1.
Newport News Shipbuilding
–
Founded as the Chesapeake Dry Dock and Construction Co. in 1886, Newport News Shipbuilding has built more than 800 ships, including both naval and commercial ships. Located in the city of Newport News, their facilities more than 550 acres. The shipyard is building the aircraft carriers USS Gerald R. Ford, also under construction are the Virginia-class submarines USS Indiana and USS Washington. In 2013, Newport News Shipbuilding began the deactivation of the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, USS Enterprise, Newport News Shipbuilding also performs refueling and complex overhaul work on Nimitz-class aircraft carriers. This is a four-year vessel renewal program that not only involves refueling of the nuclear reactors. The yard has completed RCOH for four Nimitz-class carriers, as of May 2016 this work was underway for the fifth Nimitz-class vessel, USS Abraham Lincoln. Industrialist Collis P. Huntington provided crucial funding to complete the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad from Richmond, however, building the railroad and coal pier was only the first part of Huntingtons dreams for Newport News. In 1886 he built a shipyard to repair ships servicing this transportation hub, in 1891 Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company delivered its first ship, the tugboat Dorothy. By 1897 NNS had built three warships for the US Navy, USS Nashville, Wilmington and Helena, when Collis died in 1900, his nephew Henry E. Huntington inherited much of his uncles fortune. He also married Collis widow Arabella Huntington, and assumed Colliss leadership role with Newport News Shipbuilding, under Henry Huntingtons leadership, growth continued. In 1906 the revolutionary HMS Dreadnought launched a naval race worldwide. Between 1907 and 1923, Newport News built six of the US Navys total of 22 dreadnoughts – USS Delaware, Texas, Pennsylvania, Mississippi, Maryland, all but the first were in active service in World War II. In 1907 President Theodore Roosevelt sent the Great White Fleet on its round-the-world voyage, NNS had built seven of its 16 battleships. In 1914 NNS built SS Medina for the Mallory Steamship Company, in the early years, leaders of the Newport News community and those of the shipyard were virtually interchangeable. Post served from March 9,1911 to Feb.12,1912, earlier, he had come to the area as one of the builders of the C&O Railways terminals, and had served as the first mayor of Newport News after it became an independent city in 1896. It was on March 14,1914 that Albert Lloyd Hopkins and his assistant, Frederic Gauntlett, was also on board, but was able to swim to safety. Homer Lenoir Ferguson was company vice president when Hopkins died, and he saw the company through both world wars, became a noted community leader, and was a co-founder of the Mariners Museum with Archer Huntington. He served until July 31,1946, after the second World War had ended on both the European and Pacific fronts
Newport News Shipbuilding
–
Aerial view of the Newport News shipyard in 1994
Newport News Shipbuilding
–
An 1899 advertisement for the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company
Newport News Shipbuilding
–
The shipyard's railroad system.
Newport News Shipbuilding
–
Hilton Village
2.
Costa Crociere
–
Costa Crociere S. p. A. trading as Costa Cruises, is a British/American owned Italian cruise line, based in Genoa, Italy, and under control of the Carnival Corporation & plc. Founded in 1854, the company originally operated cargo ships, in order to carry olive oils, in 1924 the company passed to founders sons that started commercial activities, buying the ship Ravenna. Commercial activities continued until the introduction of services in 1947. The company later converted its fleet to full-time cruising. Acquired by Carnival Corporation in 2000, Costa Cruises is now one of ten brands operated by Carnival, today, as Costa Cruises Group, the company is one of the main operating companies in the Carnival group, with executive control of the groups activities in Europe. The company is responsible for operation of Costa Cruises in Italy, AIDA was previously a subsidiary of P&O Princess Cruises, being transferred to Costa following the merger of Carnival Corporation and P&O Princess in 2002. Ibero Cruises is a new brand, created in 2007 as a joint venture between Carnival Corporation and Orizonia Group, the captain was one of the crew to leave the sinking ship early while many passengers were still on board. The ship was lying on its starboard side in shallow water. Thirty-two persons have been confirmed dead, the total cost of the disaster is estimated to be over $2 billion, including $500 million for the loss of the ship and $1.5 billion for the salvage and recovery operations. An Italian appeals court on May 31,2016 upheld the 16-year prison sentence, as of 2015, according to Scott Knutson, vice president of sales and marketing for Costa Cruises North America, Costa was “. Uniquely positioned as the international brand that hasn’t adapted its product to the American market. That authenticity allows us to go to a segment of the market. It’s those vacationers who like the international experience — the food, the wine, italians accounted for 25 to 30 percent of bookings on most Costa cruises, and they were followed by passengers from France, Germany and Spain. Depending on the season or destination, North Americans could make up 5 to 15 percent of the passenger list, the universal language on board was English. Costa Diadema, Naples, La Spezia, Savona, Marseille, Costa Fascinosa, Savona, Civitavecchia, Palermo, Ibiza, Palma De Mallorca & Barcelona. Costa Magica, Savona, Marseille, Tangier, Casablanca, Cádiz, Costa neoRiviera, Savona, Toulon, Propriano, Olbia, Trapani, Valletta, Salerno, Capri & Portoferraio. Costa Deliziosa, Venice, Bari, Corfu, Mykonos, Santorini & Dubrovnik, Costa Mediterranea, Trieste, Split, Kotor, Argostoli, Corfu & Dubrovnik. Costa neoClassica, Venice, Split, Corfu, Santorini, Athens, Istanbul, Izmir, Mykonos, Costa Favolosa, Copenhagen, Hellesylt, Geiranger, Bergen, Kristiansand, Oslo & Warnemünde
Costa Crociere
–
Costa neoRiviera
Costa Crociere
Costa Crociere
–
Costa neoClassica
Costa Crociere
–
Costa neoRomantica
3.
Genoa, Italy
–
Genoa is the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the sixth-largest city in Italy. In 2015,594,733 people lived within the administrative limits. As of the 2011 Italian census, the Province of Genoa, over 1.5 million people live in the wider metropolitan area stretching along the Italian Riviera. Genoa has been nicknamed la Superba due to its glorious past, part of the old town of Genoa was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2006. The citys rich history in notably its art, music. It is the birthplace of Christopher Columbus, Niccolò Paganini, Giuseppe Mazzini, Genoa, which forms the southern corner of the Milan-Turin-Genoa industrial triangle of north-west Italy, is one of the countrys major economic centres. The city has hosted massive shipyards and steelworks since the 19th century, the Bank of Saint George, founded in 1407, is among the oldest in the world and has played an important role in the citys prosperity since the middle of the 15th century. Today a number of leading Italian companies are based in the city, including Fincantieri, Selex ES, Ansaldo Energia, Ansaldo STS, Edoardo Raffinerie Garrone, Piaggio Aerospace, the Genoa area has been inhabited since the fifth or fourth millennium BC. In ancient times this area was frequented and inhabited by Ligures, Phoenicians, Phocaeans, Greeks, and Etruscans. The city cemetery, dating from the 6th and 5th centuries BC, testifies to the occupation of the site by the Greeks, but the fine harbour probably saw use much earlier, perhaps by the Etruscans. In the 5th century BC was founded the first oppidum at the foot of the today called the Castle Hill which now is inside the medieval old town. The ancient Ligurian city was known as Stalia, so referred to by Artemidorus Ephesius and Pomponius Mela, Ligurian Stalia was overshadowed by the powerful Marseille and Vada Sabatia, near modern Savona. Stalia had an alliance with Rome through a foedus aequum in the course of the Second Punic War, the Carthaginians accordingly destroyed it in 209 BC. The town was rebuilt and, after the Carthaginian Wars ended in 146 BC. it received municipal rights, the original castrum thenceforth expanded towards the current areas of Santa Maria di Castello and the San Lorenzo promontory. Trades included skins, wood, and honey, goods were shipped to the mainland, up to major cities like Tortona and Piacenza. Among the archeological remains from the Roman period, an amphitheatre was also found, another theory traces the name to the Etruscan word Kainua which means New City and still another from the Latin word ianua, related to the name of the God Janus, meaning door or passage. The latter is in reference to its position at the centre of the Ligurian coastal arch. The Latin name, oppidum Genua, is recorded by Pliny the Elder as part of the Augustean Regio IX Liguria, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Ostrogoths occupied Genoa
Genoa, Italy
–
A collage of Genoa, clockwise from top left:
Torre della Lanterna,
Piazza de Ferrari, Galleria Mazzini, Brigata Liguria Street, view of San Teodoro from
Port of Genoa
Genoa, Italy
–
The Polcevera bronze tablet, evidence of the Roman and pre-Roman past of Genoa.
Genoa, Italy
–
Portrait of
Christopher Columbus by
Ridolfo Ghirlandaio
Genoa, Italy
–
The iconic
Lanterna, renaissance lighthouse of Genoa built in 1543
4.
Italy
–
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
Italy
–
The
Colosseum in Rome, built c. 70 – 80 AD, is considered one of the greatest works of
architecture and
engineering of ancient history.
Italy
–
Flag
Italy
–
The
Iron Crown of Lombardy, for centuries symbol of the
Kings of Italy.
Italy
–
Castel del Monte, built by German Emperor
Frederick II,
UNESCO World Heritage site
5.
Valletta
–
Valletta is the capital city of Malta, colloquially known as Il-Belt in Maltese. The historical city has a population of 6,444, while the area around it has a population of 393,938. Valletta is the southernmost capital of Europe and the second southernmost capital of the European Union after Nicosia, Valletta contains buildings from the 16th century onwards, built during the rule of the Order of St. John also known as Knights Hospitaller. The City of Valletta was officially recognised as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980, the official name given by the Order of Saint John was Humilissima Civitas Valletta—The Most Humble City of Valletta, or Città Umilissima in Italian. The building of a city on the Sciberras Peninsula, originally called Xaghriet Mewwija, had proposed by the Order of Saint John as early as 1524. Back then, the building on the peninsula was a small watchtower dedicated to Erasmus of Formia. In 1552, the watchtower was demolished and the larger Fort Saint Elmo was built in its place, in the Great Siege of 1565, Fort Saint Elmo fell to the Ottomans, but the Order eventually won the siege with the help of Sicilian reinforcements. The victorious Grand Master, Jean de Valette, immediately set out to build a new fortified city on the Sciberras Peninsula to fortify the Orders position in Malta, the city took his name and was called La Valletta. The Grand Master asked the European kings and princes for help, pope Pius V sent his military architect, Francesco Laparelli, to design the new city, while Philip II of Spain sent substantial monetary aid. The foundation stone of the city was laid by Grand Master de Valette on 28 March 1566 and he placed the first stone in what later became Our Lady of Victories Church. De Valette died from a stroke on 21 August 1568 at age 74, originally interred in the church of Our Lady of the Victories, his remains now rest in St. Johns Co-Cathedral among the tombs of other Grand Masters of the Knights of Malta. Francesco Laparelli was the principal designer and his plan departed from medieval Maltese architecture. He designed the new city on a grid plan. The streets were designed to be wide and straight, beginning centrally from the City Gate and ending at Fort Saint Elmo overlooking the Mediterranean and his assistant was the Maltese architect Girolamo Cassar, later oversaw the construction of the city himself after Laparellis death in 1570. The Ufficio delle Case regulated the building of the city as a planning authority, seven Auberges were built for the Orders Langues, and these were complete by the 1580s. An eighth Auberge, Auberge de Bavière, was added in the 18th century. During António Manoel de Vilhenas reign, a town began to form between the walls of Valletta and the Floriana Lines, and this evolved from a suburb of Valletta to Floriana, a town in its own right. In 1749, Muslim slaves plotted to kill Grandmaster Pinto and take over Valletta, in 1798, the Order left the islands and the French occupation of Malta began
Valletta
–
From top: Skyline,
Saluting Battery,
Lower Barrakka Gardens,
St. John's Co-Cathedral and the
city walls
Valletta
–
Mural in Valletta showing the city's construction
Valletta
–
Bomb damage in Valletta during
World War II
Valletta
–
Local Council building
6.
Malta
–
Malta, officially known as the Republic of Malta, is a Southern European island country consisting of an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. It lies 80 km south of Italy,284 km east of Tunisia, the country covers just over 316 km2, with a population of just under 450,000, making it one of the worlds smallest and most densely populated countries. The capital of Malta is Valletta, which at 0.8 km2, is the smallest national capital in the European Union, Malta has one national language, which is Maltese, and English as an official language. John, French and British, have ruled the islands, King George VI of the United Kingdom awarded the George Cross to Malta in 1942 for the countrys bravery in the Second World War. The George Cross continues to appear on Maltas national flag, the country became a republic in 1974, and although no longer a Commonwealth realm, remains a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations. Malta was admitted to the United Nations in 1964 and to the European Union in 2004, in 2008, Catholicism is the official religion in Malta. The origin of the term Malta is uncertain, and the modern-day variation derives from the Maltese language, the most common etymology is that the word Malta derives from the Greek word μέλι, meli, honey. The ancient Greeks called the island Μελίτη meaning honey-sweet, possibly due to Maltas unique production of honey, an endemic species of bee lives on the island. The Romans went on to call the island Melita, which can be considered either as a latinisation of the Greek Μελίτη or the adaptation of the Doric Greek pronunciation of the same word Μελίτα. Another conjecture suggests that the word Malta comes from the Phoenician word Maleth a haven or port in reference to Maltas many bays, few other etymological mentions appear in classical literature, with the term Malta appearing in its present form in the Antonine Itinerary. The extinction of the hippos and dwarf elephants has been linked to the earliest arrival of humans on Malta. Prehistoric farming settlements dating to the Early Neolithic period were discovered in areas and also in caves. The Sicani were the tribe known to have inhabited the island at this time and are generally regarded as being closely related to the Iberians. Pottery from the Għar Dalam phase is similar to found in Agrigento. A culture of megalithis temple builders then either supplanted or arose from this early period, the temples have distinctive architecture, typically a complex trefoil design, and were used from 4000 to 2500 BCE. Animal bones and a knife found behind an altar stone suggest that temple rituals included animal sacrifice. Tentative information suggests that the sacrifices were made to the goddess of fertility, the culture apparently disappeared from the Maltese Islands around 2500 BC. Archaeologists speculate that the builders fell victim to famine or disease
Malta
–
Ġgantija megalithic temple complex
Malta
–
Flag
Malta
–
The temple complex of
Mnajdra
Malta
–
Roman mosaic from
Rabat, Malta.
7.
Callsign
–
In broadcasting and radio communications, a call sign is a unique designation for a transmitter station. In North America, they are used for all FCC licensed transmitters, a call sign can be formally assigned by a government agency, informally adopted by individuals or organizations, or even cryptographically encoded to disguise a stations identity. The use of signs as unique identifiers dates to the landline railroad telegraph system. Because there was only one line linking all railroad stations. In order to time, two-letter identifiers were adopted for this purpose. This pattern continued in operation, radio companies initially assigned two-letter identifiers to coastal stations and stations aboard ships at sea. These were not globally unique, so a company identifier was later added. Merchant and naval vessels are assigned call signs by their national licensing authorities, in the case of states such as Liberia or Panama, which are flags of convenience for ship registration, call signs for larger vessels consist of the national prefix plus three letters. United States merchant vessels are given call signs beginning with the letters W or K while US naval ships are assigned callsigns beginning with N, leisure craft with VHF radios may not be assigned call signs, in which case the name of the vessel is used instead. Ships in the US wishing to have a radio licence anyway are under F. C. C, class SA, Ship recreational or voluntarily equipped. Those calls follow the land mobile format of the initial letter K or W followed by 1 or 2 letters followed by 3 or 4 numbers. U. S. Coast Guard small boats have a number that is shown on both bows in which the first two digits indicate the length of the boat in feet. For example, Coast Guard 47021 refers to the 21st in the series of 47 foot motor lifeboats, the call sign might be abbreviated to the final two or three numbers during operations, for example, Coast Guard zero two one. Call signs in aviation are derived from several different policies, depending upon the type of flight operation, in most countries, unscheduled general aviation flights identify themselves using the call sign corresponding to the aircrafts registration number. In this case, the sign is spoken using the International Civil Aviation Organization phonetic alphabet. Aircraft registration numbers internationally follow the pattern of a country prefix, for example, an aircraft registered as N978CP conducting a general aviation flight would use the call sign November-niner-seven-eight-Charlie-Papa. However, in the United States a pilot of an aircraft would normally omit saying November, at times, general aviation pilots might omit additional preceding numbers and use only the last three numbers and letters. This is especially true at uncontrolled fields when reporting traffic pattern positions, for example, Skyhawk eight-Charlie-Papa, left base
Callsign
–
Russian Nuclear Icebreaker "Arktika" with call sign UKTY
Callsign
–
A general aviation aircraft in the United States with its
FAA civilian registration number (N98710), which also doubles as its call sign, displayed on the fuselage. However, since this is a
Civil Air Patrol aircraft, it will generally be identified by CAPxxxx, based on the state from which it hails.
Callsign
–
Some U.S. states issue call sign
license plates for motor vehicles owned by amateur radio operators.
Callsign
–
A 1940
QSL card for WWV, indicating its early location in the U.S. state of
Maryland.
8.
IMO number
–
The International Maritime Organization number is a unique reference for ships and for registered ship owners and management companies. IMO numbers were introduced under the SOLAS Convention to improve safety and security. For ships, the IMO number remains linked to the hull for its lifetime, regardless of a change in name, flag, or owner. The ship number consists of the three letters IMO followed by a unique number assigned to sea-going merchant ships under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. In 1987 the IMO adopted Resolution A, in the SOLAS Convention cargo ships means ships which are not passenger ships. Passenger ships should carry the marking on a horizontal surface visible from the air. When introduced, the IMO adopted the existing unique ship numbers applied to ships listed by Lloyds Register since 1963, IMO ship identification numbers are assigned by IHS Fairplay. For new vessels the IMO number is assigned to a hull during construction, the IMO ship identification number is made of the three letters IMO followed by the seven-digit number. This consists of a six-digit sequential unique number followed by a check digit, the integrity of an IMO number can be verified using its check digit. This is done by multiplying each of the first six digits by a factor of 2 to 7 corresponding to their position from right to left, the rightmost digit of this sum is the check digit. For example, for IMO9074729, + + + + + =139, in May 2005, IMO adopted a new SOLAS regulation XI-1/3-1 on the mandatory company and registered owner identification number scheme, with entry into force on 1 January 2009. Like the IMO ship number, the identification number is a seven-digit number with the prefix IMO
IMO number
–
"IMO 8814275" on
Eendracht
IMO number
–
Stern of "Evangelia" displaying "IMO 9176187" and
port of registry ("Majuro"). In addition to the current name parts of the ship's former names are visible: "Cornelie Oldendorff" and "Asia Melody". The ship's current name is "Evangeli" (as of 2007)
IMO number
–
"IMO 9319466" on the helideck of
M/S Finnmaid
9.
Botel
–
A botel is a boat that serves as a hotel or hostel. The word is a portmanteau of boat and hotel, botels may range from small or larger purpose-built or converted boats or other watercraft, to converted ships. They may be moored or grounded, or spend part of the year taking guests on tours
Botel
–
The Bellis Botel at
Pickwick Landing on the
Tennessee River in
Hardin County, Tennessee
Botel
–
Botel Zebra in
Amsterdam
Botel
–
Amstel Botel in Amsterdam
Botel
–
River boat hotel Bakkara Art in
Kiev,
Ukraine
10.
Knot (unit)
–
The knot is a unit of speed equal to one nautical mile per hour, approximately 1.151 mph. The ISO Standard symbol for the knot is kn, the same symbol is preferred by the IEEE, kt is also common. The knot is a unit that is accepted for use with the SI. Etymologically, the term derives from counting the number of knots in the line that unspooled from the reel of a log in a specific time. 1 international knot =1 nautical mile per hour,1.852 kilometres per hour,0.514 metres per second,1.151 miles per hour,20.254 inches per second,1852 m is the length of the internationally agreed nautical mile. The US adopted the definition in 1954, having previously used the US nautical mile. The UK adopted the international nautical mile definition in 1970, having used the UK Admiralty nautical mile. The speeds of vessels relative to the fluids in which they travel are measured in knots, for consistency, the speeds of navigational fluids are also measured in knots. Thus, speed over the ground and rate of progress towards a distant point are given in knots. Until the mid-19th century, vessel speed at sea was measured using a chip log, the chip log was cast over the stern of the moving vessel and the line allowed to pay out. Knots placed at a distance of 8 fathoms -47 feet 3 inches from each other, passed through a sailors fingers, the knot count would be reported and used in the sailing masters dead reckoning and navigation. This method gives a value for the knot of 20.25 in/s, the difference from the modern definition is less than 0. 02%. On a chart of the North Atlantic, the scale varies by a factor of two from Florida to Greenland, a single graphic scale, of the sort on many maps, would therefore be useless on such a chart. Recent British Admiralty charts have a latitude scale down the middle to make this even easier, speed is sometimes incorrectly expressed as knots per hour, which is in fact a measure of acceleration. Prior to 1969, airworthiness standards for aircraft in the United States Federal Aviation Regulations specified that distances were to be in statute miles. In 1969, these standards were amended to specify that distances were to be in nautical miles. At 11000 m, an airspeed of 300 kn may correspond to a true airspeed of 500 kn in standard conditions. Beaufort scale Hull speed, which deals with theoretical estimates of maximum speed of displacement hulls Knot count Knotted cord Metre per second Orders of magnitude Rope Kemp
Knot (unit)
–
Graphic scale from a Mercator projection world map, showing the change with latitude
11.
Blade pitch
–
Blade pitch or simply pitch refers to turning the angle of attack of the blades of a propeller or helicopter rotor into or out of the wind to control the production or absorption of power. Wind turbines use this to adjust the speed and the generated power. A propeller of a ship uses this effect to control the ships speed without changing the rotation of the shaft, in aircraft, blade pitch is usually described as coarse for a greater horizontal blade angle, and fine for a more vertical blade angle. For an aircraft that is stationary the angle of pitch of each blade of a propeller fitted to that aircraft equates to the angle of attack, blade pitch is normally described in units of distance/rotation assuming no slip. Blade pitch acts much like the gearing of the drive of a car. Low pitch yields good low speed acceleration while high pitch optimizes high speed performance, a propeller blades lift, or its thrust, depends on the angle of attack combined with its speed. This is typical of all but the crudest propellers and it is quite common in aircraft for the propeller to be designed to vary pitch in flight, to give optimum thrust over the maximum amount of the aircrafts speed range, from takeoff and climb to cruise. In helicopters the pitch control changes the angle of attack of the rotor blades and this control is also called collective as distinct from the cyclic control for lateral movement. The collective blade setting is achieved through vertical movement of the swashplate. Feathering the blades of a means to increase their angle of pitch by turning the blades to be parallel to the airflow. This minimizes drag from a stopped propeller following a failure in flight. Blade pitch control is a feature of all large modern horizontal-axis wind turbines. While operating, a wind turbines control system adjusts the blade pitch to keep the speed within operating limits as the wind speed changes. Feathering the blades stops the rotor during emergency shutdowns, or whenever the speed exceeds the maximum rated speed. During construction and maintenance of turbines, the blades are usually feathered to reduce unwanted rotational torque in the event of wind gusts. In boating, blade pitch is measured in the number of inches of forward propulsion through the water for one revolution of the propeller. For example, a propeller with a 12 pitch when rotated once, note that this is the theoretical maximum distance, in reality, due to slip between the propeller and the water, the actual distance propelled will invariably be less. Some composite propellers have interchangeable blades, which enables the pitch to be adjusted
Blade pitch
–
A propeller blade in feathered position
Blade pitch
–
Decommissioned wind turbines of the Kama'oa Wind Farm, awaiting removal, with rotors stopped and blades feathered
12.
Passenger ship
–
A passenger ship is a merchant ship whose primary function is to carry passengers on the sea. The type does however include many classes of ships designed to transport substantial numbers of passengers as well as freight, only in more recent ocean liners and in virtually all cruise ships has this cargo capacity been eliminated. While typically passenger ships are part of the merchant marine, passenger ships have also used as troopships. An ocean liner is the form of passenger ship. Once such liners operated on scheduled line voyages to all inhabited parts of the world, with the advent of airliners transporting passengers and specialized cargo vessels hauling freight, line voyages have almost died out. Her success demonstrated that there was a market for large cruise ships, successive classes of ever-larger ships were ordered, until the Cunard liner Queen Elizabeth was finally dethroned from her 56-year reign as the largest passenger ship ever built. Both the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 and her successor as Cunards flagship RMS Queen Mary 2, QM2 was superseded by the Freedom of the Seas of the Royal Caribbean line as the largest passenger ship ever built, however, QM2 still hold the record for the largest ocean liner. The Freedom of the Seas was superseded by the Oasis of the Seas in October 2009, by convention and long usage, the size of civilian passenger ships is measured by gross tonnage, which is a dimensionless figure calculated from the total enclosed volume of the vessel. Gross tonnage is not a measure of weight, although the two concepts are often confused, weight is measured by displacement, which is the conventional means of measuring naval vessels. Often a passenger ship is stated to weigh or displace a certain tonnage, but the figure given nearly always refers to gross tonnage, gross tonnage normally is a much higher value than displacement. However, by the conventional and historical measure of gross tonnage, the Oasis of the Seas measures over 225,000 GT, over twice as large as the largest cruise ships of the late 1990s. Power is also unavailable to the crew of the ship to operate electrically powered mechanisms, lack of an adequate backup system to propel the ship can, in rough seas, render it dead in the water and result in loss of the ship. It is believed some owners and operators of ships built before 1980, fred Olsens Black Prince, built in 1966 was one such ship, but was reported to be headed for inter-island service in Venezuelan waters. The International Ice Patrol was formed in 1914 after the sinking of the RMS Titanic to address the issue of iceberg collision
Passenger ship
–
An ocean liner,
Queen Elizabeth 2
Passenger ship
–
An ocean liner,
Normandie
Passenger ship
–
A cruise ship,
Freedom of the Seas
Passenger ship
–
A ferry,
Mega Smeralda
13.
Singapore
–
Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, sometimes referred to as the Lion City or the Little Red Dot, is a sovereign city-state in Southeast Asia. It lies one degree north of the equator, at the tip of peninsular Malaysia. Singapores territory consists of one island along with 62 other islets. Since independence, extensive land reclamation has increased its size by 23%. During the Second World War, Singapore was occupied by Japan, after early years of turbulence, and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland, the nation developed rapidly as an Asian Tiger economy, based on external trade and its workforce. Singapore is a global commerce, finance and transport hub, the country has also been identified as a tax haven. Singapore ranks 5th internationally and first in Asia on the UN Human Development Index and it is ranked highly in education, healthcare, life expectancy, quality of life, personal safety, and housing, but does not fare well on the Democracy index. Although income inequality is high, 90% of homes are owner-occupied, 38% of Singapores 5.6 million residents are permanent residents and other foreign nationals. There are four languages on the island, Malay, Mandarin, Tamil. English is its language, most Singaporeans are bilingual. Singapore is a multiparty parliamentary republic, with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government. The Peoples Action Party has won every election since self-government in 1959, however, it is unlikely that lions ever lived on the island, Sang Nila Utama, the Srivijayan prince said to have founded and named the island Singapura, perhaps saw a Malayan tiger. There are however other suggestions for the origin of the name, the central island has also been called Pulau Ujong as far back as the third century CE, literally island at the end in Malay. In 1299, according to the Malay Annals, the Kingdom of Singapura was founded on the island by Sang Nila Utama and these Indianized Kingdoms, a term coined by George Cœdès were characterized by surprising resilience, political integrity and administrative stability. In 1613, Portuguese raiders burned down the settlement, which by then was part of the Johor Sultanate. The wider maritime region and much trade was under Dutch control for the following period, in 1824 the entire island, as well as the Temenggong, became a British possession after a further treaty with the Sultan. In 1826, Singapore became part of the Straits Settlements, under the jurisdiction of British India, prior to Raffles arrival, there were only about a thousand people living on the island, mostly indigenous Malays along with a handful of Chinese. By 1860 the population had swelled to over 80,000, many of these early immigrants came to work on the pepper and gambier plantations
Singapore
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Raffles Square around 1900.
Singapore
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Flag
Singapore
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Victorious Japanese troops marching through Singapore City after the British capitulation at the
Battle of Singapore in 1942.
Singapore
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A cheering crowd welcome the return of British forces, 1945
14.
Bookshop
–
Bookselling is the commercial trading of books, the retail and distribution end of the publishing process. People who engage in bookselling are called booksellers, bookwomen, or bookmen, the founding of libraries in 300 BC stimulated the energies of the Athenian booksellers. In Rome, toward the end of the republic, it became the fashion to have a library, and Roman booksellers carried on a flourishing trade. The spread of Christianity naturally created a demand for copies of the Gospels, other sacred books. The modern system of bookselling dates from soon after the introduction of printing, in the course of the 16th and 17th centuries the Low Countries for a time became the chief centre of the bookselling world. Modern book selling has changed dramatically with the advent of the Internet, with major websites such as Amazon, eBay, and other big book distributors offering affiliate programs, book sales have now, more than ever, been put in the hands of the small business owner. Bookstores may be part of a chain, or local independent bookstores. Stores can range in size offering from several hundred to several hundred thousands of titles and they may be brick-and-mortar stores or internet only stores or a combination of both. Sizes for the larger bookstores exceed half a million titles, bookstores often sell other printed matter besides books, such as newspapers, magazines and maps, additional product lines may vary enormously, particularly among independent bookstores. Another common type of bookstore is the used bookstore or second-hand bookshop which buys and sells used, a range of titles are available in used bookstores, including in print and out of print books. Book collectors tend to frequent used book stores, large online bookstores offer used books for sale, too. In the book of Jeremiah the prophet is represented as dictating to Baruch the scribe and these scribes were the earliest booksellers, and supplied copies as they were demanded. Aristotle possessed an extensive library, and Plato is recorded to have paid the large sum of one hundred minae for three small treatises of Philolaus the Pythagorean. When the Alexandrian library was founded about 300 BC, various expedients were used for the purpose of procuring books, in Rome, toward the end of the republic, it became the fashion to have a library as part of the household furniture. Roman booksellers carried on a flourishing trade and their shops were chiefly in the Argiletum, and in the Vicus Sandalarius. On the door, or on the posts, was a list of the books on sale, and Martial. In the time of Augustus the great booksellers were the Sosii, according to Justinian, a law was passed granting to the scribes the ownership of the material written, this may be the beginnings of the modern law of copyright. All references had to be certified by the local mayor, if the application was accepted, the bookseller would have to swear an oath of loyalty to the régime
Bookshop
–
Shakespeare and Company, an English-language bookshop in
Paris
Bookshop
–
A bookshop in
Łódź, Poland, 1935
Bookshop
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Japanese bookseller from the Jinrin kinmo zui (An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Humanity) from 1690
Bookshop
–
Bookshop in
Much Wenlock, UK.
15.
Northrop Grumman Newport News
–
Founded as the Chesapeake Dry Dock and Construction Co. in 1886, Newport News Shipbuilding has built more than 800 ships, including both naval and commercial ships. Located in the city of Newport News, their facilities more than 550 acres. The shipyard is building the aircraft carriers USS Gerald R. Ford, also under construction are the Virginia-class submarines USS Indiana and USS Washington. In 2013, Newport News Shipbuilding began the deactivation of the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, USS Enterprise, Newport News Shipbuilding also performs refueling and complex overhaul work on Nimitz-class aircraft carriers. This is a four-year vessel renewal program that not only involves refueling of the nuclear reactors. The yard has completed RCOH for four Nimitz-class carriers, as of May 2016 this work was underway for the fifth Nimitz-class vessel, USS Abraham Lincoln. Industrialist Collis P. Huntington provided crucial funding to complete the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad from Richmond, however, building the railroad and coal pier was only the first part of Huntingtons dreams for Newport News. In 1886 he built a shipyard to repair ships servicing this transportation hub, in 1891 Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company delivered its first ship, the tugboat Dorothy. By 1897 NNS had built three warships for the US Navy, USS Nashville, Wilmington and Helena, when Collis died in 1900, his nephew Henry E. Huntington inherited much of his uncles fortune. He also married Collis widow Arabella Huntington, and assumed Colliss leadership role with Newport News Shipbuilding, under Henry Huntingtons leadership, growth continued. In 1906 the revolutionary HMS Dreadnought launched a naval race worldwide. Between 1907 and 1923, Newport News built six of the US Navys total of 22 dreadnoughts – USS Delaware, Texas, Pennsylvania, Mississippi, Maryland, all but the first were in active service in World War II. In 1907 President Theodore Roosevelt sent the Great White Fleet on its round-the-world voyage, NNS had built seven of its 16 battleships. In 1914 NNS built SS Medina for the Mallory Steamship Company, in the early years, leaders of the Newport News community and those of the shipyard were virtually interchangeable. Post served from March 9,1911 to Feb.12,1912, earlier, he had come to the area as one of the builders of the C&O Railways terminals, and had served as the first mayor of Newport News after it became an independent city in 1896. It was on March 14,1914 that Albert Lloyd Hopkins and his assistant, Frederic Gauntlett, was also on board, but was able to swim to safety. Homer Lenoir Ferguson was company vice president when Hopkins died, and he saw the company through both world wars, became a noted community leader, and was a co-founder of the Mariners Museum with Archer Huntington. He served until July 31,1946, after the second World War had ended on both the European and Pacific fronts
Northrop Grumman Newport News
–
Aerial view of the Newport News shipyard in 1994
Northrop Grumman Newport News
–
An 1899 advertisement for the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company
Northrop Grumman Newport News
–
The shipyard's railroad system.
Northrop Grumman Newport News
–
Hilton Village
16.
Philippine
–
The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
Philippine
–
King Philip II of Spain.
Philippine
–
Flag
Philippine
–
Tabon Cave and its carvings.
Philippine
–
The
Banaue Rice Terraces where
Ifugao/Igorot utilized terrace farming in the steep mountainous regions of northern Philippines over 2000 years ago.
17.
Zamboanga City
–
Zamboanga City is a highly urbanized city and the second largest city in Mindanao, Philippines and 3rd largest city by land area in the Philippines. It has a population of 861,799 people as of the 2015 census which makes it the 6th most populous city in the country. It is the commercial and industrial center of the Zamboanga Peninsula Region, Zamboanga City is an independent city, which became a highly urbanized city on November 22,1983, and is not part of the three provinces in Zamboanga Peninsula. Zamboanga City used to be known as Samboangan in historical records and it was founded by the Subanen people during the pre-Hispanic times. After independence from Spain in May 1899, Zamboanga became the Republic of Zamboanga with Chavacano as its official language, after American intervention, the republic was incorporated into the Philippines and became the capital of the Moro Province, now Mindanao, from 1903 to 1913. On October 12,1936, Zamboanga City became a city under Commonwealth Act No.39. It was inaugurated on February 26,1937, which was declared a local holiday, known for its Hispanic culture, the city bears the nickname Asias Latin City. Zamboanga City was founded in the late 12th or early 13th century as a settlement by the Subanen people, Zamboanga peninsula was also the homelands of the ancestors of the Yakan, the Balanguingui, and other closely related Sama-Bajau peoples. During the 13th century, the Tausūg people started migrating to Zamboanga and they became the dominant ethnic group after they were Islamized in the 14th century and established the Sultanate of Sulu in the 15th century. A majority of the Yakan, the Balanguingui, and the Sama-Bajau were also Islamized, the name for the city, Zamboanga, is the Hispanicized spelling of the Sinama term for mooring place - samboangan, from the root word samboang. The name Samboangan is well-attested in Spanish, British, French, German and this is commonly contested by folk etymologies which instead attribute the name to the Indonesian word jambangan, usually with claims that all ethnic groups in Zamboanga were Malays. However, this name has never been attested in any historical records prior to the 1960s, Spanish explorers arrived in the Philippine archipelago in 1521. In 1569 Zamboanga was chosen as the site of the Spanish settlement, Zamboanga City was one of the main strongholds in Mindanao, supporting colonizing efforts in the south of the island and making way for Christian settlements. It also served as a military outpost, protecting the island against foreign invaders, in 1599, the Zamboanga fort was closed and transferred to Cebú due to great concerns about attack by the English on that island, which did not occur. Zamboanga became the headquarters of the Spaniards on June 23,1635 upon approval of King Philip IV of Spain. The Zamboanga fortress became the focus of a number of battles between Moros and Spaniards while the Spanish ruled the region from 16th to 18th centuries. Spain was forced to abandon Zamboanga temporarily and withdraw its soldiers to Manila in 1662 after the Chinese under Koxinga threatened to invade the Spanish Philippines. While the region was dominated by Catholicism, Muslims kept up a protracted struggle against the ruling Spaniards in the country into the 18th century
Zamboanga City
–
Zamboanga City Hall
Zamboanga City
Zamboanga City
–
José Rizal Monument
Zamboanga City
–
Aerial View Fort Pilar
18.
Abu Sayyaf
–
The group is considered violent, and was responsible for the Philippines worst terrorist attack, the bombing of Superferry 14 in 2004, which killed 116 people. The name of the group is derived from the Arabic abu, as of 2012, the group was estimated to have between 200 and 400 members, down from 1,250 in 2000. They use mostly improvised explosive devices, mortars, and automatic rifles, the group has been designated as a terrorist group by the United Nations, Australia, Canada, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In 2002, fighting Abu Sayyaf became a mission of the American militarys Operation Enduring Freedom, the group was founded by Abdurajik Abubakar Janjalani, and led after his death in 1998 by his younger brother Khadaffy Janjalani who was killed in 2007. On 23 July 2014, Abu Sayyaf leader Isnilon Totoni Hapilon swore an oath of loyalty to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, in September 2014, the group began kidnapping people to ransom, in the name of ISIL. In the early 1970s, the Moro National Liberation Front was the main Muslim rebel groups fighting in Basilan, Abdurajik then went to Afghanistan to fight against the Soviet Union and the Afghan government during the Soviet war in Afghanistan in the 1980s. Both Abdurajik Abubakar and his brother who succeeded him were natives of Isabela City. Located on the North-Western part of the island of Basilan, Isabela is also the capital of Basilan province, MNLF had moderated into an established political government, the ARMM. It was established in 1989, fully institutionalised by 1996 and which became the ruling government in southern Mindanao. According to the defector Only 10 to 30% of the funding goes to the legitimate relief and livelihood projects. Khalifa had married a woman, Alice Jameelah Yabo, By 1995 Abu Sayyaf was active in large scale bombings. The Abu Sayyafs first attack was the assault on the town of Ipil in Mindanao in April 1995 and this year also marked the escape of 20-year-old Khadaffy Janjalani from Camp Crame in Manila along with another member named Jovenal Bruno. On 18 December 1998, Abdurajik Abubakar Janjalani was killed in a gun battle with the Philippine National Police on Basilan Island and he is thought to have been about age 39 at the time of his death. The Abu Sayyaf primarily operates in the southern Philippines with members travelling to Manila and it was reported that Abu Sayyaf had begun expanding into neighbouring Malaysia and Indonesia by the early 1990s. The Abu Sayyaf is one of the smallest, but strongest of the Islamist separatist groups in the Philippines, some Abu Sayyaf members have studied or worked in Saudi Arabia and developed ties to mujahadeen while fighting and training in the war against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Abu Sayyaf proclaimed themselves as mujahideen and freedom fighters but are not supported by people in the Philippines including its Muslim clerics. Until his death in a gunbattle on 4 September 2006, Khaddafy Janjalani was considered the leader of the group by the Armed Forces of the Philippines. The 23-year-old Khadaffy Janjalani then took leadership of one of Abu Sayyafs factions in an internecine struggle and he then worked to consolidate his leadership of the Abu Sayyaf, causing the group to appear inactive for a period
Abu Sayyaf
–
Isnilon Totoni Hapilon in 2000.
Abu Sayyaf
Abu Sayyaf
–
Jainal Antel Sali, Jr.
Abu Sayyaf
–
Warren Rodwell
19.
Islamism
–
Islamism is a concept whose meaning has been debated in both public and academic contexts. It is commonly used interchangeably with the terms political Islam or Islamic fundamentalism and these movements have arguably altered the Middle East more than any trend since the modern states gained independence, redefining politics and even borders according to Robin Wright. Some authors hold the term Islamic activism to be synonymous and preferable to Islamism, Central and prominent figures of modern Islamism include Hasan al-Banna, Sayyid Qutb, Abul Ala Maududi, and Ruhollah Khomeini. Some Islamist thinkers emphasize peaceful political processes, whereas Sayyid Qutb in particular called for violence, however, Qutb, unlike modern extremists, denounced the killing of innocents. Following the Arab Spring, some Islamist currents became heavily involved in politics, while others spawned the most aggressive and ambitious Islamist militia to date. A theocratic ideology that seeks to impose any version of Islam over society by law, subsequently, clarified to be, the desire to impose any given interpretation of Islam on society. A movement so broad and flexible it reaches out to everything to everyone in Islam, making it unsustainable. and at the extremes, a violent vehicle for rejectionists and radicals. All who seek to Islamize their environment, whether in relation to their lives in society, their circumstances, or the workplace. Moderate and reformist Islamists who accept and work within the process include parties like the Tunisian Ennahda Movement. Jamaat-e-Islami of Pakistan is basically a socio-political and democratic Vanguard party but has gained political influence through military coup détats in the past. The Islamist groups like Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in Palestine participate in the democratic, following the Arab Spring, Roy has described Islamism as increasingly interdependent with democracy in much of the Arab Muslim world, such that neither can now survive without the other. While Islamist political culture itself may not be democratic, Islamists need democratic elections to maintain their legitimacy, at the same time, their popularity is such that no government can call itself democratic that excludes mainstream Islamist groups. The term, which denoted the religion of Islam, first appeared in English as Islamismus in 1696. The term appears in the U. S. Supreme Court decision in In Re Ross, the term Islamism acquired its contemporary connotations in French academia in the late 1970s and early 1980s. From French, it began to migrate to the English language in the mid-1980s, a 2003 article in Middle East Quarterly states, In summation, the term Islamism enjoyed its first run, lasting from Voltaire to the First World War, as a synonym for Islam. Enlightened scholars and writers generally preferred it to Mohammedanism, eventually both terms yielded to Islam, the Arabic name of the faith, and a word free of either pejorative or comparative associations. To all intents and purposes, Islamic fundamentalism and Islamism have become synonyms in contemporary American usage, the AP Stylebook entry for Islamist now reads as follows, An advocate or supporter of a political movement that favors reordering government and society in accordance with laws prescribed by Islam. Do not use as a synonym for Islamic fighters, militants, extremists or radicals, where possible, be specific and use the name of militant affiliations, al-Qaida-linked, Hezbollah, Taliban, etc
Islamism
–
Sab'u Masajid, Saudi Arabia
Islamism
–
An Islamist protestor in London protesting over anti-Muslim cartoons, 6 February 2006
Islamism
–
Jamal-al-Din al-Afghani
Islamism
–
Painting of
Abul Ala Maududi
20.
SOLAS Convention
–
The current version of the SOLAS Convention is the 1974 version, known as SOLAS1974, which came into force on 25 May 1980. As of March 2016, SOLAS1974 has 162 contracting States, the SOLAS Convention in its successive forms is generally regarded as the most important of all international treaties concerning the safety of merchant ships. The first version of SOLAS was passed in 1914 in response to the sinking of the RMS Titanic and it prescribed numbers of lifeboats and other emergency equipment along with safety procedures, including continuous radio watches. The 1914 treaty never entered into due to the outbreak of the First World War. Further versions were adopted in 1929 and 1948, the 1960 Convention was adopted on 17 June 1960 and entered into force on 26 May 1965. It was the fourth SOLAS Convention and was the first major achievement for International Maritime Organization and it represented a considerable step forward in modernising regulations and keeping up with technical developments in the shipping industry. Under SOLAS1960, it could take years for amendments to be come into force since countries had to give notice of acceptance to IMO and there was a minimum threshold of countries. The 1974 SOLAS came into force on 25 May 1980,12 months after its ratification by at least 50 countries with at least 50% of gross tonnage. It has been updated and amended on numerous occasions since then, in 1975 the assembly of the IMO decided that the 1974 convention should in future use SI units only. An idea of the range of issues covered by the treaty can be gained from the list of sections, the up-to-date list of amendments to SOLAS is maintained by the IMO. Previous amendments were made in May 2011, in 2015, another later amendment is the SOLAS Container Weight Verification Regulation VI/2. This regulation, implemented by the IMO Maritime Safety Committee requires that the weight of loaded containers must be obtained prior to being onboarded on an ocean vessel. The regulation states that exporters are responsible to obtain a verified container weight. Originally scheduled for implementation on July 1,2016, the regulation allows for flexibility, as at March 2016, SOLAS1974 has 162 contracting states, which flag about 99% of merchant ships around the world in terms of gross tonnage. The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea,1974, requires flag States to ensure that their ships comply with safety standards in construction, equipment. It includes articles setting out general obligations, etcetera, followed by a divided into twelve chapters. Of these, chapter five is the one that applies to all vessels on the sea, including private yachts. Many countries have turned these international requirements into national laws so that anybody on the sea who is in breach of SOLAS V requirements may find themselves subject to legal proceedings
SOLAS Convention
–
Admiralty law
21.
Registro Italiano Navale
–
Since its foundation, Registro Italiano Navale has been an instrument of support for economic development in the areas where it operates. Over 150 years later, the role of RINA has not changed, RINA S. p. A. is an operational company created by Registro Italiano Navale, a private body founded in Genoa in 1861 by a number of economic concerns involved in the maritime transport sector. RINA is one of the members of IACS and actively participates in technical, research. The organisational structure of the RINA Group consists of the parent company RINA S. p. A. and other associated or subsidiary companies. The RINA Group has offices in 42 countries worldwide, the Head Office is in Genoa and it has about 120 branch offices,40 of which in Italy, particular attention is given to the development of human resources and to investment in Information Technology. In December 1999 the tanker MV Erika sank off the coast of Brittany, RINA was the certification society responsible for issuing all the safety certificates for Erika. Because of this the French oil company Total, who was told to pay damages for the incident
Registro Italiano Navale
22.
Batam
–
Batam is the largest city of Riau Islands Province of Indonesia as well the name of an island. The city of Batam administrative area covers of several islands, Batam Island is the core urban, both Galang Island and Rempang Island are connected to Batam Island by short bridges, the 3 islands are collectively called Barelang. These latter two islands maintain their character, as does nearby Bulan Island, also administered as part of the municipality. Batam is an industrial boomtown, a transport hub, and part of a free trade zone the Indonesia–Malaysia–Singapore Growth Triangle. The Batam municipality has a population of 1.164.352 in the 2015 intercensal survey and it is the closest part of Indonesia to Singapore, at a minimum land distance of 5.8 km. During the 2010 national Census, Batam was the municipality in Indonesia the decade prior. Batam is an oval island with many bays, islets, and peninsulas, located west of Bintan Island, south of Singapore, north of Rempang and Galang. The Riau Strait separates Batam and Bintan, Batam Municipality covers 3,990 km2, of which 1, 040km2 is land, a figure which includes some land reclamation. However, Barelang Island covers roughly 715 km2 of that 1,040 km2, the bulk of the Municipal population resides on Batam island. Long before it became a boomtown, Batam was backwater of the Riau Archipelago, part of the Johor Sultanate, fishing, maritime trade and piracy were main activities, and the local language and culture was Riau Malay. Batam has a climate with average temperatures between 26 and 32 °C. Humidity on the ranges from 73% to 96%. The wet season spans from November to April, while the dry season is from May to October, the predominant ethnicities are Malays, Javanese, Batak, Minangkabau, and Chinese. As a municipality it exemplifies the motto of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika. The location of Batam close to Singapore is conducive to the development of economic, sociopolitical, in April 2012, Batam had a population of 1,153,860 inhabitants. The population is increasing rapidly, with a growth rate of more than 8% per year between 2001 and 2012. Islam is the majority religion in Batam, with 74. 25% of the population, followed by Christians, Buddhists, and Hinduism. The Great Mosque of Batam, located in the city adjacent to the main square, the mayors office
Batam
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Great Mosque of Batam Mayor's Office, Baloi CBD, Nagoya Hill, Raja H. Fisabilillah Road
Batam
Batam
–
Tengku Fisabilillah (Barelang) Bridge
Batam
23.
Bintan Island
–
Bintan Island or Negeri Segantang Lada is an island in the Riau archipelago of Indonesia. It is part of the Riau Islands province, the capital of which, Tanjung Pinang, Bintans land area is 2,402.28 square kilometres. Its administrative region is designated the Bintan Island Regency, one of the six regions of the Riau Islands province. The city of Tanjung Pinang is an area within the Bintan Island. Bintans history is traced to the early 3rd century, in the 12th century, the Bintan island in the Strait of Malacca was known as the Pirate Island since the Malay pirates used to loot trading ships sailing in these waters. Singapore, the closest major city, is a 45-50 minute trip by motorised catamaran across the Singapore Strait from Bintan Resort area in the northwest of the island. The island has beaches with beach-front International hotels and resorts, the most prominent of these beaches is the Bintan Resorts set over an area of 300 hectares of tropical environment, the archipelago of the Riau islands is right opposite to this resort across the South China Sea. Indonesia is promoting Bintan as the next best tourist destination after Bali, on account of Bintan Islands strategic location and size on the India-China trade route, it has a rich history. Along with the local ethnic Malays and the Bugis, domination by the Portuguese, the Dutch, the Arabs, and the British at different times has been a part of Bintans rich history. Many local internal feuds between the Malays and Bugis, and battles in the sea, with and between foreign invasion forces, have been part of Bintans history and its straits. From mid-16th century, the Sultan of Johor-Riau kingdom had moved their kingdom between Johor, Riau and Lingga, the earliest history of Bintan is linked to the history of Nagoya Hills, which is integral with Batam, near Bintan island and other islands of the Riau archipelago. The Chinese chronicles have mentioned that Batam was inhabited by 231 AD when Singapore island was still called Pulau Ujung, Bintan came under the control of the Malacca kingdom from the 13th century. Later, the Sultan of Johor ruled from here and his reign lasted till the 18th century, Riau Islands were central to the greater Malay kingdoms or Sultanates, known as the Malay World, which had its control from eastern Sumatra to Borneo. For centuries, Riau was the home of Malay and Orang Laut people and these two communities were the backbone of most Malay kingdoms from the time of Srivijaya to the Sultanate of Johor. They had full control of routes going through the straits. Migrants from China and Indo-China, though came here later, settled in area of Asia. After the fall of Melaka in 1511, Riau islands became the centre of power of the mighty Sultanate of Johor or Johor – Riau. They were considered the centre of Malay culture, from the 12th to 13th centuries, the Srivijaya Empire of Sumatra held sway over Bintan island
Bintan Island
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Bintan Pulau Bintan
Bintan Island
–
Tanjung Pinang in Bintan
Bintan Island
–
Bintan agro beach resort
Bintan Island
–
Penyengat Island in Bintan
24.
Promenade deck
–
The promenade deck is a deck found on several types of passenger ships and riverboats. It usually extends from bow to stern, on sides, and includes areas open to the outside, resulting in a continuous outside walkway suitable for promenading. On older passenger ships, the deck was simply the top outside deck below the superstructure. Lifeboats are typically kept on davits accessible from the promenade, on a Mississippi riverboat, the promenade deck is the second deck, or floor, up from the waterline, above the main deck, and below the Texas deck. On modern cruise ships with superstructures as high and broad as the hull, the promenade may be used for jogging as well as walking, and signs indicate the mileage. This allows the majority of cabins on the decks to have a window. This design was first used in the cruiseferries M/S Silja Serenade and M/S Silja Symphony, built in 1990 and 1991, video clips of various Promenade Decks
Promenade deck
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RMS Olympic 's promenade deck
Promenade deck
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Promenade deck aboard
TSS Fairsky.
25.
Boat deck
–
A deck is a permanent covering over a compartment or a hull of a ship. On a boat or ship, the primary or upper deck is the structure that forms the roof of the hull, strengthening it. Decks for some purposes have specific names, the main purpose of the upper or primary deck is structural, and only secondarily to provide weather-tightness and support people and equipment. The deck serves as the lid to the box girder which is the hull. It resists tension, compression, and racking forces, the decks scantling is usually the same as the topsides, or might be heavier if the deck is expected to carry heavier loads. The deck will be reinforced around deck fittings such as the capstan, cleats, on ships with more than one level, deck refers to the level itself. The actual floor surface is called the sole, the term refers to a structural member tying the ships frames or ribs together over the keel. In modern ships, the decks are usually numbered from the primary deck. So the first deck below the deck will be #2. Some merchant ships may alternatively designate decks below the deck, usually machinery spaces, by numbers. Ships may also call decks by common names, or may invent fanciful and romantic names for a deck or area of that specific ship. Equipment mounted on deck, such as the wheel, binnacle, fife rails. Eastern designs developed earlier, with efficient middle decks and minimalist fore, in vessels having more than one deck there are various naming conventions, numerically, alphabetically, etc. However, there are various common historical names and types of decks,01 level is the term used in naval services to refer to the deck above the main deck. The next higher decks are referred to as the 02 level, the 03 level, afterdeck an open deck area toward the stern-aft. Berth deck, A deck next below the gun deck, where the hammocks of the crew are slung, Boat deck, Especially on ships with sponsons, the deck area where lifeboats or the ships gig are stored. Boiler deck, The passenger deck above the vessels boilers, may also refer to the deck of a bridge. Flight deck, A deck from which aircraft take off or land, flush deck, Any continuous unbroken deck from stem to stern
Boat deck
–
RMS Olympic 's deck
Boat deck
–
The upper deck of the
Falls of Clyde is iron; a centre strip is planked with wood as a sort of walkway. As is typical for a late-19th-century vessel, several deckhouses may be seen.
Boat deck
–
Crew and passengers on the wraparound deck of
RMS Queen Mary 2, an
ocean liner.
Boat deck
–
Weather deck of the Swedish 17th century warship
Vasa looking aft toward the sterncastle.
26.
Delicatessen
–
A delicatessen or deli is a retail establishment that sells a selection of unusual or foreign prepared foods. Delicatessens originated in Germany during the 1700s and spread to the United States in the mid-1800s, European immigrants to the United States, especially Ashkenazi Jews, popularized the delicatessen in American culture beginning in the late 1800s. Delicatessen is a German loanword which first appeared in English in 1889 and is the plural of Delikatesse, in German it was originally a French loanword, délicatesse, meaning delicious things. Its root word is the Latin adjective delicatus, meaning giving pleasure, delightful, the first Americanized short version of this word, deli, came into existence c. 1954. The German food company Dallmayr is credited with being the first delicatessen created, in 1700, it became the first store to import bananas, mangoes, and plums to the German population from faraway places such as the Canary Islands and China. Over 300 years later, it remains the largest business of its kind in Europe, the first delicatessens to appear in the United States were in New York City in the mid-1800s, with the first known use of this word occurring in 1885. These catered to the German immigrant population living there, as the German-Jewish population increased in New York City during the mid- to late 1800s, kosher delicatessens began to open, the first was founded in 1889. In the United States, by the late 20th to early 21st centuries, supermarkets, local economy stores, and fast food outlets began using the word to describe sections of their stores. The decline of the deli as an independent retail establishment was most noted in New York City, from a high in the 1930s of about 1,500 Jewish delicatessens, in most of Australia, the term delicatessen retains its European meaning. Large supermarket chains often have a department, and independent delicatessens exist throughout the country. Both types of deli offer a variety of cured meats, sausages, pickled vegetables, dips, breads, Deli also denotes a small convenience store or milk bar in Western and South Australia, and some businesses use deli as part of their business name. Traditional delicatessens also exist in these states, with continental delicatessen sometimes used to indicate the European version, in Canada, both meanings of delicatessen are used. In Europe delicatessen means high-quality, expensive foods and stores, in German-speaking countries a common synonym is Feinkost, and shops which sell it are called Feinkostläden. Department stores often have a Delikatessenabteilung, European delicatessens include Fauchon in Paris, Dallmayr in Munich, Harrods and Fortnum & Mason in London, and Peck in Milan. Although U. S. -style delicatessens are also found in Europe, in Russia, shops and supermarket sections approximating US-style delis are called kulinariya and offer salads and main courses. Delicate meats and cheeses, cold-cut and sliced hot, are sold in a separate section, the Eliseevsky food store in central Moscow, with its fin de siècle decor, is similar to a European delicatessen. From the Tsarist era, it was preserved by the Soviets as an outlet for difficult-to-obtain Russian delicacies, delicatessens may also provide foods from other countries and cultures which is not readily available in local food stores. In Italy, the deli can be called gastronomia, negozio di specialità gastronomiche, in France it is nowadays known as a traiteur or épicerie fine
Delicatessen
–
An Italian delicatessen in Rome
Delicatessen
–
French delicacies, sold in delicatessens: foie gras with Sauternes wine
Delicatessen
–
A fish counter at
Harrods in London
Delicatessen
–
An Italian style delicatessen in
Five Dock, Sydney
27.
Amphitheater
–
An amphitheatre or amphitheater /ˈæmfᵻˌθiːətər/ is an open-air venue used for entertainment, performances, and sports. The term derives from the ancient Greek ἀμφιθέατρον, from ἀμφί, ancient Roman amphitheatres were oval or circular in plan, with seating tiers that surrounded the central performance area, like a modern open-air stadium. In contrast both ancient Greek and ancient Roman theatres were built in a semicircle, with tiered seating rising on one side of the performance area. In modern usage, amphitheatre is used to describe theatre-style stages with spectator seating on only one side, theatres in the round. Natural formations of similar shape are known as natural amphitheatres. Ancient Roman amphitheatres were major public venues, circular or oval in plan and they were used for events such as gladiator combats, chariot races, venationes and executions. About 230 Roman amphitheatres have been found across the area of the Roman Empire, the earliest Roman amphitheatres date from the middle of the 1st century BC, but most were built under Imperial rule, from the Augustan period onwards. Imperial amphitheatres were built throughout the Roman empire, the largest could accommodate 40, the most elaborate featured multi-storeyed, arcaded façades and were elaborately decorated with marble, stucco and statuary. After the end of games in the 5th century and of staged animal hunts in the 6th. Their materials were mined or recycled, some were razed, and others were converted into fortifications. A few continued as convenient open meeting places, in some of these, in modern usage, an amphitheatre is a circular, semicircular or curved, acoustically vibrant performance space, particularly one located outdoors. Small-scale amphitheatres can serve to host outdoor local community performances, notable modern amphitheatres include the Shoreline Amphitheatre and the Hollywood Bowl. The term amphitheatre is used for some indoor venues such as the Gibson Amphitheatre. The term amphitheatre can also be used to naturally occurring formations which would be ideal for this purpose. Arena Stadium Thingplatz List of Roman amphitheatres List of contemporary amphitheatres List of indoor arenas List of ancient Greek theatres Roman theatre Bomgardner, the Story of the Roman Amphitheatre
Amphitheater
–
The
Colosseum in Rome, built c. 70 – 80 AD, is considered one of the greatest works of
architecture and
engineering.
Amphitheater
–
Interior of the
Colosseum
Amphitheater
–
Arles Amphitheatre, a
Roman arena in Arles, France, still in use today for bullfighting,
plays and summer
concerts.
Amphitheater
–
The
Hollywood Bowl,
Hollywood,
California
28.
MV Logos II
–
The MV Logos II was a ship built in Spain,1968, which was purchased in 1989 by Educational Book Exhibits Ltd. a private, non-profit, charitable organisation registered in the UK. Logos II was operated on behalf of EBE by GBA Ships and she entered service in 1990 and was active until October 2008 when she was sold. The work of Logos II is now being carried on by a replacement vessel Logos Hope, Logos II’s original name was Antonio Lazaro. She was built by Union Naval Levante SA of Valencia, Spain in 1968, the ship was designed to operate a ferry service to Morocco, carrying 400 berthed and 200 deck class passengers. She also had a cargo hold forward and side doors for the loading of vehicles and she later sailed between Spain and Spanish territories in North Africa. Educational Book Exhibits Ltd. purchased the ship on 21 October 1988, extensive renovations and upgrades were carried out to prepare the ship for future service. Logos II welcomed more than 10 million visitors on board with stops in 350 ports of call in 81 countries, the ship was sold on October 2008, and the work is carried on by her replacement since February 19,2009, MV Logos Hope. The last port of call for Logos II was Port of Spain, Trinidad, GBA Ships goal is to bring knowledge, help and hope to the people of the world. The ships visit each port for weeks and open the gangways to hundreds. On average, over one million visitors have been welcomed onboard every year, the floating book fairs offer over 6,000 titles, providing many visitors their first-ever opportunity to purchase quality educational and Christian literature. An international crew and staff of live and work on the ships. Teams from the ship go into surrounding areas to supply aid, in each port, the ships crew works with local authorities and community groups to bring knowledge, help and hope to people whatever their circumstances, culture or background. Operation Mobilisation MV Doulos MV Logos Hope Official MV Logos II website GBA Ships OM Ships International
MV Logos II
–
History
29.
MV Logos Hope
–
MV Logos Hope is operated by the German Christian charitable organization GBA Ships e. V. Built in 1973 as the ferry MV Gustav Vasa for service between Malmö and Travemünde, she operated as the MV Norröna providing a ferry service to the Faroe Islands. Twice as big as any previous ship operated by the organisation, Logos Hope provides a better quality of life for crew as well as a wider range of activities for visitors and guests. The newly created Logos Hope Experience holds up to 800 visitors at any time, with capacity to host an additional 500 in the Hope Theatre, the all volunteer crew and staff of 400 people, represent over 60 different countries. Unlike the crew during her original use as a car ferry, crew, Logos Hope generally visits ports for two weeks and is continually sailing from port to port year round. Future schedule information is available on the website, in 1973 the ship was commissioned as the car ferry Gustav Vasa running between Malmö and Travemünde, a route she ran for 10 years. In April 1983 she was sold to the Faroese ferry company Smyril Line, sailing from Tórshavn, the Faroese capital, to Lerwick, Bergen, Hanstholm and Seyðisfjörður each summer, she was often chartered in the winter to cover other operators’ overhaul schedules. When Smyril Line delivered a new Norröna in 2003, the old vessel became Norröna I and was put up for sale, after much deliberation, inspection and prayer, the current owners purchased the vessel in March 2004
MV Logos Hope
–
Logos Hope in Kiel
MV Logos Hope
–
The same ship as MV Norröna in the harbour of Torshavn in 1997
MV Logos Hope
–
Logos Hope - International Cafe.
MV Logos Hope
–
Logos Hope ship berthed at
Colombo Harbour in
Sri Lanka in 2015.
30.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
31.
Costa Atlantica
–
Costa Atlantica is a Spirit-class cruise ship owned and operated by Costa Crociere. She was built in 2000 by the Kvaerner Masa-Yards Helsinki New Shipyard in Helsinki, Atlantica currently sails Asia cruises from Tianjin and sometimes Shanghai. Each passenger deck on Costa Atlantica is named after a movie by the Italian director Federico Fellini and she is decorated with Carrara marble, Murano glass accents, and in-laid mosaic tile. She also replicates Venices Caffe Florian, official website Video Clip of Costa Atlantica Media related to Costa Atlantica at Wikimedia Commons
Costa Atlantica
–
Costa Atlantica
Costa Atlantica
–
Approaching Miami Cruise Ship Terminal
Costa Atlantica
–
Current ships
32.
Costa Deliziosa
–
Costa Deliziosa is a cruise ship flagship operated by Costa Crociere. Ordered in 2007 as part of an expansion of the Costa Cruises Fleet, Costa Deliziosa was constructed by Fincantieri, launched in March 2009. The sister ship of Costa Luminosa, Costa Deliziosa was ordered in 2007 from Italian company Fincantieri, the keel was laid down at the companys shipyard in Ancona. In July 2008, after the keel and first section were completed and she was launched on 12 March 2009, when water was admitted to the drydock in which she was built. The ship was handed over to Costa Cruises on 31 January 2010 at the Venice Passenger Terminal, the cruise ship is a hybrid design, taking the best elements from the Vista and Spirit class cruise ships. Costa Deliziosa is 292 metres long, with a beam of 32.3 metres, the ship has a gross tonnage of 92,700. Up to 2,828 passengers can be carried in 1,130 cabins, the ship has a cruising speed of 21.6 knots, and a top speed of 23.6 knots. Around 3,000 people worked on the construction of Costa Deliziosa which cost more than €450 million, in deference to the Muslim faith of Dubai a bottle of special date juice was used rather than the traditional sparkling wine, champagne, or prosecco usually used to christen ships. The christening is planned to coincide with the ceremony for the new Port Rashid cruise ship terminal. The ship will spend the first part of her career operating on seven-day cruises in the Persian Gulf, during the northern summer, the ship will be relocated to Copenhagen, for seven-day cruises through the Baltic region. On 28 December 2011, Costa Deliziosa embarked on a 100-day round-the-world cruise, in 2013 the ship will leave Northern Europe. Between spring and fall, Costa Deliziosa operates in the Mediterranean Sea, from January to April 2013, and in 2014, she will operate on a 100 night world cruise. It was on this cruise that the vessel rescued 8 sailors whose boat had hit an unidentified object mid-Atlantic. The ships course was altered to rescue the sailors, before it continued to Antigua and she will be cruising in the Caribbean from January to the beginning of March, November & December. They will be 10 nights /11 days, round-trip Bahamas, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Honduras, then She will return to the Mediterranean from mid March to mid November. Spirit class - a similar class of Panamax ships operated by Carnival Cruise Lines, radiance class - a similar class of Panamax ships operated by Royal Caribbean International MV Arcadia - a similar Panamax ship operated by P&O Cruises. MS Queen Victoria - a similar Panamax sized ship operated by Cunard Line, sister ship to Costa Deliziosa Official website Media related to Costa Deliziosa at Wikimedia Commons
Costa Deliziosa
–
Costa Deliziosa in
Argostoli,
Cephalonia Greece.
Costa Deliziosa
–
Costa Deliziosa in
Geirangerfjord, Norway, 2011.
Costa Deliziosa
–
Current ships
33.
Costa Diadema
–
Costa Diadema is a Dream-class cruise ship operated by Costa Crociere. The ship was ordered in October 2012 and was delivered to Costa on October 25,2014, Costa Diadema is the largest vessel flying an Italian flag and currently Costa Crocieres flagship. Costa Diademas embarkation area, Eliodoro Atrium, is also a meeting spot. It features an installation spanning multiple decks, on deck 5 of the vessel is a 500 m promenade, the longest in Costa’s fleet. Costa Diadema also has three swimming pools, one of which is covered by a roof and also functions as a party space. There are three dining rooms in different flors - Fiorentino, Adularia and Corona Blu, the last of which transforms into a buffet by day for breakfast. All three of these rooms are mainly focused on Italian cuisine from different regions with lot of fruit and sweets. At an additional charge, passengers can choose to dine at the “à la carte” Club Restaurant, Samsara Restaurant, or Tavola Teppanyaki or order pizza, Costa Diadema has a total of 1,862 staterooms in 14 different categories, including inside cabins, balcony cabins and suites. The 130 staterooms and 11 suites on Decks 11 and 12 may be combined with a package giving special access to the four-level,6,200 m2 Samsara Spa, Costas largest wellness, staterooms are equipped with flat-screen televisions, and Wi-Fi and room service are also available. Passengers occupying suites have access to priority boarding, a choice of pillow from the Pillow Menu, a Jacuzzi, number of staff is lower than on some other luxurious ships. As of 2015, the vessel’s three-level Emerald Theater was presenting four live productions, country Rock Club had a live band playing classic tunes, and nearby was Birreria Dresden Green, a German-themed beer garden. The Star Laser area had facilities for gamers, and a laser maze, small casino is very frequented during the night as some duty-free shops. There was also a 4-D cinema showing a number of five-minute movies, late night entertainment was provided by a small piano bar and a discothèque
Costa Diadema
–
Costa Diadema in
Dubrovnik in November 2014
Costa Diadema
–
Current ships
34.
Costa Fascinosa
–
Costa Fascinosa is a Concordia-class cruise ship that was ordered in October 2007 for Costa Crociere. Based on the Concordia class design, Costa Fascinosa was constructed by Fincantieris Marghera shipyard in Venice, part of a five-ship expansion of the Costa Crociere fleet, the vessel entered service on 6 May 2012. She was Costa Crocieres flagship until the Costa Diadema entered service, Costa Fascinosa cost 510 million euro to build. The names of the two ships were selected via competition, the first phase saw 16,000 pairs of names submitted by travel agents and their customers from around the world, after being asked to suggest names as part of the send us a sea of names project. These names were to evoke the idea that the ships were magical,25 name pairs were shortlisted and placed on the companys website, where over 42,000 visitors voted on their favourite. Favolosa and Fascinosa were selected as the name pair. The vessel is based on the Concordia class design already in service with Costa Crociere, upon completion, the vessel measured 114,500 gross tons. She carries up to 3,780 passengers in 1,506 cabins, Costa Fascinosa is the sixteenth ship in service with Costa Crociere. She was laid down on 3 September 2010 and was delivered to Costa Cruises on 5 May 2012, Costa Fascinosa entered service on 6 May 2012, sailing on a preview cruise before entering regular service on 11 May, cruising to the eastern Mediterranean. She was transferred to South America in November 2012, before returning to the eastern Mediterranean for the summer 2013 season, five passengers from the ship were killed, eight passengers were injured. The Mass was celebrated by Bishop Joseph Kalathiparambil, Secretary of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerants
Costa Fascinosa
–
Costa Fascinosa close to
Corfu
Costa Fascinosa
–
Current ships
35.
Costa Favolosa
–
Costa Favolosa is a cruise ship ordered for Costa Crociere in October 2007. Based on the Concordia class design, Costa Favolosa was laid down by Fincantieris Marghera shipyard on 5 November 2009, part of a five-ship expansion of the Costa Crociere fleet, the vessel entered service in July 2011. Costa Favolosa cost €510 million to build, the names of the two ships were selected via competition. The first phase saw 16,000 pairs of names submitted by agents and their customers from around the world. These names were to evoke the idea that the ships were magical,25 name pairs were shortlisted and placed on the companys website, where over 42,000 visitors voted on their favourite. Favolosa and Fascinosa were selected as the name pair. The first section of the ship was laid down at Fincantieris Marghera shipyard on 5 November 2009. The ship was launched from the dry dock on 6 August 2010. The vessel is based on the Concordia class design already in service with Costa Crociere, at 114,500 GTs, she can carry up to 3,800 passengers in 1,506 cabins, six more than previous Concordia class ships. Costa Favolosa is the ship in service with Costa Crociere. For the 2011 summer season, Costa Favolosa sailed seven-day cruises from Venice and Bari to Olympia, Izmir, Istanbul and Dubrovnik before repositioning to Dubai for a series of winter cruises
Costa Favolosa
–
Costa Favolosa in Piraeus, Athens
Costa Favolosa
–
Current ships
36.
Costa Luminosa
–
MS Costa Luminosa is a cruise ship, owned and operated by Costa Crociere. Costa Luminosa entered service on May 5,2009, the ships design is a hybrid, taking the best elements of Spirit-class and Vista-class cruise ships. A sister ship, Costa Deliziosa, was launched in February 2010 and is based on the same design. Costa Luminosa departed Civitavecchia, Italy on June 3,2009, on her 13-night maiden voyage, with ports of call in Savona, St. Tropez, Barcelona, Lisbon, Le Havre and Amsterdam. Costa Luminosa is the ship of Costa Crociere, part of their five-ship expansion program. Costa Luminosa and her ship, Costa Deliziosa, was ordered in the Fincantieri Marghera shipyard on 12 June 2006. The two ships have a tonnage of 92,700 and are 292 metres long. The keel of Costa Luminosa was laid on 10 October 2007 in the Fincantieri Marghera shipyard in Venice and she floated out of drydock on 30 June 2008 and completed her sea trials on 30 March 2009. At a period of 18 months, the ship was handed over to Costa Cruises on 1 May 2009, Costa Luminosa and Costa Deliziosa pioneered in the introduction of a new vessel design, which is a Hybrid, taking the best design elements of Spirit-class and Vista-class cruise ships. The christenings of Costa Luminosa, and the Concordia-class Costa Pacifica were held in Genoa on June 5,2009 and it was the first time that two ships were simultaneously christened, not only for Costa but also in the world. With this, the christening ceremony set a Guinness World record in the category. The two ships also launched simultaneously in their shipyard on 5 June 2008, Costa Luminosa in Marghera, the ship has a three-level theater and a 4D cinema. The ship has 1,130 staterooms,662 have private balconies and 52 spa staterooms, as well as 106 suites and it was followed by mini cruises in Eastern Mediterranean, again departing Venice on 15 May 2009. Her second vernissage cruise was on 19 May 2009, in the summer of 2009, the ship offered 11 and 14-day cruises at the Baltic capitals, Norwegian Fjords and the North Cape. After the political problems in Bahrein, the changed the itinerary removing the Bahrain. Now in summer she sails on 7-night-cruises to the Norwegian Fjords, in fall she operates in the Mediterranean Sea, and during the winter period Costa Luminosa goes on 7-night-cruises in the Caribbean. g. Swedish television calculated that over 5 million liters of waste is dumped during a cruise in the vulnerable Baltic Sea. Spirit class - a similar class of Panamax ships operated by Carnival Cruise Lines, radiance class - a similar class of Panamax ships operated by Royal Caribbean International Arcadia - a similar Panamax ship operated by P&O Cruises
Costa Luminosa
–
Costa Luminosa in
Magdalenefjorden,
Spitsbergen
Costa Luminosa
–
Current ships
37.
Costa Magica
–
Costa Magica is a cruise ship for the Costa Crociere cruise line. She debuted in 2004 as a ship to Costa Fortuna. Magica pays homage to some of the most famous destinations in Italy including Positano, Portofino, Bellagio, at 102.587 GT, she is one of the largest in the Costa Crociere fleet. On the 4 January 2006, fifteen-year-old Irish girl Lynsey O Brien fell overboard Costa Magica, the underage O Brien had been served with two vodkas and many different cocktails in the ships bar. She returned to the cabin and promptly fell over the balcony of her stateroom and her body has never been recovered and her mother has stated she thinks Lynsey hit her head on a lifeboat after falling and was unconscious when she hit the water. O Briens father Paul committed suicide on the 8 July 2013
Costa Magica
–
Costa Magica in Venice
Costa Magica
–
Current ships
38.
Costa Mediterranea
–
Costa Mediterranea is a Spirit-class cruise ship operated by the Costa Crociere cruise line. She was constructed at the Kvaerner Masa-Yards in Helsinki, Finland at a cost of over €400 million, like sister ship Costa Atlantica, her design was derived from the Carnival Cruise Lines Spirit-class ships, Carnival Spirit, Carnival Pride, Carnival Legend and Carnival Miracle. On June 16,2003 she departed on her voyage from Genoa to Spain. The twelve decks are named after mythological and historical characters, Circe, Tersicore, Bacco, Teseo, Orfeo, Narciso, Prometeo, Pegaso, Armonia, Cleopatra, Pandora and Medea. Costa Cruises’ invested more than €4 million to perform the routine refurbishment, the renewal work included restoration of the ship’s hull, and a full renovation of the ship’s interior including the replacement of the carpets, curtains and upholstery. Specially for Costa Mediterranea Italian artist Gigi Rigamonti has produced a wall with Matisse-like dancers in the foyer of cruise ship. On 10 September 2008 Costa Mediterranea was the first ship make a call to the Passenger Port of St. Petersburg in Saint Petersburg
Costa Mediterranea
–
Costa Mediterranea in
Argostoli,
Cephalonia Greece
Costa Mediterranea
Costa Mediterranea
–
Current ships
39.
Costa Classica
–
Costa neoClassica is a cruise ship for Costa Crociere. She was built by Fincantieri Shipyards in 1991, with a ship built in 1993. In 2001 and 2005, she underwent major refurbishments, on board are two restaurants,9 bars,2 swimming pools, and 4 whirlpools. On June 6,2008, MSC Poesia and Costa Classica collided in the Adriatic Sea near Dubrovnik, after the line became slack on MSC Poesia. There were no injuries, and the damage was minimal, both vessels continued on their scheduled itinerary with no delays. A Hong Kong woman and her son disappeared while on a cruise from Beijing to Fukuoka in July 2009, a source confirmed three letters have been found in their cabin concerning the distribution of their belongings. Travel agency Hong Thai Travel confirmed the pair were among 35 tourists who boarded the liner in Tianjin. Costa Crociere said it had reported to law enforcement bodies in Korea, on 18 October 2010, Costa Classica collided with the Belgian-flagged vessel near the deep water channel of the Yangtze River as it returned to Shanghai from Cheju, Korea. Several passengers reported to the infirmary with minor injuries, three passengers were sent ashore for further medical checks. News images show a gash along the side of Costa Classica that stretched about 60 feet. Costa Classica docked a few hours after the incident and passengers on the current voyage of the ship were disembarked, Costa Classica then sailed to Changxing, China to undergo an emergency drydock. It took just 96 hours to complete repairs and then she resumed her service, next voyage was resumed in Hong Kong on October 25 with two days short where Manila Port was cancelled. On 24 January 2012, more than 300 mainland visitors were banned from entering Sanya and those affected vowed their passports had been inspected by the staff on the cruise, but they were not told beforehand concerning their visa problem. Conflicts arose on the ship while hundreds and thousands of visitors were lining up to leave the ship, Costa Classica refused to take the responsibility of the fault and to compensate for the loss of other passengers not involved. Most passengers were forced to shorten and cancel their trips at Sanya due to the delay and she set sail in December 2014 to home port in Port Louis, from January 11 through February 22,2015 the Costa neoClassica will offer four 16-day Indian Ocean cruises. She will join her sister ship as well as the Costa neoRiviera sailing to unique destinations, official website Video Clip of Costa Classica
Costa Classica
–
Costa neoClassica in
Argostoli,
Cephalonia Greece
Costa Classica
–
Current ships
40.
Costa neoRiviera
–
MS Costa neoRiviera is a cruise ship currently sailing for Costa Crociere and formerly operated by Ibero Cruises. In 1999 Festival Cruises delivered their first new build MS Mistral which was built by Chantiers de lAtlantique and her maiden cruise started on 17 July 1999, from Venice to the Greek islands. Grand Mistral was retired from Ibero Cruises in November 2013 and she was transferred to Costa Crociere and renamed to Costa neoRiviera, she was also given new voyages. Her itineraries will feature more overnight and unusual calls to ports, Costa Crociere invested 10 million euros into refurbishing Costa neoRiviera and into maintenance checkup of Costa neoClassica and Costa Voyager
Costa neoRiviera
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Costa neoRiviera in Genova, Italy, April 2015
Costa neoRiviera
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Costa neoRiviera as Mistral in Kiel Harbour, May 2003
Costa neoRiviera
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Costa neoRiviera as Grand Mistral In Tallinn, June 2012
Costa neoRiviera
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Former ships
41.
Costa neoRomantica
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Costa neoRomantica is a cruise ship for Costa Crociere completed 1993 as a sister ship to Costa neoClassica and was refurbished in 2003. Her public rooms are decorated with woods, Carrara marble. There is also a luxury spa aboard. Her decks are named for well-known European cities, Monte Carlo, Madrid, Vienna, Verona, Paris, London, Copenhagen, in November 2011, Costa Romantica underwent a €90 million refurbishing. Two new half decks were added as a part of the refurbishment and this increased the gross tonnage of the ship from 53,000 to 56,769 tons. After the refurbishing, the ship was renamed neoRomantica and started her first journey with the new name on March 2012. On Wednesday,25 February 2009, a fire erupted in the engines and one of the electric generators of Costa Romantica off the coast of Uruguay. Costa Romantica was partially repaired and was able to sail to approximately 1 km from the coast where she was evacuated by landing ships
Costa neoRomantica
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Costa neoRomantica, August 2012
Costa neoRomantica
Costa neoRomantica
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Current ships
42.
Costa Pacifica
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Costa Pacifica is a Concordia-class cruise ship for Costa Crociere. She was handed over to Costa Crociere on 29 May 2009 and her sister ships, Costa Concordia and Costa Serena, were launched in 2006 and in 2007, with Costa Favolosa and Costa Fascinosa launched in 2011 and 2012 respectively. Onboard facilities include the Samsara Spa and PlayStation World, an area boasting PS3 consoles, the ship was inaugurated in a dual christening ceremony, along with Costa Luminosa on 5 June 2009.4 billion Euro, and is currently the largest fleet expansion program in the world. Costa Pacifica was ordered on 14 December 2005, by Carnival Corporation, the order was four ships, which includes, Carnival Dream, for Carnival Cruise Lines, Nieuw Amsterdam for Holland America Line, and Ruby Princess for Princess Cruises, at a total cost of US$3 billion. The bow section of Costa Pacifica was built at the Fincantieri Palermo shipyard and was launched on 24 July 2007, the section was then towed to Fincantieris Sestri Ponente in August 2007 for further work, which also marked the announcement of the ships name. She was launched at Fincantieris Sestri Ponente shipyard on 30 June 2008 and she returned to Sestri Ponente from her sea trials on 30 March 2009, for the fitting-out process. Almost 3,000 workers helped in the construction of Costa Pacifica and she was later christened at Genoa, Italy on June 5,2009, in a dual christening ceremony, together with Costa Luminosa. The dual christening ceremony was the worlds first which set a Guinness World Record in the new category Most ships inaugurated in one day by one company. Costa Pacifica has 1,504 staterooms,521 with private balconies and 91 spa staterooms,58 suites with balconies and 12 spa suites. There are five restaurants, which include the reservations-only Club Blue Moon. There are 13 bars, including a Cognac & cigar bar, four swimming pools, two with retractable covers, one with Toboga, and four jacuzzis. The onboard Samsara spa, a two-level,6,000 m2 wellness facility with gym, a pool, treatment rooms, sauna, Turkish bath. A poolside screen is located in the pool deck, Costa Pacifica also has a three-level theater, a Grand Prix simulator, a recording studio and a PlayStation World area, where PS3 consoles are available. Costa Pacifica is the first cruise ship to have a recording studio. The maiden voyage of Costa Pacifica was on June 6,2009, in the entire 2009 summer season, Costa Pacifica offered seven day cruises in the Western Mediterranean, with calls at Rome, Savona, Marseilles, Barcelona, Palma, Tunis, Malta and Palermo. During the 2009-2010 winter season, Costa Pacifica departed from Rome and Savona, offering 10- and 11-day cruises in Egypt, Israel and Turkey. In Summer 2010, she offered seven day cruises in the Western Mediterranean, with calls at Rome, Savona, Barcelona, Palma, Tunis, Malta, on December 11,2012 Costa Pacifica struck a piling while maneuvering into dock at the Port of Marseille, France. The cause of the damage is blamed on heavy wind, an 8 m gash was left on her hull above the waterline, official website Ship Builders Page On Costa Pacifica Costa Pacifica review Costa Pacifica specification
Costa Pacifica
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Costa Pacifica moored at
Katakolo,
Greece
Costa Pacifica
Costa Pacifica
Costa Pacifica
43.
Costa Serena
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Costa Serena is a Concordia-class cruise ship for the Italian cruise line, Costa Crociere. The name Serena was intended to symbolize harmony and serenity, Costa Serena was constructed by Fincantieri in Sestri Ponente. She had a sister ship, Costa Concordia, launched in 2006. The ship, along with her three sisters, was the largest and longest in the Costa Crociere fleet until being surpassed by the Costa Diadema in 2014. The sister ships, Costa Pacifica and Costa Favolosa were launched in 2009 and 2011 with Costa Fascinosa launched in 2012, Costa Serenas godmother is Marion Cotillard. May 19,2007 marked the day of Costa Serenas inaugural event, the event was held in Marseille, France and featured fireworks and a laser show. At the same time as the inauguration, Costa held an inaugural event in the virtual world of Second Life. In 2015, she repositioned to Shanghai to sail year-round cruises from China visiting ports in Japan, like the Costa Atlantica and the Costa Victoria, these sailings will be catered for Chinese guests. In 2009 Costa Serena and her crew was featured in the six-episode National Geographic Channel documentary series Cruise Ship Diaries, official website A Floating Pantheon Media report
Costa Serena
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History
Costa Serena
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Current ships
44.
Costa Victoria
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Costa Victoria is a Victoria-class cruise ship owned and operated by Costa Crociere. She debuted in 1996 and was refurbished in 2004 and she was designed to reflect the spirit of Italy. Features include the panoramic Concorde Plaza, a pool, the ultramodern Pompei Spa. Costa Cruises ordered a ship for Costa Victoria, Costa Olympia. During the construction of Costa Olympia, the shipyard went bankrupt, the unfinished hull was subsequently sold to Norwegian Cruise Line. She eventually came in service as Norwegian Sky and was heavily refurbished, in 2004 the ship underwent an extensive rebuild during which a total of 246 balconies were added to the accommodations on decks 9,10 and 11. She was also fitted with an extension of the buffet terrace, Costa Victoria has undergone a refit on November 11,2013 which will see modernization to her public rooms and staterooms to more Italian design. Official website Video Tour of Costa Victoria Information on Costa Victorias 2013 refit
Costa Victoria
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Costa Victoria in
Victoria Harbour
Costa Victoria
Costa Victoria
Costa Victoria
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Current ships
45.
MS Oranje
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MS Oranje, later known as Angelina Lauro, was a passenger liner, a wartime hospital ship and finally a cruise ship that was burnt out and subsequently lost while being towed for scrap. She sank in a storm in the mid-Pacific, on 24 September 1979, the ship underwent 25 years service as Oranje, and fifteen as Angelina Lauro. She was a ship for the last seven years of her career. Oranje was commissioned by the Nederlandsche Stoomvaart Maatschapij, and was built in Amsterdam and she was launched by Queen Wilhelmina and named Oranje in honour of the Royal House of Orange on 8 September 1938. She undertook sea trials in June 1939 and attained a speed of 26 knots, making her the worlds most powerful and she was built to carry passengers to the Dutch East Indies. There were plans to use the vessel as an auxiliary cruiser in case of war. Oranjes first scheduled voyage was from Amsterdam to Jakarta in Java, three days before Oranje left Amsterdam on 4 September 1939, the Germans invaded Poland. At the same time, the Dutch Government informed the Australian Government that they would bear the cost of Oranjes conversion to a hospital ship, although sailing under Australian command, Oranje remained crewed by Dutch crew, and continued to sail under the Dutch flag. Oranje was the largest hospital ship operated from Australia, serving for five years throughout multiple theatres of World War II, including the Middle East, Indian, during this time, Oranje made 41 voyages, carrying Australian and New Zealander soldiers. After the war ended, Oranje returned to her life as a passenger ship, in 1947, she recommenced the Amsterdam to Jakarta service, sailing via Southampton, England. In January 1953 on an outward bound Oranje collided in the Red Sea with her Royal Rotterdam Lloyd running mate Willem Ruys homeward bound heading the opposite direction. On the abrupt and fast approach of Oranje Willem Ruys made a swing to left. Oranje badly damaged her bows and due to the possibility she would be impounded for safety reasons, she was unable to call at Colombo as scheduled, the passenger service to Jakarta eventually ended in 1957. The next year, in 1958, she made her first liner voyage from Amsterdam to Australia, sailing via Southampton, Suez in Egypt and she underwent a refit and a minor facelift in Amsterdam in 1959. Upon completion the tonnage was listed as 20,565 GRT. Oranje and two other Dutch ships serviced Australia and New Zealand, the two ships being the Netherland Line Johan van Oldenbarnevelt and the Royal Rotterdam Lloyd M. S. The three ships sailed under the banner of Dutch Mails, on 26 February 1961 Oranje sailed in the opposite direction, visiting the same ports. At this time, passenger and cargo shipping industries were suffering from the growth of the airline industry, the increasing popularity of air travel, in particular with the advent of aviations jet era, led to the sharp decline in ship passenger and cargo numbers
MS Oranje
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Oranje in August 1941, shortly after her conversion to a hospital ship
MS Oranje
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The Angelina Lauro
46.
MV Bianca C
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The Bianca C was a passenger ship that sank on two occasions, the first time in France before being completed, and the second time after an explosion and fire off the island of Grenada. Built during World War II at Construction Navales La Ciotat, a shipyard on the southern coast of France, Construction had not yet been completed, so the ship was towed to Port de Bouc, near Marseille, where she was torpedoed by the Germans in August. When the hull was raised, it was renamed La Marseillaise, when the remodeling was completed in July 1949, she sailed to Yokohama. In 1957, the ship was given the name Arosa Sky after being sold to Panamas Arosa Line and she was refitted again and became the companys flagship. She was chartered by the exchange organization American Field Service to bring students between the U. S. and Europe, within two years Arosa Line was forced to sell the ship to Costa Line, an Italian company also known as Linea C. After that 1959 sale, the ship was renamed the Bianca C for one of the owners daughters, the Bianca Cs main route ran from Italy to Venezuela, including stops in the Caribbean. On Sunday October 22,1961, the Bianca C was ten days out of Naples, one crewman died immediately, and eight others were injured. Survivors were taken to the capital, where hospitals were hastily established to provide shelter. Because Grenada did not have the equipment to such a large fire. It took two days for the Londonderry to arrive, and by time the Bianca C had begun to sink. The burning ship was in the anchorage and would block the harbor if it sank there. The anchor lines of the Bianca C were burned, and today the anchors are still at the mouth of the St. Georges harbor, meanwhile, the Londonderry moved to tow the Bianca C, but the latter ship was listing to port. Thousands of Grenadians watched from the mountains as the tow progressed for six hours, the Bianca C sank quickly into 165 feet of water, about a mile from the popular tourist beach at Grand Anse. In the 1970s, a Trinidadian firm salvaged the Bianca Cs propellers, as the top of the ship is in only about 100 feet of water, scuba divers can reach it and in the late 1980s and early 1990s some removed parts of the boat for souvenirs. In late 1992, the third of the ship was torn off. A bronze statue of Christ of the Abyss was given by the Costa Line to Grenada in appreciation of the hospitality. The Times named the Bianca C as one of the top ten wreck diving sites in the world, postcards Sculpture Christ of the Deep The Bianca C Story
MV Bianca C
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History
MV Bianca C
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Bianca C off the coast of
Genova in 1959
MV Bianca C
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Current ships
MV Bianca C
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Reef dives
47.
SS Flandre (1951)
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She was operated by the French Line, Costa Cruises, and the Epirotiki Line. Flandre was the French Lines first new ocean liner following World War II and her maiden voyage was considered a complete disaster, as she experienced mechanical difficulties throughout the voyage. The first sign of trouble was when her fuel line filters became clogged with impurities in the oil that she was carrying and this caused her to become essentially dead in the water for four hours while her fuel filters were cleaned out and her boilers restored to normal operation. This was repeated later in the voyage, after which Flandres captain elected to reduce speed for the remainder of the voyage, upon arrival at the Quarantine Station at New York, she experienced a short circuit in her main electrical switchboard causing a near-complete loss of power. Nearly three hours later, she had sufficient power restored to raise the port anchor, an additional three hours were required to raise the starboard anchor to allow her to continue. Her funnel put out thick clouds of smoke, seeming to almost be straining as it was doing so and she was initially blowing her whistle as she arrived under tow, but after the whistle failed due to her limited power, the ships siren was substituted. This lacklustre arrival garnered her the nickname Flounder by Manhattan dockers, Flandres return voyage was delayed to allow engineers to repair her engines. Following her return to France, all of her 1952 sailings were cancelled, repairs would take six months, and she returned for the 1953 sailing season. In 1967, she was withdrawn completely, and was sold to the Italian firm Costa Cruises, the first assignment for the newly refitted Carla C was a charter for Princess Cruises, which marketed her as Princess Carla. It was during this time that a set of producers originated the idea of the popular television-series Love Boat aboard Carla C, consequently, the first scripts were written on board the ship. The ship proved problematic at first, after problems were detected with the boilers, in 1974 and 1975, Costa replaced the boilers with Stork-Werkspor diesel engines and Carla C was returned to service around the Caribbean, where she served until 1992. In 1984, the ship underwent another refit, to ensure safe travel for its passengers for many years to come. In 1986, Carla C was renamed Carla Costa, no other changes occurred with the name change. Carla Costa was a sight on the San Juan ship dock on Saturdays during that era, and her regularly scheduled route included Curacao, Caracas, Grenada, Martinique. In 1992, Carla Costa was sold to the Greek Epirotiki Line, for the Epirotiki Line, she ran seven-day cruises from Athens to the Aegean Islands and Turkey. On 23 March 1994, Pallas Athena was destroyed by fire and she arrived at the Aliaga Company scrapyards on 25 December 1994, one of only two surviving French Line ocean liners. Flandre or Antilles appeared as stock footage in the 1964 Perry Mason episode Nautical Knot, the scenes on board were filmed on a studio set. P&O Lines equally popular SS Arcadia also appears in the episode, postcard photos of Flandre The Carla Costa featured in West Indies Port-O-Call
SS Flandre (1951)
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Former SS Flandre in service as Pallas Athena
SS Flandre (1951)
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Current ships
48.
MS Kungsholm (1952)
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MS Kungsholm was a combined ocean liner / cruise ship built in 1953 by the De Schelde shipyard in Vlissingen, The Netherlands for the Swedish American Line. Between 1965 and 1981 she sailed for the North German Lloyd, from 1981 until 1984 she sailed for Costa Cruises as MS Columbus C. She sank in the port of Cadiz, Spain after ramming a breakwater on 29 July 1984, the vessel was refloated later that year, but sent to a Barcelona shipbreaker in 1985 for scrapping. After the end of World War II the Swedish American Line, MS Stockholm, the large newbuild that had been planned during the late 1930s, never entered service for them because of the war, with the remaining fleet consisting of ageing ships. The company took delivery of their first post-war ship, the fourth MS Stockholm and she was a small cargo/passenger liner far removed from the luxury of her pre-war predecessors. In 1948, during the year that the Stockholm was delivered. Based on the results of the research, the decided to order a 20,000 gross register ton combined ocean liner / cruise ship that could accommodate 802 passengers. After contacting 50 shipyards around the world about the prospects of buildings their new ship, on 18 October 1952 the new ship was launched and christened MS Kungsholm by Princess Sibylla of Sweden. The name Kungsholm was a one, having been the name of two previous SAL ships. The newest Kungsholm was delivered to her owners on 30 September 1953, the brand new Kungsholm set on her maiden voyage from Gothenburg to New York City on 24 November 1953. During her time with the Swedish American Line she was used on transatlantic crossings during the northern summer season. In January 1955 the Kungsholm departed on the first-ever around the world made by a SAL vessel. In May 1957 the new Gripsholm was delivered and entered service alongside the Kungsholm, in 1961 the Kungsholm was drydocked and refitted with stabilizers. Encouraged by the success of the Kungsholm and Gripsholm, the Swedish American Line placed an order for yet another new ship in August 1963. In preparation for the delivery of the new ship—also named MS Kungsholm—the old Kungsholm was sold to the North German Lloyd in May 1964 and she set on her last transatlantic crossing in SAL colours from New York on 21 August 1965, arriving in Gothenburg on 5 October 1965. Ten days later she was delivered to the North German Lloyd, following delivery to the North German Lloyd the Kungsholm was renamed Europa, given refit and moved under the West German flag. On 9 January 1966 the Europa set on her first transatlantic crossing for her new owners from Bremen to New York. In NGL service the ship followed a similar arrangement as she had with the Swedish American Line, with transatlantic crossings during the summer, in September 1970 the North German Lloyd merged with the Hamburg America Line to form Hapag-Lloyd
MS Kungsholm (1952)
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Europa in
Hapag-Lloyd colours
MS Kungsholm (1952)
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Current ships
49.
MS Costa Allegra
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Costa Allegra, ex-Annie Johnson was a cruise ship owned by the Italy-based Costa Crociere, one of many subsidiaries owned by Costas parent company Carnival Corporation. She was built in 1969 by the Wärtsilä Turku Shipyard in Turku, Finland, in 1986 she was sold to Regency Cruises with the intention of being converted into a cruise ship as Regent Moon, but she was laid up instead. In 1988 she was sold to Compania Naviera Panalexandra and renamed Alexandra, in 1990, the ship was acquired by Costa Cruises and rebuilt into a cruise ship at the T. Mariotti shipyard in Genoa, Italy. She entered service as Costa Allegra in 1992 and she was later renamed Santa Cruise and sold for breaking in Aliaga, Turkey. Prior to beaching at the scrapyard, her funnel, a trademark of Costa Crociere, was painted white. Annie Johnson was the second in a series of five ships built by the Wärtsilä Turku Shipyard in Finland for the Swedish shipping company Rederi AB Nordstjernan. She was launched on 29 April 1969 and delivered to her owners on 4 December of the same year, from 1969 until 1986, Annie Johnson was used as in cargo services by Rederi AB Nordstjernan. On 8 August 1986 the ship was sold to the Greece-based Regency Cruises with the intention of being rebuilt as a cruise ship, with this aim in mind, she was renamed Regent Moon. Her sister ship MS Axel Johnson was sold to Regency Cruises at the time, renamed Regent Sun. These plans were never realised, and Regent Moon was laid up in Perama, in May 1988 Regent Moon was sold to Compania Naviera Panalexandra and renamed Alexandra, but continued laid up until 1990 when she was sold to Costa Crociere. Costa Crociere acquired Regent Sun which was renamed Italia in the interim, in 1988 and had her conversion into a cruise ship realised, with the ship being delivered in July 1990 as Costa Marina. Following this Costa Crociere acquired Alexandra on 28 August 1990 for conversion into a ship at the T. Mariotti shipyard in Genoa, Italy. Work on Alexandra commenced on 4 September 1990 and she received an entirely new superstructure in the same style as that of Costa Marina, as well as new engines. However, unlike Costa Marina, Alexandra was lengthened by 13.4 metres when rebuilt, although originally planned to be renamed Costa Azzurra, the ship was eventually renamed Costa Allegra in November 1992. On 16 November 1992 she was delivered to Costa Cruises, Costa Allegra entered service with Costa Crociere on 23 November 1992 with a cruise from Genoa to St. Thomas in the Caribbean. During the early years of her service with Costa she sailed in the Mediterranean during the northern summer season. In 2006 the ship was relocated for cruising out of China, at the same time her interiors were refurbished to better suit the Asian cruise market. Her ports of departure in Asia were Singapore and Hong Kong, countries visited included China, South Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia
MS Costa Allegra
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Costa Allegra in
Split, Croatia, 27 October 2011
MS Costa Allegra
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Costa Allegra off the coast of
Korčula,
Croatia in 2004
MS Costa Allegra
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Costa Allegra in Hong Kong 2009
MS Costa Allegra
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Current ships
United States
Panama
Italy
Italy[3]
Malta
Malta[3]
