennedy, facing slightly away from the camera so that blood stains on her pink Chanel suit would not be visible. The photograph was taken using a Hasselblad camera, the inauguration was sound recorded by White House press secretary Malcolm Kilduff using Air Force Ones dictaphone
32.
Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
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The second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson as President of the United States was held on January 20,1965. The inauguration marked the commencement of the term of Lyndon B. Johnson as President. Chief Justice Earl Warren administered the Oath of office, lady Bird Johnson founded the tradition of First Ladies participating in the ceremony by holding the Presidents Bible. An estimated 1.2 million attended the inauguration, at the time the holder for any event held at the National Mall until the Obama inauguration in 2009. This was the last time an inauguration was covered by newsreels, United States presidential election,1964 The short film Inauguration of President Johnson is available for free download at the Internet Archive President Johnson 1965 Inaugural Address on YouTube
33.
Great Society
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The Great Society was a set of domestic programs in the United States launched by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964–65. The main goal was the elimination of poverty and racial injustice, President Johnson first used the term Great Society during a speech at Ohio University, then unveiled the program in greater detail at an appearance at University of Michigan. New major spending programs that addressed education, medical care, urban problems, rural poverty, the program and its initiatives were subsequently promoted by him and fellow Democrats in Congress in the 1960s and years following. The Great Society in scope and sweep resembled the New Deal domestic agenda of Franklin D. Roosevelt, some Great Society proposals were stalled initiatives from John F. Kennedys New Frontier. Anti-war Democrats complained that spending on the Vietnam War choked off the Great Society, the Great Societys programs expanded under the administrations of Republican presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. Kennedy proposed a tax cut lowering the top marginal income tax rate in the United States by 20%, from 91% to 71%. The tax cut also significantly reduced rates in the lower brackets as well as for corporations. The gross national product rose 10% in the first year of the tax cut, Johnsons tax cut measure triggered what one historian described as the greatest prosperity of the postwar years. GNP increased by 7% in 1964, 8% in 1965, the unemployment rate fell below 5%, and by 1966 the number of families with incomes of $7,000 a year or more had reached 55%, compared with 22% in 1950. In 1968, when John Kenneth Galbraith published a new edition of The Affluent Society, disposable personal income rose 15% in 1966 alone. Federal revenues increased dramatically from $94 billion in 1961 to $150 billion in 1967, as the Baby Boom generation aged, two and a half times more Americans would enter the labor force between 1965 and 1980 than between 1950 and 1965. Racial segregation persisted in the Southern United States, the Civil Rights Movement was gathering momentum, and in 1964, urban riots began within black neighborhoods in New York City and Los Angeles. By 1968 hundreds of cities had major African-American riots that caused a conservative political backlash. Foreign affairs were generally quiet except for the Vietnam War, which escalated from limited involvement in 1963 to a military operation in 1968 that soon overshadowed the Great Society. It is a society where no child will go unfed, and he later formally presented his specific goals for the Great Society in another speech at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan, on May 22,1964. We are going to assemble the best thought and broadest knowledge from all over the world to find these answers. I intend to establish working groups to prepare a series of conferences and meetings—on the cities, on beauty, on the quality of education. From these studies, we begin to set our course toward the Great Society
34.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark civil rights and US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace, powers given to enforce the act were initially weak, but were supplemented during later years. The Act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2,1964, Kennedy was moved to action following the elevated racial tensions and wave of black riots in the spring 1963. On June 11,1963, President Kennedy met with the Republican leaders to discuss the legislation before his television address to the nation that evening and this led to several Republican Congressmen drafting a compromise bill to be considered. On June 19, the president sent his bill to Congress as it was originally written, the presidents bill went first to the House of Representatives, where it was referred to the Judiciary Committee, chaired by Emanuel Celler, a Democrat from New York. They also added authorization for the Attorney General to file lawsuits to protect individuals against the deprivation of any rights secured by the Constitution or U. S. law, in essence, this was the controversial Title III that had been removed from the 1957 and 1960 Acts. Civil rights organizations pressed hard for this provision because it could be used to protect peaceful protesters and black voters from police brutality, Kennedy called the congressional leaders to the White House in late October,1963 to line up the necessary votes in the House for passage. The assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22,1963, kennedys successor as president, Lyndon Johnson, made use of his experience in legislative politics, along with the bully pulpit he wielded as president, in support of the bill. Judiciary Committee chairman Celler filed a petition to discharge the bill from the Rules Committee, by the time of the 1963 winter recess,50 signatures were still needed. After the return of Congress from its winter recess, however, it was apparent that public opinion in the North favored the bill, to avert the humiliation of a successful discharge petition, Chairman Smith relented and allowed the bill to pass through the Rules Committee. Johnson, who wanted the bill passed as soon as possible, normally, the bill would have been referred to the Senate Judiciary Committee, chaired by Senator James O. Eastland, Democrat from Mississippi. Given Eastlands firm opposition, it seemed impossible that the bill would reach the Senate floor, Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield took a novel approach to prevent the bill from being relegated to Judiciary Committee limbo. Said Russell, We will resist to the bitter end any measure or any movement which would have a tendency to bring about equality and intermingling. This is the worst civil-rights package ever presented to the Congress and is reminiscent of the Reconstruction proposals, on the morning of June 10,1964, Senator Robert Byrd completed a filibustering address that he had begun 14 hours and 13 minutes earlier opposing the legislation. Until then, the measure had occupied the Senate for 60 working days, a day earlier, Democratic Whip Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota, the bills manager, concluded he had the 67 votes required at that time to end the debate and end the filibuster. With six wavering senators providing a four-vote victory margin, the tally stood at 71 to 29. Never in history had the Senate been able to muster enough votes to cut off a filibuster on a civil rights bill, and only once in the 37 years since 1927 had it agreed to cloture for any measure. On June 19, the bill passed the Senate by a vote of 73–27, and quickly passed through the House-Senate conference committee
35.
United States Department of Transportation
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The United States Department of Transportation is a federal Cabinet department of the U. S. government concerned with transportation. It was established by an act of Congress on October 15,1966 and it is governed by the United States Secretary of Transportation. Prior to the Department of Transportation, the Under Secretary of Commerce for Transportation administered the functions now associated with the DOT, the awardees include light rail projects. Other projects include both a rail extension and a subway project in New York City, and a bus rapid transit system in Springfield. The budget provided funding for all of the projects currently receiving Recovery Act funding. It also continued funding for another 18 transit projects that are currently under construction or soon will be. Following the same the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2014 delegates $600 million for Infrastructure Investments, the Department of Transportation was authorized a budget for Fiscal Year 2016 of $75.1 billion. e. Did not earn an overall grade
36.
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
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United States Public Law 88-452, the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, authorized the formation of local Community Action Agencies as part of the War on Poverty. These agencies are regulated by the federal government. It is the purpose of The Economic Opportunity Act to strengthen, supplement, Johnson in his State of the Union Address on January 8,1964, This administration today here and now declares unconditional war on poverty in America. I urge this Congress and all Americans to join me in that effort, Poverty is a national problem, requiring improved national organization and support. But this attack, to be effective, must also be organized at the State, for the war against poverty will not be won here in Washington. It must be won in the field, in private home, in every public office. Very often, a lack of jobs and money is not the cause of poverty and our aim is not only to relieve the symptoms of poverty but to cure it–and above all, to prevent it. No single piece of legislation, however, is going to suffice, W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary of Labor during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, was a major proponent of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964. We realize that by itself prosperity is not going to get rid of poverty, second, to begin the process of planning and organizing that will bring the entire resources of a community to bear on the specific problem of breaking up the cycle of poverty in that community. The War on Poverty attacked the roots and consequences of poverty by creating job opportunities, increasing productivity, the aim was not to end poverty but to eradicate the principal causes of it. On March 16,1964, President Johnson called for the act in his Special Message to Congress that presented his proposal for a war on the sources of poverty. The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 was passed as a part of LBJ’s War on Poverty. To everyone… the opportunity for education and training, the opportunity to work, and it strikes at the causes of poverty…Not just the consequences of poverty. It can be a milestone in our 180-year search for a life for your people. ”In January 1964. The bill was presented to Congress in March,1964 and it was introduced in the House by Representative Phil M. Landrum, and in the Senate by Senator Pat McNamara. In the Senate, the bill was debated for two days and then passed on July 23,1964, with 46 Senators in favor,44 opposed. In the House, the Senate-passed bill was debated for four days and passed by a vote of 226 to 185, the debate and voting in both the House and Senate was highly partisan with Republicans questioning states rights and southern Democrats the racial integration provisions. The Senate adopted the House-passed bill that day and twelve days later on August 20,1964
37.
Head Start (program)
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The Head Start Act of 1981 expanded the program. The program was revised when it was reauthorized in December 2007, Head Start is one of the longest-running programs attempting to address the effects of systemic poverty in the United States by intervening to aid children. As of late 2005, more than 22 million children had participated, the current director of Head Start is Blanca Enriquez, who was appointed in 2015. Head Start began as part of President Lyndon B and its justification came from the staff of the Presidents Council of Economic Advisers. Stan Salett, civil rights organizer, national education policy advisor and creator of the Upward Bound Program, is credited with initiating the Head Start program. The Office of Economic Opportunitys Community Action Program launched Project Head Start as a summer program in 1965. The program was led by Dr. Robert Cooke, a pediatrician at Johns Hopkins University, and Dr. Edward Zigler and they designed a comprehensive child development program intended to help communities meet the needs of disadvantaged preschool children. The following year it was authorized by Congress as a year–round program, in 1968, Head Start began funding a television series that would eventually be called Sesame Street, operated by the Carnegie Corporation Childrens Television Workshop. Johnson started the War on Poverty shortly after President Kennedys assassination, the murder shook the nation, and Johnson attempted to gain public trust by passing legacy legislation during the subsequent months. Johnson received a briefing from Walter Heller, who informed Johnson of Kennedys poverty program. By March 1964, the legislation, now known as the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, had prepared for Congress. The legislation included training, educational, and service programs for communities, in 1969, Head Start was transferred to the Office of Child Development in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare by the Nixon Administration. Today it is a program within the Administration for Children and Families in DHHS, programs are administered by local organizations and education agencies such as school systems. In the early years, some 700,000 children enrolled at a per-capita cost of $2,000 to $3,000, under the full-time program, enrollment dropped to under 400,000 by the early 1970s. Enrollment reached close to 1 million children by 2011, the Head Start Policy Council makes up part of the Head Start governing body. Policy Council must be composed of two types of representatives, parents of enrolled children and community representatives. At least 51% of the members of this group must be the parents of enrolled children. All parent members of the Policy Council must stand for election or re-election annually and this is done through their individual parent groups
38.
Job Corps
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Job Corps is a program administered by the United States Department of Labor that offers free-of-charge education and vocational training to young men and women ages 16 to 24. Job Corps mission is to young people ages 16 through 24 improve the quality and satisfaction of their lives through vocational. Job Corps was initiated as the program of the Johnson Administrations War on Poverty. Sargent Shriver, the first Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity, established in the 1930s as an emergency relief program, the CCC provided room, board, and employment to thousands of unemployed young people. Though the CCC was discontinued after World War II, Job Corps built on many of its methods, the first National Director of the Job Corps program was Dr. S. Stephen Uslan, who was appointed by President Lyndon Johnson and reported directly to Sargent Shriver. The current national director of the Office of Job Corps is Lenita Jacobs-Simmons The Job Corps program is authorized under Title I-C of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998. Since its inception in 1964 under the Economic Opportunity Act, Job Corps has served more than 1.9 million young people, Job Corps serves approximately 60,000 youths annually at Job Corps Centers throughout the country. Is in need of technical training, education, counseling, or related assistance to complete schoolwork or to find. Has signed consent from a parent or guardian if he or she is a minor, has a child care plan if he or she is the parent of a dependent child. Does not exhibit behavioral problems that could keep him, her, does not require any face-to-face court or institutional supervision or court-imposed fines while enrolled in Job Corps. Applicants to the Job Corps program are identified and screened for eligibility by organizations contracted by the U. S. Department of Labor, transportation is provided to and from the centers by Job Corps. Career Preparation Period, This stage focuses on the assimilation of the student into the center, academic testing, health screening, students are instructed on computer literacy, employability, and center life. This phase lasts for the first 30 days on center, Career Transition Readiness, The period immediately after the student graduates. Career Transition Specialists outside the center assist in the job search and arrangement of living accommodations, transportation. The following Career Technical Training programs are offered by Job Corps, however, Job Corps continually adjusts program offerings in response to labor market demand, so the below list may not been fully complete or current. There are a total of 126 Job Corps centers, including at least one in every state, one in Washington, D. C. and three in Puerto Rico. Slightly more than 60 percent joined the workforce or enlisted in the military, CBS This Morning reported in October 2014 that some Job Corps centers have been accused of falsifying job placements and student training, as well as ignoring violence and drug abuse. Charles Bradley - American funk/soul/R&B singer, signed to Daptone Records Kreayshawn George Foreman Mike Epps Halle Berry Occupational Information Network Official website
39.
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
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The Elementary and Secondary Education Act was passed as a part of United States President Lyndon B. Johnsons War on Poverty and has been the most far-reaching federal legislation affecting education ever passed by the United States Congress, the act was an extensive statute that funded primary and secondary education. It also emphasizes equal access to education and establishes high standards, in addition, the bill aimed to shorten the achievement gaps between students by providing each child with fair and equal opportunities to achieve an exceptional education. As mandated in the act, the funds are authorized for development, instructional materials, for resources to support educational programs. The act was authorized through 1965, however, the government has reauthorized the act every five years since its enactment. The reauthorization of ESEA by President George W. Bush was known as the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, ESEA was reauthorized on December 10,2015 as the Every Student Succeeds Act by President Barack Obama. The ESEA also allows military recruiters access to 11th and 12th grade students names, addresses, on January 23,2017, House Bill 610 was introduced to repeal this act. On January 12,1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson urged Congressional action to improve opportunities for Americas children. Shortly thereafter, Carl D. Perkins, the chair of the General Education Subcommittee of the House Committee on Education and Labor introduced H. R.2362. With the Johnson administrations support, and after significant wrangling over the structure of the funding formula committee. Following a failed attempt to derail the bill by Representative Howard K. Smith, the House passed H. R.2362 on March 26,1965 in a 263-153 roll-call vote. As the Senate prepared to consider the bill, S.370, Democratic leaders urged their colleagues to pass it without amendment. S.370 was assigned to the Senate Labor and Public Welfare Committee, during the Senate debates, several amendments were introduced, though none passed. The Senate passed the bill in a 73-18 vote on April 7,1965, President Johnson signed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act into law two days later on April 9,1965. S. Department of Education to distribute funding to schools and school districts with a percentage of students from low-income families. Funding is distributed first to state agencies which then allocate funds to local educational agencies which in turn dispense funds to public schools in need. Title I also helps children from families that have migrated to the United States, the act appropriates money for educational purposes for the next five fiscal years until it is reauthorized. S. Title I mandates services both to public school students and eligible private school students
40.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
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The U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is a federal agency that administers and enforces civil rights laws against workplace discrimination. On March 6,1961, President John F and it established the Presidents Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity of which then Vice President Lyndon Johnson was appointed to head. This was the forerunner of the EEOC, the EEOCs first complainants were female flight attendants. However, the EEOC at first ignored sex discrimination complaints, one EEOC director called the prohibition a fluke. All Commission seats and the post of counsel to the commission are filled by the President of the U. S. subject to confirmation by the Senate. She had been nominated as chairwoman by President Barack Obama in July 2009, in September 2009, Obama chose Chai Feldblum to fill another vacant seat. On March 27,2010, President Obama made recess appointments of three Commission posts, Berrien, Feldblum, and Victoria Lipnic, Obama also made a recess appointment of P. David Lopez to be the EEOCs General Counsel. On December 22,2010, the Senate gave full confirmation to Berrien, Feldblum, Lipnic, in 2011, the Commission included sex-stereotyping of lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals as a form of sex discrimination illegal under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 2012, the Commission expanded protection provided by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to transgender status, after the departure of Ishimaru, the commission returned to its full complement of five commissioners on April 25,2013, with the Senate confirmation of Jenny Yang. In 2015, it concluded that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 doesnt allow sexual orientation discrimination in employment because it is a form of sex discrimination. However, these rulings, while persuasive, are not binding on courts, the Commission also mediates and settles thousands of discrimination complaints each year prior to their investigation. The EEOC is also empowered to file civil suits against employers on behalf of alleged victims. In an opinion handed down in December of 2014 in the matter of Aguilar v. Bennett reducing the amount to the cap of $300,000. Asarco lost its appeal to have the amount reduced more, another less obvious reality about the current EEOC statutory caps that Aguilar v. ASARCO LLC raises is that, while the damages to the plaintiff amounted to the statutory cap of $300,000. The legal fees awarded to Aguilars attorneys were more than $350,000, in 1975, when backlog reached more than 100,000 charges to be investigated, President Gerald Fords full requested budget of $62 million was approved. A Backlog Unit was created in Philadelphia in 1978 to resolve the thousands of federal equal employment complaints inherited from the Civil Service Commission. In 1980, Eleanor Holmes Norton began re-characterizing the backlog cases as workload in her reports to Congress, in 2006, a partial budget freeze prevented the agency from filling vacant jobs, and its staff had shrunk by nearly 20 percent from 2001. A Bush administration official stated that the cuts had been made because it was necessary to more money to defense
41.
Civil Rights Act of 1968
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The Act was signed into law during the King assassination riots by President Lyndon B. Johnson, who had signed the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act into law. Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 is commonly known as the Fair Housing Act and was meant as a follow‑up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, while the Civil Rights Act of 1866 prohibited discrimination in housing, there were no federal enforcement provisions. Victims of discrimination may use both the 1968 act and the 1866 act via section 1983 to seek redress, the 1968 act provides for federal solutions while the 1866 act provides for private solutions. A rider attached to the bill makes it a felony to travel in interstate commerce. with the intent to incite, promote, encourage, participate in and this provision has been criticized for equating organized political protest with organized violence. One impetus for the laws came from the 1966 Chicago Open Housing Movement. Senator Walter Mondale advocated for the bill in Congress, but noted that over successive years and it was opposed by most Northern and Southern senators, as well as the National Association of Real Estate Boards. A proposed Civil Rights Act of 1966 collapsed completely because of its fair housing provision, Mondale commented that, A lot of civil rights was about making the South behave and taking the teeth from George Wallace. This came right to the neighborhoods across the country. This was civil rights getting personal, the final breakthrough came with the April 4,1968 assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. and the civil unrest across the country following Kings death. On April 5, Johnson wrote a letter to the United States House of Representatives urging passage of the Fair Housing Act, the Rules Committee, jolted by the repeated civil disturbances virtually outside its door, finally ended its hearings on April 8. With newly urgent attention from legislative director Joseph Califano and Democratic Speaker of the House John McCormack, the bill passed the House by a wide margin on April 10. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 prohibited the following forms of discrimination, Refusal to sell or rent a dwelling to any person because of race, color. People with disabilities and families with children were added to the list of protected classes by the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988, Discrimination against a person in the terms, conditions or privilege of the sale or rental of a dwelling. In 1988 Congress voted to weaken the ability of plaintiffs to prosecute cases of treatment in housing. But the Fair Housing Act was also amended in 1988 to allow plaintiffs attorneys to recover attorneys fees, additionally, the 1988 amendment added people with disabilities and families with children to the classes covered by the Act. In the early 1990s, in Trouillon v. Previous litigation under the Act had largely been limited to discrimination in buying or renting housing, although he ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, Judge Davis nevertheless disputed the allegations of discrimination. He said he based his ruling in part on the failure to prove that the area had a higher crime rate. The city did not act in bad faith or fraudulently, Davis wrote and it did not discriminate against any minority or low or moderate income person and did not violate any persons Due Process, Equal Protection or other Civil Rights
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Glassboro Summit Conference
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During the Israeli-Arab Six Days War diplomatic contact and cooperation increased, leading some to hope for an improvement in the two countries relations. Some even hoped for joint cooperation on the Vietnam War, with the United States gradually losing ground in the Vietnam War, the administration was looking for other solutions to the conflict. On 5 June 1967 the Six-Day War began between Israel and the Arab states, the war led to an increase in Soviet-US diplomatic contact and cooperation, there were some who hoped this could continue to help the US solve the Vietnam war and other pressing international issues. On June 10,1967 Premier Alexei Kosygin wrote a letter to contact President Lyndon B. Johnson, the “hot line” message arrived at the White House to seek communication between the United States and the Soviet Union. Alexei Kosygin gives an explanation of what the Soviet Union. In the message Alexei Kosygin writes, To The White House To President Lyndon B. Johnson Dear Mr. President, as the situation shows, the resolutions of the Security Council are invalid. A very crucial moment has now arrived which forces us, if military actions are not stopped in the few hours. However, these actions may bring us into a clash, which lead to a grave catastrophe. Obviously in the world there are powers to whom this would be advantageous and we purpose that you demand from Israel that it unconditionally cease military action in the next few hours. On our part, we will do the same and we purpose to warn Israel that, if this is not fulfilled, necessary actions will be taken, including military. A. Kosygin Several days later the Soviet Union sent Premier Alexei Kosygin to New York City to deliver a speech on the then-ongoing Middle Eastern crisis at the United Nations headquarters. When the United States government was informed of this the Americans gladly welcomed Kosygin to a meeting between him and President Lyndon B. Johnson, on 13 June 1967 Johnson sought out J. William Fulbright, a Senator, at a White House reception. Llewellyn Thompson, then US ambassador to the USSR, believed that a conference could start the process of moving toward an understanding with the Soviets, Fulbright even believed that Johnson was reconsidering his Vietnam strategy. Later Fulbright wrote two letters to Johnson about the importance of a summit between the two nations, Johnson agreed, and wrote a letter in return, which said they were waiting for a Soviet response for US invitation. The Soviet Political Bureau were divided over the usefulness of the summit, andrei Gromyko, the Minister of Foreign Affairs at the time and still not a member of the Politburo, was able to win support for it. Gromyko noted that Soviet-US dialogue which had suspended in 1963 should be reactivated. Kosygin had agreed to address the United Nations and as such, Johnson, wary of encountering protesters against the war in Vietnam, preferred to meet in Washington, D. C. Roughly equidistant, Hollybush was selected as a compromise, the summit took place at Glassboro State College in Glassboro, New Jersey
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Gun Control Act of 1968
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The Gun Control Act of 1968 is a U. S. federal law that regulates the firearms industry and firearms owners. It primarily focuses on regulating interstate commerce in firearms by generally prohibiting interstate firearms transfers except among licensed manufacturers, dealers and importers. The GCA was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 22,1968, the National Firearms Act of 1934 is Title II. Both GCA and NFA are enforced by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, passage of the Gun Control Act was initially prompted by the assassination of U. S. President John F. Kennedy in 1963. The President was shot and killed with a rifle purchased by mail-order from an ad in National Rifle Association magazine American Rifleman, congressional hearings followed and a ban on mail-order gun sales was discussed, but no law was passed until 1968. Both were introduced by Senator Thomas J. Dodd and met fierce opposition on the floor. The deaths of Martin Luther King, Jr. in April 1968, Senator Robert F. Kennedy in June 1968 renewed efforts to pass the bill. On June 11,1968, a tie vote in the House Judiciary Committee halted the bills passage, on reconsideration nine days later, the bill was passed by the committee. The Senate Judiciary Committee similarly brought the bill to a temporary halt, the Gun Control Act of 1968 was enhanced in 1993 with the passage of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act. Exceptions as quoted from 18 U. S. C, many states automatically reinstate gun ownership rights upon completion of sentence. Some states reinstate rights depending on the crime convicted of, and those convicted of a federal offense must contact the Office of the Pardon Attorney, Department of Justice, to receive a presidential pardon. Under the Departments rules governing petitions for clemency,28 C. F. R. §§1.1 et seq. an applicant must satisfy a minimum waiting period of five years before he becomes eligible to apply for a pardon of his federal conviction. The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act of 1993 created the National Instant Criminal Background Check System to prevent firearms sales to such prohibited persons, the Gun Control Act mandated the licensing of individuals and companies engaged in the business of selling firearms. The Act also banned unlicensed individuals from acquiring handguns outside their state of residence. The interstate purchase of long guns was not impeded by the Act so long as the seller is federally licensed and such a sale is allowed by both the state of purchase and the state of residence. Private sales between unlicensed individuals who are residents of the state are allowed under federal law so long as such transfers do not violate the other existing federal. A person who does not have a Federal Firearms License may not be in the business of buying or selling firearms, individuals buying and selling firearms without a federal license must be doing so from their own personal collection
