1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Country
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A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography. Sometimes the word countries is used to both to sovereign states and to other political entities, while other times it refers only to states. The word country comes from Old French contrée, itself derived from Vulgar Latin contrata and it most likely entered the English language after the Franco-Norman invasion during the 11th century. Areas much smaller than a state may be called by names such as the West Country in England, the Black Country, Constable Country. In many European countries the words are used for sub-divisions of the territory, as in the German Bundesländer. The modern Italian contrada is a word with its meaning varying locally, the term country is frequently used to refer to sovereign states. There is no agreement on the number of countries in the world. There are 206 sovereign states, of which 193 states are members of the United Nations, all are defined as states by declarative theory of statehood and constitutive theory of statehood. The latest proclaimed state is South Sudan in 2011, the Kingdom of Denmark, a sovereign state, comprises Metropolitan Denmark and two nominally separate countries—the Faroe Islands, and Greenland—which are almost fully internally self-governing. The Kingdom of the Netherlands, a state, comprises four separate countries, Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao. The degree of autonomy of non-sovereign countries varies widely, some are possessions of sovereign states, as several states have overseas territories, with citizenry at times identical and at times distinct from their own
3.
Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
4.
Provinces of Sweden
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The provinces of Sweden are historical, geographical and cultural regions. Sweden has 25 provinces and they have no function, but remain historical legacies. Dialects and folklore rather follows the borders than the borders of the counties. Several of them were subdivisions of Sweden until 1634, when they were replaced by the counties of Sweden, some were conquered later on from Denmark–Norway. Others, like the provinces of Finland, were lost, Lapland is the only province acquired through colonization. In some cases, the administrative counties correspond almost exactly to the provinces, as is Blekinge to Blekinge County and Gotland, which is a province, county, while not exactly corresponding with the province, Härjedalen Municipality is beside Gotland the only municipality named after a province. In other cases, they do not, which enhances the cultural importance of the provinces. Since 1884 all the provinces are also ceremonial duchies, but as such have no administrative or political functions, the provinces of Sweden are still used in colloquial speech and cultural references, and can therefore not be regarded as an archaic concept. The main exception is Lapland where the see themselves as a part of Västerbotten or Norrbotten. Two other exceptions are Stockholm and Gothenburg, where the see themselves as living in the city. English and other languages occasionally use Latin names as alternatives to the Swedish names, the name Scania for Skåne predominates in English. Some purely English exonyms, such as the Dales for Dalarna, East Gothland for Östergötland, Swedish Lapland for Lappland, swedes writing in English have long used Swedish-language name forms only. The origins of the provincial divisions lay in the petty kingdoms that became more and more subjected to the rule of the Kings of Sweden during the consolidation of Sweden. Until the country law of Magnus Ericson in 1350, each of these still had its own laws with its own assembly. The historical provinces were considered duchies, but newly conquered provinces added to the kingdom either received the status of a duchy or a county, after the separation from the Kalmar Union in 1523 the Kingdom incorporated only some of its new conquests as provinces. Other foreign territories were ruled as Swedish Dominions under the Swedish monarch, Norway, in personal union with Sweden from 1814 to 1905, never became an integral part of Sweden. The division of Västerbotten that took place with the cession of Finland caused Norrbotten to emerge as a county and it was granted a coat of arms as late as in 1995. Some scholars suggest that Sweden revived the concept in the 19th century
5.
Counties of Sweden
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The counties of Sweden are the top-level geographic subdivisions of Sweden. Sweden is today divided into 21 counties, however, the numbers of counties has varied over time, due to territorial gains/losses, at that time, they were what the translation of län into English literally means, fiefdoms. The county borders often follow the borders, but the Crown often chose to make slight relocations to suit its purposes. In every county except Gotland there is a county administrative board headed by a governor, appointed by the government, the county council is the elected regional political assembly for the municipal affairs of the county, primarily regarding public healthcare, public transport and culture. A number of other government agencies are organised on a county basis, including the main bodies of the police, employment, social insurance. With county codes, which were official until 1974, each county region contains a number of municipalities, the existence of which is partly at the discretion of the central government. Since 2004 their number has been 290, thus an average of 13.8 municipalities per county. Until 1968, the City of Stockholm had its own county code A, which is used interchangeably with AB in some contexts. L was for Kristianstad County and M was for Malmöhus County but since they were merged to form Skåne County, O used to stand for Gothenburg and Bohus County but has been used for Västra Götaland County since it was merged with Skaraborg County and Älvsborg County. Swedens provinces, or landskap, and the lands, or landsdelar, the provinces had their own laws and justice systems and could have large cultural and religious differences. Note that the province of Småland historically was several provinces with its own laws, here burial tradition in the era before the Viking age could differ significantly from province to province. The province of Norrbotten is a recent creation, it was part of Västerbotten which extended all the way to Österbotten into todays Finland before 1809. Finnish and Swedish Lappland was also one province until 1809, historically, the provinces were grouped in three lands, Götaland, being southern and western Sweden, Svealand being eastern and south-eastern, and Norrland being the entire northern half. The names of the first two refer to ancient tribes, and the third is a geographical reference and they are still commonly used as geographical references. The boundaries have changed over time, with the most significant in 1658 and 1812, in 1812 some provinces were moved from Götaland to Svealand. After the Finnish War, Sweden was forced to cede the counties in Finland to Russia following the Treaty of Fredrikshamn in, however, the counties were upheld in Finland until a reform in 1997. They are still in use in Sweden,370 years later, the counties in Finland established in 1634 were, Turku and Pori County, Nyland and Tavastehus County, Viborg and Nyslott County, Ostrobothnia County and Kexholm County. Over time the number of subdivisions in Finland increased to twelve, until a reorganization in 1997 reduced their number to six provinces, the counties in Finland were abolished in 2010
6.
Municipalities of Sweden
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The municipalities of Sweden are its lower-level local government entities. There are 290 municipalities which are responsible for a proportion of local services, including schools, emergency services. The Local Government Act of 1991 specifies several responsibilities for the municipalities and it also regulates a process through which any citizen can appeal the decisions of a local government to a county court. Municipal government in Sweden is similar to city government and cabinet-style council government. The assembly in turn appoints an executive committee from its members. The executive committee is headed by its chairman, the chairman is often referred as Municipal Commissioner. The first local government acts were implemented on January 1,1863, there were two acts, one for the cities and one for the countryside. The total number of municipalities was about 2,500, the rural municipalities were based on the old parishes and the then 89 cities/towns were based on the old chartered cities. There was also a type, köping or market town. The status of these was somewhere between the municipalities and the cities. There were only eight of them in 1863, rising to a peak of 96 in 1959, up until 1930, when the total number of municipalities reached its peak, there were more partitions than amalgamations. After years of preparations the first of the two nationwide municipal reforms of the 20th century was implemented in 1952, the number of rural municipalities was reduced from 2,281 to 816. Rather soon it was established that the reform of 1952 was not radical enough, a new commission,1959 års indelningssakkunniga concluded that the next municipal reform should create new larger mixed rural/urban municipalities. The Riksdag decided in 1962 that the new reform should be implemented on a voluntary basis, the process started in January 1964, when all municipalities were grouped in 282 kommunblock. The co-operation within the blocks should ultimately lead to amalgamations, the amalgamations within the blocks started in 1965 and more were accomplished in 1967 and 1969, when the number of municipalities dropped from 1006 to 848. The Riksdag, however, found the process too slow. In 1971 the unitary municipality was introduced and the number of entities went down to 464, in one case the process was not accomplished until 1977. Most of the municipalities were soon consolidated, but in cases the antagonism within the new unities was so strong that it led to divorces
7.
Lysekil Municipality
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Lysekil Municipality is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in western Sweden. Its seat is located in the city of Lysekil, the present municipality was formed in 1971, when the City of Lysekil was amalgamated with Stångenäs and the island of Skaftö. Lysekil Municipality borders to the municipalities of Sotenäs, Munkedal and Uddevalla, the city of Lysekil is located on the southern tip of the municipality, by the Kattegatt strait. The bay to the east, marking the border to Uddevalla, is called Gullmarsfjorden and it is Swedens only true fjord. It is 25 km long, between 1-3 km wide, with a depth of 118.5 meters. The depth at the mouth is only 20-40 meters on average, gullmaren is currently Swedens only marine nature preservation area, and is home to several marine research institutes due to it being an easily studied microclimate. Some of the islets are considered part of the Gothenburg archipelago. Many islets are small communities by themselves, with interesting histories of trading, fishing. Due to its location, the industry has always been dominated by fishing. Lysekil was mainly known as a location in Sweden in the 19th century. You can visit Havets Hus, which is a museum that has most of the different ocean animals. If you are the type, you can go to Pinnevik, a nice local beach. You can take a walk in Stångehuvud, a park located not far from Pinnevik. On these rocks grows an amazing amount of different plants, in the summer there is even a guide
8.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
9.
Central European Summer Time
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It corresponds to UTC + two hours. Other names which have been applied to Central European Summer Time are Middle European Summer Time, Central European Daylight Saving Time, and Bravo Time. Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed between 1,00 UTC on the last Sunday of March and 1,00 on the last Sunday of October, the following countries and territories use Central European Summer Time. In addition, Libya used CEST during the years 1951–1959, 1982–1989, 1996–1997, European Summer Time Other countries and territories in UTC+2 time zone Other names of UTC+2 time zone
10.
Urban areas in Sweden
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Urban area is a common English translation of the Swedish term tätort. The official term in English used by Statistics Sweden is, however and it could be compared with census-designated places in the United States. A tätort in Sweden has a minimum of 200 inhabitants and may be a city and it is a purely statistical concept, not defined by any municipal or county boundaries. Urban areas referred to as cities or towns for statistical purposes have a minimum of 10,000 inhabitants, in 2010, there was 1,956 urban areas in Sweden, covering 85% of the Swedish population. Until the beginning of the 20th century, only the towns/cities were regarded as urban areas, the built-up area and the municipal entity were normally almost congruent. Urbanization and industrialization created, however, many new settlements without city status. New suburbs grew up just outside city limits, being de facto urban and this was of course a statistical problem. The census of 1910 introduced the concept of densely populated localities in the countryside, the term tätort was introduced in 1930. The municipal amalgamations placed more and more rural areas within city municipalities, the administrative boundaries were in fact not suitable for defining rural and urban populations. From 1950 rural and urban areas had to be separated even within city limits, as, from 1965 only non-administrative localities are counted, independently of municipal and county borders. In 1971 city was abolished as a type of municipality, urban areas in the meaning of tätort are defined independently on the division into counties and municipalities, and are defined solely according to population density. In practice, most references in Sweden are to municipalities, not specifically to towns or cities, most municipalities contain many localities, but some localities are, on the other hand, multimunicipal. Stockholm urban area is spread over 11 municipalities, when comparing the population of different cities, the urban area population is to prefer ahead of the population of the municipality. The population of, e. g. Stockholm should be accounted as about 1.2 million rather than the approximately 800,000 of the municipality, tätort is the central concept used in statistics. – without regard to the ward, municipal or county boundaries, delimitation of localities are made by Statistics Sweden every five years. Småort is a locality with 50–199 inhabitants in a contiguous built-up area with no more than 150 meters between houses. The concept is used outside the field of statistics, where it is used for settlements just below the limit defined for tätort. Centralort is mostly used in the municipal seat or municipal center of service, commerce
11.
Preemraff Lysekil
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Preemraff Lysekil is an oil refinery located at Brofjorden near the Swedish city of Lysekil. Originally named Scanraff, the refinery was taken into use in 1975, the site was selected because of its excellent natural harbour, and the facility can accept supertankers up to 500,000 tonnes deadweight. In 2003, the facility was acquired by Preem, refined products are mainly transported from Preemraff Lysekil using tanker ships. There is no connection and the road connections are poor. The annual capacity of Preemraff Lysekil is around 11 million metric tons of crude oil, the highly visible flares, towers and chimneys also makes the refinery a navigation mark for vessels entering Brofjorden. The two highest chimneys are 165 m tall
12.
Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
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The Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference, also known as the Peoples PCC or just the PCC, is a political advisory body in the Peoples Republic of China. The organisation consists of delegates from a range of parties and organisations. The proportion of representation of the parties is determined by established convention. In practice, the largest and dominant party in the Conference is the Communist Party of China which has one third of the seats. Other members are drawn from the United Front parties allied with the CPC, the Conference is intended to be more representative and be composed of a broader range of people than is typical of government office in the Peoples Republic of China. The National Committee of the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference typically holds a meeting at the same time as plenary sessions of the National Peoples Congress. Both CPPCC National Committee and NPC plenary sessions are called the National Lianghui. The 2014 session of the CPPCC is scheduled to open on March 3,2014, a less common translation is the National Congress. This translation is discouraged, as it causes confusion with the National Peoples Congress as well as with the National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the organisational hierarchy of the CPPCC includes the National Committee and regional committees. Regional committees of the CPPCC include the provincial, prefecture, so are the relationships between upper-level regional committees and lower-level committees. Operating budgets on each level are independently administered by the administrations for the region, making the National committee. An indirect leadership, however, exists via the United Front Departments on each level, the Conference dated prior to the existence of Peoples Republic of China. This was included in the Double Tenth Agreement and this agreement was implemented by the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China, who organised the first Political Consultative Assembly from January 10–31,1946. Representatives of the Kuomintang, Communist Party of China, Chinese Youth Party and this conference was then renamed the Peoples Political Consultative Conference. The first conference approved the Common Program, which served as the de facto Constitution for the five years. The conference approved the new anthem, flag, capital city, and state name. In effect, the first Peoples Political Consultative Conference served as a constitutional convention, from 1949 to 1954, the conference became the de facto legislature of the PRC. In 1954, the Constitution transferred this function to the National Peoples Congress, the role that CPPCC plays in the Chinese government is stated in the preamble of the PRC Constitution
13.
Smoking (cooking)
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Smoking is the process of flavoring, browning, cooking, or preserving food by exposing it to smoke from burning or smoldering material, most often wood. Meats and fish are the most common smoked foods, though cheeses, vegetables, and ingredients used to make such as whisky, smoked beer. In Europe, alder is the traditional smoking wood, but oak is often used now. In North America, hickory, mesquite, oak, pecan, alder, maple, and fruit-tree woods, such as apple, cherry, other biomass besides wood can also be employed, sometimes with the addition of flavoring ingredients. Chinese tea-smoking uses a mixture of uncooked rice, sugar, and tea, some North American ham and bacon makers smoke their products over burning corncobs. Peat is burned to dry and smoke the barley used to make whisky. In New Zealand, sawdust from the native manuka is commonly used for hot smoking fish, in Iceland, dried sheep dung is used to cold-smoke fish, lamb, mutton and whale. Historically, farms in the Western world included a building termed the smokehouse. This was generally well-separated from other buildings both because of the danger and because of the smoke emanations. The smoking of food directly with wood smoke is known to contaminate the food with carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the smoking of food dates back to the time of primitive cavemen. As caves or simple huts lacked chimneys, these dwellings could become very smoky, until the modern era, smoking was of a more heavy duty nature as the main goal was to preserve the food. Large quantities of salt were used in the process and smoking times were quite long. The advent of modern transportation made it easier to transport food products long distances. Smoking became more of a way to flavor than to preserve food, in 1939 a device called the Torry Kiln was invented at the Torry Research Station in Scotland. The kiln allowed for uniform mass-smoking and is considered the prototype for all modern large-scale commercial smokers, smokehouse temperatures for cold smoking are typically done between 20 to 30 °C. In this temperature range, foods take on a smoked flavor, cold smoking does not cook foods. Meats should be cured before cold smoking. Cold smoking can be used as an enhancer for items such as chicken breasts, beef, pork chops, salmon, scallops
14.
Roe
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Roe or hard roe is the fully ripe internal egg masses in the ovaries, or the released external egg masses of fish and certain marine animals, such as shrimp, scallop and sea urchins. As a seafood, roe is used both as an ingredient in many dishes and as a raw ingredient. The roe of marine animals, such as the roe of lumpsucker, hake, roe from a sturgeon or sometimes other fishes is the raw base product from which caviar is made. The term soft roe or white roe denotes fish milt, the large Indian population in KwaZulu Natal consumes fish roe in the form of slightly sour curry or battered and deep fried. Shad, pike and other roe are sometimes pan-fried with bacon, spot Prawn roe is also a delicacy from the North Pacific. Flounder roe, pan-fried and served with grits is popular on the Southeastern coast, in the province of New Brunswick, roe of the Atlantic sturgeon is harvested from the Saint John river. Roe from the cisco is harvested from the Great Lakes, primarily for overseas markets, roe is also extracted from herring, salmon, and sea urchins. In coastal British Columbia, Fraser River white sturgeon are sustainably farmed to produce caviar, in Chile, sea urchin roe is a traditional food known as an erizo de mar. Chile is one of countries that exports sea urchins to Japan in order to fulfill Japanese demand. In Peru, roe is served in seafood restaurants sauteed, breaded and pan fried. Cojinova yields the best roe for this dish, despite the fact that many people like it, it is hardly considered a delicacy. Upscale restaurants are not expected to offer it, but street vendors, cojinova itself is caught for its fish meal, not for its roe, which is considered a chance product. Sea urchin roe is considered a delicacy and it is used to add strength to ceviche, roe from the Ilish fish is considered a delicacy in Bangladesh. The roe is usually deep-fried, although other preparations such as mashed roe where the roe crushed along with oil, onion and pepper, in many regions in China, crab and urchin roes are eaten as a delicacy. Crab roe are used as topping in dishes such as crab roe tofu. Nanxiang Steamed Bun Restaurant serves crab roe xiaolongbao as their special, Shrimp roes are also eaten in certain places, especially around the downstream of Yangtze River, such as Wuhu, as toppings for noodle soup. Among the tribal populace of eastern India, roe that has been deeply roasted over a fire is a delicacy. In this region, the roe of rohu is also considered a delicacy and is fried or as a stuffing within a fried pointed gourd to make potoler dolma
15.
Canola
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B. campestris L. or Brassica juncea. To be called canola, the oil must contain less than 2% erucic acid, health concerns center around the fact that standard production may leave trace amounts of chemical solvent and that non-organic canola may be made from plants that have been genetically modified. It is also used as a source of biodiesel, in the 1970s, the Rapeseed Association of Canada chose the name canola to represent Can for Canada, and ola for oil. One dictionary purports that it stands for Can + o + l + a, Canola was developed through conventional plant breeding from rapeseed, an oilseed plant already used in ancient civilization as a fuel. The word rape in rapeseed comes from the Latin word rapum meaning turnip, turnip, rutabaga, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, mustard, and many other vegetables are related to the two natural canola varieties commonly grown, which are cultivars of B. napus and B. rapa. The change in name serves to distinguish it from natural rapeseed oil, Brassica oilseed varieties are some of the oldest plants cultivated by humanity, with documentation of its use in India 4,000 years ago, and use in China and Japan 2,000 years ago. Its use in Northern Europe for oil lamps is documented to the 13th century and its use was limited until the development of steam power, when machinists found rapeseed oil clung to water- and steam-washed metal surfaces better than other lubricants. World War II caused high demand for the oil as a lubricant for the increasing number of steam engines in naval. When the war blocked European and Asian sources of rapeseed oil, a shortage developed. After the war, demand declined sharply, and farmers began to look for other uses for the plant, Rapeseed oil extracts were first put on the market in 1956–1957 as food products, but these suffered from several unacceptable characteristics. Rapeseed oil had a taste and a disagreeable greenish color. It also contained a concentration of erucic acid. Feed meal from the plant also was not particularly appealing to livestock. A variety developed in 1998 is considered to be the most disease- and this and other recent varieties have been produced using genetic engineering. In 2011, 26% of the acres sown were genetically modified canola, Canola was originally a trademark, but is now a generic term for edible varieties of rapeseed oil in North America and Australia. In Canada, a definition of canola is codified in Canadian law. As of the 2013/2014 season, production in the ten leading territories was, Rapeseed is traded on the Euronext exchange. Canola oil is made at a facility by slightly heating
16.
Sugar
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Sugar is the generic name for sweet, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food. There are various types of derived from different sources. Simple sugars are called monosaccharides and include glucose, fructose, the table sugar or granulated sugar most customarily used as food is sucrose, a disaccharide of glucose and fructose. Sugar is used in prepared foods and it is added to some foods, in the body, sucrose is hydrolysed into the simple sugars fructose and glucose. Other disaccharides include maltose from malted grain, and lactose from milk, longer chains of sugars are called oligosaccharides or polysaccharides. Some other chemical substances, such as glycerol may also have a sweet taste, low-calorie food substitutes for sugar, described as artificial sweeteners, include aspartame and sucralose, a chlorinated derivative of sucrose. Sugars are found in the tissues of most plants and are present in sufficient concentrations for efficient commercial extraction in sugarcane, the world production of sugar in 2011 was about 168 million tonnes. The average person consumes about 24 kilograms of sugar each year, equivalent to over 260 food calories per person, since the latter part of the twentieth century, it has been questioned whether a diet high in sugars, especially refined sugars, is good for human health. Sugar has been linked to obesity, and suspected of, or fully implicated as a cause in the occurrence of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dementia, macular degeneration, the etymology reflects the spread of the commodity. The English word sugar ultimately originates from the Sanskrit शर्करा, via Arabic سكر as granular or candied sugar, the contemporary Italian word is zucchero, whereas the Spanish and Portuguese words, azúcar and açúcar, respectively, have kept a trace of the Arabic definite article. The Old French word is zuchre and the contemporary French, sucre, the earliest Greek word attested is σάκχαρις. The English word jaggery, a brown sugar made from date palm sap or sugarcane juice, has a similar etymological origin – Portuguese jagara from the Sanskrit शर्करा. Sugar has been produced in the Indian subcontinent since ancient times and it was not plentiful or cheap in early times and honey was more often used for sweetening in most parts of the world. Originally, people chewed raw sugarcane to extract its sweetness, sugarcane was a native of tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia. Different species seem to have originated from different locations with Saccharum barberi originating in India and S. edule, one of the earliest historical references to sugarcane is in Chinese manuscripts dating back to 8th century BC that state that the use of sugarcane originated in India. Sugar was found in Europe by the 1st century AD, but only as an imported medicine and it is a kind of honey found in cane, white as gum, and it crunches between the teeth. It comes in lumps the size of a hazelnut, sugar is used only for medical purposes. Sugar remained relatively unimportant until the Indians discovered methods of turning sugarcane juice into granulated crystals that were easier to store, crystallized sugar was discovered by the time of the Imperial Guptas, around the 5th century AD
17.
Onion
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The onion, also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a vegetable and is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium. This genus also contains several other species variously referred to as onions and cultivated for food, such as the Japanese bunching onion, the onion. The name wild onion is applied to a number of Allium species and its ancestral wild original form is not known, although escapes from cultivation have become established in some regions. The onion is most frequently a biennial or a perennial plant, the onion plant has a fan of hollow, bluish-green leaves and its bulb at the base of the plant begins to swell when a certain day-length is reached. The bulbs are composed of shortened, compressed, underground stems surrounded by fleshy modified scale that envelop a central bud at the tip of the stem, in the autumn, the foliage dies down and the outer layers of the bulb become dry and brittle. The crop is harvested and dried and the onions are ready for use or storage, the crop is prone to attack by a number of pests and diseases, particularly the onion fly, the onion eelworm, and various fungi cause rotting. Some varieties of A. cepa, such as shallots and potato onions, Onions are cultivated and used around the world. As a food item, they are served cooked, as a vegetable or part of a prepared savoury dish. They are pungent when chopped and contain certain chemical substances which irritate the eyes, the onion plant, also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium. It was first officially described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 work Species Plantarum, a. cepa is known exclusively from cultivation, but related wild species occur in Central Asia. The most closely related species include A. vavilovii and A. asarense from Iran, however, Zohary and Hopf state that there are doubts whether the A. vavilovii collections tested represent genuine wild material or only feral derivatives of the crop. The vast majority of cultivars of A. cepa belong to the common onion group and are referred to simply as onions. The Aggregatum group of cultivars includes both shallots and potato onions, the genus Allium also contains a number of other species variously referred to as onions and cultivated for food, such as the Japanese bunching onion, Egyptian onion, and Canada onion. The onion plant has grown and selectively bred in cultivation for at least 7,000 years. It is a plant, but is usually grown as an annual. Modern varieties typically grow to a height of 15 to 45 cm, the leaves are yellowish- to bluish green and grow alternately in a flattened, fan-shaped swathe. They are fleshy, hollow, and cylindrical, with one flattened side and they are at their broadest about a quarter of the way up, beyond which they taper towards a blunt tip. The base of leaf is a flattened, usually white sheath that grows out of a basal disc
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Tomato sauce
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Tomato sauce, refers to any of a very large number of sauces made primarily from tomatoes, usually to be served as part of a dish. Tomato sauces are common for meat and vegetables, but they are perhaps best known as sauces for pasta dishes. Tomatoes have a flavor, high liquid content, very soft flesh which breaks down easily. All of these make them ideal for simple and appealing sauces. The simplest tomato sauces consist just of chopped tomato flesh cooked in an olive oil and simmered until it loses its raw flavor. Optionally tomato skins may be scalded and peeled according to texture, water is sometimes added to keep it from drying out too much. Onion and garlic are almost always sweated or sautéed at the beginning before the tomato is added, other seasonings typically include basil, oregano, parsley, and possibly some spicy red pepper or black pepper. Ground or chopped meat is also common, in some of these countries, both terms are used for the condiment. The use of tomato sauce with pasta appears for the first time in the Italian cookbook LApicio moderno, by Roman chef Francesco Leonardi, tomato sauce was an ancient condiment in Aztec food. The first western person to write of what may have been a tomato sauce was Bernardino de Sahagún, spaniards later brought the use of tomatoes to Europe. Basic Mexican tomato sauces are tomato sauce and green sauce, where a molcajete was usually employed to puree the tomatoes, food that is cooked in tomato sauce is known as entomatada. The tomato sauce is stock for spicy sauces and moles, sauce tomate is one of the five mother sauces of classical French cooking, as codified by Auguste Escoffier in the early 20th century. It consists of salt belly of pork, onions, bay leaves, thyme, tomato purée or fresh tomatoes, roux, garlic, salt, sugar, many times, butter and flour will be listed in the ingredients, but those are only used to make the roux. Roux is made of parts by weight of flour and butter cooked. Any extra flour or butter that is called for in the recipe is typically an error, the misconception that the tomato has been central to Italian cuisine since its introduction from the Americas is often repeated. Latini was chef to the Spanish viceroy of Naples, and one of his tomato recipes is for sauce alla spagnuola, the first known use of tomato sauce with pasta appears in the Italian cookbook LApicio moderno, by Roman chef Francesco Leonardi, edited in 1790. Italian varieties of tomato sauce range from the very simple pasta al pomodoro to the piquant puttanesca and arrabbiata sauces. Tomato sauce with pasta can stand on its own or it can also be paired with such as Italian sausage, shrimp, meatballs or vegetables
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Salt
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Salt is present in vast quantities in seawater, where it is the main mineral constituent. The open ocean has about 35 grams of solids per litre, Salt is essential for life in general, and saltiness is one of the basic human tastes. The tissues of animals contain larger quantities of salt than do plant tissues, Salt is one of the oldest and most ubiquitous food seasonings, and salting is an important method of food preservation. Salt was also prized by the ancient Hebrews, the Greeks, the Romans, the Byzantines, the Hittites, Egyptians, and the Indians. Salt became an important article of trade and was transported by boat across the Mediterranean Sea, along specially built salt roads, the scarcity and universal need for salt has led nations to go to war over it and use it to raise tax revenues. Salt is used in ceremonies and has other cultural significance. Salt is processed from salt mines, or by the evaporation of seawater or mineral-rich spring water in shallow pools. Its major industrial products are caustic soda and chlorine, and is used in industrial processes including the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride, plastics, paper pulp. Of the annual production of around two hundred million tonnes of salt, only about 6% is used for human consumption. Other uses include water conditioning processes, de-icing highways, and agricultural use, edible salt is sold in forms such as sea salt and table salt which usually contains an anti-caking agent and may be iodised to prevent iodine deficiency. As well as its use in cooking and at the table, sodium is an essential nutrient for human health via its role as an electrolyte and osmotic solute. Excessive salt consumption can increase the risk of diseases, such as hypertension, in children. Such health effects of salt have long been studied, accordingly, numerous world health associations and experts in developed countries recommend reducing consumption of popular salty foods. The World Health Organization recommends that adults should consume less than 2,000 mg of sodium, humans have always tended to build communities either around sources of salt, or where they can trade for it. All through history the availability of salt has been pivotal to civilization, the word salary comes from the Latin word for salt because the Roman Legions were sometimes paid in salt. The Natron Valley was a key region that supported the Egyptian Empire to its north, because it supplied it with a kind of salt that came to be called by its name, natron. Even before this, what is now thought to have been the first city in Europe is Solnitsata, in Bulgaria, even the name Solnisata means salt works. A very ancient salt-works operation has been discovered at the Poiana Slatinei archaeological site next to a spring in Lunca, Neamț County
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Dill
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Dill is an annual herb in the celery family Apiaceae. It is the species in the genus Anethum. Dill is widely grown in Eurasia where its leaves and seeds are used as a herb or spice for flavouring food, dill grows up to 40–60 cm, with slender hollow stems and alternate, finely divided, softly delicate leaves 10–20 cm long. The ultimate leaf divisions are 1–2 mm broad, slightly broader than the leaves of fennel, which are threadlike, less than 1 mm broad. The flowers are white to yellow, in small umbels 2–9 cm diameter, the seeds are 4–5 mm long and 1 mm thick, and straight to slightly curved with a longitudinally ridged surface. Dill is a Germanic word whose origin is unknown, fresh and dried dill leaves are widely used as herbs in Europe and central Asia. Like caraway, the leaves of dill are aromatic and are used to flavor many foods such as gravlax and other fish dishes, borscht and other soups. Dill is best when used fresh as it loses its flavor rapidly if dried, however, dill seed, having a flavor similar to caraway but also resembling that of fresh or dried dill weed, is used as a spice. Dill oil is extracted from the leaves, stems and seeds of the plant, the oil from the seeds is distilled and used in the manufacturing of soaps. Dill is the ingredient in dill pickles, cucumbers preserved in salty brine and/or vinegar. In central and eastern Europe, Scandinavia, Baltic states, Russia and Finland and it is also popular in summer to drink fermented milk mixed with dill. In the same way, prepared dill is used as a topping for boiled potatoes covered with fresh butter – especially in summer there are so-called new, or young. The dill leaves can be mixed with butter, making a dill butter, dill leaves mixed with tvorog form one of the traditional cheese spreads used for sandwiches. Fresh dill leaves are used all round as an ingredient in salads, e. g. one made of lettuce, fresh cucumbers and tomatoes. In Poland, fresh dill leaves mixed with sour cream are the basis for dressings and it is especially popular to use this kind of sauce with freshly cut cucumbers, which practically are wholly immersed in the sauce, making a salad called mizeria. The dill leaves serve as a basis for cooking dill sauce, used hot for baked freshwater fish and for chicken or turkey breast, in Poland it is popular to cook a dill-based soup, served with potatoes and hard-boiled eggs. Whole stems including roots and flower buds are used to prepare Polish-style pickled cucumbers. Whole stems of dill are also cooked with potatoes, especially the potatoes of autumn and winter, some kinds of fish, especially trout and salmon, are traditionally baked with the stems and leaves of dill
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Kalles Kaviar
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Kalles kaviar is a Swedish brand of smörgåskaviar. It is manufactured by Abba Seafood, kalles kaviar is based on a recipe that is several hundred years old that originates from the Swedish west coast, and in particular from Lysekil. The product is made of salted cod roe, sugar, canola oil. In French, this type of caviar is sometimes referred to as caviar de Lysekil, other manufacturers of similar caviar are Öhnbergs Kaviar and Boviks kaviar. Kalles kaviar has been a success in Sweden ever since its market launch there in 1954. It is internationally recognized as a Swedish product, since many IKEA furniture stores worldwide feature this product in their food markets, the tube label has maintained the same design from the beginning, and depicts the son of then-CEO of the manufacturing company, Carl Ameln. The tube design is well-recognized in Sweden and in Finland
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William Matson
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William Matson was a Swedish-born American shipping executive. He was the founder of Matson Navigation Company, wilhelm Matson said he was born on October 18,1849 in an area noted for fishing and sailing, Lysekil in Västra Götaland County, Sweden. He was orphaned during his childhood and he attended public schools in Sweden, then took an intermission of a year to go to sea at the early age of ten. Matson came to New York City in 1863 as a cabin boy, working his way up in the maritime world, he arrived in San Francisco, California after a trip around Cape Horn in 1867. At the end of two years he was captain of a vessel, engaged chiefly in carrying coal to the Spreckels Sugar Company refinery, has was naturalized on Sept.2,1871, according to California Voting Registers, 1866-1898. Working aboard the Spreckels family yacht, Matson struck up a friendship with tycoon Claus Spreckels, in 1882, Matson bought his first ship called Emma Claudina, named for Spreckels’ daughter. Matson had learned there was money to be made carrying sugar from the Hawaiian Islands, in 1882, the Emma Claudina ran to the Hawaiian Islands. The enterprise began in the carrying of merchandise, especially of plantation stores, to the islands and this led to gradually expanding interests at both ends of the line, which kept pace with the commercial development of the country. In 1887, Matson sold the Emma Claudina and acquired the brigantine Lurline, soon he had three vessels running. Increased commerce brought a corresponding interest in Hawaii as a tourist attraction, the 146-passenger ship S. S. Wilhelmina followed in 1910. More steamships continued to join the fleet, when Matson died in 1917 at the age of sixty-seven, the Matson fleet comprised fourteen of the largest, fastest and most modern ships in the Pacific passenger-freight service. In addition to serving as President of the Matson Navigation Co, Matson was President of Honolulu Consolidated Oil Co. Atlas Wonder Mining Co. and Wonder Waler Co, additionally, he served as a Director of the National Ice Co. Paauhau Sugar Plantation Co. and Hakalau Plantation Co, One of the high honors conferred upon Matson was his appointment as Consul of Sweden, giving him jurisdiction over the Pacific Coast of the United States. While he was Swedish consul, he was instrumental in advocating for a Swedish Pavilion at the Panama Pacific International Exposition of 1915, Matson was also president of the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce and was active in the civic life of the city and region. The first time was in the mid-1870s to Margaret Neil in California, as later listed in the Dec.7,1917 San Francisco Chronicle, the couple parented five children, Walter, Ida, Emily, Arthur, and Theodore. Walter Matson later became an executive in his fathers extensive business, the Matsons divorced, and Captain Matson married Evadne Knowles in June,1887, as recorded in the Pacific Commercial Advertiser. <https, //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File, Mrs. _William_Matson_. jpg> <http, tradition in popular lore suggests that Captain Matson then met Lillie Low in 1888, when she was traveling on the Lurline to Hilo to teach in a missionary school
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Swedish Americans
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Swedish Americans are an American ethnic group of people who have ancestral roots from Sweden. They primarily include the 1.2 million Swedish immigrants during 1885–1915 and they formed tight-knit communities, primarily in the American Midwest, and intermarried with other Swedish-Americans. Historically, Swedish Americans have been concentrated in the Midwest, roughly in the area west and northwest of Chicago, many of them came to Minnesota. A contingent also settled in the woods of northern Maine, the first Swedish Americans were the settlers of New Sweden. A colony established by Queen Christina of Sweden in 1638, it centered around the Delaware Valley including parts of the states of Delaware, New Jersey. New Sweden was incorporated into New Netherland in 1655 and ceased to be a territory of the Realm of Sweden. However, many Swedish and Finnish colonists remained and were allowed some political and cultural autonomy, Swedish Americans usually came through New York City and subsequently settled in the upper Midwest. Most were Lutheran and belonged to synods now associated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, theologically, they were pietistic, politically they often supported progressive causes and prohibition. In the year 1900, Chicago was the city with the second highest number of Swedes after Stockholm, by then, Swedes in Chicago had founded the Evangelical Covenant Church and established such enduring institutions as Swedish Covenant Hospital and North Park University. Many others settled in Minnesota in particular, followed by Wisconsin, as well as New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Iowa, Nebraska and Illinois. Like their Norwegian American and Danish American brethren, many Swedes sought out the agrarian lifestyle they had left behind in Sweden, as many immigrants settled on farms throughout the Midwest. In the east, New England became a destination for many skilled workers and Swedish centers developed in areas such as Jamestown, New York, Providence, Rhode Island. A small Swedish settlement was begun in New Sweden, Maine. 51 Swedish settlers came to the area, led by W. W. Thomas, who called them mina barn i skogen, upon arrival, they knelt in prayer and thanksgiving to God. This area soon expanded and other settlements were named Stockholm, Jemptland, the town of New Sweden, Maine celebrates St. Lucia, Midsummer, and Founders Day. It is a Swedish-American community that continues to honor traditions of the old country, gustaf Adolph Lutheran Church was served by a native of Sweden as recently as 1979-1985 who was known to occasionally conduct special worship services in Swedish. The largest settlement in New England was Worcester, Massachusetts, here, Swedes were drawn to the citys wire and abrasive industries
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Fredrik Risp
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Lars Fredrik Risp is a retired Swedish professional footballer who last played for Achna FC in Cyprus. As a native of Lysekil, he started his career in Lysekils FF. In 1999 he moved to IFK Göteborg, after spending very short time in Verona side Chievo Verona on a loan deal in 2003 he went back to IFK Gothenburg. After two years in 2005, he was transferred by Gençlerbirliği, during the transfer window in January 2007, he transferred to Trabzonspor together with Ayman Abdelaziz. He signed a 2/5-year contract with Ankaraspor in January 2008, in February 2009 he went to the Norwegian club Stabæk on loan. After the loanperiod he went back to Turkey and signed a one year-contract with Ankaragucu in August 2009, Risp signed with Bulgarian club PFC Levski Sofia during the summer of 2011, after playing in a friendly match for the club. He ended his career following the 2012/13 season with the Cypriot club Ethnikos Achna at the age of 32. Stabæk Fotball Superfinalen,2009 Fredrik Risp at Soccerway
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Statistics Sweden
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Statistics Sweden is the Swedish government agency responsible for producing official statistics regarding Sweden. National statistics in Sweden date back to 1686 when the parishes of the Church of Sweden were ordered to start keeping records on the population, sCBs predecessor, the Tabellverket, was set up in 1749, and the current name was adopted in 1858. As of 2015, the agency had approximately 1,350 employees, the offices of the agency are located in Stockholm and Örebro. Statistics Sweden publishes the Journal of Official Statistics, demographics of Sweden Eurostat Government agencies in Sweden List of national and international statistical services Official website
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Bengtsfors Municipality
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Bengtsfors Municipality is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in western Sweden. Its seat is located in the town of Bengtsfors, the present municipality was formed in 1971 when the former market town of Bengtsfors was amalgamated with the municipalities of Bäckefors, Lelång and Steneby. The municipality has much water areas, consisting of lakes and streams and it makes it a good place for canoeing, fishing and bathing. Every year a canoeing marathon called Dalslands Kanot Marathon+, or DKM+, is held and it is an enduring 55 km long, stretching through the many municipal streams, and one of Swedens largest canoeing competitions. Bengtsfors is also crossed by the Dalsland Canal, localities in the municipality and inhabitants, Bengtsfors,3,600 inh
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Bollebygd Municipality
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Bollebygd Municipality is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in western Sweden. Its seat is located in the town of Bollebygd, the municipal reform of 1952 united old Bollebygd with Töllsjö. The next reform placed Bollebygd within Borås Municipality from 1974, in 1995 Bollebygd was re-established as a municipality in the borders of 1952
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Dals-Ed Municipality
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Dals-Ed Municipality is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in western Sweden, on the border to Norway. Its seat is located in the town of Ed, the present municipality was formed during the local government reform of 1952 through the amalgamation of six former units. Its territory was not affected by the 1971 reform, there is only one locality with more than 200 inhabitants in the municipality, and that is the seat Ed. This is perhaps most fitting for Dals-Ed, as it is the sparsest populated municipality in Västra Götaland County, the municipality promises a quiet environment. The nature hosts some 400 lakes for bathing, canoeing, fishing or boat tours, there are also several nature reserves, and the northernmost oak woods of Sweden grow in the municipality. In addition, the large Tresticklan National Park is contained within the municipality, historically Dals-Ed is rewarding for those interested in the ancient. Some 60 grave fields and burial places are situated here, Official site Dals-Ed Municipality - Official site
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Essunga Municipality
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Essunga Municipality is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in western Sweden. Its seat is located in the town of Nossebro, the 1952 municipal reform in Sweden saw the creation of Essunga Municipality out of eight original entities. In 1974 it was dissolved and part of Vara Municipality until 1983, when it was reestablished within the boundaries of 1952
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Gothenburg Municipality
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Gothenburg Municipality is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in western Sweden. Its seat is located in the city of Gothenburg, the major part of the Gothenburg urban area is situated within the municipality, but there are also some other localities as well as rural areas. When the first Swedish local government acts were implemented in 1863 the City of Gothenburg, founded and chartered in 1621 and its territory has since then been added through amalgamations in 1868,1906,1922,1931,1945,1948,1967 and 1974. The local government reform of 1971 made the city a unitary municipality, the municipality prefers, however, to style itself Göteborgs stad, whenever legally possible. Billdal Brännö Donsö Gothenburg Hjuvik Nolvik Olofstorp Styrsö Säve Torslanda Vrångö The municipality has an assembly, consisting of 81 members. Kristdemokraterna,3 The municipal executive committee has 13 members, representing the six parties from the two political coalitions who have seats in the assembly. The chairwoman of the assembly is Lena Malm and the chairwoman of the municipal executive committee is Ann-Sofie Hermansson from the Social Democratic Party. In 2009 the two boards of Frölunda and Högsbo were joined together. It has been decided that from the start of 2011 many more will be joined together leaving 10 new district boards, the boards carry responsibility for primary school, social, leisure, and cultural services within their respective areas. In the election of 1998 three boroughs held local referendums on forming their own municipalities, but their petitions were rejected by the government of Sweden. Sister cities, Chicago, United States Kraków, Poland Saint Petersburg, Russia Tallinn, Estonia Rostock, Germany Regional, Oslo, Norway Gothenburg Law Court
