1.
Glasgow
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Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland, and third largest in the United Kingdom. Historically part of Lanarkshire, it is now one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and it is situated on the River Clyde in the countrys West Central Lowlands. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians, Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Britain. From the 18th century the city grew as one of Great Britains main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America. Glasgow was the Second City of the British Empire for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Glasgow grew in population, reaching a peak of 1,128,473 in 1939. The entire region surrounding the conurbation covers about 2.3 million people, at the 2011 census, Glasgow had a population density of 8, 790/sq mi, the highest of any Scottish city. Glasgow hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games and is well known in the sporting world for the football rivalry of the Old Firm between Celtic and Rangers. Glasgow is also known for Glasgow patter, a dialect that is noted for being difficult to understand by those from outside the city. Glasgow is the form of the ancient Cumbric name Glas Cau. Possibly referring to the area of Molendinar Burn where Glasgow Cathedral now stands, the later Gaelic name Baile Glas Chu, town of the grey dog, is purely a folk-etymology. The present site of Glasgow has been settled since prehistoric times, it is for settlement, being the furthest downstream fording point of the River Clyde, the origins of Glasgow as an established city derive ultimately from its medieval position as Scotlands second largest bishopric. Glasgow increased in importance during the 10th and 11th centuries as the site of this bishopric, reorganised by King David I of Scotland and John, there had been an earlier religious site established by Saint Mungo in the 6th century. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the Kingdom of Scotland, bringing wealth, sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives as the Glasgow Fair. Glasgow grew over the following centuries, the first bridge over the River Clyde at Glasgow was recorded from around 1285, giving its name to the Briggait area of the city, forming the main North-South route over the river via Glasgow Cross. The founding of the University of Glasgow in 1451 and elevation of the bishopric to become the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1492 increased the towns religious and educational status and landed wealth. Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe, Glasgow was subsequently raised to the status of Royal Burgh in 1611. The citys Tobacco Lords created a water port at Port Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde. By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on Glasgows River Clyde, at the time, Glasgow held a commercial importance as the city participated in the trade of sugar, tobacco and later cotton
2.
Edinburgh Napier University
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Edinburgh Napier University is a public university in Edinburgh, Scotland. It has over 19,500 students, including those on-campus in Scotland and others studying on transnational programmes abroad, in 2016 this included nearly 9,500 international and EU students, from more than 140 nations worldwide. His statue stands in the tower of Merchiston Castle today, in 1966, it was renamed Napier College of Science and Technology. In 1974, it merged with the Sighthill-based Edinburgh College of Commerce to form Napier College of Commerce and Technology, the college was renamed Napier Polytechnic in 1986 and in the same year acquired the former Hydropathic hospital buildings at Craiglockhart. In June 1992 the institution officially became Napier University, at a ceremony witnessed by over 700 staff and students, Lord James Douglas Hamilton and the then Principal, Professor William Turmeau, unveiled the new University sign at Merchiston. In 1994, Napier University acquired its Craighouse Campus, in 1996, the university gained a new Faculty of Health Studies through a merger between the Scottish Borders College of Nursing and Lothian College of Health Studies. In February 2009 it became Edinburgh Napier University Edinburgh Napier has been awarded the Queens Anniversary Prize twice and its most recent win came in 2015, when it was recognised for its work in timber engineering, sustainable construction and wood science. Edinburgh Napier was previously awarded the Queens Anniversary Prize in 2009 when the award was made for Innovative housing construction for environmental benefit and this recognised the contribution made by the Universitys Building Performance Centre towards improving sound insulation between attached dwellings. The motto of the University, Nisi sapientia frustra, echoes the motto of the City of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Napiers Tartan was launched at the same time as the name change in February 2009. Previously the university used the Clan Napier Tartan, the Chief of Clan Napier welcomed the new University tartan, the university is based around its three main campuses at Merchiston, Craiglockhart and Sighthill. The Sighthill Campus opened to students in the School of Health & Social Care, the campus has received the BREEAM excellence rating. This sets the standard for best practice in sustainable design, in 2016, the gym facilities at Sighthill became home to the BT Sport Scottish Rugby Academy Edinburgh. The Craiglockhart Campus is home to The Business School, the Craiglockhart Campus exhibits photography, writing, film and memorabilia to provide a glimpse into the minds of the poets, patients and medical staff at Craiglockhart. The exhibition also provides War Poets Collection based on the work of Siegfried Sassoon, Wilfred Owen, the exhibition was officially opened on 11 November 2005 by BBCs World Affairs Correspondent, Allan Little. This campus is the home of the law and business courses and is also operates as a conference centre, the Craiglockhart Campus was refurbished in 2004 and contains two lecture theatres, language labs and computing facilities. The Merchiston Campus is home to the Schools of Art & Creative Industries and it is built around the refurbished shell of Merchiston Castle, the family home of John Napier, after whom the University is named. Merchiston Castle is also the ancient seat of Clan Napier, Merchiston Castle is currently a Category A listed building in Scotland due to its national significance. The campus also includes the 500-seat, 24-hour Jack Kilby Computing Centre, named after the inventor of integrated circuits, Edinburgh Napier Students Association is located at the Merchiston Campus
3.
National Film and Television School
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The National Film and Television School is a film, television and games school established in 1971 and based at Beaconsfield Studios in Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire. It is featured in the 2016 ranking by The Hollywood Reporter of the top 15 International film schools and its community of students makes around a hundred and fifty films a year on courses that are over 90% practical and unlike courses offered at other UK film schools. As of 2016 it had over 400 students and about a thousand a year on its short courses. The BBC stated that the NFTS was the centre of excellence for education in film and television programme making. NFTS student films have been nominated for an Oscar three times in the last six years and this is the second consecutive year that two of NFTS students’ graduation films competed for the same prize with A Love Story up against The Alan Dimension directed & co-written by Jac Clinch. NFTS student films are selected for the top film festivals around the world. This year’s highlights include selections at Cannes and Annecy Animation Festival, in 2016 the National Film and Television School won accolades in all three categories in the CILECT Prize, the global film school awards. This year,117 film schools submitted entries, which were voted on by 107 of the major film. NFTS in 2011 The National Film School opened in 1971, the work of four years of planning to create an institution to personnel for the British film industry. Department of Education and Science had in 1967 recommended the creation of a film school for the UK. In 1970 a Scot named Colin Young, then chairing the UCLAs Department of Theater Arts, was appointed as the Schools first director, the NFS bought the old Beaconsfield Film Studios in Buckinghamshire and set about refitting it to professional industry standards. Young established four permanent departments—production, camera, editing and sound—and in 1971 accepted the first intake of 25 students, but by the early 1980s, Young felt this system no longer served the students best interests and a more structured curriculum was introduced. Links with the industry were strengthened to supply collaborative, financial, in the 1980s, the school officially changed its name to the National Film and Television School to incorporate the demand for courses in television production and has since added games to its remit. In 1982 the School launched a project for re-training freelance industry professionals. This led to the establishment of the National Short Course Training Programme, by the early 1990s the school had modified its original stance on course structure, deciding to provide specialisation at the time of entry. The first year still offered a course, followed in the next two years by focused training in one of the ten specialist areas. Colin Young retired in 1992 and was succeeded by Henning Camre, Camre aimed for more balanced numbers in each of the ten specialist areas, creating separate departments with their own head tutors and curricula. Camre was succeeded in 1998 by Stephen Bayly, an NFTS graduate and his first move was to reorganise the curriculum to run over two years, instead of three
4.
Film director
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A film director is a person who directs the making of a film. Generally, a film director controls a films artistic and dramatic aspects, the director has a key role in choosing the cast members, production design, and the creative aspects of filmmaking. Under European Union law, the director is viewed as the author of the film, the film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized, or noticed. Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions, there are many pathways to becoming a film director. Some film directors started as screenwriters, cinematographers, film editors or actors, other film directors have attended a film school. Some outline a general plotline and let the actors dialogue, while others control every aspect. Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners, some directors edit or appear in their films, or compose the music score for their films. Film directors create a vision through which a film eventually becomes realized/noticed. Realizing this vision includes overseeing the artistic and technical elements of production, as well as directing the shooting timetable. This entails organizing the crew in such a way as to achieve their vision of the film. This requires skills of leadership, as well as the ability to maintain a singular focus even in the stressful. Moreover, it is necessary to have an eye to frame shots and to give precise feedback to cast and crew, thus. Thus the director ensures that all involved in the film production are working towards an identical vision for the completed film. The set of varying challenges he or she has to tackle has been described as a jigsaw puzzle with egos. It adds to the pressure that the success of a film can influence when, omnipresent are the boundaries of the films budget. Additionally, the director may also have to ensure an intended age rating, thus, the position of film director is widely considered to be a highly stressful and demanding one. It has been said that 20-hour days are not unusual, under European Union law, the film director is considered the author or one of the authors of a film, largely as a result of the influence of auteur theory. Auteur theory is a film criticism concept that holds that a directors film reflects the directors personal creative vision
5.
Screenwriter
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One famous screenwriter is Jack Rosenthal, who has written for various TV shows over the years, including Londons Burning and Coronation Street. No education is required to become a screenwriter, just good storytelling abilities. Screenwriters are not hired employees, they are contracted freelancers, most, if not all, screenwriters start their careers writing on speculation, meaning they write without being hired or paid for it. If such a script is sold, it is called a spec script, what separates a professional screenwriter from an amateur screenwriter is that professional screenwriters are usually represented by a talent agency. Also, professional screenwriters do not often work for free, whereas amateur screenwriters will often work for free and are considered writers in training, spec scripts are usually penned by unknown professional screenwriters and amateur screenwriters. There are a legion of would-be screenwriters who attempt to enter the industry but it often takes years of trial-and-error, failure. In Writing Screenplays that Sell, Michael Hague writes Screenplays have become, for the last half of century, closet writers who used to dream of the glory of getting into print now dream of seeing their story on the big or small screen. Every screenplay and teleplay begins with a thought or idea, and screenwriters use those ideas to write scripts, with the intention of selling them and having them produced. In some cases, the script is based on a property, such as a book or persons life story. The majority of the time, a film project gets initiated by a screenwriter and because they initiated the project and these are referred to as exclusive assignments or pitched assignments. Screenwriters who often pitch new projects, whether original or an adaptation, when word is put out about a project a film studio, production company, or producer wants done, these are referred to as open assignments. In situations where screenwriters are competing for an assignment, more established writers will usually win these assignments. A screenwriter can also be approached and personally offered a writing assignment, many screenwriters also work as full or part-time script doctors, attempting to better a script to suit the desires of a director or studio. For instance, studio management may have a complaint that the motivations of the characters are unclear or that the dialogue is weak, script-doctoring can be quite lucrative, especially for the better known writers. David Mamet and John Sayles, for instance, fund the movies they direct themselves, usually from their own screenplays, by writing and doctoring scripts for others. In fact, some writers make very profitable careers out of being the ninth or tenth writer to work on a piece, in many cases, working on projects that never see exposure to an audience of any size. Many up and coming screenwriters also ghost write projects and allow more established screenwriters to take credit for the project to increase the chances of it getting picked up. After a screenwriter finishes a project, he or she pairs with a representative, such as a producer, director, literary agent, entertainment lawyer
6.
Cinematographer
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The study and practice of this field is referred to as cinematography. The cinematographer selects the camera, film stock, lens, filters, in the infancy of motion pictures, the cinematographer was usually also the director and the person physically handling the camera. As the art form and technology evolved, a separation between director and camera operator began to emerge, with the advent of artificial lighting and faster film stocks, in addition to technological advancements in optics, the technical aspects of cinematography necessitated a specialist in that area. Cinematography was key during the silent movie era, with no sound apart from music and no dialogue, the films depended on lighting, acting. Similar trade associations have been established in other countries too, there are a number of national associations of cinematographers which represent members and which are dedicated to the advancement of cinematography. S. C. Defines cinematography as, A creative and interpretive process that culminates in the authorship of a work of art rather than the simple recording of a physical event. Cinematography is not a subcategory of photography
7.
Scottish people
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The Scottish people, or Scots, are a nation and ethnic group native to Scotland. Historically, they emerged from an amalgamation of the Picts and Gaels, who founded the Kingdom of Scotland in the 9th century, and are thought to have been ethnolinguistically Celts. Later, the neighbouring Cumbrian Britons, who spoke a Celtic language, as well as Germanic-speaking Anglo-Saxons. In modern usage, Scottish people or Scots is used to refer to anyone whose linguistic, cultural, the Latin word Scotti, originally the word referred specifically to the Gaels, but came to describe all inhabitants of Scotland. Considered archaic or pejorative, the term Scotch has also used for Scottish people. John Kenneth Galbraith in his book The Scotch documents the descendants of 19th-century Scottish pioneers who settled in Southwestern Ontario and he states the book was meant to give a true picture of life in the community in the early decades of the 20th century. People of Scottish descent live in countries other than Scotland. Scottish emigrants took with them their Scottish languages and culture, large populations of Scottish people settled the new-world lands of North and South America, Australia and New Zealand. Canada has the highest level of Scottish descendants per capita in the world, Scotland has seen migration and settlement of many peoples at different periods in its history. The Gaels, the Picts and the Britons have their origin myths. The Venerable Bede tells of the Scotti coming from Spain via Ireland, Germanic peoples, such as the Anglo-Saxons, arrived beginning in the 7th century, while the Norse invaded and colonized parts of Scotland from the 8th century onwards. In the High Middle Ages, from the reign of David I of Scotland, there was emigration from France, England. Some famous Scottish family names, including bearing the names which became Bruce, Balliol, Murray. Today Scotland is one of the countries of the United Kingdom, culturally, these peoples are grouped according to language. Most of Scotland until the 13th century spoke Celtic languages and these included, at least initially, the Britons, as well as the Gaels and the Picts. Germanic peoples included the Angles of Northumbria, who settled in south-eastern Scotland in the region between the Firth of Forth to the north and the River Tweed to the south. They also occupied the south-west of Scotland up to and including the Plain of Kyle and their language, south-east of the Firth of Forth, then in Lothian and the Borders, a northern variety of Old English, also known as Early Scots, was spoken. The Northern Isles and some parts of Caithness were Norn-speaking, from 1500 on, Scotland was commonly divided by language into two groups of people, Gaelic-speaking Highlanders and the Inglis-speaking Lowlanders
8.
Feature film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
9.
Ratcatcher (film)
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Ratcatcher is a 1999 drama film written and directed by Lynne Ramsay. It is her feature film and was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival. Ratcatcher never received a cinematic release. It was released on DVD by The Criterion Collection, Ratcatcher is set in Glasgow,1973. The city, despite its Victorian grandeur, has some schemes with the poorest housing conditions in western Europe, such as no running hot water, no bathing facilities and no indoor toilet. The city is mid-way through a major re-development program, demolishing these schemes, the problems in these schemes are somewhat compounded by the binmen going on strike, creating an additional health hazard and a breeding ground for rats. The main character, James, is a 12-year-old boy, growing up in one of these schemes, James, with the rest of his family, two sisters, one older, one younger, his mum and heavy-drinking father, patiently waits to be re-housed. The film opens focused upon Jamess friend Ryan Quinn, being forced to put on his boots to go to visit his father. Hed rather play with James instead and runs off while his mother is not looking, Ryan meets James at the canal and during some rough-house play he is drowned, clearly with James bearing much of the blame for not having raised the alarm. James believes his inaction has gone unnoticed, Ryans family are eventually re-housed and on the day of leaving, Ryans mother gives James the pair of brown sandals she had bought for Ryan on the day of his death. The film follows the sensitive James as he tries to come to terms with his guilt and his one escape comes when he takes a bus to the end of the line and ends up in the outskirts of the city, where a new housing estate is under construction. He explores the houses, and wonders in awe at the view from the kitchen window. In a scene central to the film, he climbs through the window, James befriends a girl, Margaret Anne, whom he tries to help after her glasses are thrown into the canal by the local gang. James and Margaret Anne become close friends and she is his only other relief from his home environment. She has problems of her own, allowing herself to be abused by the local gang, the two find comfort in each others company. One of Jamess friends, Kenny, receives a pet mouse as a birthday present. After the gang throw the mouse around to make him fly, Kenny ties the mouses tail to a balloon and we see it float to the moon, the same friend later falls in the canal and is rescued by Jamess father, making him briefly into a local hero. Though the military eventually comes and cleans up all the garbage in the neighbourhood and he plunges himself into the canal, and we are shown a brief scene in which Jamess family is moving into a new neighbourhood
10.
Morvern Callar (film)
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Morvern Callar is a 2002 British drama film directed by Lynne Ramsay and starring Samantha Morton in the title role. It is based on Alan Warners 1995 novel Morvern Callar, Morvern Callar is a young woman in a small port town in Scotland. She wakes on Christmas morning to discover that her boyfriend has killed himself, leaving a note, mix tape. His novel is dedicated to her and she decides to erase his name and puts her own name on the novel, instead of arranging a funeral with the money on his account, as requested by him, she cuts his body up and buries it in the mountains. With the money she then escapes her work stacking fruit in the section of the local supermarket and goes to Almería, Costa del Sol. As they go out and party she feels shes in a different mood than her and leaves her and she plays the role of a writer and sells the novel for £100,000. Back in Scotland she tries to convince Lanna to come with her to the big world, Morvern collects her suitcase and goes to the railway station. Samantha Morton as Morvern Callar Kathleen McDermott as Lanna Morvern Callar received positive reviews from critics. It has a 78/100 on Metacritic and an 84% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with the critical consensus stated as, Morton quietly makes this quirky. Morton won the 2002 British Independent Film Award for Best Actress for her role as Morvern, the movie also received the 2002 Scottish BAFTA Award for Best Actress, the 2002 C. I. C. A. E. Award and the Award Of The Youth at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival
11.
We Need to Talk About Kevin (film)
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We Need to Talk About Kevin is a 2011 British-American psychological thriller drama film directed by Lynne Ramsay, and adapted from Lionel Shrivers novel of the same name. A long process of development and financing began in 2005, with filming commencing in April 2010, tilda Swinton stars as the mother of Kevin, struggling to come to terms with her son and the horrors he has committed. The film premiered at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival and was released in the United Kingdom on 21 October 2011, Swinton was nominated for the Golden Globe Award, Screen Actors Guild, and the BAFTA for Best Actress in a Leading Role. It was given positive reviews by critics and audiences alike. Teenager Kevin Khatchadourian is in prison after committing a massacre at his high school and his mother, Eva, once a successful travel writer, lives alone in a rundown house and works in a travel agency in a town near the prison, where she visits Kevin. She looks back at her memories of him growing up as she tries to cope with the anger and hostility of her neighbors, Kevin is detached and difficult even from childhood. Eva has problems with identifying as a mother and has trouble bonding with Kevin, as a baby, he cries incessantly, but only around her, as a child, he resists toilet training, rebuffs Evas clumsy attempts at affection, and shows no interest in anything. He portrays a happy, loving son when his father is watching, while he is still small, Evas frustration with his intractability drives her to throw Kevin against the wall, breaking his arm. They return from the hospital with Kevins arm in a cast, the only real affection and interest Kevin shows towards Eva occurs when he is confined to his bed with a fever and she reads him a book about Robin Hood. When reading the part of the story where Robin competes in Prince Johns archery contest, Kevin snuggles with Eva, Franklin gives him a bow and arrow set and teaches him archery, and Kevin soon becomes an excellent marksman. He continues to practice and graduate to bigger bows as he gets older, Eva and Franklin have a second child, Celia, who is lively and cheerful. However, her birth does nothing to lessen the tension within the family, as Kevin immediately shows disdain, a few years later, Celias pet guinea pig is killed and she is blinded in one eye by an incident with a caustic cleaning fluid. Eva is convinced Kevin is responsible, whereas Franklin insists these events were accidents and this pattern of suspicion on Evas part, combined with Franklins unflagging defense of Kevin, ruins their marriage, and Franklin approaches Eva with the subject of a future divorce. Eva comes to fear her son, as she sees growing evidence of Kevins pleasure in hurting others and this eventually leads to the massacre, when Kevin locks the gymnasium doors with bike locks and murders multiple students with his bow and arrow. As Eva arrives at the school work, along with the other concerned adults, the police cut through one of the bike locks. Kevin voluntarily walks out, turning himself over, and revealing himself to be the killer, Eva finally arrives home, only to find the house empty and dark. She discovers the corpses of Franklin and Celia in the backyard. On the second anniversary of the massacre, Eva visits Kevin in prison, Kevin is anxious because his transfer to an adult prison is about to happen
12.
Child
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Biologically, a child is a human being between the stages of birth and puberty. The legal definition of child generally refers to a minor, otherwise known as a younger than the age of majority. There are many issues that affect children, such as childhood education, bullying, child poverty, dysfunctional families, child labor, hunger. Children can be raised by parents, by fosterers, guardians or partially raised in a day care center. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child defines child as a human being below the age of 18 years unless under the law applicable to the child and this is ratified by 192 of 194 member countries. Biologically, a child is generally anyone between birth and puberty, some English definitions of the word child include the fetus. In many cultures, a child is considered an adult after undergoing a rite of passage, recognition of childhood as a state different from adulthood began to emerge in the 16th and 17th centuries. Society began to relate to the not as a miniature adult but as a person of a lower level of maturity needing adult protection, love. This change can be traced in paintings, In the Middle Ages, in the 16th century, images of children began to acquire a distinct childlike appearance. From the late 17th century onwards, children were playing with toys. Every child goes through stages of social development. An infant or very young child will play alone happily, if another child wanders onto the scene, he or she may be physically attacked or pushed out of the way. Next, the child can play with another child, gradually learning to share, eventually, the group grows larger, to three or four children. By the time a child enters kindergarten, he or she can join in. Children with ADHD and learning disabilities may need help to develop social skills. The impulsive characteristics of an ADHD child may lead to poor peer relationships, children with poor attention spans may not tune into social cues in their environment, making it difficult for them to learn social skills through experience. The age at which children are considered responsible for their society-bound actions has changed over time. In Roman times, children were regarded as not culpable for crimes, in the 19th century, children younger than seven years old were believed incapable of crime
13.
Grief
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Grief is a multifaceted response to loss, particularly to the loss of someone or something that has died, to which a bond or affection was formed. Although conventionally focused on the response to loss, it also has physical, cognitive, behavioral, social, cultural. While the terms are used interchangeably, bereavement refers to the state of loss. Grief is a response to loss. It is the suffering one feels when something or someone the individual loves is taken away. Crying is a normal and natural part of grieving and it has also been found, however, that crying and talking about the loss is not the only healthy response and, if forced or excessive, can be harmful. Lack of crying is also a natural, healthy reaction, potentially protective of the individual, Science has found that some healthy people who are grieving do not spontaneously talk about the loss. Pressing people to cry or retell the experience of a loss can be harmful, berger identifies five ways of grieving, as exemplified by, Nomads, Nomads have not yet resolved their grief and do not seem to understand the loss that has affected their lives. Memorialists, This identity is committed to preserving the memory of the one that they have lost. Normalizers, This identity is committed to re-creating a sense of family, activists, This identity focuses on helping other people who are dealing with the same disease or with the same issues that caused their loved ones death. Seekers, This identity will adopt religious, philosophical, or spiritual beliefs to create meaning in their lives, in Bonannos book, The Other Side of Sadness, What the New Science of Bereavement Tells Us About Life After a Loss, he summarizes his research. His findings include that a natural resilience is the component of grief. The first researcher to use data, he outlined four trajectories of grief. Bonannos work has demonstrated that absence of grief or trauma symptoms is a healthy outcome, rather than something to be feared as has been the thought. Recovery, When normal functioning temporarily gives way to threshold or sub-threshold psychopathology, usually for a period of at least several months, chronic dysfunction, Prolonged suffering and inability to function, usually lasting several years or longer. Delayed grief or trauma, When adjustment seems normal but then distress, researchers have not found evidence of delayed grief, but delayed trauma appears to be a genuine phenomenon. The Kübler-Ross model, commonly known as the five stages of grief, is a theory first introduced by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross in her 1969 book, On Death, kubler-Ross actually applied the stages to persons who were dying, not persons who were grieving. Her studies involved her work with the ill and it was not until much later in her career did she give into the notion that it could be applied to those grieving
14.
Guilt (emotion)
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It is closely related to the concept of remorse. Guilt is an important factor in perpetuating obsessive–compulsive disorder symptoms, Guilt and its associated causes, merits, and demerits are common themes in psychology and psychiatry. Both in specialized and in language, guilt is an affective state in which one experiences conflict at having done something that one believes one should not have done. It gives rise to a feeling which does not go away easily, sigmund Freud described this as the result of a struggle between the ego and the superego – parental imprinting. Freud rejected the role of God as punisher in times of illness or rewarder in time of wellness, while removing one source of guilt from patients, he described another. For his later explicator, Lacan, guilt was the companion of the signifying subject who acknowledged normality in the form of the Symbolic order. This may be linked to what Les Parrott has called the disease of false guilt. At the root of false guilt is the idea that what you feel must be true, if you feel guilty, you must be guilty. The philosopher Martin Buber underlined the difference between the Freudian notion of guilt, based on conflicts, and existential guilt, based on actual harm done to others. Guilt is often associated with anxiety, in mania, according to Otto Fenichel, the patient succeeds in applying to guilt the defense mechanism of denial by overcompensation. re-enacts being a person without guilt feelings. In psychological research, guilt can be measured by using questionnaires, such as the Differential Emotions Scale, defenses against feeling guilt can become an overriding aspect of ones personality. The methods that can be used to avoid guilt are multiple and they include, Repression, usually used by the superego and ego against instinctive impulses, but on occasion employed against the superego/conscience itself. If the defence fails, then one may begin to feel guilty years later for actions lightly committed at the time, projection is another defensive tool with wide applications. Alternatively, not the guilt, but the agency itself, may be projected onto other people. Feelings of guilt can prompt subsequent virtuous behavior, people who feel guilty may be more likely to exercise restraint, avoid self-indulgence, and exhibit less prejudice. Guilt appears to prompt reparatory behaviors to alleviate the negative emotions that it engenders, people appear to engage in targeted and specific reparatory behaviors toward the persons they wronged or offended. Individuals high in psychopathy lack any sense of guilt or remorse for harm they may have caused others. Instead, they rationalize their behavior, blame someone else, or deny it outright, a person with psychopathy has a tendency to be harmful to his or herself and to others. They have little ability to plan ahead for the future, an individual with psychopathy will never find themselves at fault because they will do whatever it takes to benefit themselves without reservation
15.
Death
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Death is the cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. Bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death, other concerns include fear of death, necrophobia, anxiety, sorrow, grief, emotional pain, depression, sympathy, compassion, solitude, or saudade. The potential for an afterlife is of concern for some humans, the word death comes from Old English deað, which in turn comes from Proto-Germanic *dauthuz. This comes from the Proto-Indo-European stem *dheu- meaning the Process, act, when a person has died, it is also said they have passed away, passed on, expired, or are gone, among numerous other socially accepted, religiously specific, slang, and irreverent terms. Bereft of life, the person is then a corpse, cadaver, a body, a set of remains, and when all flesh has rotted away. The terms carrion and carcass can also be used, though more often connote the remains of non-human animals. As a polite reference to a person, it has become common practice to use the participle form of decease, as in the deceased. The ashes left after a cremation are sometimes referred to by the neologism cremains, senescence refers to a scenario when a living being is able to survive all calamities, but eventually dies due to causes relating to old age. Almost all animals who survive external hazards to their biological functioning eventually die from biological aging, some organisms experience negligible senescence, even exhibiting biological immortality. These include the jellyfish Turritopsis dohrnii, the hydra, and the planarian, unnatural causes of death include suicide and homicide. From all causes, roughly 150,000 people die around the world each day, physiological death is now seen as a process, more than an event, conditions once considered indicative of death are now reversible. Where in the process a dividing line is drawn between life and death depends on factors beyond the presence or absence of vital signs, in general, clinical death is neither necessary nor sufficient for a determination of legal death. A patient with working heart and lungs determined to be dead can be pronounced legally dead without clinical death occurring. As scientific knowledge and medicine advance, formulating a precise definition of death becomes more difficult. The concept of death is a key to understanding of the phenomenon. There are many approaches to the concept. For example, brain death, as practiced in medical science, One of the challenges in defining death is in distinguishing it from life. As a point in time, death would seem to refer to the moment at which life ends, determining when death has occurred requires drawing precise conceptual boundaries between life and death
16.
Dialogue
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Dialogue is a written or spoken conversational exchange between two or more people, and a literary and theatrical form that depicts such an exchange. In the 20th century, philosophical treatments of dialogue emerged from thinkers including Mikhail Bakhtin, Paulo Freire, Martin Buber, although diverging in many details, these thinkers have articulated a holistic concept of dialogue as a multi-dimensional, dynamic and context-dependent process of creating meaning. Educators such as Freire and Ramón Flecha have also developed a body of theory, the term dialogue stems from the Greek διάλογος, its roots are διά and λόγος. The first extant author who uses the term is Plato, in whose works it is associated with the art of dialectic. Latin took over the word as dialogus, in the West, Plato has commonly been credited with the systematic use of dialogue as an independent literary form. Ancient sources indicate, however, that the Platonic dialogue had its foundations in the mime and these works, admired and imitated by Plato, have not survived and we have only the vaguest idea of how they may have been performed. The Mimes of Herodas, which were found in a papyrus in 1891, Plato further simplified the form and reduced it to pure argumentative conversation, while leaving intact the amusing element of character-drawing. By about 400 BC he had perfected the Socratic dialogue, all his extant writings, except the Apology and Epistles, use this form. Following Plato, the became a major literary genre in antiquity. Soon after Plato, Xenophon wrote his own Symposium, also, Two French writers of eminence borrowed the title of Lucian’s most famous collection, both Fontenelle and Fénelon prepared Dialogues des morts. Contemporaneously, in 1688, the French philosopher Nicolas Malebranche published his Dialogues on Metaphysics and Religion, in English non-dramatic literature the dialogue did not see extensive use until Berkeley employed it, in 1713, for his treatise, Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous. His contemporary, the Scottish philosopher David Hume wrote Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, a prominent 19th-century example of literary dialogue was Landor’s Imaginary Conversations. In Germany, Wieland adopted this form for several important satirical works published between 1780 and 1799, in Spanish literature, the Dialogues of Valdés and those on Painting by Vincenzo Carducci are celebrated. Italian writers of collections of dialogues, following Platos model, include Torquato Tasso, Galileo, Galiani, Leopardi, in the 19th century, the French returned to the original application of dialogue. English writers including Anstey Guthrie also adopted the form, but these seem to have found less of a popular following among the English than their counterparts written by French authors. Authors who have employed it include George Santayana, in his eminent Dialogues in Limbo. Also Edith Stein and Iris Murdoch used the dialogue form, Stein imagined a dialogue between Edmund Husserl and Thomas Aquinas. Murdoch included not only Socrates and Alcibiades as interlocutors in her work Acastos, Two Platonic Dialogues, more recently Timothy Williamson wrote Tetralogue, a philosophical exchange on a train between four people with radically different epistemological views
17.
Sound design
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Sound design is the process of specifying, acquiring, manipulating or generating audio elements. Sound design most commonly involves the manipulation of previously composed or recorded audio, such as sound effects, in some instances it may also involve the composition or manipulation of audio to create a desired effect or mood. A sound designer is one who practices the art of sound design, the use of sound to evoke emotion, reflect mood and underscore actions in plays and dances began in prehistoric times. At its earliest, it was used in religious practices for healing or recreation, in ancient Japan, theatrical events called kagura were performed in Shinto shrines with music and dance. Plays were performed in times in a form of theatre called Commedia dellarte. The use of music and sound in the Elizabethan Theatre followed, in music and sound effects were produced off stage using devices such as bells, whistles. Cues would be written in the script for music and sound effects to be played at the appropriate time, italian composer Luigi Russolo built mechanical sound-making devices, called intonarumori, for futurist theatrical and music performances starting around 1913. These devices were meant to simulate natural and man-made sounds, such as trains, russolos treatise, The Art of Noises, is one of the earliest written documents on the use of abstract noise in the theatre. After his death, his intonarumori were used in more conventional theatre performances to create sound effects. Possibly the first use of recorded sound in the theatre was a phonograph playing a baby’s cry in a London theatre in 1890, sixteen years later, Herbert Beerbohm Tree used recordings in his London production of Stephen Phillips’ tragedy NERO. The article states, “these sounds are all realistically reproduced by the gramophone”, as cited by Bertolt Brecht, there was a play about Rasputin written in by Alexej Tolstoi and directed by Erwin Piscator that included a recording of Lenins voice. A great deal of care and attention was paid to the construction and performance of these effects, but even though the sound designer has basically assumed these roles, time and technology have not ruled out non-sound designers having a hand in sound production. It was subsequently provided to both the ADC and David Goodman at the Florida USA local when they were planning to represent sound designers in the 1990s. MIDI and digital audio technology helped to drive the evolution of sound design during the 1980s and 1990s. These features were incorporated into the MIDI Show Control specification, a communications protocol used to interact with diverse devices. The first show to utilize the MSC specification was the Magic Kingdom Parade at Walt Disney Worlds Magic Kingdom in September,1991. Also, the World Wide Web has greatly enhanced the ability of designers to acquire source material quickly, easily and cheaply. In addition, software innovation has enabled sound designers to take more of a DIY approach
18.
2013 Cannes Film Festival
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The 66th annual Cannes Film Festival took place in Cannes, France, from 15 to 26 May 2013. Steven Spielberg was the head of the jury for the main competition, new Zealand film director Jane Campion was the head of the jury for the Cinéfondation and Short Film sections. French actress Audrey Tautou hosted the opening and closing ceremonies, Actress Kim Novak was named guest of honour and introduced a new restored version of Alfred Hitchcocks Vertigo. The festival opened with The Great Gatsby, directed by Baz Luhrmann and closed with Zulu, the film poster for the festival featured Paul Newman and his wife Joanne Woodward. The Bling Ring, directed by Sofia Coppola, opened the Un Certain Regard section, the French film Blue Is the Warmest Colour won the Palme dOr. In an unprecedented move, along with the director, the Jury decided to take the step of awarding the films two main actresses, Adèle Exarchopoulos and Léa Seydoux, with the Palme dOr. On the occasion of 100 Years of Indian Cinema, India was the Official Guest Country at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival, seven Indian feature films were premiered among various sections on the festival. Actress Vidya Balan was one of the official Jury of the festival, the first Incredible India Exhibition, a joint participation of the Ministry of Tourism and Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Republic of India was inaugurated by Indian delegate Chiranjeevi. The Cinéfondation section focuses on films made by students at film schools, the following 18 entries were selected, out of 1,550 submissions from 277 different schools. One-third of the films selected represented schools competing for the first time and it was also the first time for a Chilean film to be selected in Cinéfondation. The line-up for the Directors Fortnight was announced at a conference on 23 April with the following films being selected. Feature films The line-up for the International Critics’ Week was announced on 22 April at the sections website, in a first for the competition, the jury decided to award the Palme dOr to Kechiche and the actresses who star in the film, Adèle Exarchopoulos and Léa Seydoux. Blue Is the Warmest Colour is a film that tells the story of a lesbian relationship between a 15-year-old girl and an older woman. It has shocked critics with its graphic and controversial sex scenes. A reporter for the Radio France Internationale stated that Kechiche paid tribute to the Tunisian revolution, the Grand Prix was won by the Coen brotherss Inside Llewyn Davis, while Bruce Dern and Bérénice Bejo were awarded Best Actor and Best Actress respectively
19.
72nd Venice International Film Festival
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The 72nd annual Venice International Film Festival took place from 2 to 12 September 2015. Alfonso Cuarón served as the President of the Jury for the main competition, a restored version of Federico Fellinis film Amarcord was shown at the festival. The Venezuelan film From Afar by Lorenzo Vigas won the Golden Lion award, everest was selected as the festivals opening night film, while Guan Hus drama film Mr. Six served as the closing night film. Actress and director Elisa Sednaoui hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the festival, the festival honoured Brian De Palma with Glory to the Filmmaker Award and a documentary film titled De Palma by Noah Baumbach and Jake Paltrow also screened at the festival. Jonathan Demme received the Persol Tribute to Visionary Talent Award, who served as the President of Horizons section jury
20.
Photography
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Typically, a lens is used to focus the light reflected or emitted from objects into a real image on the light-sensitive surface inside a camera during a timed exposure. With an electronic sensor, this produces an electrical charge at each pixel. A negative image on film is used to photographically create a positive image on a paper base, known as a print. The word photography was created from the Greek roots φωτός, genitive of φῶς, light and γραφή representation by means of lines or drawing, several people may have coined the same new term from these roots independently. Johann von Maedler, a Berlin astronomer, is credited in a 1932 German history of photography as having used it in an article published on 25 February 1839 in the German newspaper Vossische Zeitung. Both of these claims are now widely reported but apparently neither has ever been confirmed as beyond reasonable doubt. Credit has traditionally given to Sir John Herschel both for coining the word and for introducing it to the public. Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries, later Greek mathematicians Aristotle and Euclid also independently described a pinhole camera in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. Daniele Barbaro described a diaphragm in 1566, wilhelm Homberg described how light darkened some chemicals in 1694. The fiction book Giphantie, published in 1760, by French author Tiphaigne de la Roche, the discovery of the camera obscura that provides an image of a scene dates back to ancient China. Leonardo da Vinci mentions natural camera obscura that are formed by dark caves on the edge of a sunlit valley, a hole in the cave wall will act as a pinhole camera and project a laterally reversed, upside down image on a piece of paper. So the birth of photography was primarily concerned with inventing means to capture, renaissance painters used the camera obscura which, in fact, gives the optical rendering in color that dominates Western Art. The camera obscura literally means dark chamber in Latin and it is a box with a hole in it which allows light to go through and create an image onto the piece of paper. Around the year 1800, British inventor Thomas Wedgwood made the first known attempt to capture the image in a camera obscura by means of a light-sensitive substance and he used paper or white leather treated with silver nitrate. The shadow images eventually darkened all over, the first permanent photoetching was an image produced in 1822 by the French inventor Nicéphore Niépce, but it was destroyed in a later attempt to make prints from it. Niépce was successful again in 1825, in 1826 or 1827, he made the View from the Window at Le Gras, the earliest surviving photograph from nature. Because Niépces camera photographs required a long exposure, he sought to greatly improve his bitumen process or replace it with one that was more practical. With an eye to eventual commercial exploitation, the partners opted for total secrecy, Daguerres efforts culminated in what would later be named the daguerreotype process
21.
Beaconsfield
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Beaconsfield is a market town and civil parish within the South Bucks district in Buckinghamshire centred 23.6 miles WNW of London and 17 miles SSE of the countys administrative town, Aylesbury. Four towns are within five miles, Slough, Amersham, Gerrards Cross, the town is adjacent to the Chiltern Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and has a wide area of Georgian, neo-Georgian and Tudor revival high street architecture, known as the Old Town. It is celebrated for the first model village in the world and, in education, a direction and technical production institute, the parish comprises Beaconsfield town and land mainly given over arable land. Some beech forest remains to supply an established beech furniture industry in High Wycombe, Beaconsfield is recorded in property returns of 1185 where it is spelt Bekenesfeld, literally beechen field which would less archaically be read as clearing in the beeches. Nearby Burnham Beeches is a forest named after the beech genus, the parish church at the crossroads of Old Beaconsfield is dedicated to St Mary, it was rebuilt of flint and bath stone by the Victorians in 1869. The United Reformed Church in Beaconsfield can trace its roots of non-conformist worship in the back to 1704. Old Beaconsfield has a number of old coaching inns along a street of red brick houses. It was the first stopping point on the road between London and Oxford, an annual fair is traditionally held on 10 May. In recent years residents have opposed the fair as a hindrance to the Old Town. In the Victorian era the town was the constituency of Benjamin Disraeli, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 1868. In 1876 he was made the 1st Earl of Beaconsfield by Queen Victoria with whom he was very popular and it was due to this, that Beaconsfield became a popular road name in industrial cities across the country in the late Victorian era. It is the place of the author G. K. Chesterton, Edmund Burke. In 1624, Wallers family acquired Wilton Manor and Hall Barn in the town, the Wallers, who came from Speldhurst, Kent, says the Victoria County history of Buckinghamshire, were settled at Beaconsfield as early as the 14th century. Dominic Grieve is the Member of Parliament for Beaconsfield, first elected in 1997, and it is the birthplace of Terry Pratchett, author of the Discworld series of fantasy novels. The exterior of the Royal Saracens Head Inn can be seen in the James Bond film Thunderball, the New Town also features in two other postwar colour films, John & Julie and The Fast Lady. Many other parts of the town have been used in due to the old film studio. More recently it has often used as a location for the TV murder mystery series, Midsomer Murders. The New Town was built 1 mile further to the north, the railway station is on the Chiltern Main Line out of Marylebone towards High Wycombe it then branches to Aylesbury, and Birmingham Snow Hill
22.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
23.
Cinematography
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Typically, a lens is used to repeatedly focus the light reflected from objects into real images on the light-sensitive surface inside a camera during a questioned exposure, creating multiple images. With an electronic sensor, this produces an electrical charge at each pixel. The result with photographic emulsion is a series of invisible latent images on the film stock, the images on the film stock are played back at a rapid speed and projected onto a screen, creating the illusion of motion. Cinematography finds uses in fields of science and business as well as for entertainment purposes. The word cinematography was created from the Greek words κίνημα, meaning movement, motion and γράφειν meaning to record, the word used to refer to the art, process, or job of filming movies, but later its meaning was restricted to motion picture photography. In the 1830s, moving images were produced on revolving drums and disks, with independent invention by Simon von Stampfer in Austria, Joseph Plateau in Belgium, and William Horner in Britain. In 1845, Francis Ronalds invented the first successful camera able to make recordings of the varying indications of meteorological. The cameras were supplied to numerous observatories around the world and some remained in use well into the 20th century. William Lincoln patented a device, in 1867, that showed animated pictures called the wheel of life or zoopraxiscope, in it, moving drawings or photographs were watched through a slit. On 19 June 1873, Eadweard Muybridge successfully photographed a horse named Sallie Gardner in fast motion using a series of 24 stereoscopic cameras. The cameras were arranged along a parallel to the horses. They were 21 inches apart to cover the 20 feet taken by the horse stride, although it was never played back at speed to create motion, this was the first step towards motion pictures. The late nineteenth to the twentieth century brought rise to the use of film not only for entertainment purposes. The experimental film Roundhay Garden Scene, filmed by Louis Le Prince on 14 October 1888, in Roundhay, Leeds and this movie was shot on paper film. W. K. L. Dickson, working under the direction of Thomas Alva Edison, was the first to design a successful apparatus and this camera took a series of instantaneous photographs on standard Eastman Kodak photographic emulsion coated onto a transparent celluloid strip 35 mm wide. The results of work were first shown in public in 1893, using the viewing apparatus also designed by Dickson. Contained within a box, only one person at a time looking into it through a peephole could view the movie. The Lumière brothers were the first to present projected, moving, photographic, in 1896, movie theaters were open in France, Italy, Brussels, and London
24.
Harvard Film Archive
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The Harvard Film Archive is a film archive and cinema located in the Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The HFA cinematheque screens films weekly in its 188-seat theater and it also maintains a film conservation center near Central Square, Cambridge. It opened on March 16,1979 with a screening of Ernst Lubitsch’s silent film, the archives first curator was Vlada K. Petric, who expanded the collection and established the year-round regular screenings. He retired in 1995 and in 1999 Bruce Jenkins assumed the post, in January 2005, Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences dean William C. Kirby announced that the archive would be absorbed by the Harvard College Library and managed by the Library of Fine Arts. This caused some concern within the Harvard community about the future of the archive, Jenkins resigned soon after the announcement. In September 2006 film scholar Haden Guest became the new director of the archive and he has calmed fears that the archives absorption in the Library would affect its public film screenings. It is the largest collection of 35mm film in New England, the collection grows by an average of 15 to 20 films a year and contains some rarities, such as some of the only prints in the United States of several films by Serbian director Dusan Makavejev. It also features a collection of German cinema and the Bavarian Film Fund donates prints of any films that it finances. It is part of the Archives mission to conserve, restore, for reasons due to authenticity, archival stability and beauty, film-to-film preservation is a priority, however costs sometimes require film-to-digital transfers
25.
Peter Jackson
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Sir Peter Robert Jackson ONZ KNZM is a New Zealand film director, screenwriter and film producer. He is best known as the director, writer, and producer of The Lord of the Rings trilogy and The Hobbit trilogy and he also produced District 9, The Adventures of Tintin, The Secret of the Unicorn, and the documentary West of Memphis. Jackson began his career with the horror comedy Bad Taste. He shared a nomination for Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay with his partner Fran Walsh for Heavenly Creatures, Jackson has been awarded three Academy Awards in his career, including the award for Best Director in 2003. He has also received a Golden Globe, four Saturn Awards and his production company is Wingnut Films, and his most regular collaborators are co-writers and producers Walsh and Philippa Boyens. Jackson was made a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit in 2002 and he was later knighted by Anand Satyanand, the Governor-General of New Zealand, at a ceremony in Wellington in April 2010. In December 2014, Jackson was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, Jackson was born on 31 October 1961 in Wellington and was raised at the nearby coastal town of Pukerua Bay. His parents—Joan, a worker and housewife, and William Bill Jackson. Bill Jackson was a veteran of the Siege of Malta in World War II, as a child, Jackson was a keen film fan, growing up on Ray Harryhausen films, as well as finding inspiration in the television series Thunderbirds and Monty Pythons Flying Circus. After a family gave the Jacksons a Super 8 cine-camera with Peter in mind. Jackson has long cited King Kong as his film. Most notable though was a 20-minute short called The Valley, which won him a prize because of the shots he used. In school, Jackson expressed no interest in sports and his classmates also remember him wearing a duffle coat with an obsession verging on religious. He had no training in film-making, but learned about editing, special effects and make-up largely through his own trial. As a young adult, Jackson discovered the work of author J. R. R. Tolkien after watching The Lord of the Rings, when he was 16 years old, Jackson left school and began working full-time as a photo-engraver for a Wellington newspaper, The Evening Post. For the seven years he worked there, Jackson lived at home with his parents so he could save as much money as possible to spend on film equipment. After two years of work Jackson bought a 16 mm camera, and began shooting a film later became Bad Taste. Jackson has long cited several films as influences and it is well known that Jackson has a passion for King Kong, often citing it as his favourite film and as the film that inspired him early in his life
26.
BBC Films
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BBC Films is the feature film-making arm of the BBC. Banks, My Week with Marilyn, Jane Eyre, In the Loop, An Education, StreetDance 3D, Fish Tank, iris, Notes on a Scandal, Billy Elliot and Brooklyn. BBC Films co-produces around eight films a year, working in partnership with major international, christine Langan is of BBC Films, responsible for the development and production slate, strategy and business operations. BBC Films has been based at Broadcasting House in London since 2013, prior to 2007, it was based nearby in Mortimer Street, while still under full control of the BBC. A restructuring of the division integrated it into the main BBC Fiction department of BBC Vision, as a result, it moved out of its independent offices into BBC Television Centre, and its head David M. Thompson left to start his own film production company. Holmes X+Y Bill Brooklyn The Lady in the Van Chef Mrs. Browns Boys DMovie A Little Chaos A Long Way Down The Invisible Woman What We Did on Our Holiday Lilting Philomena Saving Mr
27.
British Independent Film Awards
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The British Independent Film Awards is an organisation that celebrates, supports and promotes British independent cinema and filmmaking talent. Nominations for the awards ceremony are announced in early November. Since 2015, BIFA has also hosted UK–wide talent development and film screening programmes with the support of Creative Skillset and the BFI. BIFA founding members include Phillip Alberstat, Chris Auty, André Burgess, Sally Caplan, Pippa Cross, Christopher Fowler, Lora Fox Gamble, Steven Gaydos, Norma Heyman, the first BIFA ceremony took place on the 29th October 1998. Winners included Ken Loach, Shane Meadows and Ray Winstone, the Special Jury Prize was awarded to Nik Powell, and the Best British Independent Film award went to My Name is Joe. The BIFA ceremony takes place in early December every year and is one of the first dates in the awards season. Most of the categories are for British independent feature films only, though there are awards for Best International Independent Film. There are also several awards, such as the Special Jury Prize, the Richard Harris Award. Main categories, Films must be over 70 minutes in length, Films must have had a public screening to a paying audience, either on general release in the UK or at a British film festival or at one of BIFAs recognised international festivals. Must be produced or majority co-produced by a British production company, where there is a major studio substantially funding a film, the total budget must not exceed $20 million. BIFA has a pool of voters that consists of past BIFA winners and nominees, top British film industry professionals. Although the pool is continually growing, fewer than 200 voters vote for the nominations in any one year, all entered films must be seen by a minimum number of voters and discussed at a voter meeting before being marked as having been given fair consideration. In calculating the results, BIFA takes into account the number of voters who have seen each film as well as how many voted for it, the winners in most categories are decided by independent juries, newly–appointed each year. Juries meet to discuss all nominations before voting confidentially for the winner, exceptions include the honorary awards and the award for Best British Independent Film, the winner of which is decided by a confidential vote amongst all BIFA voters. Sessions included The Lobster with production designer Jaqueline Abrahams, The Selfish Giant with casting director Amy Hubbard, BIFA Presents is an ongoing project wherein BIFA supports the theatrical distribution of award-nominated and -winning films with special preview and event screenings. In February 2017, BIFA Presents hosted exclusive previews of the Oscar-winning Moonlight in conjunction with Everyman Cinemas, BIFA Independents is a series of regular screenings of films featuring BIFA-winning and nominated talent. The first BIFA Independents screening was in December 2016, featuring Andrea Arnolds Best British Independent Film-winning American Honey
28.
British Academy of Film and Television Arts
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The British Academy of Film and Television Arts is an independent charity that supports, develops and promotes the art forms of the moving image – film, television and game in the United Kingdom. David Lean was the founding Chairman of the Academy, the first Film Awards ceremony took place in May 1949 and honouring the films The Best Years of Our Lives, Odd Man Out and The World Is Rich. In 2005, it placed a cap on worldwide voting membership which now stands at approximately 6,500. BAFTA has offices in Scotland and Wales in the UK, in Los Angeles and New York in the United States and runs events in Hong Kong, amanda Berry OBE has been chief executive of the organisation since December 2000. Many of these events are free to online at BAFTA Guru. BAFTA runs a number of programmes across the UK, US. Launched in 2012, the UK programme enables talented British citizens who are in need of support to take an industry-recognised course in film. Each BAFTA Scholar receives up to £12,000 towards their annual course fees, since 2013, three students every year have received one of the Prince William Scholarships in Film, Television and Games, supported by BAFTA and Warner Bros. These scholarships are awarded in the name of in his role as President of BAFTA, since 2015, BAFTA has been offering scholarships for British citizens to study in China, vice versa. BAFTA presents awards for film, television and games, including entertainment, at a number of annual ceremonies across the UK and in Los Angeles. The BAFTA award trophy is a mask, designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe. Todays BAFTA award – including the mask and marble base – weighs 3.7 kg and measures 27 cm x 14 cm x 8 cm. BAFTAs annual film awards ceremony is known as the British Academy Film Awards, or the BAFTAs, in 1949 the British Film Academy, as it was then known, presented the first awards for films made in 1947 and 1948. Since 2008 the ceremony has held at the Royal Opera House in Londons Covent Garden. It had been held in the Odeon cinema on Leicester Square since 2000, the ceremony had been performed during April or May of each year, but since 2002 it has been held in February to precede the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Academy Awards, or Oscars. They have been awarded annually since 1954, the first ever ceremony consisted of six categories. Until 1958, they were awarded by the Guild of Television Producers and Directors, from 1968 until 1997, BAFTAs Film and Television Awards were presented together, but from 1998 onwards they were presented at two separate ceremonies. The Television Craft Awards celebrate the talent behind the programmes, such as working in visual effects, production
29.
66th British Academy Film Awards
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The 66th British Academy Film Awards, more commonly known as the BAFTAs, were held on 10 February 2013 at the Royal Opera House in London, honouring the best national and foreign films of 2012. The nominations were announced on 9 January 2013, stephen Fry hosted the ceremony, where Argo won Best Film and Best Director for Ben Affleck. Daniel Day-Lewis won Best Actor for Lincoln and Emmanuelle Riva won Best Actress for Amour, christoph Waltz won Best Supporting Actor for Django Unchained and Anne Hathaway won Best Supporting Actress for Les Misérables. Skyfall, directed by Sam Mendes, was voted Outstanding British Film of 2012, sir Alan Parker received the BAFTA Fellowship and Tessa Ross garnered the BAFTA Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema Award
30.
Edinburgh International Film Festival
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The Edinburgh International Film Festival is an annual fortnight of cinema screenings and related events taking place each June. Established in 1947, it is the worlds oldest continually running film festival, the EIFF presents both UK and international films, in all genres and lengths. It also presents themed retrospectives and other specialised programming strands, the 2016 edition was the Festivals 70th. The first festival, a programme of documentaries, was presented by the Edinburgh Film Guild alongside the 1947 Edinburgh International Festival, at the time, Cannes and Venice were the most significant annual film festivals. Over the subsequent years, the programme expanded to include fiction films, in 2008, the film festival moved from its traditional August slot to June. The film festival shows a range of films and documentaries as well as short films, animations. A jury awards The Michael Powell Award for Best New British Feature Film while the audience can vote for the Audience Award, there are also several awards given for short films. The artistic director from September 2006 to 2010 was Hannah McGill, previously a film critic and her predecessor, Shane Danielsen, served from 2002-2006. Tilda Swinton, Robert Carlyle and Seamus McGarvey are honorary patrons, in December 2009 Hannah McGill collected the prestigious Talkback Thames New Talent Award at the Women in Film and Television Awards. Following McGills departure a new format was announced with no artistic director, the Festival returned to a more conventional format in 2012 under artistic director Chris Fujiwara, who stepped down in 2014. The current Artistic Director is Mark Adams, who joined EIFF in January 2015, Edinburgh Filmhouse is the festivals home. The festival uses a range of cinemas and venues across the city including Fountainpark Cineworld, Edinburgh Festival Theatre and the Odeon. com EIFF news, reviews
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BFI London Film Festival
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The British Film Institute London Film Festival is an annual film festival held in the United Kingdom, running in the second half of October with cooperation from the British Film Institute. It screens more than 300 films, documentaries and shorts from approximately 50 countries, in 1953 a group of critics including Dilys Powell of the The Sunday Times, raised the notion of a film festival for London. They reasoned that with Cannes and Venice, as did Edinburgh, had their own, however, the proposition was squared at the press - giving audience a chance to see movies that dont normally release in British cinemas. Originally to be a festival of festivals, it focused on screening a selection of titles from other European film festivals, including Cannes. The first London Film Festival was conceived by James Quinn, and it was launched after the inauguration of the new NFT on its current site under Waterloo Bridge. It screened only 15-20 films from a selection of directors, including Akira Kurosawa, Satyajit Ray, Yasujirō Ozu, Luchino Visconti. While the programme still retains the feel, it also now shows new discoveries from important. Whilst it continues to be first and foremost a public festival, it is attended by large numbers of film professionals. Importantly, it offers opportunities for people to see films that may not otherwise get a UK screening along with films which will get a release in the near future. Previously a number of awards were presented at the Closing gala, but in 2009, with the aid of some funding from the UK Film Council. The 2009 Festival featured 15 world premieres including Wes Anderson’s first animated feature, in addition to Fantastic Mr. Fox and Up In The Air, George Clooney supported his role in The Men Who Stare At Goats. On August 2016, American distributor A24s Free Fire was chosen to close the 2016 London Film Festival, the Sutherland Trophy – for the most original and innovative first feature in the London Film Festival. Named after the BFI’s patron, this award boasts recipients as noteworthy as Bertolucci, Fassbinder, Godard, the Grierson Award – for the best feature-length documentary in the festival. This award is given jointly by the LFF and the Grierson Trust which commemorates the pioneering Scottish documentary-maker John Grierson, famous for Drifters, the Grierson Trust has a long-standing tradition of recognising outstanding films that demonstrate integrity, originality and technical excellence and social or cultural significance. From 2009, a new standalone awards ceremony was launched which included the awards, Best Film – celebrates creative, original, imaginative, intelligent. BFI Fellowships – the Festival showcases both the work of new film-makers and established ones, and presenting two Fellowships provides a fitting contrast to those Awards recognising new talent, jonathan Caouette 7th FIPRESCI International Critics Award Aaltra, dir. Gustave de Kervern and Benoit Delepine The Alfred Dunhill UK Film Talent Award A Way Of Life, amma Asante 9th Annual Satyajit Ray Award The Woodsman, dir. Nicole Kassell TCM Classic Shorts Award Nits, dir, harry Wootliff The Sutherland Trophy For the Living and the Dead, dir
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Chicago International Film Festival
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The Chicago International Film Festival is an annual film festival held every fall. Founded in 1964 by Michael Kutza, it is the longest-running competitive film festival in North America. Its logo is a stark, black and white close up of the eyes of early film actresses Theda Bara, Pola Negri and Mae Murray. In 2010, the 46th Chicago International Film Festival presented 150 films from more than 50 countries, the Festivals program is composed of many different sections, including the International Competition, New Directors Competition, Docufest, Black Perspectives, Cinema of the Americas, and Reel Women. Foreign films are screened for free throughout the city weekly from July through September, bruce Dern Terrence Howard Susan Sarandon Shirley MacLaine Robert Zemeckis Irma P. Hall, Robert Townsend and Harry J
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Samantha Morton
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Samantha Jane Morton is an English actress, screenwriter and director. She has been described as one of the greatest actresses of her generation, brought up in Nottingham, Morton joined the Central Junior Television Workshop, and soon began her career in British televisions in 1991. She guest-starred in Soldier Soldier and Cracker and appeared from 1995 to 1996 in the ITV series Band of Gold and she made the transition to film with lead roles in the dramas Emma, Jane Eyre and the well-received Under the Skin. The latter made director Woody Allen cast Morton in Sweet and Lowdown, which earned her nominations for the Academy Award, in the 2000s, Morton continued to draw critical praise for her performances in numerous arthouse and independent films. Her role in Morvern Callar garnered her the BIFA Award for Best Actress, and she received her second Academy Award nomination and she also found mainstream success with the science fiction thriller Minority Report. For her role in 2006s television biopic Longford, she received an Emmy Award nomination, Morton was born in Clifton, Nottingham, the third child of Pamela Freebury, a factory worker, and Peter Morton. She has six half-siblings from her parents relationships, subsequent to their 1979 divorce and she lived with her father until she was eight when she was made a ward of court, because neither of her parents could care for her and her siblings. Her father was an alcoholic and her mother was involved in a violent relationship with her second husband. The next nine years were spent in and out of foster care, under the effects of drugs, she threatened an older girl who had been bullying her. She was convicted of making threats to kill, and served 18 weeks in an attendance centre, Morton said in an interview, as a child I had a serious anger problem, but from the age of 16 Ive been trying to turn bad things into positives. Moving to London at sixteen, Morton applied to drama schools, including RADA. In 1991 she attended Clarendon College of Performing Arts to gain a BTEC award and she made her stage début at the Royal Court Theatre, and continued her television career with appearances in Peak Practice and in an episode of Cracker. At the time, she had a role in the first two series of Kay Mellors successful Band of Gold. Further television roles followed, including parts in period dramas such as Emma, Emma was a film adaptation of the novel of the same name published in 1815 about youthful hubris and the perils of misconstrued romance. The movie received positive reviews from critics and was broadcast in late 1996 on ITV. In Jane Eyre, Morton starred as a Yorkshire orphan who becomes a governess to a young French girl, like her previous small-screen projects, the 1997 film originally aired on ITV. She took on the role in the independent drama Under the Skin, directed by Carine Adler, where she played Iris. The movie garnered favorable reviews from writers, with The Guardian placing it at number 15 on its list of the Best British Films 1984—2009
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Stereolab
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Stereolab are an English-French avant-pop band formed in 1990 in London. The band originally comprised songwriting team Tim Gane and Lætitia Sadier, other long-time members include Mary Hansen, who played with the group from 1992 until her accidental death in 2002, and Andy Ramsay, who joined in 1993, and who is still in the official line-up. They were noted for their use of vintage electronic keyboards. Stereolab were one of the first bands to be termed post-rock, Stereolab often incorporates socio-political themes into their lyrics. Critics such as Simon Reynolds say the lyrics carry a strong Marxist message. Gane is skeptical of such as Marxist pop, and defends the band against accusations of sloganeering. Although many of the albums have been underground hits, they never found larger commercial success. The band were released from their contract with Warner Bros. Records when Warners imprint Elektra Records folded. The release was due to poor record sales, and since then Stereolabs self-owned label. Duophonic holds the copyrights to the recordings, and on this label the band has released many limited-edition records. In 2009, Stereolab announced via their website that they were going on indefinite hiatus, in 1985, Tim Gane formed McCarthy, a band from Essex, England known for their left-wing politics. Gane met the French-born Lætitia Sadier at a McCarthy concert in Paris, the musically-inclined Sadier was disillusioned with the rock scene in France and soon moved to London to be with Gane and pursue her career. In 1990, after three albums, McCarthy broke up and Gane immediately formed Stereolab with Sadier and ex-Chills bassist Martin Kean, the groups name was taken from a division of Vanguard Records demonstrating hi-fi effects. The 10 inch vinyl EP Super 45 was the first release for band and label, and was sold through mail order and the Rough Trade Shop in London. Super 45s band-designed album art and packaging was the first of many customized, in a 1996 interview in The Wire Gane calls the do-it-yourself aesthetic behind Duophonic empowering, and says that by releasing ones own music you learn, it creates more music, more ideas. Other independent bands such as Tortoise, Broadcast, and Labradford would also release material on Duophonic, Stereolab followed up with another EP, Super-Electric, and a single, Stunning Debut Album. In 1992, Stereolabs first full-length album, Peng. and first compilation, Hansen, an Australian, had been in touch with Gane since his McCarthy days. After joining, she and Sadier developed a style of counterpoint that distinguished Stereolabs sound until Hansens death ten years later in 2002
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Aphex Twin
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Richard David James, known by his stage name Aphex Twin, is an Irish-born English electronic musician and composer. He is known for his influential and idiosyncratic work in music styles such as IDM and acid techno in the 1990s. He is also the co-founder of Rephlex Records with Grant Wilson-Claridge and he rose to mainstream popularity with his 1997 EP Come to Daddy and his 1999 single Windowlicker. James was born in Limerick, Ireland, and grew up in Lanner, Cornwall, UK and he enjoyed living there, feeling apart from nearby cities and the rest of the world. You couldnt make sound on a ZX81, but I played around with machine code, according to musician Benjamin Middleton, James began producing music the following year. As a teenager he was a jockey at the Shire Horse Inn in St Ives, with Tom Middleton at the Bowgie Inn in Crantock. James studied at Cornwall College from 1988 to 1990 for a National Diploma in engineering, about his studies, he said music and electronics went hand in hand. James graduated from college, according to a lecturer he often wore headphones during practical lessons. In 1989, James befriended Grant Wilson-Claridge when they were working alternate weeks as a DJ at the Bowgie pub near Newquay, Wilson-Claridge was intrigued by his sets, and when he discovered that James was playing tapes of his own music he suggested that they make records. James first release as Aphex Twin, later changed to AFX, was the 1991 12-inch EP Analogue Bubblebath on Mighty Force Records, the track En Trance to Exit was recorded with Tom Middleton, also known as Schizophrenia. The EP made the playlist of Kiss FM, an influential London radio station, from 1991 to 1993 James released two Analogue Bubblebath EPs and an EP, Bradleys Beat, as Bradley Strider. Although he allegedly lived on the roundabout in Elephant and Castle, South London, during his years in the city. The first full-length Aphex Twin album, Selected Ambient Works 85–92, was released in 1992 on R&S Records to critical acclaim, John Bush of Allmusic described it as a watershed of ambient music. In 2002 Rolling Stone said about the album, Aphex Twin expanded way beyond the ambient music of Brian Eno by fusing lush soundscapes with oceanic beats, Pitchfork Media called it among the most interesting music ever created with a keyboard and a computer. However, critics noted that the songs were recorded on cassette, in 1992 James also released the Xylem Tube EP and Digeridoo as Aphex Twin, the Pac-Man EP as Power-Pill, and two of his four Joyrex EPs as Caustic Window. Digeridoo reached #55 on the UK Singles Chart, and was described by Rolling Stone as foreshadowing drum. He wrote Digeridoo to clear up his audience after a rave and these early releases were on Rephlex Records, Mighty Force of Exeter and R&S Records of Belgium. Warp Records released Selected Ambient Works Volume II in 1994, with a less beat-, the track names were described with pie chart symbols, each of which was meant to be paired with a corresponding image in the album jacket
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Broadcast (band)
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Broadcast are an indie electronic band, founded in Birmingham, England in 1995. The band has released three albums as well as several EPs, singles and EP collections, Broadcasts original members were Trish Keenan, Roj Stevens, Tim Felton, James Cargill and Steve Perkins. Various other drummers played with the band, including Keith York, Phil Jenkins, Jeremy Barnes, as of 2005, the group consisted of the duo of Keenan and Cargill. Following the 2011 death of Keenan, Cargill remained as the only member, Keenan and Cargill met in the mid 1990s at the Sensateria psychedelic club, and formed Pan Am Flight Bag in 1995, renamed Broadcast after several concerts. The bands first releases, both in 1996, were the Accidentals 7 single and The Book Lovers EP and they attracted the attention of Warp Records, who compiled the single and EP as a compilation album, Work and Non Work, issued on 10 November 1997. The 1999 Broadcast track You Can Fall was included on the soundtrack album Morvern Callar and this soundtrack accompanied the Lynne Ramsay film Morvern Callar, based on the Alan Warner book of the same name. The groups debut album, The Noise Made by People, was released by Warp on 20 March 2000. Second album Haha Sound was released on 11 August 2003, preceded by two EPs, Microtronics Volume 01, Stereo Recorded Music for Links and Bridges and Pendulum, Warp issued a second compilation of B-sides and rarities, The Future Crayon, on 21 August 2006. In October 2009, Broadcast released an album with the Focus Group called Broadcast. In late 2009, their song I Found the F was covered by Gravenhurst on the Warp20 compilation, the band was chosen by Matt Groening to perform at the All Tomorrows Parties festival he curated in May 2010 in Minehead, Somerset, England. Keenan died on 14 January 2011 at the age of 42, following complications with pneumonia, Broadcast were credited with providing the soundtrack Berberian Sound Studio for Peter Stricklands 2012 film of the same name, the soundtrack was released 7 January 2013. Cargill, the remaining member, revealed in an 2011 interview with Under the Radar that a new Broadcast album was in the works. This was confirmed by Cargill in an interview in the April 2013 edition of Shindig, magazine although, as of 2017, the album has not been released. It was also reminiscent of Stereolab, however, despite the similar musical pedigree, Broadcasts music is often darker and edgier in sound – with amorphous samples and analogue dissonance giving it a retro-futuristic sci-fi edge
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The Velvet Underground
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The Velvet Underground was a rock band formed in New York, America, by singer/guitarist Lou Reed, multi-instrumentalist John Cale, guitarist Sterling Morrison, and drummer Angus MacLise. The provocative subject matter, musical experimentation, and often nihilistic attitudes explored in the work would prove influential in the development of punk rock. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked the band No.19 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996 by Patti Smith. The foundations for what would become the Velvet Underground were laid in late 1964, singer/songwriter/guitarist Lou Reed had performed with a few short-lived garage bands and had worked as a songwriter for Pickwick Records. Reed met John Cale, a Welshman who had moved to the United States to study classical music upon securing a scholarship. Cale had worked with experimental composers Cornelius Cardew and La Monte Young, Youngs use of extended drones would be a profound influence on the bands early sound. Cale was pleasantly surprised to discover that Reeds experimentalist tendencies were similar to his own, the pair rehearsed and performed together, their partnership and shared interests built the path towards what would later become the Velvet Underground. Reed and Cale recruited Sterling Morrison—a college classmate of Reeds at Syracuse University—as a replacement for Walter De Maria, Reed and Morrison both played guitars, Cale played viola, keyboards and bass and Angus MacLise joined on percussion to complete the initial four-member unit. This quartet was first called the Warlocks, then the Falling Spikes, MacLise made a suggestion to adopt the title as the bands name. The band immediately and unanimously adopted the Velvet Underground as its new name in November 1965, the newly named Velvet Underground rehearsed and performed in New York City. Their music was much more relaxed than it would later become, Cale described this era as reminiscent of beat poetry. When he briefly returned to Britain, Cale attempted to give a copy of the tape to Marianne Faithfull, hoping shed pass it on to Mick Jagger, nothing ever came of this, but the demo was eventually released on the 1995 box set Peel Slowly and See. Manager and music journalist Al Aronowitz arranged for the groups first paying gig—$75 to play at Summit High School, in Summit, New Jersey, opening for the Myddle Class. When they decided to take the gig, MacLise abruptly left the group, protesting what he considered a sellout, he was unwilling to be told when to start. Angus was in it for art, Morrison reported, MacLise was replaced by Maureen Moe Tucker, the younger sister of Morrisons friend Jim Tucker. Her rhythms, at once simple and exotic, became a part of the groups music. The group earned a regular paying gig at the Café Bizarre, in 1965, after being introduced to the Velvet Underground by filmmaker Barbara Rubin, Andy Warhol became the bands manager and suggested they use the German-born singer Nico on several songs. Warhols reputation helped the band gain a higher profile and he helped the band secure a recording contract with MGMs Verve Records, with himself as nominal producer, and gave the Velvets free rein over the sound they created
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Morvern Callar
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Morvern Callar was the debut novel by Scottish author Alan Warner, first published in 1995. Narrated in the first person, it tells the story of Morvern, Hed near chopped off His hand with the meat cleaver. He couldnt object so I lit a Silk Cut, a sort of wave of something was going across me. There was fright but Id daydreamed how Id be, the novel progresses with Morvern living her life in the port of Oban, Scotland, and publishing her deceased lovers novel under her own name. The novel was a winner of the Somerset Maugham Award in 1996, characters within the novel include Morvern, Lanna, Vanessa the Depresser, Couris Jean, Red Hanna, Tequila Sheila, Creeping Jesus, The Complex Boys, and Granny Phimster. The character of Morvern also is in Warners second novel, These Demented Lands and third novel, the book was made into a film in 2002, starring Samantha Morton and directed by Lynne Ramsay
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Alice Sebold
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Alice Sebold is an American writer. She has published three books, Lucky, The Lovely Bones, and The Almost Moon, Sebold was born in Madison, Wisconsin. She grew up in the suburbs of Philadelphia, where her father taught Spanish at the University of Pennsylvania, Sebold graduated from Great Valley High School in Malvern, Pennsylvania, in 1980. In the early hours of May 8,1981, while a freshman at Syracuse University and her attacker dragged her into a tunnel and severely sodomized her, urinated on her, and brutally beat her. She reported the crime to the police, who took her statement and investigated, Sebold returned home to Pennsylvania for the summer before returning to Syracuse to finish her bachelors degree and study writing. On October 5,1981, while walking down a street near the Syracuse campus and she notified police and testified against the rapist in court, he was convicted of rape and sodomy, and sentenced to eight to 25 years. Her attacker is out of now, but Sebold says she has not kept track of his whereabouts. Following graduation from Syracuse in 1984, Sebold briefly attended the University of Houston in Texas, for graduate school and she held several waitressing jobs while pursuing a writing career, but neither her poetry nor her attempts at writing a novel came to fruition. She also began using heroin recreationally, Sebold recounted her substance abuse to students at an Evening of Fiction workshop by saying, I did a lot of things that I am not particularly proud of and that I can’t believe that I did. Sebold left New York for Southern California, where she became a caretaker of a colony, earning $386 a month. She ultimately obtained an MFA from the University of California, Irvine in 1998, Sebold began writing the book that would become Lucky in New York, as a ten-page assignment for her class. In its first drafts, the book was a version of her rape and its aftermath, while in graduate school. The books title came from a policeman who had told Sebold that she was lucky to be alive, at age 33, Sebold then began writing a novel called Monsters, about the rape and murder of a 14-year-old girl. The story was based on her realization that within the world of my upbringing there was as many strange stories as there were in the more romanticized parts of the world. The novel eventually became The Lovely Bones, which one called a disturbing story, full of horror and confusion and deep. And yet it reflects a moving, passionate interest in and love for life as its most wonderful. The New York Times observed that Ms. Sebold the ability to both the ordinary and the extraordinary, the banal and the horrific, in lyrical, unsentimental prose. In an interview with Publishers Weekly, Sebold said, I was motivated to write about violence because I believe its not unusual
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The Lovely Bones
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The Lovely Bones is a 2002 novel by Alice Sebold. The novel received critical praise and became an instant bestseller. A film adaptation, directed by Peter Jackson, who purchased the rights, was released in 2009. And I began to see things in a way that let me hold the world without me in it, the events my death brought were merely the bones of a body that would become whole at some unpredictable time in the future. The price of what I came to see as this body had been my life. On December 6,1973, 14-year-old Susie Salmon takes her usual shortcut home from her school through a cornfield in Norristown, Pennsylvania. George Harvey, her 36-year-old neighbor who lives alone and builds houses for a living. Once she enters, he rapes and murders her, then dismembers her body, Susies spirit flees toward her personal heaven, and in doing so, rushes past one of her classmates, social outcast Ruth Connors. The Salmon family at first refuses to believe that Susie is dead, the police talk to Harvey, finding him strange but seeing no reason to suspect him. Susies father, Jack, begins to suspect Harvey, a sentiment his surviving daughter Lindsey comes to share, Jack takes an extended leave from work. Later, Len Fenerman, the assigned to the case. That night in his study, Jack looks out the window, thinking it is Harvey returning to destroy more evidence, he runs out to confront him, armed with a baseball bat. The figure is not Harvey, but Clarissa, Susies best friend who is dating Brian, as Susie watches in horror from heaven, Brian—who was going to meet Clarissa in the cornfield—nearly beats Jack to death, and Clarissa breaks Jacks knee. While he recovers from knee replacement surgery, Susies mother, Abigail, trying to help her father prove his suspicions, Lindsey sneaks into Harveys house and finds a diagram of the underground den, but is forced to leave when Harvey returns unexpectedly. The police do not arrest him, however, which enables him to flee from Norristown, later, evidence is discovered linking Harvey to Susies murder as well as to those of several other girls. Meanwhile, Susie meets Harveys other victims in heaven and sees into his traumatic childhood, Abigail leaves Jack and eventually takes a job at a winery in California. Her mother, Grandma Lynn, moves into the Salmons home to care for Buckley and Lindsey, sometime after the celebration, while arguing with his son Buckley, Jack suffers a heart attack. The emergency prompts Abigail to return from California, but the reunion is tempered by Buckleys lingering bitterness for her having abandoned the family for most of his childhood, meanwhile, Harvey returns to Norristown, which has become more developed
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We Need to Talk About Kevin
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We Need to Talk About Kevin is a 2003 novel by Lionel Shriver, published by Serpents Tail, about a fictional school massacre. The novel, Shrivers seventh, won the 2005 Orange Prize, in 2011 the novel was adapted into a film. Evas narration takes the form of letters written after the massacre to her estranged husband. She also admits to a number of events that she tried to keep secret, such as when she lashed out, the novel also shows Eva visiting Kevin in prison. These scenes portray their cold, adversarial relationship, Kevins behavior throughout the book closely resembles that of a psychopath, although reference to this condition is sparse and left mostly up to the readers imagination. He displays little to no affection or moral responsibility towards his family or community, indeed, Kevin seems to regard everyone with contempt and he reserves special loathing for his mother, whom he has antagonized for as long as he can remember. The one activity he takes any pleasure in is archery, having read Robin Hood as a child. As Kevins behavior worsens, Franklin becomes more defensive of him, convinced that his son is a healthy, normal boy, Kevin plays the part of a loving, respectful son whenever Franklin is around, an act that Eva sees through. This creates a rift between Eva and Franklin that never heals, shortly before the massacre, Franklin asks for a divorce, Kevins sister Celia is conceived largely because of Evas need to bond with another member of her family. When Celia is six years old, she is involved in a accident in which drain cleaner causes her to lose an eye. This is closely linked to an incident involving the disappearance of Celias pet rodents. Two explanations are possible, that Eva left the cleaner sitting within Celias reach, or that Kevin somehow attacked Celia with it, destroying her eye and scarring her face. Eva speculates that he did this because he overheard her and Franklin discussing a divorce, he believed Franklin would get custody of him, the novel ends on the second anniversary of the massacre, three days before Kevin will turn eighteen and be transferred to Sing Sing. Subdued and frightened, he makes an offering of sorts to Eva by giving her Celias prosthetic eye to bury. Eva asks Kevin for the first time why he committed the murders and they embrace, and Eva concludes that, despite what he did, she still loves her son. Only in rare instances does another side of Kevin emerge, in childhood, when he becomes very ill, near the end of the book, when asked for the first time by his mother Why. He responds, I used to think I knew, in 2005 BBC Films acquired the rights to adapt the book as a film. Director Lynne Ramsay signed on to direct and it was announced in March 2009 that Tilda Swinton had signed on to star in the film as Eva
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Tilda Swinton
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Katherine Matilda Tilda Swinton is a British actress, performance artist, model, and fashion muse, known for her roles in independent and Hollywood films. She is the recipient of two BAFTA Awards, one BIFA Award, an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and has received three nominations for a Golden Globe Award. She began her career in films directed by Derek Jarman, starting with Caravaggio, followed by The Last of England, War Requiem, Swinton won the Volpi Cup for Best Actress at the Venice Film Festival for her performance as Isabella of France in Edward II. She next starred in Sally Potters Orlando, and was nominated for the European Film Award for Best Actress, Swinton was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for her performance in The Deep End. She followed this with appearances in Vanilla Sky, Adaptation, Young Adam and she then starred in the crime drama Julia, I Am Love, and the psychological thriller We Need to Talk About Kevin. Swinton later starred in the romantic fantasy drama, Only Lovers Left Alive. She is also known for her performances as the White Witch in the Chronicles of Narnia series, Swinton won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her performance as lawyer Karen Crowder in Michael Clayton. In 2005, Swinton was given the Richard Harris Award by the British Independent Film Awards in recognition of her contributions to the British film industry, in 2013 she was given a special tribute by the Museum of Modern Art. Swinton was born in London, the daughter of Judith Balfour and her father is a retired major general in the British Army, and was Lord Lieutenant of Berwickshire from 1989 to 2000. Her paternal great-grandfather was a Scottish politician and herald, George Swinton, the Swinton family is an ancient Anglo-Scots family that can trace its lineage to the Middle Ages. The family is one of three families that can trace their unbroken land ownership and lineage to before the Norman Conquest. Swinton attended three independent schools, Queens Gate School in London, the West Heath Girls School and also Fettes College for a brief period, West Heath was an expensive boarding school where she was a classmate and friend of Princess Diana. Children need their parents and the parents can provide. Swinton went to volunteer in Kenya during a break from college with a charity called Project Trust. In 1983, Swinton graduated from New Hall at the University of Cambridge with a degree in Social and Political Sciences, while at Cambridge, she joined the Communist Party, she later joined the Scottish Socialist Party. It was in college that Swinton began performing on stage, Swinton joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1984, appearing in Measure for Measure. She also worked with the Traverse Theatre in Edinburgh, starring in Mann ist Mann by Manfred Karge in 1987, on television, she appeared as Julia in the 1986 mini-series Zastrozzi, A Romance based on the Gothic novel by Percy Bysshe Shelley. Her first film was Caravaggio in 1986, directed by Derek Jarman, Swinton also played the title role in Orlando, Sally Potters film version of the novel by Virginia Woolf
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Cannes Film Festival
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Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès. On 1 July 2014, co-founder and former head of French pay-TV operator Canal+ Pierre Lescure took over as President of the festival, the Board of Directors also appointed Gilles Jacob as Honorary President of the festival. The 2016 Cannes Film Festival took place between 11 and 22 May 2016, australian film director George Miller was the President of the Jury. I, Daniel Blake, directed by British director Ken Loach, in 2017, The Festival de Cannes will celebrate its 70th anniversary edition from May 17 to 28. In 1947, the festival was held as the Festival du film de Cannes, at that time the principle of equality was introduced, with a jury made up of only one representative per country. The festival is now held at the Palais des Festivals, expressly constructed for the occasion, although for its 1949 inaugural the roof was unfinished, the festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 on account of budgetary problems. Although its origins may be attributed in part to the French desire to compete with Autumns Venice Film Festival, in 1955, the Palme dOr was created, replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that year. In 1957, Dolores del Rio was the first female member of the jury as a Sélection officielle – Member, in 1959, the Marché du Film was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce, in 1962, the International Critics Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors all over the world. In 1965, an hommage was paid to Jean Cocteau after his death, the next year, Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the festival. The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May, some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had withdrawn their films from the competition. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the Film Directors Society that same year, during the 1970s, important changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new President and he immediately introduced an important change in the selection of the participating films. Until that date, the different countries chose which films would represent them in the festival, Bessy created one committee to select French films, and another for foreign films. In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the President position, introducing the Caméra dOr award, in 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the Festival. It was nicknamed The Bunker and provoked many reactions against it, in 1984, Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival. It was not until 1995 that Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection and its aim was to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities
