1.
Austin, Texas
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Austin is the capital of the U. S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. It is the 11th-most populous city in the U. S. and it is the fastest growing large city in the United States and the second most populous capital city after Phoenix, Arizona. As of the U. S. Census Bureaus July 1,2015 estimate and it is the cultural and economic center of the Austin–Round Rock metropolitan area, which had an estimated population of 2,056,405 as of July 1,2016. In the 1830s, pioneers began to settle the area in central Austin along the Colorado River, in 1839, the site was officially chosen to replace Houston as the new capital of the Republic of Texas and was incorporated under the name Waterloo. Shortly thereafter, the name was changed to Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin, the Father of Texas and the republics first secretary of state. The city subsequently grew throughout the 19th century and became a center for government and education with the construction of the Texas State Capitol and the University of Texas at Austin. After a lull in growth from the Great Depression, Austin resumed its development into a city and, by the 1980s, it emerged as a center for technology. A number of Fortune 500 companies have headquarters or regional offices in Austin, including Amazon. com, cisco, eBay, Google, IBM, Intel, Oracle Corporation, Texas Instruments, 3M, and Whole Foods Market. Dells worldwide headquarters is located in nearby Round Rock, a suburb of Austin, residents of Austin are known as Austinites. They include a mix of government employees, college students, musicians, high-tech workers, blue-collar workers. The city also adopted Silicon Hills as a nickname in the 1990s due to an influx of technology. In the late 1800s, Austin was known as the City of the Violet Crown because of the glow of light across the hills just after sunset. Even today, many Austin businesses use the term Violet Crown in their name, Austin is known as a clean-air city for its stringent no-smoking ordinances that apply to all public places and buildings, including restaurants and bars. The FBI ranked Austin as the second-safest major city in the U. S. for the year 2012, U. S. News & World Report named Austin the best place to live in the U. S. in 2017. Austin, Travis County and Williamson County have been the site of habitation since at least 9200 BC. When settlers arrived from Europe, the Tonkawa tribe inhabited the area, the Comanches and Lipan Apaches were also known to travel through the area. Spanish colonists, including the Espinosa-Olivares-Aguirre expedition, traveled through the area for centuries, in 1730, three missions from East Texas were combined and reestablished as one mission on the south side of the Colorado River, in what is now Zilker Park, in Austin. The mission was in area for only about seven months
Austin, Texas
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Downtown skyline as seen from
Lady Bird Lake
Austin, Texas
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An 1873 illustration of Edwin Waller's layout for Austin
Austin, Texas
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Statue of the Goddess of Liberty on the
Texas State Capitol Grounds prior to installation on top of the rotunda
Austin, Texas
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Bob Bullock Texas History Museum in Austin. Its mission is to "tell The Story of Texas".
2.
Texas
–
Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
Texas
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Sam Rayburn Reservoir
Texas
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Flag
Texas
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Texas Hill Country
Texas
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Big Bend National Park.
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
4.
Lyndon B. Johnson
–
A Democrat from Texas, he previously served as a United States Representative from 1937 to 1949 and then as a United States Senator from 1949 to 1961. He spent six years as Senate Majority Leader, two as Senate Minority Leader, and two more as Senate Majority Whip, Johnson ran for the Democratic nomination in the 1960 presidential election. Although unsuccessful, he was chosen by then-Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts to be his running mate and they went on to win a close election over Richard Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. Johnson was sworn in as Vice President on January 20,1961. Two years and ten months later, on November 22,1963 and he successfully ran for a full term in the 1964 election, winning by a landslide over Republican opponent Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona. He is one of four people who have served as President, Vice President, Senator. Johnson was renowned for his personality and the Johnson treatment. Assisted in part by an economy, the War on Poverty helped millions of Americans rise above the poverty line during his administration. With the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, Johnson escalated American involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted Johnson the power to use force in Southeast Asia without having to ask for an official declaration of war. The number of American military personnel in Vietnam increased dramatically, from 16,000 advisors in non-combat roles in 1963 to 550,000 in early 1968, American casualties soared and the peace process bogged down. Growing unease with the war stimulated a large, angry antiwar movement based especially on university campuses in the U. S. and abroad. Johnson faced further troubles when summer riots broke out in most major cities after 1965, while he began his presidency with widespread approval, support for Johnson declined as the public became upset with both the war and the growing violence at home. In 1968, the Democratic Party factionalized as antiwar elements denounced Johnson, Republican Richard Nixon was elected to succeed him, as the New Deal coalition that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years collapsed. After he left office in January 1969, Johnson returned to his Texas ranch, historians argue that Johnsons presidency marked the peak of modern liberalism in the United States after the New Deal era. Johnson is ranked favorably by some historians because of his policies and the passage of many major laws, affecting civil rights, gun control, wilderness preservation. Lyndon Baines Johnson was born on August 27,1908, near Stonewall, Texas, in a farmhouse on the Pedernales River. Johnson had one brother, Sam Houston Johnson, and three sisters, Rebekah, Josefa, and Lucia, the nearby small town of Johnson City, Texas, was named after LBJs cousin, James Polk Johnson, whose forebears had moved west from Oglethorpe County, Georgia. Johnson had English, German, and Ulster Scots ancestry and he was maternally descended from pioneer Baptist clergyman George Washington Baines, who pastored eight churches in Texas, as well as others in Arkansas and Louisiana
Lyndon B. Johnson
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Johnson in 1964
Lyndon B. Johnson
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Lyndon Johnson with his trademark cowboy hat—age seven
Lyndon B. Johnson
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Johnson's boss, U.S. Rep. Richard Kleberg
Lyndon B. Johnson
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LCDR Johnson, March 1942
5.
Gordon Bunshaft
–
Gordon Bunshaft, FAIA, was an American architect, a leading proponent of modern design in the mid-twentieth century. A partner in the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, Bunshaft joined in 1937, Bunshaft was born in Buffalo, New York, to Russian Jewish immigrant parents, and attended Lafayette High School. He received both his undergraduate and his masters degrees from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, studied in Europe on a Rotch Traveling Scholarship from 1935 to 1937, after his traveling scholarship, Bunshaft worked briefly for Edward Durell Stone and industrial designer Raymond Loewy before joining SOM. Bunshafts early influences included Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier, in the 1950s, Bunshaft was hired by the State Departments Office of Foreign Building Operations as a collaborator on the design for several U. S. consulates in Germany. Bunshafts only single-family residence was the 2300 square foot Travertine House, on his death he left the house to MoMA, which sold it to Martha Stewart in 1995. Her extensive remodelling stalled amid an acrimonious planning dispute with a neighbour, in 2005, she sold the house to textile magnate Donald Maharam, who described the house as decrepit and largely beyond repair and demolished it. Bunshaft was elected to the National Institute of Arts and Letters and was the recipient of other honors. He received the Brunner Prize of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters in 1955 and he also recevied the American Institute of Architects Twenty-five Year Award for Lever House, in 1980, and the Pritzker Architecture Prize, in 1988. In 1958, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, from 1963 to 1972, he was a member of the Commission of Fine Arts in Washington. It is the capstone of my life in architecture, Bunshaft was a trustee of the Museum of Modern Art. He also received the Medal of Honor of the New York Chapter of the American Institute of Architects, bunshafts personal papers are held by the Department of Drawings & Archives in the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia University, his architectural drawings remain with SOM. R. Grace Building - New York, New York 1974 - Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden - Washington, D. C.1983 - National Commercial Bank - Jeddah, Saudi Arabia In 1943, Bunshaft married Nina Wayler. They were avid collectors of art and owned many major pieces including works by Joan Miro, Dubuffet, Giacometti, Léger. They lived in the Manhattan House Apartments in New Yorks Upper East Side, which he helped design, and at the Travertine House in East Hampton, which was his only single-family residence. He is buried next to his wife and parents in the Temple Beth El cemetery on Pine Ridge Road in Buffalo, carol Herselle Krinsky, Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, MIT Press,1988 Oral history interview with Gordon Bunshaft. Chicago Architects Oral History Project, The Art Institute of Chicago, archived from the original on May 16,2006. Discussion and links about preservation and rebuilding of the Bunshaft Residence, Gordon Bunshaft architectural drawings and papers, 1909-1990. Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Gordon Bunshaft at Find a Grave
Gordon Bunshaft
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Lever House, 1951-1952; Gordon Bunshaft at Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill. Sol LeWitt, Wall Drawing 999.
Gordon Bunshaft
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Lever House, New York City
Gordon Bunshaft
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Exterior of the Hirshhorn Museum, facing Independence Avenue
Gordon Bunshaft
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Beinecke Library Yale University, New Haven, CT 1963
6.
National Archives
–
National archives are the archives of a nation-state. The concept evolved in various nations at the dawn of modernity based on the impact of nationalism upon bureaucratic processes of paperwork retention. From the Middle Ages into the Early Modern period archives generated by royal and clerical institutions retained proofs of political and genealogical claims as a bastion of authenticity. The emerging Enlightenment concept of studying history as a rather than as literature was influenced by Leopold von Ranke. In the late 18th Century, the storage of old records was divided, business records in the archives courantes went the way of records management while documents of cultural import in the archives historiques formed the core of Western-conceived archives. As the popularity of archives increased as a function of substantiating historical narratives, for example, the National Historical Archive of Spain as created excluded contemporary records in favor of documenting defunct institutions as a matter of national heritage. Historian Nicholas Dirks has said that national archives are the site of state monumentality. The 19th Century centralization of archives, precursor to the 20th Centurys nationalism, has been opposed by some, historian Craig Robertson posits that archives do not neutrally store documents, rather, objects captured through archival practices are transformed into knowledge. The concept of the archivist as a custodian of records originated in the late 19th Century and was championed by no less than Hilary Jenkinson and this contrasted with the prior practice of archives serving to embellish the histories of politicians and other wealthy patrons. The retention of records in a national archive would then become a universal bureaucratic norm rather than the retention of a few records for a predetermined purpose. Jenkinson also specified that rather than holding source documents piecemeal, that the integrity of an organic archive group must be maintained, political impact on the administration of archives has been common in both dictatorships and democracies. Anecdotes from former Soviet Republics such as Uzbekistan evince this mentality of politicization of national archives, the National Archives of France was created informally on July 29,1789 by the Revolutionaries to document the prior ancien régime. The crowns Treasury of Charters as well as records from the clergy were collected for historical value as those parties were deemed irrelevant to French society. Thus the National Archives served to house practical documents from the First Republic onwards while the National Library of France became the center of historical study, the changing view of the 19th Century began merging the two concepts of the historically important records and the bureaucratic transactional records. Archivists trained at the French National School of Paleography and Archival Studies were charged with maintaining records as a factor of accountability to the public, is a fit inmate for a National Archive Establishment. He characterized the combination like a melange of the Manuscripts Commission and the Public Record Office, the National Archives were formed in 2003, as a merger of the much older Public Record Office and the Historical Manuscripts Commission. The records of England originate in the Chancery Archives and the tax accounting records of the Pipe rolls, the Memoranda Rolls of the Exchequer, without the funding to archive this mass of records, many were destroyed in the early 19th Century. The English Public Record Office Act 1877 specified the date of 1715
National Archives
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"Although the most basic and essential task of a national archives is to serve the interests of the government itself, and to preserve and make available evidence protecting the rights of citizens, it has other responsibilities of far-reaching importance. Foremost among these is its role as a source of enlightenment an improvement for all segments of society."
National Archives
–
Since its creation, the Archives Nationales has been purposed to making records available to the people.
National Archives
–
Bernardino Rivadavia said the "conservation of the archives of a country assures without doubt for history the most accurate materials and documents relating to it."
7.
The University of Texas at Austin
–
Founded in 1881 as The University of Texas, its campus is in Austin, Texas—approximately 1 mile from the Texas State Capitol. The institution has the nations seventh-largest single-campus enrollment, with over 50,000 undergraduate and graduate students and over 24,000 faculty, UT Austin was inducted into the American Association of Universities in 1929, becoming only the third university in the American South to be elected. It is a center for academic research, with research expenditures exceeding $550 million for the 2014–2015 school year. J. Pickle Research Campus and the McDonald Observatory, among university faculty are recipients of the Nobel Prize, Pulitzer Prize, the Wolf Prize, the Emmy Award, the Turing Award, and the National Medal of Science, as well as many other awards. UT Austin student athletes compete as the Texas Longhorns and are members of the Big 12 Conference and its Longhorn Network is the only sports network featuring the college sports of a single university. The first mention of a university in Texas can be traced to the 1827 constitution for the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. Although Title 6, Article 217 of the Constitution promised to establish education in the arts and sciences. On April 18,1838, An Act to Establish the University of Texas was referred to a committee of the Texas Congress. On January 26,1839, the Texas Congress agreed to set aside fifty leagues of land towards the establishment of a publicly funded university, in addition,40 acres in the new capital of Austin were reserved and designated College Hill. In 1845, Texas was annexed into the United States, interestingly, the states Constitution of 1845 failed to mention higher education. On February 11,1858, the Seventh Texas Legislature approved O. B,102, an act to establish the University of Texas, which set aside $100,000 in United States bonds toward construction of the states first publicly funded university. The legislature also designated land reserved for the encouragement of railroad construction toward the universitys endowment, Texas secession from the Union and the American Civil War delayed repayment of the borrowed monies. At the end of the Civil War in 1865, The University of Texas endowment was just over $16,000 in warrants, the more valuable lands reverted to the fund to support general education in the state. The legislature additionally appropriated $256,272.57 to repay the funds taken from the university in 1860 to pay for frontier defense, the 1883 grant of land increased the land in the Permanent University Fund to almost 2.2 million acres. Under the Act of 1858, the university was entitled to just over 1,000 acres of land for every mile of railroad built in the state. On March 30,1881, the legislature set forth the structure and organization. By popular election on September 6,1881, Austin was chosen as the site, galveston, having come in second in the election was designated the location of the medical department. On November 17,1882, on the original College Hill, smite the earth, smite the rocks with the rod of knowledge and fountains of unstinted wealth will gush forth
The University of Texas at Austin
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The university's Old Main building in 1903
The University of Texas at Austin
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The University of Texas at Austin
The University of Texas at Austin
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The Tower, completed in 1937, stands 307 ft (94 m) tall and dons
different colors of lighting on special occasions.
The University of Texas at Austin
–
Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum
8.
Presidential library
–
These are repositories for preserving and making available the papers, records, collections and other historical materials of every President of the United States since Herbert Hoover. In addition to the services, museum exhibitions concerning the presidency are displayed. Although recognized as having historical significance, before the middle 20th century, presidential papers, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd president, proposed to leave his papers to the public in a building donated by him on his Hyde Park estate. Since then a series of laws have established the library system. While not officially sanctioned and maintained by the NARA, libraries have been organized for several presidents who preceded the start of the Presidential Library Office. Each library also provides a series of public programs. The first presidential library is the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, official fundraising for the Barack Obama Presidential Library and Museum began in January 2014, the 14th facility in the presidential library system is then expected to be open around 2020. The presidential library system is made up of thirteen presidential libraries operated by the NARA, for example, the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is owned and operated by the state of Illinois. The Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace was not originally part of the library system. In January 2004, Congress passed legislation that provided for the establishment of a federally operated Richard Nixon Presidential Library in Yorba Linda, on July 11,2007, the Nixon Foundation deeded the Library and Birthplace to the government of the United States. On the same day, the newly renamed federal Richard Nixon Presidential Library, historian John Simon edited Grants letters into a 32-volume scholarly edition published by Southern Illinois University Press. To access these funds, the Theodore Roosevelt Center must first raise $3 million from non-state sources, dickinson State University is also home to the Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library which has formed partnerships with the Library of Congress and Harvard University, among other institutions. They currently have over 25,000 items online, historically, all presidential papers were considered the personal property of the president. Some took them at the end of their terms, others destroyed them, though many pre-Hoover collections now reside in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress, others are split among other libraries, historical societies, and private collections. However, many materials have been lost or deliberately destroyed, lucretia Rudolph Garfield, the wife of James A. Garfield added a Memorial Library wing to their family home in Mentor, Ohio, four years after his assassination. The James A. Garfield National Historic Site is operated by the National Park Service, in 1939, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt donated his personal and presidential papers to the federal government. Roosevelts decision stemmed from his belief that Presidential papers were an important part of the national heritage and he asked the National Archives to take custody of his papers and other historical materials and to administer his library. In 1950, Harry S. Truman decided that he, too, would build a library to house his Presidential papers, in 1955, Congress passed the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955, establishing a system of privately erected and federally maintained libraries
Presidential library
–
2 and 6
Presidential library
–
Official seal of the presidential libraries
Presidential library
Presidential library
9.
Museum
–
Most large museums are located in major cities throughout the world and more local ones exist in smaller cities, towns and even the countryside. Museums have varying aims, ranging from serving researchers and specialists to serving the general public, the goal of serving researchers is increasingly shifting to serving the general public. There are many types of museums, including art museums, natural history museums, science museums, war museums, the city with the largest number of museums is Mexico City with over 128 museums. According to The World Museum Community, there are more than 55,000 museums in 202 countries, the English museum comes from the Latin word, and is pluralized as museums. The first museum/library is considered to be the one of Plato in Athens, however, Pausanias gives another place called Museum, namely a small hill in Classical Athens opposite to the Akropolis. The hill was called Mouseion after Mousaious, a man who used to sing on the hill, the purpose of modern museums is to collect, preserve, interpret, and display items of artistic, cultural, or scientific significance for the education of the public. The purpose can also depend on ones point of view, to a family looking for entertainment on a Sunday afternoon, a trip to a local history museum or large city art museum could be a fun, and enlightening way to spend the day. To city leaders, a healthy museum community can be seen as a gauge of the health of a city. To a museum professional, a museum might be seen as a way to educate the public about the museums mission, Museums are, above all, storehouses of knowledge. In 1829, James Smithsons bequest, that would fund the Smithsonian Institution, stated he wanted to establish an institution for the increase, Museums of natural history in the late 19th century exemplified the Victorian desire for consumption and for order. Gathering all examples of classification of a field of knowledge for research. As American colleges grew in the 19th century, they developed their own natural history collections for the use of their students, while many large museums, such as the Smithsonian Institution, are still respected as research centers, research is no longer a main purpose of most museums. While there is a debate about the purposes of interpretation of a museums collection, there has been a consistent mission to protect. Much care, expertise, and expense is invested in efforts to retard decomposition in aging documents, artifacts, artworks. All museums display objects that are important to a culture, as historian Steven Conn writes, To see the thing itself, with ones own eyes and in a public place, surrounded by other people having some version of the same experience can be enchanting. Museum purposes vary from institution to institution, some favor education over conservation, or vice versa. For example, in the 1970s, the Canada Science and Technology Museum favored education over preservation of their objects and they displayed objects as well as their functions. One exhibit featured a printing press that a staff member used for visitors to create museum memorabilia
Museum
–
The
Louvre Museum in
Paris (
France), one of the largest and most famous museums in the world.
Museum
–
The
Uffizi Gallery, the most visited museum in
Italy and an important museum in the world. View toward the
Palazzo Vecchio, in
Florence.
Museum
–
The
Museum Island in
Berlin.
Museum
–
The
British Museum in
London.
10.
List of Presidents of the United States
–
The President of the United States is the elected head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is elected to a four-year term by the people through an Electoral College. Since the office was established in 1789,44 people have served as president, the first, George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College. Grover Cleveland served two terms in office, and is counted as the nations 22nd and 24th president. Thus the incumbent, Donald Trump, is the nations 45th president, there are currently five living former presidents. The most recent death of a president was on December 26,2006 with the death of Gerald Ford. William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office, dying 31 days after taking office in 1841. Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest, over years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945. Of the individuals elected as president, four died in office of natural causes, four were assassinated, the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution put Tylers precedent into law in 1967. It also established a mechanism by which an intra-term vacancy in the presidency could be filled. Richard Nixon was the first president to fill a vacancy under this Provision when he appointed Gerald Ford to the office, later, Ford became the second to do so when he appointed Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him. Previously, a vacancy was left unfilled. Throughout most of its history, politics of the United States have been dominated by political parties, the Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, there were no parties. Soon after the 1st Congress convened, factions began rallying around dominant Washington Administration officials, such as Alexander Hamilton and he was, and remains, the only U. S. president never to be affiliated with a political party. Since Washington, every president has been affiliated with a party at the time they assumed office. Four presidents held other high U. S. federal offices after leaving the presidency, several presidents campaigned unsuccessfully for other U. S. state or federal elective offices after leaving the presidency. Additionally, one president, John Tyler, served in the government of the Confederate States during the American Civil War
List of Presidents of the United States
–
The
White House in
Washington, D.C. is the president's official residence, the center of the administration, and a prominent symbol of the office.
List of Presidents of the United States
List of Presidents of the United States
–
1
List of Presidents of the United States
–
2
11.
President of the United States
–
The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
President of the United States
–
Incumbent
Barack Obama since January 20, 2009 (2009-01-20)
President of the United States
–
Presidential Seal
President of the United States
–
Obama signing legislation at the
Resolute desk
President of the United States
–
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, successfully preserved the
Union during the
American Civil War
12.
University of Texas at Austin
–
Founded in 1881 as The University of Texas, its campus is in Austin, Texas—approximately 1 mile from the Texas State Capitol. The institution has the nations seventh-largest single-campus enrollment, with over 50,000 undergraduate and graduate students and over 24,000 faculty, UT Austin was inducted into the American Association of Universities in 1929, becoming only the third university in the American South to be elected. It is a center for academic research, with research expenditures exceeding $550 million for the 2014–2015 school year. J. Pickle Research Campus and the McDonald Observatory, among university faculty are recipients of the Nobel Prize, Pulitzer Prize, the Wolf Prize, the Emmy Award, the Turing Award, and the National Medal of Science, as well as many other awards. UT Austin student athletes compete as the Texas Longhorns and are members of the Big 12 Conference and its Longhorn Network is the only sports network featuring the college sports of a single university. The first mention of a university in Texas can be traced to the 1827 constitution for the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. Although Title 6, Article 217 of the Constitution promised to establish education in the arts and sciences. On April 18,1838, An Act to Establish the University of Texas was referred to a committee of the Texas Congress. On January 26,1839, the Texas Congress agreed to set aside fifty leagues of land towards the establishment of a publicly funded university, in addition,40 acres in the new capital of Austin were reserved and designated College Hill. In 1845, Texas was annexed into the United States, interestingly, the states Constitution of 1845 failed to mention higher education. On February 11,1858, the Seventh Texas Legislature approved O. B,102, an act to establish the University of Texas, which set aside $100,000 in United States bonds toward construction of the states first publicly funded university. The legislature also designated land reserved for the encouragement of railroad construction toward the universitys endowment, Texas secession from the Union and the American Civil War delayed repayment of the borrowed monies. At the end of the Civil War in 1865, The University of Texas endowment was just over $16,000 in warrants, the more valuable lands reverted to the fund to support general education in the state. The legislature additionally appropriated $256,272.57 to repay the funds taken from the university in 1860 to pay for frontier defense, the 1883 grant of land increased the land in the Permanent University Fund to almost 2.2 million acres. Under the Act of 1858, the university was entitled to just over 1,000 acres of land for every mile of railroad built in the state. On March 30,1881, the legislature set forth the structure and organization. By popular election on September 6,1881, Austin was chosen as the site, galveston, having come in second in the election was designated the location of the medical department. On November 17,1882, on the original College Hill, smite the earth, smite the rocks with the rod of knowledge and fountains of unstinted wealth will gush forth
University of Texas at Austin
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The university's Old Main building in 1903
University of Texas at Austin
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The University of Texas at Austin
University of Texas at Austin
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The Tower, completed in 1937, stands 307 ft (94 m) tall and dons
different colors of lighting on special occasions.
University of Texas at Austin
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Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum
13.
National Archives and Records Administration
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The NARA also transmits votes of the Electoral College to Congress. The chief administrator of NARA is the Archivist of the United States, the Archivist of the United States is the chief official overseeing the operation of the National Archives and Records Administration. The Archivist not only maintains the official documentation of the passage of amendments to the U. S, Constitution by state legislatures, but has the authority to declare when the constitutional threshold for passage has been reached, and therefore when an act has become an amendment. The Office of the Federal Register publishes the Federal Register, Code of Federal Regulations and it also administers the Electoral College. Since 1964, the NHPRC has awarded some 4,500 grants, the Office of Government Information Services is a Freedom of Information Act resource for the public and the government. Congress has charged NARA with reviewing FOIA policies, procedures and compliance of Federal agencies, NARAs mission also includes resolving FOIA disputes between Federal agencies and requesters. Originally, each branch and agency of the U. S. government was responsible for maintaining its own documents, Congress established the National Archives Establishment in 1934 to centralize federal record keeping, with the Archivist of the United States as chief administrator. The National Archives was incorporated with GSA in 1949, in 1985 it became an independent agency as NARA, connor, began serving in 1934, when the National Archives was established by Congress. As a result of a first Hoover Commission recommendation, in 1949 the National Archives was placed within the newly formed General Services Administration. The Archivist served as an official to the GSA Administrator until the National Archives. An audit indicated that more than one third withdrawn since 1999 did not contain sensitive information, the program was originally scheduled to end in 2007. In 2011, a retired employee pleaded guilty to stealing original sound recordings from the archives, Archival Recovery Teams investigate the theft of records. NARAs holdings are classed into record groups reflecting the governmental department or agency from which they originated, Records include paper documents, microfilm, still pictures, motion pictures, and electronic media. Archival descriptions of the permanent holdings of the government in the custody of NARA are stored in the National Archives Catalog. The archival descriptions include information on traditional paper holdings, electronic records, as of December 2012, the catalog consisted of about 10 billion logical data records describing 527,000 artifacts and encompassing 81% of NARAs records. There are also 922,000 digital copies of already digitized materials, most records at NARA are in the public domain, as works of the federal government are excluded from copyright protection. However, records from other sources may still be protected by copyright or donor agreements and its Information Security Oversight Office monitors and sets policy for the U. S. governments security classification system. Many of NARAs most requested records are used for genealogy research
National Archives and Records Administration
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Rotunda of the National Archives Building
National Archives and Records Administration
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Seal
National Archives and Records Administration
–
The
National Archives Building from
Constitution Avenue
National Archives and Records Administration
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NARA facility near the
University of Maryland, College Park
14.
Richard Nixon
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Richard Milhous Nixon was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974, when he became the only U. S. president to resign from office. He had previously served as a U. S, Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California, after completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government and he subsequently served on active duty in the U. S. Navy Reserve during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 and his pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president and he waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968, he ran for the presidency again and was elected by defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home, and ended the military draft. His administration generally transferred power from Washington D. C. to the states and he imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days, enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency. Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing, which signaled the end of the moon race and he was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U. S. history in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern. The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, the scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9,1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, in retirement, Nixons work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a stroke on April 18,1994. Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9,1913 in Yorba Linda, California and his parents were Hannah Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. His mother was a Quaker and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith, Nixons upbringing was marked by evangelical Quaker observances of the time, such as refraining from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. Nixon had four brothers, Harold, Donald, Arthur, four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in historical or legendary England, Richard, for example, was named after Richard the Lionheart. Nixons early life was marked by hardship, and he quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood, We were poor. The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the moved to Whittier
Richard Nixon
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Richard Nixon
Richard Nixon
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The infant Richard stands outside the Nixons' Yorba Linda Home (early 1914), looking toward what is today the
Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum
Richard Nixon
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Nixon (second from right) makes his newspaper debut in 1916, contributing five cents to a fund for war orphans.
Donald is to the left of his brother.
Richard Nixon
–
Nixon at
Whittier High School in 1930.
15.
Mark K. Updegrove
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Mark K. Updegrove is an American author, historian, journalist, television commentator, and director of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum in Austin, Texas. Updegrove was born outside Philadelphia in Abington, PA, on Aug.25,1961 and he attended high school in Newtown, PA, at the George School, which honored him with its Distinguished Alumnus Award in 2015. He attended Guilford College in Greensboro, NC, and graduated from the University of Maryland, College Park, since October 2009, Updegrove has served as the fourth director of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library in Austin, Texas. Early in his tenure at the library, Updegrove oversaw the $11 million renovation of the core exhibits on Lyndon Johnson and his administration. In January 2015, Updegrove addressed the issue on CBS Face the Nation, in 2013 and 2015, Updegrove taught The Johnson Years for Liberal Arts Honors students as an adjunct professor at The University of Texas at Austin. He has spoken extensively at colleges and universities, museums, presidential libraries
Mark K. Updegrove
–
Mark K. Updegrove
Mark K. Updegrove
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LBJ Library Director Mark Updegrove, President Barack Obama, First Lady Michelle Obama, and John Lewis ascend the stairs of the Great Hall at the LBJ Library on April 10, 2014. Credit: Official White House Photo by Lawrence Jackson
16.
Johnson City, Texas
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Johnson City is a city in Blanco County, Texas, United States. The population was 1,656 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Blanco County. Johnson City was the hometown of President Lyndon Johnson and was founded by James Polk Johnson, nephew of Samuel Ealy Johnson, Sr. James Polk Johnson donated a 320-acre site on the Pedernales River for the founding of the town in 1879. The county seat of Blanco County was moved to Johnson City in 1890, Johnson City is located in central Blanco County at 30°16′35″N 98°24′29″W, about 1 mile south of the Pedernales River. Routes 281 and 290 join near the center of town, US281 leads north 23 miles to Marble Falls, and US290 leads west 30 miles to Fredericksburg. The two highways run south out of town together, US290 soon turns east and leads 47 miles to Austin, according to the United States Census Bureau, Johnson City has a total area of 1.7 square miles, all land. Johnson City experiences a subtropical climate, with hot summers. Temperatures range from 82 °F or 27.8 °C in the summer to 47 °F or 8.3 °C during winter, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,191 people,442 households, and 317 families residing in the city. The population density was 891.7 people per square mile, there were 490 housing units at an average density of 366.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 89. 67% White,0. 84% Native American,0. 17% Asian,8. 23% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 20. 57% of the population. 24. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.07. In the city, the population was out with 28. 0% under the age of 18,6. 5% from 18 to 24,27. 3% from 25 to 44,21. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 88.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.5 males, the median income for a household in the city was $34,148, and the median income for a family was $39,375. Males had an income of $30,529 versus $21,607 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,977, about 9. 2% of families and 12. 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17. 8% of those under age 18 and 11. 8% of those age 65 or over. The Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park, operated by the National Park Service, is 12 miles west of Johnson City, Johnson City is served by the Johnson City Independent School District. The district has a school, middle school and high school
Johnson City, Texas
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Blanco County Courthouse
Johnson City, Texas
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A glimpse of downtown Johnson City
Johnson City, Texas
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East Main Grill Restaurant in Johnson City
Johnson City, Texas
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290 Diner along
U.S. Route 290 in Johnson City
17.
Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park
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Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park is a United States National Historical Park in central Texas about 50 miles west of Austin in the Texas Hill Country. The park protects the birthplace, home, ranch, and final resting place of Lyndon B, Johnson, 36th President of the United States. During Johnsons administration, the LBJ Ranch was known as the Texas White House because the President spent approximately twenty percent of his time in office there, the park is split into two distinct visitor areas, Johnson City District and the LBJ Ranch District. The Johnson City District, located in Johnson City, contains the home of President Johnson and his grandparents log cabin settlement. The LBJ Ranch District is located roughly 14 miles west of Johnson City along the side of the Pedernales River. Among the sites preserved at the Ranch are the Presidents first school, birthplace, Texas White House and the Johnson Family Cemetery, the land south of the Pedernales River is operated as Lyndon B. Johnson State Park and Historic Site. To see the LBJ Ranch, visitors take an auto driving tour from State Park visitor center. The park was authorized on December 2,1969, as Lyndon B. Johnson National Historic Site and was redesignated as a National Historical Park on December 28,1980, present holdings are approximately 1,570 acres,674 acres of which are federal. The Johnson family continues to land to this property, their most recent gift was in April 1995. Johnson, from C-SPANs American Presidents, Life Portraits, broadcast from the LBJ Ranch, November 12,1999
Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park
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President Johnson's birthplace in Gillespie County
Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park
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President Johnson and his wife
Lady Bird greet
Republicans Richard Nixon and
Spiro Agnew, the
1968 presidential and vice-presidential nominees, at the LBJ Ranch in August 1968.
Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park
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LBJ State Park and Historic Area is separated by the
Pedernales River from the Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park.
Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park
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Sign at entrance to Johnson National Historical Park
18.
Lady Bird Johnson
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Claudia Alta Lady Bird Johnson was First Lady of the United States, as the wife of the 36th President of the United States, Lyndon B. Johnson. Notably well-educated for a woman of her era, she proved a capable manager and she bought a radio station, followed by a TV station, which generated revenues making them millionaires. As First Lady, she broke new ground by interacting directly with Congress, employing her own press secretary, Lady Bird Johnson was a lifelong advocate for beautifying the nations cities and highways. The Highway Beautification Act was informally known as Lady Birds Bill and she received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest U. S. civilian honors. Claudia Alta Taylor was born in Karnack, Texas, a town in Harrison County and her birthplace was The Brick House, an antebellum plantation house on the outskirts of town, which her father had purchased shortly before her birth. She is a descendant of Rowland Taylor through his grandson Captain Thomas J. Taylor and she was named for her mothers brother Claud. During her infancy, her nursemaid, Alice Tittle, said that she was as purty as a ladybird, opinions differ about whether the name refers to a bird or a ladybird beetle, the latter of which is commonly referred to as a ladybug in North America. The nickname virtually replaced her first name for the rest of her life and her father and siblings called her Lady, and her husband called her Bird—the name she used on her marriage license. During her teenage years, some classmates would call her Bird to provoke her, a native of Alabama, her father had primarily English ancestry, and some Welsh and Danish. Her mother was also a native of Alabama, of English and Scottish descent and her father, Thomas Jefferson Taylor, was a sharecroppers son. He became a businessman, and owned 15,000 acres of cotton. My father was a strong character, to put it mildly. He lived by his own rules and it was a whole feudal way of life, really. Born Minnie Lee Pattillo, her mother loved opera and felt out of place in Karnack, when Lady Bird was five years old, Minnie fell down a flight of stairs while pregnant and died of complications of miscarriage. Her husband, however, tended to see blacks as hewers of wood and drawers of water, Lady Bird had two elder brothers, Thomas Jefferson Jr. and Antonio, also known as Tony. Her widowed father married twice more and his third wife was Ruth Scroggins, whom he married in 1937. She was largely raised by her maternal aunt Effie Pattillo, who moved to Karnack after her sisters death, Lady Bird also visited her Pattillo relatives in Autauga County, Alabama, every summer until she was a young woman. As she explained, Until I was about 20, summertime always meant Alabama to me
Lady Bird Johnson
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Lady Bird at the rear of the White House
Lady Bird Johnson
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A photo of Lady Bird Taylor at around age three
Lady Bird Johnson
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The Brick House, Lady Bird Johnson's birthplace and childhood home in
Karnack, Texas
Lady Bird Johnson
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A field of bluebonnets in Texas
19.
Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs
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The Lyndon B. D. in Public Policy. The school also offers a Ph. D. in Public Policy, as of 2011-2012, the LBJ School has graduated 3,508 masters degree students since its first inaugural class of 1972, as well as 56 Ph. D. students from 1992 to August 2013. The school also offers a Portfolio Program in Arts and Cultural Management and Entrepreneurship, the school also sponsors a variety of non-degree programs for public affairs professionals. In 2013, the LBJ School launched a new Executive Master in Public Leadership for mid-career professionals, the first of its kind in Texas, the EMPL at the LBJ School of Public Affairs is a blending of rigorous academic studies and practical learning. The Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs is committed to improving the quality of service in the United States and abroad at all levels of governance. Many of the Schools centers also sponsor a range of activities, including conferences, workshops. The Center partners with a range of stakeholders to conduct timely, relevant research and to translate research into effective policies. The Centers research addresses pressing issues in philanthropy, nonprofit management, social entrepreneurship, the Great Society Fund was created by the class of 2005 to finance innovative social entrepreneurship projects started by LBJ students and alumni. The Baines Report is the student publication of the LBJ School of Public Affairs. Led by students, the Baines Report publishes student opinion pieces and these are the schools alumni chapters, Austin Alumni Association http, //www. lbjalumni. org Association Webpage] Washington, D. C. Alumni Chapter 1972 Allen E. Pritchard, Jr. incoming Vice President, National League of Cities 1973 J. J. Jake Pickle, congressman from Texas, member of the House Ways and Means Committee 1974 Richard W. Bolling, U. S. Senator from Colorado 1987 James C, wright, Jr. Speaker, U. S. House of Representatives 1988 Yvonne B. Steinberg, Deputy Secretary of State, U. S. Department of State 2011 Kathleen A. Merrigan, news & World Report, down from 9th in 2004, 7th in 2002 and 5th in 1998, but up from 16th in 2012. Cannon Alan K. Campbell Elspeth Rostow Max Sherman Edwin Dorn Bobby Ray Inman James B. Steinberg Bobby Ray Inman Robert Hutchings Angela Evans James Kumar Aiyer,1992 Houston Community College trustee Kenneth S. Apfel, M. P. Aff. 1978, Commissioner of the Social Security Administration from 1997 until his term ended in January 2001 Robert N. Campbell,1973, vice chairman of Deloitte & Touche USA LLP. 2003, Speechwriter for Mexicos President Felipe Calderón Rafael Fernández de Castro, Academic Dean of the Department of International Studies,1993, Tourism Secretary, Mendoza Province, Argentina. 1994, Lewis-Sebring Director, Consortium on Chicago School Research at the University of Chicago Urban Education Institute Andrea Kane,1996, Secretary of Postgraduate Studies, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina. 1990, Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services Bill Owens,1975, Governor of Colorado from 1999–2007 Michael Reyna, M. P. Aff
Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs
Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs
–
LBJ School exterior shot
Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs
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The Baines Report logo
20.
Oval Office
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The Oval Office is the official office of the President of the United States. It is located in the West Wing of the White House Complex, the room features three large south-facing windows behind the presidents desk, and a fireplace at the north end. Presidents generally decorate the office to suit their taste, choosing new furniture, new drapery. Artwork is selected from the White Houses own collection, or borrowed from museums for the term in office. The Oval Office has become associated in Americans minds with the presidency itself through memorable images, such as a young John F. Kennedy, several presidents have addressed the nation from the Oval Office on occasion. George Washington never occupied the White House and he spent most of his presidency in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which served as the temporary national capital for 10 years, 1790–1800, while Washington, D. C. was under construction. In 1790, Washington built a large, two-story, semi-circular addition to the rear of the Presidents House in Philadelphia, Washington received his guests, standing between the windows in his back drawing-room. The company, entering a front room and passing through a door, made their salutations to the President. The apsidal end of a room was a site of honor, for a host. President John Adams occupied the Philadelphia mansion beginning in 1797, curved foundations of Washingtons Bow Window were uncovered during a 2007 archaeological excavation of the Presidents House site. Architect James Hoban visited President Washington in Philadelphia in June 1792, the following month, he was named winner of the design competition for The White House. The elliptic salon at the center of the White House was the feature of Hobans original plan. An oval interior space was a Baroque concept that was adapted by Neoclassicism, Oval rooms became popular in eighteenth century neoclassical architecture. In November 1800, John Adams became the first President to occupy the White House, during the 19th century, a number of presidents used the White Houses second-floor Yellow Oval Room as a private office or library. The one-story Executive Office Building was intended to be a temporary structure, Building it to the west of the White House allowed the removal of a vast, dilapidated set of pre-Civil War greenhouses that had been constructed by President James Buchanan. Roosevelt moved the offices of the branch to the newly constructed wing in 1902. His workspace was a suite of Executive Office and Cabinet Room. The furniture, including the desk, was designed by architect Charles Follen McKim and executed by A. H. Davenport and Company
Oval Office
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President
Barack Obama edits his remarks in the Oval Office prior to making a televised statement detailing the
May 1, 2011 mission which killed Osama bin Laden.
Oval Office
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The Oval Office in 1981, during the administration of
Ronald Reagan. President Reagan used the
Resolute Desk, which President
Jimmy Carter had returned to the White House. The rug from the
Gerald R. Ford administration was replaced when the Reagans redecorated in 1988.
Oval Office
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President's House, Philadelphia, PA. George Washington's Bow Window is echoed in the shape of the Oval Office.
Oval Office
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The
Yellow Oval Room as President
Grover Cleveland 's library and study, 1886. Note his use of the
Resolute Desk.
21.
George H. W. Bush
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George Herbert Walker Bush is an American politician who was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Republican Party, he was previously a congressman, ambassador, and he is the oldest living former President and Vice President. Prior to his sons presidency, he was referred to as George Bush or President Bush. Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Bush postponed his university studies, enlisted in the U. S. Navy on his 18th birthday and he served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University. Graduating in 1948, he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, Bush became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company, serving as a member of the House of Representatives and Director of Central Intelligence, among other positions. He failed to win the Republican nomination for President in 1980, but was chosen as a mate by party nominee Ronald Reagan. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation, in 1988, Bush ran a successful campaign to succeed Reagan as President, defeating Democratic opponent Michael Dukakis. Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency, military operations were conducted in Panama and the Persian Gulf, the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, and the Soviet Union dissolved two years later. Domestically, Bush reneged on a 1988 campaign promise and, after a struggle with Congress and his presidential library was dedicated in 1997, and he has been active—often alongside Bill Clinton—in various humanitarian activities. Besides being the 43rd president, his son George also served as the 46th Governor of Texas and is one of only two other being John Quincy Adams—to be the son of a former president. His second son, Jeb Bush, served as the 43rd Governor of Florida, George Herbert Walker Bush was born at 173 Adams Street in Milton, Massachusetts, on June 12,1924, to Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Bush. The Bush family moved from Milton to Greenwich, Connecticut, shortly after his birth, growing up, his nickname was Poppy. Bush began his education at the Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Bush decided to join the US, Navy, so after graduating from Phillips Academy in 1942, he became a naval aviator at the age of 18. He was assigned to Torpedo Squadron as the officer in September 1943. The following year, his squadron was based on USS San Jacinto as a member of Air Group 51, during this time, the task force was victorious in one of the largest air battles of World War II, the Battle of the Philippine Sea. After Bushs promotion to Lieutenant on August 1,1944, San Jacinto commenced operations against the Japanese in the Bonin Islands, Bush piloted one of four Grumman TBM Avenger aircraft from VT-51 that attacked the Japanese installations on Chichijima
George H. W. Bush
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George H. W. Bush
George H. W. Bush
–
George Bush in his
TBM Avenger on the carrier
USS San Jacinto in 1944
George H. W. Bush
–
Bush with President
Dwight D. Eisenhower
George H. W. Bush
–
Bush as ambassador to the United Nations, 1971
22.
John Dingell
–
John David Dingell Jr. is an American politician who was a member of the United States House of Representatives from December 13,1955, until January 3,2015. He is a member of the Democratic Party and he represented Michigan throughout his congressional tenure and most recently served as the representative for Michigans 12th congressional district. He began his career representing Michigans 16th district by succeeding his father. Having served for over 59 years, he has the longest Congressional tenure in U. S. history and he was also the longest-serving Dean of the U. S. House of Representatives and Dean of the Michigan congressional delegation. Dingell is one of the final two World War II veterans to have served in Congress, the other is Texas Congressman Ralph Hall, Dingell was a long-time member of the House Energy and Commerce Committee and chaired the committee over multiple Congresses. Dingell announced on February 24,2014, that he would not seek re-election to a 31st term in Congress and his wife, Debbie Dingell, indicated that she planned to run to succeed her husband. She won the November 4,2014, general election, defeating Republican Terry Bowman, President Barack Obama awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2014. John David Dingell Jr. was born on July 8,1926, in Colorado Springs, Colorado and his father was of Austrian and Polish descent and his mother had Swiss and Scots-Irish ancestry. The Dingells were in Colorado in search of a cure for Dingell Sr. s tuberculosis, the Dingell surname had been Dzieglewicz, and was Americanized by John Dingell Srs father. Dingell Sr. capitalized on the change in his first campaign for office with the slogan Ring with Dingell, the family moved back to Michigan and, in 1932, Dingell Sr. was elected the first representative of Michigans newly created 15th District. John Jr. attended Georgetown Preparatory School and then the House Page School when he served as a page for the U. S. House of Representatives from 1938 to 1943. He was on the floor of the House when President Roosevelt gave his famous speech after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, in 1944, at the age of 18, Dingell joined the United States Army. He then attended Georgetown University in Washington, D. C. where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry in 1949, in 1955, John Sr. died and John Jr. won a special election to succeed him. He won a term in 1956 and was reelected 29 times. Dingell received less than 62% of the vote on two occasions. In 1994 when the Republican Revolution swept the Republicans into the majority in the House of Representatives for the first time since 1954, in 2010 when the Republicans re-took control of the House of Representatives, Dingell received 57% of the vote. Between them, he and his father represented the southeastern Michigan area for 80 years, the 15th District for the 109th Congress included Wayne County suburbs generally southwest of Detroit, the Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti areas in Washtenaw County, and all of Monroe County. With the retirement of Jamie L and he is one of four people to serve in the House for 50 years, the others being Whitten, Carl Vinson, and Conyers, the latter of whom had worked in Dingells congressional office
John Dingell
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John Dingell
John Dingell
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Dingell sworn in by Speaker Rayburn in 1955
John Dingell
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Rep. Dingell with President Kennedy
John Dingell
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Congressman Dingell and wife Debbie at the 2011 Ypsilanti Independence Day Parade
23.
Carl Levin
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Carl Milton Levin is a former United States Senator from Michigan, having served from 1979 to 2015. He was the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Armed Services and is a member of the Democratic Party, born in Detroit, Michigan, Levin is a graduate of Swarthmore College and Harvard Law School. He worked as the General Counsel of the Michigan Civil Rights Commission from 1964 to 1967, Levin was elected to the Detroit City Council in 1968, serving from 1969 to 1977, and was president of the City Council from 1973 to 1977. In 1978, Levin ran for the United States Senate, defeating incumbent Republican Senator Robert P. Griffin, Levin was re-elected in 1984,1990,1996,2002 and 2008. On March 7,2013, Levin announced that he would not seek a seventh term to the Senate, Levin became Michigans senior senator in 1995. He is the senator in the states history, and was ultimately the fourth longest-serving incumbent in the U. S. Senate. Levin was born in Detroit, and is the son of Jewish parents, Bess, Saul served on the Michigan Corrections Commission. He graduated from Detroit Central High School in 1952, and worked as a taxi driver and he attended Swarthmore College, graduating with his Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1956. He then attended Harvard Law School, where he earned his Juris Doctor in 1959 and he received honorary degrees from Michigan State University in 2004, Wayne State University in 2005, and Michigan Technological University in 2008. After earning his law degree, he was admitted to the State Bar of Michigan and he entered private practice as a lawyer for Grossman, Hyman and Grossman and taught law at Wayne State University and the University of Detroit Mercy. He served as an assistant attorney general for the state of Michigan. Levin was elected to the Detroit City Council in 1969, serving two terms from 1970 to 1977. Levin served as president of the City Council throughout his second term. He was close to Detroit Mayor Coleman Young, the citys first African-American Mayor, during his time on the City Council, Levin practiced law part-time, working as a counsel for the Schlussel, Lifton, Simon, Rands and Kaufman law firm from 1971 to 1973. He later served as the counsel at Jaffe, Snider, Raitt, Garratt and Heuer. Levin was elected to the United States Senate in 1978, defeating incumbent Republican Senator Robert P. Griffin, Committee on Armed Services As Chairman of the full committee, Sen. The bill would designate as wilderness about 32,500 acres of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore in the state of Michigan, the newly designated lands and inland waterways would comprise the Sleeping Bear Dunes Wilderness, a new component of the National Wilderness Preservation System. Levin was formerly the chairman of the Armed Services Committee and he has served as the Democratic ranking member on the committee since January 7,1997
Carl Levin
–
Carl Levin
Carl Levin
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Senator Levin and Senator
John Warner (R-VA) listen to Admiral
Mike Mullen 's Senate confirmation hearing for becoming
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Carl Levin
–
Senator Levin speaking at an event during the naming of the
USS Gerald R. Ford
Carl Levin
–
Senator Carl Levin announces at a
press conference regarding his opposition to the
War in Iraq and his willingness to vote "No" on the authorization for President
George W. Bush to invade
Iraq.
24.
List of Vice Presidents of the United States
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There have been 48 Vice Presidents of the United States since the office came into existence in 1789. Originally, the Vice President was the person who received the second most votes for President of the United States in the Electoral College. However, in the election of 1800, a tie in the college between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr led to the selection of the President by the House of Representatives. To prevent such an event from happening again, the Twelfth Amendment was added to the Constitution, the United States Constitution assigns few powers or duties to the vice president. Former Vice President John Nance Garner described the presidency in 1960 as not worth a bucket of warm piss. The Vice Presidents primary function is to succeed to the if the President dies, resigns. Nine vice presidents have ascended to the presidency in this way, eight through the presidents death, in addition, the Vice President serves as the President of the Senate and may choose to cast a tie-breaking vote on decisions made by the Senate. Vice presidents have exercised this power to varying extents over the years. Prior to passage of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, a vacancy in the office of the Vice President could not be filled until the next post-election inauguration. This amendment allowed for a vacancy to be filled with appointment by the President, since the Amendments passage, two vice presidents have been appointed through this process, Gerald Ford in 1973 and Nelson Rockefeller in 1974. To date,14 vice presidents subsequently became president, all, george H. W. Bush did so once, on July 13,1985. Dick Cheney did so twice, on June 29,2002, Vice presidents have hailed from 21 states. More than half of them have come from just five states, New York, Indiana, Massachusetts, Kentucky, most vice presidents have been in their 50s or 60s and had political experience prior to assuming the office. The youngest person to become Vice President was John C, breckinridge at 36 years of age, while the oldest was Alben W. Barkley at 71 years of age. Two vice presidents—George Clinton and John C, calhoun—served under more than one president. Twenty–five vice presidents held other high U. S. state or federal government positions after leaving the vice presidency, fourteen went on to become President of the United States, and 4 served in the United States Senate. Cabinet members, ambassadors of the United States abroad, or in U. S. state government. Breckinridge, as Confederate States Secretary of War,1865. com Vice Presidents of the United States 1789–1993 Mark O. Hatfield, et al. edited by Wendy Wolff, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington,1997
List of Vice Presidents of the United States
–
The
Number One Observatory Circle in
Washington, D.C. is the vice president's official residence.
List of Vice Presidents of the United States
List of Vice Presidents of the United States
List of Vice Presidents of the United States
25.
Vice President of the United States
–
The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
Vice President of the United States
–
Incumbent
Joe Biden since January 20, 2009
Vice President of the United States
–
Vice Presidential seal
Vice President of the United States
–
John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency following the death of his
predecessor. In doing so, he insisted that he was the president, not merely an acting president.
Vice President of the United States
–
President
Lyndon Johnson is sworn in, following the
assassination of President
John Kennedy.
26.
United States Senate
–
The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
United States Senate
–
United States Senate
United States Senate
–
Seal of the U.S. Senate
United States Senate
–
The Senate side of the
United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.
United States Senate
–
A typical Senate desk
27.
List of United States Senators from Texas
–
Texas was admitted to the United States on December 29,1845. Its senators are of Class 1 and Class 2 and its senators are Republicans Ted Cruz and Assistant Republican Leader of the United States Senate John Cornyn. A total of 27 Democrats,7 Republicans, and 1 Liberal Republican have served or are serving as the senators of Texas, as of October 2016, there are three former Senators who are living, two from Class 1 and one from Class 2. The most recent senator to die was Lloyd Bentsen of Class 1 on May 23,2006, the most recent Class 2 senator to die was John Tower on April 5,1991. United States Congressional Delegations from Texas List of United States Representatives from Texas
List of United States Senators from Texas
–
Thomas Jefferson Rusk
List of United States Senators from Texas
–
James Pinckney Henderson
List of United States Senators from Texas
–
Matthias Ward
List of United States Senators from Texas
–
Louis Wigfall
28.
United States House of Representatives
–
The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
United States House of Representatives
–
United States House of Representatives
United States House of Representatives
–
Seal of the House
United States House of Representatives
–
Republican
Thomas Brackett Reed, occasionally ridiculed as "Czar Reed", was a U.S. Representative from
Maine, and
Speaker of the House from 1889 to 1891 and from 1895 to 1899.
United States House of Representatives
–
House Speaker
Nancy Pelosi, Majority Leader
Steny Hoyer, and Education and Labor Committee Chairman
George Miller confer with President
Barack Obama at the
Oval Office in 2009.
29.
First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
–
The inauguration marked the commencement of the first term of Lyndon B. Johnson as President. This was the eighth non-scheduled, extraordinary inauguration to take place since the presidency was established in 1789, at 12,30 pm Central Standard Time on November 22, Kennedy was shot in Dallas while riding with his wife, Jacqueline, in the presidential motorcade. Vice President Johnson was riding in a car behind the president with his wife, Lady Bird Johnson, immediately after shots were fired, Johnson was thrown down and sat on by Secret Service agent Rufus Youngblood, and the Presidents and Vice Presidents cars sped to Parkland Memorial Hospital. There were initial reports that Johnson might have also been shot, Mrs. Johnson confirmed to reporters that he was fine and did not suffer any injury or illness other than being shaken at what hed seen. In the hospital, Johnson was surrounded by Secret Service agents, Johnson wished to wait until he knew of Kennedys condition, at 1,20 pm he was told Kennedy was dead and left the hospital almost twenty minutes later. Johnson was driven by a police car to Love Field. The President waited for Jacqueline Kennedy, who in turn would not leave Dallas without her husbands body, Kennedys casket was finally brought to the aircraft, but takeoff was delayed until Johnson took the oath of office. Assassination of the President was not yet a federal crime, President Johnson chose federal district Judge Sarah T. Hughes, a long standing friend, to swear him in. He had previously sought her appointment to a judgeship, which Robert Kennedy initially rejected on advice from the Justice Department on account of her age. When the Justice Department reversed its decision a few weeks later and appointed Hughes, for the inauguration twenty-seven people squeezed into the sixteen-foot square stateroom of Air Force One for the proceedings. Adding to the discomfort was the lack of air conditioning as the aircraft had been disconnected from the power supply. As the inauguration proceeded the four jet engines of Air Force One were being powered up, federal Judge Marah T. Hughes hastened to the plane to administer the oath. Members of the Presidential and Vice-Presidential parties filled the central compartment of the plane to witness the swearing in, at 2,38 p. m. CST, Lyndon Baines Johnson took the oath of office as the 36th President of the United States. Audio Mrs. Kennedy and Mrs. Johnson stood at the side of the new President as he took the oath of office, nine minutes later, the Presidential airplane departed for Washington, D. C. Instead of the usual Bible, Johnson was sworn in upon a missal found on a table in Kennedys Air Force One bedroom. After the oath had been taken, Johnson kissed his wife on the forehead, Mrs. Johnson then took Jackie Kennedys hand and told her, The whole nation mourns your husband. The famous photograph of the inauguration was taken by Cecil Stoughton, on Stoughtons suggestion Johnson was flanked by his wife and Jacqueline Kennedy, facing slightly away from the camera so that blood stains on her pink Chanel suit would not be visible. The photograph was taken using a Hasselblad camera, the inauguration was sound recorded by White House press secretary Malcolm Kilduff using Air Force Ones dictaphone
First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
–
1963 Presidential Inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
–
Missal used in the inauguration
First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
30.
Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
–
The second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson as President of the United States was held on January 20,1965. The inauguration marked the commencement of the term of Lyndon B. Johnson as President. Chief Justice Earl Warren administered the Oath of office, lady Bird Johnson founded the tradition of First Ladies participating in the ceremony by holding the Presidents Bible. An estimated 1.2 million attended the inauguration, at the time the holder for any event held at the National Mall until the Obama inauguration in 2009. This was the last time an inauguration was covered by newsreels, United States presidential election,1964 The short film Inauguration of President Johnson is available for free download at the Internet Archive President Johnson 1965 Inaugural Address on YouTube
Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
–
Second Presidential Inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
