1.
Tsawwassen
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Tsawwassen is a suburban, mostly residential community located on a peninsula in the southwestern corner of the Municipality of Delta, British Columbia, Canada. Tsawwassen provides the only access to the community of Point Roberts. Because Tsawwassen touches a shallow bank, the terminal is built at the southwestern end of a 3 km long causeway that juts out into the Strait of Georgia. The ferry dock and causeway are part of Highway 17, Boundary Bay Airport, a major training hub for local and international pilots which also provides local airplane and helicopter service, is located ten minutes away. The Roberts Bank Superport is also located near Tsawwassen, to the northwest of the community of Tsawwassen are the lands of Tsawwassen First Nation, a people of Coast Salish ancestry. This land is bounded by the Strait of Georgia on the west, the 2600 block to the north, the 4800 block to the east, and the 1200 block to the south. While also part of TFN lands, the 92-lot residential subdivision of Stahaken was leased for use by the Tsawwassen Indian Reserve to Staheken Developments Ltd. in 1989 for a 99-year term and it was then developed in a partnership between Stahaken Development Ltd. and the Municipality of Delta. As such it is thought of and serviced in the same manner as other subdivisions in the community of Tsawwassen. Stahaken residents are represented by the Stahaken Homeowners Association, Tsawwassen had a population of 20,933 in the 2006 census. Tsawwassen is situated on the end of a peninsula flanked by the Strait of Georgia to the west. Boundary Bay is an important stopover for birds on what is known as the Pacific Flyway. Tsawwassen has recreational access to Boundary Bay at Centennial Park, and there is an extensive bike/foot path running along the edge of the Bay, the southern boundary of Tsawwassen is the Canada–US border with the United States, following the 49th parallel of north latitude. To the north, Tsawwassens nearest neighbour is the town of Ladner, together, Ladner and Tsawwassen make up the area known as South Delta. Ladner is the site of the Delta Municipal Hall, both the police station and hospital serve Ladner and Tsawwassen. Tsawwassens lowest altitude is just below sea level, and its highest is at 70 m at the Point Roberts border near 56th Street, eight different prehistoric villages have been unearthed around Tsawwassen. The first group of Europeans to see Tsawwassen was the expedition of Spanish explorer Jose Maria Narvaez Gervete in 1791, Narvaez named the Point Roberts peninsula Isla de Zepeda and wrote that there is an incredible quantity of rich salmon and numerous Indians. They speak a different language. The history of Tsawwassen, and the municipality of Delta, is on display at the Delta Museum and Archives, in the city hall building
2.
Gulf Islands
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The Gulf Islands are the islands in the Strait of Georgia, between Vancouver Island and the mainland of British Columbia, Canada. BCGNIS further notes that Quadra Island is increasingly described as the northernmost of the Gulf Islands, the division of the Gulf Islands into two groups, the Southern and Northern Gulf Islands, is relatively common. The dividing line is approximately that formed by the city of Nanaimo on Vancouver Island, BC Ferries distinguishes between the Southern Gulf Islands and the Northern Gulf Islands. Their Northern Gulf Islands includes both Quadra Island and Cortes Island, as well as some islands far to the north, such as Malcolm Island and Cormorant Island. Natural Resources Canada maps the Gulf Islands as including the Southern Gulf Islands, the islands of Howe Sound, along with Lasqueti Island, Hornby Island, and Denman Island. The Southern Gulf Islands are perhaps best known for their artists, wineries, fromageries, boating, kayaking, hiking, camping and wildlife viewing are all possible in the Southern Gulf Islands. It is more often designated as part of the Discovery Islands, the Gulf refers to all such waters collectively, and to those communities and shores surrounding it. The term Salish Sea was adopted in 2010 to refer to the Strait of Georgia, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Puget Sound, the islands and surrounding ocean are rich with ecologically diverse plants and sea life including Garry oaks, wild lilies, kelp beds and Orcas. Gulf Islands National Park Reserve of Canada was established in 2003 by Parks Canada to protect the unique ecosystem. The Gulf Islands are home to one of the last remaining pockets of Garry oak ecosystems, only about five percent of Garry oak ecosystems remain in their natural state, landing 91 of the approximately 350 species it supports on the provinces list of species at risk. The unique Mediterranean characteristics of the climate supports the Garry oak ecosystem. Garry oak ecosystems are home to plant species, such as the camas. Since then, GOERT has been working to motivate public and private restoration of the rare ecosystem and promote conservation activities. C. s Gulf Islands Southern Gulf Islands Atlas
3.
IMO number
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The International Maritime Organization number is a unique reference for ships and for registered ship owners and management companies. IMO numbers were introduced under the SOLAS Convention to improve safety and security. For ships, the IMO number remains linked to the hull for its lifetime, regardless of a change in name, flag, or owner. The ship number consists of the three letters IMO followed by a unique number assigned to sea-going merchant ships under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. In 1987 the IMO adopted Resolution A, in the SOLAS Convention cargo ships means ships which are not passenger ships. Passenger ships should carry the marking on a horizontal surface visible from the air. When introduced, the IMO adopted the existing unique ship numbers applied to ships listed by Lloyds Register since 1963, IMO ship identification numbers are assigned by IHS Fairplay. For new vessels the IMO number is assigned to a hull during construction, the IMO ship identification number is made of the three letters IMO followed by the seven-digit number. This consists of a six-digit sequential unique number followed by a check digit, the integrity of an IMO number can be verified using its check digit. This is done by multiplying each of the first six digits by a factor of 2 to 7 corresponding to their position from right to left, the rightmost digit of this sum is the check digit. For example, for IMO9074729, + + + + + =139, in May 2005, IMO adopted a new SOLAS regulation XI-1/3-1 on the mandatory company and registered owner identification number scheme, with entry into force on 1 January 2009. Like the IMO ship number, the identification number is a seven-digit number with the prefix IMO
4.
Burnaby-class ferry
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The Burnaby-class are a class of two ferries in the BC Ferries fleet, built between 1964 and 1965. They are MV Queen of Burnaby and MV Queen of Nanaimo, both are propelled by controllable-pitch propellers. Both were built with two Mirrlees National KVSSM, V-16,4 stroke-cycle, diesel engines, each producing 3000 brake horsepower at 320 revolutions per minute, a total of seven Victoria class ships were constructed between 1962 and 1965 and they were soon modified to increase vehicle capacity. Later, five of the seven ships were cut horizontally from bow to stern, as a result, the two ships left without the new car deck were removed from the Victoria class designation to become Burnaby class vessels. In 1994 Queen of Burnaby was temporarily leased to another provincial crown corporation called Victoria Line, the vessel was renamed Royal Victorian, had a $4.7 million refit and operated a once daily summer service between Victoria and Seattle. After the demise of the Victoria Line, the vessel was purchased by Clipper Navigation which operates the Victoria Clipper passenger only service between Victoria and Seattle, the vessel was then renamed and repainted to become Princess Marguerite III operating on the Victoria to Seattle route. In 2000 after Clipper Navigation also decided to pull the plug on the route, Queen of Burnaby and her sister ship Queen of Nanaimo were retired in 2016 and replaced with two 145-car Intermediate-class ferries
5.
Ferry
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A ferry is a merchant vessel used to carry passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo as well, across a body of water. Most ferries operate regular return services, a passenger ferry with many stops, such as in Venice, Italy, is sometimes called a water bus or water taxi. Ferries form a part of the transport systems of many waterside cities and islands. However, ship connections of much larger distances may also be called ferry services, the profession of the ferryman is embodied in Greek mythology in Charon, the boatman who transported souls across the River Styx to the Underworld. Speculation that a pair of oxen propelled a ship having a wheel can be found in 4th century Roman literature Anonymus De Rebus Bellicis. Though impractical, there is no reason why it could not work and such a ferry, see When Horses Walked on Water, Horse-Powered Ferries in Nineteenth-Century America. The Marine Services Company of Tanzania offers passenger and cargo services in three of the African Great Lakes viz, Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa. It also operates one of the oldest ferries in the region, Ferries from Great Britain also sail to Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain and Ireland. Some ferries carry mainly tourist traffic, but most also carry freight, in Britain, car-carrying ferries are sometimes referred to as RORO for the ease by which vehicles can board and leave. The busiest single ferry route is across the part of Øresund. Before the Øresund bridge was opened in July 2000, car and car & train ferries departed up to seven times every hour, in 2013, this has been reduced, but a car ferry still departs from each harbor every 15 minutes during daytime. The route is around 2.2 nautical miles and the crossing takes 22 minutes, today, all ferries on this route are constructed so that they do not need to turn around in the harbors. This also means that the ferries lack natural stems and sterns, due to the same circumstances, starboard and port-side are dynamic and depending of in what direction the ferry sails. Despite the short crossing, the ferries are equipped with restaurants, cafeteria, kiosks, large cruiseferries sail in the Baltic Sea between Finland, Åland, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia and Saint Petersburg, Russia and from Italy to Sardinia, Corsica, Spain and Greece. In many ways, these ferries are like cruise ships, also many smaller ferries operate on domestic routes in Finland, Sweden and Estonia. The south-west and southern parts of the Baltic Sea has several routes mainly for heavy traffic, on the longer of these routes, simple cabins are available. In Istanbul, ferries connect the European and Asian shores of Bosphorus, as well as Princes Islands, in 2014 İDO transported 47 million passengers, the largest ferry system in the world. Due to the numbers of freshwater lakes and length of shoreline in Canada
6.
Horsepower
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Horsepower is a unit of measurement of power. There are many different standards and types of horsepower, two common definitions being used today are the mechanical horsepower, which is approximately 746 watts, and the metric horsepower, which is approximately 735.5 watts. The term was adopted in the late 18th century by Scottish engineer James Watt to compare the output of engines with the power of draft horses. It was later expanded to include the power of other types of piston engines, as well as turbines, electric motors. The definition of the unit varied among geographical regions, most countries now use the SI unit watt for measurement of power. With the implementation of the EU Directive 80/181/EEC on January 1,2010, units called horsepower have differing definitions, The mechanical horsepower, also known as imperial horsepower equals approximately 745.7 watts. It was defined originally as exactly 550 foot-pounds per second [745.7 N. m/s), the metric horsepower equals approximately 735.5 watts. It was defined originally as 75 kgf-m per second is approximately equivalent to 735.5 watts, the Pferdestärke PS is a name for a group of similar power measurements used in Germany around the end of the 19th century, all of about one metric horsepower in size. The boiler horsepower equals 9809.5 watts and it was used for rating steam boilers and is equivalent to 34.5 pounds of water evaporated per hour at 212 degrees Fahrenheit. One horsepower for rating electric motors is equal to 746 watts, one horsepower for rating Continental European electric motors is equal to 735 watts. Continental European electric motors used to have dual ratings, one British Royal Automobile Club horsepower can equal a range of values based on estimates of several engine dimensions. It is one of the tax horsepower systems adopted around Europe, the development of the steam engine provided a reason to compare the output of horses with that of the engines that could replace them. He had previously agreed to take royalties of one third of the savings in coal from the older Newcomen steam engines and this royalty scheme did not work with customers who did not have existing steam engines but used horses instead. Watt determined that a horse could turn a mill wheel 144 times in an hour, the wheel was 12 feet in radius, therefore, the horse travelled 2.4 × 2π ×12 feet in one minute. Watt judged that the horse could pull with a force of 180 pounds-force. So, P = W t = F d t =180 l b f ×2.4 ×2 π ×12 f t 1 m i n =32,572 f t ⋅ l b f m i n. Watt defined and calculated the horsepower as 32,572 ft·lbf/min, Watt determined that a pony could lift an average 220 lbf 100 ft per minute over a four-hour working shift. Watt then judged a horse was 50% more powerful than a pony, engineering in History recounts that John Smeaton initially estimated that a horse could produce 22,916 foot-pounds per minute
7.
V16 engine
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A V16 engine is a V engine with 16 cylinders. Engines of this number of cylinders are uncommon in automotive use, in addition V angles of 45° and 135° give an impulse every 45°, so are optimal solutions, for even-firing and non-split bearing crankshaft journals. V16 engines are used in automobiles because V8s or V12s of the same displacement typically produce just as much power. The few V16s that have produced were used in high-end luxury. Today, the most common applications for V16 engines are railroad locomotives, marine craft, howard Marmon had begun working on the worlds first automotive V16 engine in 1927, but was unable to complete the production Sixteen model until 1931. By that time, Cadillac had already introduced their V16, designed by ex-Marmon engineer Owen Nacker, peerless, too, was developing a V16 with help from another ex-Marmon engineer, James Bohannon. The Cadillac Series 452 was the most exclusive model of the marque from January 1930 until 1940, from 1930 to 1937, Cadillac used a 452 CID, OHV motor with a 45° V. For 1938, a new 431 CID design was introduced for the Series 90, with a flathead valvetrain and an angle of 135°, however, it was never as popular or highly regarded as its 452 CID predecessor. By contrast, the Marmon Sixteen was a 45° engine made almost entirely of aluminium, like modern engines, it used pressed steel cylinder liners. Just 400 Marmon Sixteens were produced between 1931 and 1933 and it began production in 1991 but only a few cars were produced before the company closed its doors for good. Cadillac revived the V16 concept in 2003 with a General Motors concept car and this car used a 1,000 hp OHV V16. BMW also experimented with a V16, eventually showing a 9-litre version in the Rolls-Royce 100EX concept car, however, one of the Rolls-Royce Phantom Coupés which featured in the film Johnny English Reborn is powered by this V16 engine. That was not BMWs first foray into V16, BMW had conceived the Project Goldfish, the BMW Goldfish V16 motor had the displacement of 6. 7-litre, putting out about 408 hp and 637 N·m. That motor was also trialled in the new Bentley Mulsanne in the early 1990s, the first known use of a V16 in auto racing was by Maserati with their 1929 Tipo V4. Harry Miller installed a custom-built V16 that he had built for a Cord supercar he had working on into a chassis that he had built for the 1931 Indianapolis 500 driven by Shorty Cantlon. The car was competitive, charging from 26th on the grid to 3rd, bryan Saulpaugh qualified the car third for the 1932 Indianapolis 500, but the car suffered a broken oil line on lap 55 and their race was over. Shortly after the race the V16 was removed and replaced with a conventional Miller four-cylinder, the car was re-assembled and rebuilt with an exact replica V16 in 1993. The V16 was used in Grand Prix by the mid-engined Auto Union racing cars that rivalled the Mercedes from 1933 to 1938, alfa Romeo made two cars with V16 engine the Tipo 162 and Tipo 316
8.
Knot (unit)
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The knot is a unit of speed equal to one nautical mile per hour, approximately 1.151 mph. The ISO Standard symbol for the knot is kn, the same symbol is preferred by the IEEE, kt is also common. The knot is a unit that is accepted for use with the SI. Etymologically, the term derives from counting the number of knots in the line that unspooled from the reel of a log in a specific time. 1 international knot =1 nautical mile per hour,1.852 kilometres per hour,0.514 metres per second,1.151 miles per hour,20.254 inches per second,1852 m is the length of the internationally agreed nautical mile. The US adopted the definition in 1954, having previously used the US nautical mile. The UK adopted the international nautical mile definition in 1970, having used the UK Admiralty nautical mile. The speeds of vessels relative to the fluids in which they travel are measured in knots, for consistency, the speeds of navigational fluids are also measured in knots. Thus, speed over the ground and rate of progress towards a distant point are given in knots. Until the mid-19th century, vessel speed at sea was measured using a chip log, the chip log was cast over the stern of the moving vessel and the line allowed to pay out. Knots placed at a distance of 8 fathoms -47 feet 3 inches from each other, passed through a sailors fingers, the knot count would be reported and used in the sailing masters dead reckoning and navigation. This method gives a value for the knot of 20.25 in/s, the difference from the modern definition is less than 0. 02%. On a chart of the North Atlantic, the scale varies by a factor of two from Florida to Greenland, a single graphic scale, of the sort on many maps, would therefore be useless on such a chart. Recent British Admiralty charts have a latitude scale down the middle to make this even easier, speed is sometimes incorrectly expressed as knots per hour, which is in fact a measure of acceleration. Prior to 1969, airworthiness standards for aircraft in the United States Federal Aviation Regulations specified that distances were to be in statute miles. In 1969, these standards were amended to specify that distances were to be in nautical miles. At 11000 m, an airspeed of 300 kn may correspond to a true airspeed of 500 kn in standard conditions. Beaufort scale Hull speed, which deals with theoretical estimates of maximum speed of displacement hulls Knot count Knotted cord Metre per second Orders of magnitude Rope Kemp
9.
Passenger ship
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A passenger ship is a merchant ship whose primary function is to carry passengers on the sea. The type does however include many classes of ships designed to transport substantial numbers of passengers as well as freight, only in more recent ocean liners and in virtually all cruise ships has this cargo capacity been eliminated. While typically passenger ships are part of the merchant marine, passenger ships have also used as troopships. An ocean liner is the form of passenger ship. Once such liners operated on scheduled line voyages to all inhabited parts of the world, with the advent of airliners transporting passengers and specialized cargo vessels hauling freight, line voyages have almost died out. Her success demonstrated that there was a market for large cruise ships, successive classes of ever-larger ships were ordered, until the Cunard liner Queen Elizabeth was finally dethroned from her 56-year reign as the largest passenger ship ever built. Both the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 and her successor as Cunards flagship RMS Queen Mary 2, QM2 was superseded by the Freedom of the Seas of the Royal Caribbean line as the largest passenger ship ever built, however, QM2 still hold the record for the largest ocean liner. The Freedom of the Seas was superseded by the Oasis of the Seas in October 2009, by convention and long usage, the size of civilian passenger ships is measured by gross tonnage, which is a dimensionless figure calculated from the total enclosed volume of the vessel. Gross tonnage is not a measure of weight, although the two concepts are often confused, weight is measured by displacement, which is the conventional means of measuring naval vessels. Often a passenger ship is stated to weigh or displace a certain tonnage, but the figure given nearly always refers to gross tonnage, gross tonnage normally is a much higher value than displacement. However, by the conventional and historical measure of gross tonnage, the Oasis of the Seas measures over 225,000 GT, over twice as large as the largest cruise ships of the late 1990s. Power is also unavailable to the crew of the ship to operate electrically powered mechanisms, lack of an adequate backup system to propel the ship can, in rough seas, render it dead in the water and result in loss of the ship. It is believed some owners and operators of ships built before 1980, fred Olsens Black Prince, built in 1966 was one such ship, but was reported to be headed for inter-island service in Venezuelan waters. The International Ice Patrol was formed in 1914 after the sinking of the RMS Titanic to address the issue of iceberg collision
10.
BC Ferries
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British Columbia Ferry Services Inc. operating as BC Ferries, is a former provincial Crown corporation, now operating as an independently managed, publicly owned company. BC Ferries provides all passenger and vehicle ferry services for coastal. The inland ferries operating on British Columbias rivers and lakes are not run by BC Ferries, the responsibility for their provision rests with the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation, which contracts operation to various private sector companies. Minister of Highways Phil Gaglardi was tasked with overseeing the new Crown corporation, BC Ferries first route, commissioned in 1960, was between Swartz Bay, north of Sidney on Vancouver Island, and Tsawwassen, a part of the Corporation of Delta, using just two vessels. These ships were the now-retired MV Tsawwassen and the MV Sidney, the vast majority of the vessels in the fleet were built in B. C. waters, with only two foreign purchases and one domestic purchase. In the mid-1980s, BC Ferries took over the operations of the branch of the B. C. Ministry of Transportation and Highways, which ran services to very small coastal communities. This action dramatically increased the size of BC Ferries fleet and its service area. The distinctive dogwood on green flag that BC Ferries used between 1960 and 2003 gave the service its popular nickname the Dogwood Fleet, at its inception, BC Ferries was a division of the British Columbia Toll Highways and Bridges Authority, a provincial Crown corporation. Through successive reorganizations, it evolved into the British Columbia Ferry Authority and then the British Columbia Ferry Corporation, the single voting share of BC Ferries Corporation is held by the provincial governments BC Ferry Authority, which operates under the rules of the Act. During the 1990s, the NDP government commissioned a series of three fast ferries to improve service between the Mainland and Vancouver Island. The ships proved problematic when they suffered many technical issues and cost double what was expected, the fast ferries were eventually sold off for $19.4 million in 2003. The contract is estimated at $542 million for the three ships, which are designed to carry 370 vehicles and 1600 passengers. BC Ferries CEO David Hahn claimed that building the ferries in Germany would save almost $80 million, on September 17,2004, BC Ferries awarded the vessel construction contract to Germanys Flensburger shipyard. The contract protects BC Ferries from any delays through a fixed price, Coastal Renaissance entered service in March 2008, while Coastal Inspiration was delivered the same month and entered service in June. The third ship, Coastal Celebration, has delivered and is now in service as well. The new northern service vessel, Northern Expedition, has been delivered, in fiscal year 2011, BC Ferries reported a loss of $16.5 million due to declining ridership, with vehicle traffic dropping 3. 5% and passenger traffic dropping 2. 8%. Increased fares were to blame for the drop in ridership, and warnings came that there would likely be cutbacks in the service on a number of its routes in order to reduce costs
11.
Single- and double-acting cylinders
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Reciprocating engine cylinders are often classified by whether they are single- or double-acting, depending on how the working fluid acts on the piston. A single-acting cylinder in an engine is a cylinder in which the working fluid acts on one side of the piston only. A single-acting cylinder relies on the load, springs, other cylinders, or the momentum of a flywheel, single-acting cylinders are found in most kinds of reciprocating engine. They are almost universal in internal combustion engines and are used in many external combustion engines such as Stirling engines. They are also found in pumps and hydraulic rams, a double-acting cylinder is a cylinder in which the working fluid acts alternately on both sides of the piston. Double-acting cylinders are common in steam engines but unusual in other engine types, many hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders use them where it is needed to produce a force in both directions. A double-acting hydraulic cylinder has a port at each end, supplied with hydraulic fluid for both the retraction and extension of the piston. A double-acting cylinder is used where a force is not available to retract the piston or where high force is required in both directions of travel. Steam engines normally use double-acting cylinders, however, early steam engines, such as atmospheric engines and some beam engines were single-acting. These often transmitted their force through the beam by means of chains, where these were used for pumping mine shafts and only had to act against a load in one direction, single-acting designs remained in use for many years. The main impetus towards double-acting cylinders came when James Watt was trying to develop a rotative beam engine, with a single-cylinder engine, a double-acting cylinder gave a smoother power output. The high-pressure engine, as developed by Richard Trevithick, used double-acting pistons, some of the later steam engines, the high-speed steam engines, used single-acting pistons of a new design. The crosshead became part of the piston, and there was no longer any piston rod and this was for similar reasons to the internal combustion engine, as avoiding the piston rod and its seals allowed a more effective crankcase lubrication system. Small models and toys often use single-acting cylinders for the above reason, in contrast to steam engines, nearly all internal combustion engines have used single-acting cylinders. Their pistons are usually trunk pistons, where the gudgeon pin joint of the rod is within the piston itself. This avoids the crosshead, piston rod and its sealing gland and this, in turn, has the advantage of allowing easy access to the bottom of the piston for lubricating oil, which also has an important cooling function. This avoids local overheating of the piston and rings, small petrol two-stroke engines, such as for motorcycles, use crankcase compression rather than a separate supercharger or scavenge blower. This uses both sides of the piston as working faces, the side of the piston acting as a piston compressor to compress the inlet charge ready for the next stroke
12.
Diesel engine
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Diesel engines work by compressing only the air. This increases the air temperature inside the cylinder to such a degree that it ignites atomised diesel fuel that is injected into the combustion chamber. This contrasts with spark-ignition engines such as an engine or gas engine. In diesel engines, glow plugs may be used to aid starting in cold weather, or when the engine uses a lower compression-ratio, the original diesel engine operates on the constant pressure cycle of gradual combustion and produces no audible knock. Low-speed diesel engines can have an efficiency that exceeds 50%. Diesel engines may be designed as either two-stroke or four-stroke cycles and they were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines. Since the 1910s they have used in submarines and ships. Use in locomotives, trucks, heavy equipment and electricity generation plants followed later, in the 1930s, they slowly began to be used in a few automobiles. Since the 1970s, the use of engines in larger on-road and off-road vehicles in the US increased. According to the British Society of Motor Manufacturing and Traders, the EU average for diesel cars accounts for 50% of the total sold, including 70% in France and 38% in the UK. The worlds largest diesel engine is currently a Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C Common Rail marine diesel, the definition of a Diesel engine to many has become an engine that uses compression ignition. To some it may be an engine that uses heavy fuel oil, to others an engine that does not use spark ignition. However the original cycle proposed by Rudolf Diesel in 1892 was a constant temperature cycle which would require higher compression than what is needed for compression ignition. Diesels idea was to compress the air so tightly that the temperature of the air would exceed that of combustion, to make this more clear, let it be assumed that the subsequent combustion shall take place at a temperature of 700°. Then in that case the pressure must be sixty-four atmospheres, or for 800° centigrade the pressure must be ninety atmospheres. In later years Diesel realized his original cycle would not work, Diesel describes the cycle in his 1895 patent application. Notice that there is no longer a mention of compression temperatures exceeding the temperature of combustion, now all that is mentioned is the compression must be high enough for ignition. In 1806 Claude and Nicéphore Niépce developed the first known internal combustion engine, the Pyréolophore fuel system used a blast of air provided by a bellows to atomize Lycopodium
13.
Propeller
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A propeller is a type of fan that transmits power by converting rotational motion into thrust. A pressure difference is produced between the forward and rear surfaces of the blade, and a fluid is accelerated behind the blade. Their disadvantages are higher mechanical complexity and higher cost, the principle employed in using a screw propeller is used in sculling. It is part of the skill of propelling a Venetian gondola but was used in a less refined way in parts of Europe. For example, propelling a canoe with a paddle using a pitch stroke or side slipping a canoe with a scull involves a similar technique. In China, sculling, called lu, was used by the 3rd century AD. In sculling, a blade is moved through an arc. The innovation introduced with the propeller was the extension of that arc through more than 360° by attaching the blade to a rotating shaft. Propellers can have a blade, but in practice there are nearly always more than one so as to balance the forces involved. The origin of the screw propeller starts with Archimedes, who used a screw to lift water for irrigation and bailing boats and it was probably an application of spiral movement in space to a hollow segmented water-wheel used for irrigation by Egyptians for centuries. Leonardo da Vinci adopted the principle to drive his theoretical helicopter, in 1784, J. P. Paucton proposed a gyrocopter-like aircraft using similar screws for both lift and propulsion. At about the time, James Watt proposed using screws to propel boats. This was not his own invention, though, Toogood and Hays had patented it a century earlier, by 1827, Czech-Austrian inventor Josef Ressel had invented a screw propeller which had multiple blades fastened around a conical base. He had tested his propeller in February 1826 on a ship that was manually driven. He was successful in using his bronze screw propeller on an adapted steamboat and his ship Civetta with 48 gross register tons, reached a speed of about six knots. This was the first ship successfully driven by an Archimedes screw-type propeller, after a new steam engine had an accident his experiments were banned by the Austro-Hungarian police as dangerous. Josef Ressel was at the time a forestry inspector for the Austrian Empire, but before this he received an Austro-Hungarian patent for his propeller. This new method of propulsion was an improvement over the paddlewheel as it was not so affected by either ship motions or changes in draft as the burned coal
14.
Mayne Island
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Mayne Island is a 21-square-kilometre island in the southern Gulf Islands chain of British Columbia. It is situated midway between the Lower Mainland of BC and Vancouver Island, and has a population of 1071, mount Parke in the south-central heart of the island is its highest peak at 255 meters. Originally, Mayne Island was inhabited by members of the Tsartlip First Nation, several middens are present on the island, along with period articles — most notably including a 2 tonne stone bowl which was stolen in 1982 and again, in 2007. In 1794 Captain George Vancouver camped on Georgina Point where his left a coin. During the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush of 1858-1860 and after, Vancouver Island miners gathered on Mayne Island before rowing across Georgia Strait to the mainland of BC in search of their fortunes, the earliest homesteaders registered land claims in the Miners Bay area in 1859. During the late 19th century Mayne Island was both the commercial and social centre of the Gulf Islands, the historic village at Miners Bay remains the commercial centre of the island, with the annual Fall Fair still being held at the old Agricultural Hall like so many years before. Miners Bay is also the site of The Springwater Lodge which was built in 1892, nearby Active Pass still throbs with a steady stream of marine traffic, a bustling contrast to the islands quiet interior byways. Village Bay, with its BC Ferries terminal, has several late 19th century to 1930s buildings, Active Pass is named after the American survey ship USCS Active, the first steam vessel to navigate the pass. The Japanese-Canadian community on Mayne Island played a role in the islands economics. The community had close ties to the European-Canadian population throughout the Gulf Islands and was involved in major economic initiatives such as greenhouse farming, in 1941 the Japanese Canadians living on Mayne Island were interned by the government and resettled in New Denver for the duration of World War II. Many of the families would never return to the island after the loss of land, today, the Japanese Gardens, located near Dinner Bay, are dedicated to the memory and legacy of the Mayne Islands Japanese-Canadian community. The Mayne Island community holds a Farmers Market every Saturday morning throughout the summer months, islanders sell their local produce, handicrafts, baked goods, and art work. BC Ferries operates a vehicle and passenger scheduled service from Tsawwassen on the mainland. SeaAir Seaplanes operates a scheduled float plane service calling at Mayne Island from Vancouver downtown, hitchhiking is common on the island in the summer and dedicated car stops for pick-ups are located along the major roadways. Gulf Islands National Park Reserve offers opportunities for boating, kayaking, hiking, there is an easy 1.5 km loop trail at Bennett Bay that leads to Campbell Point. Campbell Point features remnant old-growth forest and views of Georgeson Island, Bennett Bay has a sandy beach which is suitable for sunbathing and swimming. Georgina Point is the location of a historic lighthouse, built in 1885, the Georgina Point lighthouse marks the entrance to Active Pass. Orca whales, harbour seals and seabirds can all be seen at Georgina Point, Mayne Island Community Portal - News, Real Estate, Information, Email Mayne Island website Mayne Island Community Chamber of Commerce website Mayne Island
15.
V-class ferry
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The V Class Ferries, also known as Victoria-class, originaly included seven BC Ferries built between 1962 and 1963. These vessels were the backbone of service on the Tsawwassen – Swartz Bay route prior to the arrival of the MV Spirit of British Columbia in 1993, some of these vessels underwent vehicle capacity increases three times. Four vessels were slated to be retired and sold in 2008, the transfer of Queen of Esquimalt was halted and she was broken up in Ensenada, Mexico. When the Victoria-class ferries were constructed, a total of seven were constructed, later, four of the seven ships were cut horizontally from bow to stern to have a new vehicle deck inserted. These rebuilt ships retained the V-class designation, Queen of Burnaby, and Queen of Nanaimo were two original ships without the new car deck, they received a new designation as Burnaby-class vessels and are both due to be retired in 2016. The last of the seven ships, Queen of New Westminster was lifted in 1991, Queen of New Westminster was also dropped from the V class designation, and is now officially unclassed. Used as a camp on the coast of the Vancouver Island. Later moved to be moored on west side of Anvil Island in Howe Sound, scrapped in 2012 at Ensenada, Mexico. Length,129.9 m Power,8,941 hp Propulsion, docked in Port Alberni and renamed Princess Jacqueline. In 2011 the vessel was scrapped in Ensenada, Mexico, Queen of Victoria Former MV City of Victoria Built, Victoria, British Columbia,1962 Retired,2001 - sold to R & G Importadora & Exportadora of the Dominican Republic
16.
MV Queen of New Westminster
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The MV Queen of New Westminster is a Canadian roll-on, roll-off passenger ferry operated by BC Ferries. In 1964, the vessel was built as one of seven Victoria class ferries, like her sister ships, she was lengthened in 1973 at Burrard Dry Dock. In October,1971, Queen of New Westminster pulled out of her berth at the Departure Bay terminal while vehicle loading was in progress, a car and its two occupants fell into the water. Both of the occupants were rescued. In a similar incident, on August 13,1992, the ship pulled out of her berth at the Departure Bay terminal while vehicle loading ramps were still lowered, the van was stopped and instructed to wait on the loading ramp by terminal crew members. Queen of New Westminster initially had six ships, of which only two are still in service with BC Ferries. These ships were built as a single class but were modified through different combinations of deck-stretching, addition of more vehicle decks. Though New West is a sister of these ships, the ship does not fit either the V class or the Burnaby class
17.
Lower Mainland
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The Lower Mainland is a name commonly applied to the region surrounding and including Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. As of 2016,2,832,000 people, lived in the region, islands contained within rivers in the region are considered to be part of the Lower Mainland. While the term Lower Mainland has been recorded from the earliest period of settlement in British Columbia. The region is the territory of the Sto, lo. There are two Regional Districts within the region, Metro Vancouver and the Fraser Valley Regional District, the region is bounded to the north by the Coast Mountains and to the southeast by the Cascade Mountains, and is traversed from east to west by the Fraser River. One of the mildest climates in Canada, the region has an annual temperature of 9 °C with a summer mean of 15 °C. Annual precipitation ranges from a mean of 850 mm in the west end to 2000 mm in the eastern end of the Fraser Valley. Maximum precipitation occurs as rain in winter, less than ten percent falls as snow at sea level but the amount of snowfall increases significantly with elevation. The population of the Lower Mainland was up 9.2 percent from the 2006 census and this is among the highest growth rates in the continent. Today, the Lower Mainland includes two Regional Districts, the Greater Vancouver Regional District and the Fraser Valley Regional District, both regional districts, however, include areas outside the traditional limits of the Lower Mainland, and the Fraser Valley as a term includes much of the GVRD. The Greater Vancouver Regional District is made up of 21 municipalities and it also includes many unincorporated areas in the Fraser Valley and along the west side of the Fraser Canyon. Regional district powers are limited and other localized provincial government services are delivered through other regionalization systems. The traditional territories of the Musqueam and Tsleilwaututh lie completely within the region and its claims overlap those of the Tsleil-waututh, Musqueam, and Kwikwetlem. Many other peoples of the Georgia Strait region also frequented the lower Fraser, including those from Vancouver Island and what is now Whatcom County, the Lower Mainland is considered to have a high vulnerability to flood risk. There have been two major floods, the largest in 1894 and the second largest in 1948, according to the Fraser Basin Council, scientists predict a one-in-three chance of a similar-sized flood occurring in the next 50 years. In the spring of 2007, the Lower Mainland was on alert for flooding. Higher than normal snow packs in the British Columbia Interior prompted municipal governments to start taking emergency measures in the region, dikes along the Fraser River are regulated to handle about 8.5 m at the Mission Gauge. Warmer than normal weather in the interior caused large amounts of snow to melt prematurely, resulting in higher than water levels
18.
Vancouver Island
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Vancouver Island is in the northeastern Pacific Ocean, just off the coast of Canada. It is part of the Canadian province of British Columbia, the island is 460 kilometres in length,100 kilometres in width at its widest point, and 32,134 km2 in area. It is the largest island on the West Coast of North America and this area has one of the warmest climates in Canada, and since the mid-1990s has been mild enough in a few areas to grow subtropical Mediterranean crops such as olives and lemons. Vancouver Island has a population of 759,366 according to the Canada 2011 Census, nearly half of that figure live in the metropolitan area of Greater Victoria. Other notable cities and towns on Vancouver Island include Nanaimo, Port Alberni, Parksville, Courtenay, and Campbell River. Victoria, the city of British Columbia, is located on the island. Vancouver Island has been the homeland to many indigenous peoples for thousands of years, the island was explored by British and Spanish expeditions in the late 18th century. Quadras name was dropped from the name. It is one of several North American locations named after George Vancouver, Vancouver Island is the worlds 43rd largest island, Canadas 11th largest island, and Canadas second most populous island after the Island of Montreal. It is the largest Pacific island anywhere east of New Zealand, Vancouver Island has been the homeland to many indigenous peoples for thousands of years. The groupings, by language, are the Kwakwakawakw, Nuu-chah-nulth and their cultures are connected to the natural resources abundant in the area. The Kwakwakawakw today number about 5,500, who live in British Columbia on northern Vancouver Island and they are also known as Kwakiutl in English, from one of their tribes, but they prefer their autonym Kwakwakawakw. Their indigenous language, part of the Wakashan family, is Kwakwala, the name Kwakwakawakw means speakers of Kwakwala. The language is now spoken by less than 5% of the population—about 250 people, today 17 separate tribes make up the Kwakwakawakw. Some Kwakwakawakw groups are now extinct, Kwakwala is a Northern Wakashan language, a grouping shared with Haisla, Heiltsuk and Wuikyala. The Nuu-chah-nulth are indigenous peoples in Canada and their traditional home is on the west coast of Vancouver Island. The Nuu-chah-nulth speak a Southern Wakashan language and are related to the Makah of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington State. The Coast Salish are the largest of the southern groups and they are a loose grouping of many tribes with numerous distinct cultures and languages
19.
Swartz Bay Ferry Terminal
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The Swartz Bay Ferry Terminal is a 12.1 ha major transportation facility at Swartz Bay in North Saanich, British Columbia. It is located 32 km north of Victoria on Vancouver Island, the terminal is part of the BC Ferry system, as well as part of Highway 17. In 1889, former British Columbia Premier Amor de Cosmos, was the first person known to publicly suggest Swartz Bay as a ferry terminal for connections to B. C. s Lower Mainland. In 1959, the search for a new ferry terminal north of Victoria involved consideration of the existing San Juan Islands ferry facilities at Sidney, insufficiently sheltered waters and added travel time, leading to higher fuel costs, precluded Sidney. A small, private ferry dock, operated by the Gulf Islands Ferry Company already existed at Swartz Bay, as a result of the decision, a paved extension of the Patricia Bay Highway to reach the terminal was undertaken. The first scheduled sailing from the terminal, described as a due to the continuing construction. On September 1,1961 the company built and used the smaller original dock at Swartz Bay was bought out by B. C. A fire, caused by a torch, led to $500,000 worth of damage to the terminal in December,1981. Residents have expressed concerns over the years, and the matter has been raised in the Legislative Assembly. Concerns have also been expressed ranging from terminal expansion to the shooting of pigeons by ferry staff, on September 14,2000 the ferry Spirit of Vancouver Island struck a pleasure craft just off Swartz Bay, killing two. On May 20,2011 a white GMC pick up waiting in line proceeded to drive up the upper ramp of berth #1 and drove through several guard barriers. The truck then proceeded at a rate of speed to drive off the end of the berth. Coast Guard divers have located the truck and deceased driver in the water off the end of the berth, currently there are five ferry berths at the Swartz Bay Ferry Terminal. Completed in 2006, the Swartz Bay Berth 2 project involved the replacement of the old marine structures, the terminal provides BC Ferry service to the Tsawwassen Ferry Terminal on the mainland, as well as all the major southern Gulf Islands. In the mid 1990s, a terminal renovation was undertaken. The terminal includes a building, and various kiosks run by local artisans. There is also a cafeteria and coffee shop in the main building, the terminal is served by several Victoria Regional Transit System public transit routes, with Route 70 providing express bus service to and from downtown Victoria in about an hour. Short- and long-term pay parking is run by an operator under contract to BCFS
20.
Tsawwassen Ferry Terminal
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The Tsawwassen Ferry Terminal is a 22.3 ha major transportation facility in Delta, British Columbia. It is located at the end of an approx 2 km man-made causeway off the mainland at Tsawwassen and is less than 500 m from the 49th parallel, the terminal is part of the BC Ferry system, as well as part of Highway 17. Despite criticism of rough seas and bad weather, the site soon became the area offshore from the Tsawwassen First Nation Reserve. Construction of the began in 1959, after provincial transportation Minister Phil Gaglardi, on divided engineering advice. Construction of an artificial island began, and the causeway was built from the back towards the mainland. This endeavour used an estimated 2.3 million cubic metres of boulder, rock, to connect Highway 99 to the new terminal, an 11 km long freeway was constructed from near the southern end of the Deas Tunnel through the edge of Ladner. This became a portion of Highway 17, the isolated causeway location of the terminal, while criticized locally in its formative years, has allowed and continues to allow terminal expansion to cope with growing vehicle traffic. Concerns were also expressed in 2005 about eutrophication, or a destructive bacterial buildup in the waters between the terminal and the Roberts Bank facility, currently there are five ferry berths at the Tsawwassen Ferry Terminal. The terminal primarily serves routes travelling to the Swartz Bay Ferry Terminal, north of Victoria, the route ran to Departure Bay until 1997, when the Duke Point Ferry Terminal opened. The shortest line between the terminal and Active Pass, for travelling to the Gulf Islands or Swartz Bay. In the mid-1990s a major renovation and expansion of the terminal was undertaken, the terminal is served by public transportation through Translinks 620 bus route. Duke Point ferry terminal Departure Bay ferry terminal Horseshoe Bay ferry terminal Earls Cove ferry terminal Roberts Bank Superport
21.
Sunshine Coast (British Columbia)
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The Sunshine Coast is a region of the southern mainland coast of British Columbia, Canada, on the eastern shore of the Strait of Georgia, and just northwest of Greater Vancouver. Population centres on the Lower Sunshine Coast include Gibsons, Roberts Creek, on the Sechelt Peninsula are Halfmoon Bay, Secret Cove and Pender Harbour. At the north end of the peninsula, the ferry to Powell River docks north of Egmont at Earls Cove, on the Upper Sunshine Coast, a popular boating destination is Desolation Sound which is beyond the end of Highway 101 in Lund. Wildlife that can be encountered include cougars, black bears, Timber Wolves, Marbled murrelet, orcas and Great Blue Herons, seals, Marine mammal, sea lions, and Bald Eagles. There are also abundant tidal pools on the portions, where hikers can see a variety of molluscs, sea anemones. Hikers are told how to react to possible encounters with animals at the mandatory orientation session prior to starting the trail. During certain times of year, there is the possibility of encountering seal pups on the beach, all wildlife on the trail should only be viewed from a safe distance. Backpacking Sunshine Coast Regional District Sunshine Coast at DMOZ Sunshine Coast Trail Maps
22.
Earls Cove, British Columbia
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Earls Cove is a small settlement located on Jervis Inlet in the Sunshine Coast region of British Columbia. It is a terminal for the BC Ferries route across the inlet to Saltery Bay, Earls Cove is the at the north end of the Sechelt Peninsula and on the east side of the mouth of Jervis Inlet, adjacent to Agamemnon Channel, across which is Nelson Island. Earls Cove is accessed by ferry terminal and paved highway, from the Lower Mainland, BC Ferries provides service from Horseshoe Bay to Langdale. From Langdale, Highway 101 runs to the end of the Sunshine Coast at the community of Lund, Earls Cove, the trip by ferry from Earls Cove to Saltery Bay takes about 50 minutes. The distance from Vancouver to Earls Cove is 136 kilometres, the ferry trip across the mouth of Jervis Inlet provides passengers with scenery little changed from when Captain George Vancouver explored the area in 1792. The docks have two berth to handle BC Ferries that come to Earls Cove, the Sunshine Coast lives up to its name - generally winters are mild and wet, and the summers drier than many other coastal areas. Average temperatures range from 4°C in January to 18°C in July, average rainfall is about 100 cm, mild weather patterns mean that snowfall in the area is very light. The temperate climate has made this an area for retirees. Nearby Sakinaw and Ruby Lakes are noted for their fishing in season. They are also havens for canoers and kayakers. Ruby Lake Lagoon is home to over 80 species of birds, wildlife watchers can observe Wood Duck, painted turtles, beavers, otters, elk, deer and bears. The northern terminus of the Suncoaster Trail, a 33 km trail popular with hikers and bikers, is at Klein Lake, NIHO Land & Cattle Company strongly recommend before attempting any hike in this region you first purchase a hiking guide from a local bookstore. There are several parks in the area, including Musket Island Marine Park
23.
Gambier Island
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Gambier Island is an island located in Howe Sound near Vancouver, British Columbia. It is about 17,049 acres in size and is located about 10 kilometres north of the Horseshoe Bay community, a rugged and sparsely populated island, it is far quieter than its neighbour Bowen Island, which is popular with day-trippers and summer vacationers. Gambier Island is accessible only by B. C, ferries passenger service, water taxi or other boats. There is no road network. The island elects two trustees to the Islands Trust, an organization that unites small island communities in British Columbia to oversee development, other islands in Howe Sound include Keats Island and Anvil Island. There are around 125 long-term residents on Gambier, but the swells to more than 600 in the summertime due to the islands summer holiday homes. The islands scenic setting and solitude make it popular with artists, the main wharf and settlement area is called New Brighton, on the west side of the island. Gambier Harbour, West Bay, lies to the east, with another wharf, at the north end of the island is Elkins Point. Gambier Island had a store and one bed and breakfast. Barging companies provide service from Gibsons and Horseshoe Bay for transport of large items, fire service is run by volunteers. There are no processing facilities on the island. Halkett Bay Provincial Park is located on the southeast side of Gambier, logger Ken Reid cut a 14-foot diameter fir there in the 1930s. Camp Latona Gambier Island Local Trust Camp Fircom Society Camp Artaban Gambier Community Centre Commotion by the Ocean Summer concert Gambier Island Conservancy
24.
Keats Island (British Columbia)
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Keats Island is an inhabited island located in Howe Sound near Vancouver, British Columbia. Around eighty people live on Keats Island year-round, Keats Island is one of the smaller islands in Howe Sound, located offshore from the community of Gibsons on the Sunshine Coast and directly west of Bowen Island. Other than a few cleared fields, the island is covered in forest. There are several beaches scattered around the island, and a prominent rocky outcrop called Salmon Rock at the Southwest tip, Keats Island is named after Sir Richard Goodwin Keats, a British Admiral. Admiral Keats served under Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson and was famous for sailing the HMS Superb through a blockade at Gibraltar in 1801 during the Napoleonic wars, in 1813 Admiral Keats was also a governor of the Island of Newfoundland. Keats Island is the large island in Howe Sound named for an officer who did not take part in the Battle of Trafalgar. However, he had established his fame in the Second Battle of Algeciras. Residential development on Keats Island is mostly summer cabins, with about 80 full-time residents, most residents shop and obtain other services in Gibsons, the nearest town of any size. Keats Camps is a Baptist summer camp, founded in 1926 on the site of a former orchard, Keats Landing grew up around the camp, on lots leased from the Baptist Convention of British Columbia. Barnabas Family Ministries is a camp and retreat centre operated on 64 hectares on the side of the island. This land was owned by the Corkum family, and was referred to as Corkys Farm. It is now owned by Rob Bentall, visitors to Keats Island can take a BC Ferry vessel from Horseshoe Bay north of Vancouver to Langdale Ferry Terminal on the Sunshine Coast. Keats Island and nearby Gambier Island are served by passenger ferry from the ferry terminal at Langdale. For years, Keats was served from Langdale by the ferry Dogwood Princess and is now served by the ferry Stormaway, there are a few rough roads connecting locations on the island, but there is very little vehicle use. A high proportion of the properties are accessible only from the water. Plumper Cove Marine Provincial Park, one of the oldest marine parks in BC, is an overnight destination for boats from nearby Gibsons
25.
Snug Cove
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Snug Cove is a community on the east coast of Bowen Island, British Columbia, opposite Horseshoe Bay. It is noted for its marina and its original 1900 buildings, some of which, the Company ran a busy resort at Snug Cove for much of the 20th century. Day trips regularly ferried people over to Snug Cove for concerts in the shell, with refreshments being available in the company tearooms. In the 1920s some 5,000 people were known to arrive at Snug Cove, the resort was disbanded in the 1960s. The Squamish hunters and fishermen were the first people to stay in the using the site of the present community as a temporary camp. Early European settlers arriving in Snug Cove discovered shake dwellings and a smoke house, Snug Cove is the location of The Bowen Island Public Library which is located in what is known as The Old General Store. Snug Cove is home to the Union Steamship Marina, a marina capable of berthing craft up to 200 feet long. The BC Ferries Bowen Island Ferry route to Horseshoe Bay docks there
26.
Powell River, British Columbia
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Powell River is a city on the northern Sunshine Coast of southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Most of its population lives near the shores of Salish Sea. The city is the location of the office of the Powell River Regional District. The Powell River was named for Israel Wood Powell, who was at that time superintendent of Indian Affairs for BC and he was travelling up the coast of BC in the 1880s and the river and lake were named after him. The pulp mill was started in 1908, with a townsite company town commenced in 1910. Similarly, large logging companies had moved in to take advantage of the huge timber. When the British Columbia Credit Unions Act was passed in 1939, the mill provided a small office space at very low rent in the early years. By 1955, when the Powell River Credit Union moved into a permanent office, it had over 3,000 members, the mill in Powell River was at one time the largest pulp and paper mill in the world. In its prime, one in every 25 newspapers in the world was printed on paper from the Powell River mill, however, since then it has significantly cut back on production and now produces newsprint and specialty papers for Catalyst Paper. The mill is down-sizing, and only three paper machines remain in production, thus laying off hundreds of employees. The subsequent diversification of the economy led to an increased focus on ecotourism and the arts, in addition to more traditional resources like mining, fishing. In recognition of its arts and cultural programs, Powell River was named a Cultural Capital of Canada in 2004. Their village is referred to as Sliammon. Powell River is host to the Powell River Kings, a team of the British Columbia Hockey League, and Powell River Villa. Powell River also has many sports teams and associations. PRYHA is the youth hockey associations with house & rep teams, Powell Rivers Gymnastics association is great as well. Coached by Michele Dillion, they have produced many reputable gymnasts, katya Senilova has won 1st all around for the BC Provincials in level 4 and has qualified for Winter Games. Powell Rivers youth baseball league is called the P. R. M. B. A and it consists of six different age groups known as T-Ball, Tadpole, Mosquito, Pee Wee, Bantam, and Midget/Junior
27.
Alert Bay
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Alert Bay is a village on Cormorant Island, in the Regional District of Mount Waddington, British Columbia, Canada. 1, 200-1,500 people live within the village, more than half of the villages 982 residents are First Nations people. The village is in traditional Kwakwakawakw territory, two Indian Reserves take up the rest of Cormorant Island, Alert Bay 1 on the east side of the island, Alert Bay 1A on the west. Also automated teller machine inside Bayside Pub, the town has an Alert Bay Airport, a public airport and the Alert Bay Water Aerodrome. There is a harbour and a BC Ferries terminal with service to Sointula. There is also one campground and an ecological park consisting of a cedar swamp, grades 8 to 12 travel by foot ferrywater taxi to a school in nearby Port McNeill on Vancouver Island, along with students from Sointula on nearby Malcolm Island and others on North Island. Alert Bay is also home to the worlds tallest totem pole, during the 1970s and 80s, the Kwakwakawakw regained their possessions after long negotiations. The returned artifacts are housed in a museum at the U’mista Cultural Centre, the settlement was named c.1860 after the Royal Navy ship HMS Alert, which conducted survey operations in the area. Volcanic features in the geography around Alert Bay are part of the Alert Bay Volcanic Belt and it appears to have been active in Miocene and Pliocene times. No Holocene eruptions are known, and volcanic activity in the belt has likely ceased, ‘Namgis First Nation Alert Bay Volcanic Belt Village of Alert Bay Umista Cultural society
28.
Cortes Island
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Cortes Island is part of the traditional territories of the We Wai Kai, Kwiakah, Homalco, and Klahoose First Nations, with the office of the Klahoose First Nation located on the island. The islands southern tip is part of the traditional territory of the Sliammon people. Cortes, which is in the Sayward Land District, is 25 km long,13 km wide and it has a population of 1,042 permanent residents. Cortes Island is in the Sunshine Coast Forest District and the Vancouver Island Ministry of Environments Vancouver Island Region and it is part of the North Island Provincial Electoral District. The Campbell River School District operates the Cortes Elementary / Jr, until recently there was also the Linnaea School, a non-traditional school which offered a different approach on education. It was closed due to a lack of students and funding, after the ninth grade, students must either switch to homeschooling or transfer to a school off the island. The island was named in 1792 during the expedition of Galiano and Valdés, presumably after Hernán Cortés, access to Cortes Island is by plane or ferry. Whaletown, Squirrel Cove and Mansons Landing are communities on the island, desolation Sound is off the east shore of the island. Forestry, fishing and mining have featured in its history, there is also a campground at Smelt Bay Provincial Park. It is also considered to be part of the Northern Gulf Islands, Cortes lies on the far side of Quadra Island from the city of Campbell River, separated from Quadra Island by Sutil Channel. To the northeast of Cortes Island, across Lewis Channel, is West Redonda Island, desolation Sound lies to the east of Cortes Island and, beyond that, the upper end of the Malaspina Peninsula. The island is located halfway between Powell River and Campbell River. Cortesisland. com Cortes Island news and information website, Cortes Island Coastal Plan for Shellfish Aquaculture
29.
Denman Island
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Denman Island is one of the Northern Gulf Islands and part of the Comox Valley Regional District of British Columbia, Canada, and is home to a small community of 1,022 year-round residents. Denman Island was first inhabited by Indigenous peoples including the Pentlatch and Sliamon as evidenced by middens, gravesites and it was discovered and mapped by Europeans during the 1791 voyage of the Spanish ship Santa Saturnina, under Juan Carrasco and José María Narváez. It was named by Captain Richards in 1864 for Rear Admiral Joseph Denman who was commander of the Pacific station from 1864 to 1866. Regular ferry service links Denman Island to both Hornby Island from Gravelly Bay on the east side of Denman and across Baynes Sound to Buckley Bay on Vancouver Island on the west side, Denman Island has long been a haven for people escaping from busy urban centres. It is famous for its all ages dances, festivals, quiet roads, yoga is a prominent activity, as is gardening, and volunteerism. Many artists have made Denman Island their home for decades, the island has a land area of 51.03 square kilometres. Complementing a population made up of farmers, retired baby-boomers, artists, writers, craftspeople, the author Emily St. John Mandel was born and brought up on Denman Island. Much of the part of Denman Island is covered by a dense forest dominated by Douglas fir, western hemlock. Some areas have shallow soils over sandstone or shale, the eastern part has a loamy sand on which arbutus is frequently present. All of these soils were classed as brown podzolic in a 1959 soil survey, ministry of Environment Site Boyle Point Provincial Park – B. C. Day, J. H. L. Farstad, and D. G, soil Survey of Southeast Vancouver Island and Gulf Islands, British Columbia
30.
Hornby Island
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Hornby Island of British Columbia, Canada, is a Salish Sea island located near Vancouver Islands Comox Valley. A small community of 958 residents, Hornby is home to artists, retired professionals, small business owners, remote workers. Over the past 30 years, the island has become a coveted destination, the shoulder seasons are a preferred time for hiking, mountain biking, marine activities, weddings, and retreats. Most people reach the island by ferries from Buckley Bay, Vancouver Island, a growing number of private boats also visit through mooring at the Ford Cove Marina or anchoring at Tribune Bay. The closest airport is Comox Valley Airport in Comox, which provides regional, national, the primary destinations on Hornby are Tribune Bay Provincial Park, Helliwell Provincial Park, Fords Cove, Heron Rocks and Whaling Station Bay. The island is also a mountain biking destination, with a variety of designated trails in Mount Geoffrey Regional Nature Park, Mount Geoffrey Escarpment Provincial Park. The total land area is 29.92 square kilometres, of which 40% is parkland, the island is geographically distinctive as it was formed by post-glacial rebound with the retreat of the last ice age. Before the arrival of European settlers, the island was inhabited by the Pentlatch, the island was found and named Isla de Lerena during the 1791 voyage of the Spanish ship Santa Saturnina, under Juan Carrasco and José María Narváez. The name honors the Spanish Finance Minister, Don Pedro López de Lerena, in 1850 the British renamed it after Rear Admiral Phipps Hornby, then Commander of the Pacific Station. Hornby Island is mostly covered by mixed forest dominated by Douglas-fir, western red cedar, western hemlock, grand fir and lodgepole pine are the other large conifers present. The smaller Pacific yew is scattered in the understorey, the arbutus, a broadleaf evergreen species, is plentiful. Broadleaf deciduous trees include bigleaf maple, red alder, black cottonwood, Pacific flowering dogwood, cascara, populations of Garry oak occur on the southern end of the island and at Helliwell Provincial Park. Only about 260 acres of undisturbed stands for older forest have identified on Hornby Island. There are roughly 1,330 acres of older second-growth stands on the island, the islands soils have developed from marine deposits of variable texture, except for the higher elevations and steeper slopes where weathered clastic sedimentary rock provides the parent material. Most of Hornbys soils are sandy or gravelly, but some deep black loams occur in the northwestern part, podzols are common and the bleached sand grains associated with their eluvial horizons lend a salt-and-pepper appearance to many forest trails. In most cases, though, the E is not very thick, on this account, the soils were mostly classified as Brown Podzolic in a soil survey published in 1959. All of the soils are strongly acidic in their natural state except for those which have developed on shoreline shell middens. Fossil collectors have found Ammonite and Baculite fossils at Boulder Point on Hornby Island, a new species of pterosaur called Gwawinapterus beardi was identified based on a fossil found on a beach on Hornby Island
31.
Quadra Island
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Quadra Island is an island off the eastern coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, part of the Discovery Islands located within the Strathcona Regional District. Quadra Island is about 35 kilometres from its northernmost point to its southernmost point, the island at its narrowest point, on its southern peninsula, is less than 2 km wide, and at its widest point, about 15 km wide. In area Quadra island comprises about 310 square kilometres, the population of island and surrounding mainland inlets, as of the 2006 federal census, was 2,472, down from the 2001 federal census count of 2,548. In 1903 it was named after the Spanish navigator Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra and it is separated from Vancouver Island by Discovery Passage, and from Cortes Island, and is linked to that island by a ferry from Heriot Bay on its eastern shore. The island has beaches, trails, lakes, and parks. Main Lake Provincial Park is located on the part of the island. Few of the soils are well suited to agriculture. Most are coarse and, in well-drained areas, have classic podzol development, they are mapped as Kye loamy sand. A small area of dark well-drained unpodzolized soil is mapped around the southeast corner, dashwood gravelly loamy sand, a brown podzolic trending to podzol, is commonly associated with Kye and Quinsam. Imperfectly drained areas have brown podzolic Bowser loamy sand or classic podzol Sayward loamy sand, the more moist Custer loamy sand is present locally. Poorly drained areas have Arrowsmith peat, Parksville sandy loam, or Tolmie loam, there are two small business centres on the island, one near the Vancouver Island BC Ferry terminal at Quathiaski Cove, and one near the Cortes Island ferry terminal at Heriot Bay. The island is home to an art community, as well as a growing number of white-collar professionals who commute to Campbell River on Vancouver Island. There is a school on the island. Schoolchildren in grades 6–12 travel by ferry to Campbell River to attend École Phoenix Middle School or Carihi Secondary School, the Cape Mudge Reserve on the southern tip of the island is home to the We-wai-kai, one of the main bands comprising the Southern Kwakiutl. Together they are known as the Laich-kwil-tach, the Southern Kwakiutl migrated into the northern Georgia Strait from Queen Charlotte Strait over two centuries ago, displacing and absorbing the Comox and Pentlatch peoples who formerly lived there
32.
Brentwood Bay, British Columbia
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Brentwood Bay, is a small neighbourhood in the municipality of Central Saanich, on the Saanich Peninsula. It lies north of the city of Victoria and south of Sidney on the tip of Vancouver Island. Situated on the Saanich Inlet, it includes the Butchart Gardens, the Victoria Butterfly Gardens, the region also plays host to various wineries and restaurants, and also features hiking and a variety of wildlife in Gowlland Tod Provincial Park. Brentwood Bay is part of the Central Saanich Municipality, one of 13 that make up the Greater Victoria area and it is located on Highway 17A just west of Highway 17, the main route running the length of the Saanich Peninsula. It is also served frequently by the Brentwood-Mill Bay ferry, the MV Mill Bay, black Point starring David Caruso in 2001 The Mermaid Chair starring Kim Basinger in 2004 Gracepoint television series in 2014 - Remake of UK Broadchurch 2013 Brentwood Bay on BritishColumbia. com
33.
Chemainus
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Chemainus /ʃʌˈmeɪnəs/ is a community located in the Chemainus River Valley on the east coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Founded as a logging town in 1858, the Chemainus is now famous for its 39 outdoor murals. This outdoor gallery has given birth to many businesses, including a theatre, antiques dealers, the tourist industry stemming from the murals helped rejuvenate the town after its large sawmill closed in the early 1980s and was replaced by a smaller but far more efficient mill. The name Chemainus comes from the shaman and prophet Tsa-meeun-is. Legend says that the man survived a wound in his chest to become a powerful chief. His people took his name to identify their community, the Stzuminus First Nation, the railroad arrived in the 1880s and by the early 1920s the towns population had ballooned to 600 persons. Chemainus was eventually designated a populated area by Statistics Canada comprising the more built-up residential and commercial neighbourhoods. Its population had grown to 3035 residents by 2011. A larger more inclusive Chemainus area is regarded as comprising part of the District of North Cowichan that lies north of the Chemainus River. This is the covered by the Chemainus Advisory Committee set up as a consultation body by North Cowichan. Chemainus Secondary School is located in the town, and serves as a school for students living in Chemainus, Crofton. A BC Ferry terminal is located in Chemainus, which service to Thetis Island. On 13 January 2006, a Boeing 737 aircraft was sunk off the coast in order to build an artificial reef, the sinking was documented in Sinking Wings, an episode of the Discovery Channel Series, Mega Builders. In the 1980s, British Columbias forest industry experienced a period of recession, largely caused by a substantial decrease in demand. Fordism is a system of methods based on principles of specialized mass production technologies. However, due to rising competition, energy crises, stagflation and recession. Consequently, a new system of production, characterized by greater flexibility. This transition placed a burden on coastal single-industry forest communities like Chemainus due to rising unemployment
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Crofton, British Columbia
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Crofton, British Columbia, Canada, is a small coastal town that is part of the District of North Cowichan on Vancouver Island in British Columbia. The population is estimated at 1,100 people and it is about 74 km north of Victoria. Residents of Crofton are known as Croftonites, according to tradition, the first people to live in the area around Osbourne Bay where Crofton is now situated were native peoples known as the Chestermen. Their name has been interpreted as meaning people of the mountain and is possibly a derivative of the Japanese word yama or hill, the Chestermen died out many hundreds of years before the Europeans arrived in the area. In the 19th century, the area was cleared and settled by several homesteaders and they farmed the land and cut lumber, as provided by the government. In 1873, what would become Crofton was incorporated as the District of North Cowichan, Crofton was founded in 1902 by Henry Croft, who owned the nearby copper mine in Mt. Sicker. He built a smelter on the coast and exported the refined copper, unfortunately the residue leftover from the smelter blackened the local beaches and the small glass particles often stuck to peoples feet and hands. In 1906 Henry Croft sold the smelter to Britannia Mine, the smelter closed in January 1908, and soon after, rumours began that a large sawmill would be built. Nothing came of the rumours and when Henry Croft died in 1917, in the late 20s early 30s a Railway was brought in from the Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railway Line to Crofton & the Osbourne Bay Wharf was built. Logging trains brought raw logs out of the bush to be barked in the water & loaded on ships for export, Lumber was also shipped out of there by Industrial Timbers Ltd, Western Forest Industries & MacMillian Blodell Lumber Co. The mill opened in December 1957, and continues to operate today, BCFP sold out to Fletcher Challenge in late 80s & owned it until 2001. The mill was purchased by Norwegian company Norske Skog and subsequently by Catalyst Paper in 2006, in 2001 a layer of ash fell upon the town staining nearly every house. The ash was determined to be a result of burning at the mill. Due to its fault in the incident, the owners paid the expenses for the extensive clean-up of Crofton. In 1955 the smelter wharf was converted to a ferry dock & service to Saltspring Island began, BC Ferries now operates the route daily Early in the 1990s the Crofton Community Centre Society decided to create a scenic walkway along the Crofton shoreline. In 2002, Croftons 100th anniversary, phase one of the seawalk was completed, as of 2014 all three phases are completed. The seawalk stretches from the wharf and ferry terminal to Crofton Beach, Crofton remains a small town after 100 years of existence. In 2000 the town water supply was changed from Crofton Lake to the Cowichan River, in September 2006 Crofton was included in a regional bus system connecting it to nearby Duncan and Chemainus
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Gabriola Island
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Gabriola Island is one of the Gulf Islands in the Strait of Georgia, in British Columbia, Canada. Gabriola lies about 5 kilometres east of Nanaimo on Vancouver Island and it has a land area of about 57.6 square kilometres and a resident population of slightly more than 4,000. Gabriola is endowed with public beaches and forests, and has an established community spread around the island, on the island, housing, roads, shopping centres, restaurants, a library, an elementary school, and a museum are found. Its cultural life includes annual festivals related to art, poetry, gardens, music, boating, the Gabriola Arts Council hosts three large annual events, the Isle of the Arts Festival, Gabriola Theatre Festival and Thanksgiving Studio Tour. These events, plus more, feature the wide range of artistic talents held on Gabriola Island. Gabriola is part of the territory of the Snunéymux. The earliest archeological record on Gabriola is a cave burial dated to about 1500 BCE, archaeologists have found that infant mortality at that time was surprisingly low and that the population was well adapted to its environment. Other smaller villages on Gabriola were scattered around the coast, after contact, and perhaps as early as 1500 CE, the population of the Snunéymux declined drastically because of smallpox and other diseases brought to North America by Europeans. The island is famous for its petroglyphs, which are commonly asserted to be thousands of years old, the reality is that they are almost impossible to date. Because they are carved in soft sandstone, they are eroding rapidly. The first European visit to Gabriola was by the Spanish schooner Santa Saturnina under José María Narváez in 1791. Narváez is said to have given the name Punta de Gaviola to the end of the island. It may have been Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra, Gaviola is sometimes said to be a misspelling of gaviota, but it may refer to the Spanish surname Gaviola. In 1792 the island was visited by a Spanish expedition, under Galiano. Galiano and Valdés stayed at Pilot Bay, which they called Cala del Descanso for several days, repairing their ships and boats and this site was later wrongly identified as the present Descanso Bay by British cartographers. The name Descanso means rest and the anchorage was so-called because the Spanish wanted to give their sailors a break, the British expedition of George Vancouver may also have visited the island very briefly in 1792. While the Spanish explored and charted the Strait of Georgia, they left no permanent settlements. In 1827, fur traders of the Hudsons Bay Company established a post at Fort Langley on the Fraser River, from the mid-1850s on, coal miners and ex-gold miners began to move to Gabriola, where they started farms to supply the growing population of Nanaimo
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