1.
New Brighton, Staten Island
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New Brighton, formerly an independent village, is today a neighborhood located on the North Shore of Staten Island in New York City, USA. The neighborhood comprises an older industrial and residential harbor front area along the Kill Van Kull west of St. George, the village of New Brighton was incorporated in 1866 out of six wards of the town of Castleton. It originally stretched for four long and was two miles wide, encompassing the entire northeast tip of the island from Tompkinsville to Snug Harbor. The current neighborhood includes Hamilton Park, an enclave of Victorian homes built before the American Civil War, the neighborhood includes several older churches, including St. Peters Church, the oldest Roman Catholic church on Staten Island. The original Village Hall, constructed in 1871 on present Fillmore Street, was demolished in 2004, New Brighton public housing includes the Cassidy-Laffayette Houses and the Richmond Terrace Houses on Jersey Street. Built in 1871, the New Brighton Village Hall was one of the few Village Halls to remain from the old system the existed before it was considered to be a part of New York City. It has since used as a local court, a health insurance office, youth activities office. In 1965 the Landmarks Preservation Commission selected it as an official landmark, a complete system of sewerage has been adopted. The neighbors seem to vie with each other in friendly emulation as to who keep the smoothest lawn. In 1898, Staten Island was consolidated with New York City, after the turn of the century, the political and economic center of the island shifted to the northern shore, including New Brighton. The Staten Island borough hall was built in 1906, while the new courthouse for Richmond county was built in 1919, at this time, the general community of Staten Island and New Brighton thrived due to its economy. Larger manufacturers employed many residents, Procter & Gamble, US Gypsum. The Procter & Gamble factory, opened in October 1907, operated for more than 80 years, at the end of the 1920s, some of the borough’s first apartment buildings and four-family dwellings were concentrated in New Brighton. However, the livelihood of the community began to change, first after the completion of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, completed in November 1964, connected Brooklyn and Staten Island and allowed for a massive population and development boom that continues to this day. Sailors Snug Harbor was built in 1833 by a wealthy New Yorker named Robert Richard Randall, designed as a place for retired sailors, Snug Harbor was the first establishment of its kind in the United States. The 83-acre park-like setting is located right on the shore of Staten Island along the Kill Van Kull. Notably, Captain Thomas Melville, the brother of Herman Melville, was the governor of Snug Harbor from 1867 to 1884, Snug Harbor was very successful, and was one of the wealthiest charities. At its peak,1,000 sailors made their home at Snug Harbor, however, there was a steep decline in funding for the retirement home in the 1930s, with the establishment of Social Security, and Snug Harbor never fully recovered, closeing in the 1960s
2.
Monrovia, California
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Monrovia is a city located in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains in the San Gabriel Valley of Los Angeles County, California, United States. The population was 36,590 at the 2010 census, down from 36,929 in 2000, Monrovia has been used for filming TV shows, movies and commercials. Monrovia is the fourth oldest general law city in Los Angeles County, incorporated in 1887, Monrovia has grown from a sparse community of orange ranches to a residential community of 37,000. Around 500 BC, a band of Shoshonean-speaking Indians named the Tongva established settlements in what is now the San Gabriel Valley and they were called the Gabrieliño Indians by early Spanish missionaries, a tribe of Mission Indians. The Tongva were not farmers, they gathered wild seeds, berries, abundant oaks in the Valley, such as Coast Live Oak and Interior Live Oak provided a staple of the Tongva diet, acorn mush made of boiled acorn flour. It had been claimed from sea by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo in 1542 for the King of Spain, Europeans first visited the San Gabriel Valley, the expedition, led by Gaspar de Portolà, proceeded north from San Diego, passing through the area en route to Monterey Bay. Accompanying Portolà was Franciscan padre Juan Crespí, famed diarist of the expedition, much of what is known of early California is from Crespis detailed descriptions. In 1771, the Franciscans established the Mission San Gabriel Arcangel in the San Gabriel Valley, the mission continued after Mexican independence in 1822. In 1833, the Mexican Congress initiated secularization of the missions in Alta California, Monrovia is made of parts of these two ranchos. In the mid-19th century, most of Rancho Azusa de Duarte was subdivided, some of those parcels became part of the ranch of William N. Monroe, Monrovias namesake. Rancho Santa Anita changed hands several times before the multimillionaire, silver baron and rancher, lucky Baldwin acquired it in 1875. That same year his Los Angeles Investment Company began subdividing and selling parcels from many of his ranchos, in 1883,240 acres of Rancho Santa Anita were sold to Monroe for $30,000. Additional parcels of Rancho Santa Anita were sold to Edward F. Spence, John D. Bicknell, James F. Crank, the subdivision was subdivided into 600 500-foot by 160-foot lots and sold. The town was incorporated in 1887 under the leadership of prohibitionists who wished to control the arrival of an unwelcome saloon, the first order of business for the newly formed government was to pass a tipplers law, prohibiting the sale of alcohol. In 1903 the Monrovia News was established, in the same year, the Pacific Electric was opened providing transportation to and from Los Angeles, making it possible for Monrovian homeowners to work in Los Angeles. The Granite Building serves as the city hall, fire and police department facilities in 1961, in 1956, the old Carnegie library building was torn down and a new library was constructed. In March 2007, a new library was voted on by the people of Monrovia and it won with 70% yes votes. The library now has 190,000 books, a room for historical documents, and areas for children, teens
3.
Calvary Cemetery (Los Angeles)
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Calvary Cemetery is a Roman Catholic cemetery that the Archdiocese of Los Angeles runs in the community of East Los Angeles. It is also called New Calvary Cemetery because it succeeded the original Calvary Cemetery, when Los Angeles was originally surveyed and mapped under the leadership of Gen. Edward Ord in 1849, its graveyard was at the upper end of Eternity Street. At the lower end of Eternity was the first church in Los Angeles, in between lay a part of town flanked by adobe houses, citrus trees, and Coast Live Oaks suitable for traditional funeral processions escorting believers to eternity. The land allotted to the cemetery lay between a creek a half north of College Street and the toma beyond the northern edge of town. All the important magnates of the country around Los Angeles were buried at Calvary, such as Gen. Andrés Pico, the hero of the Battle of San Pascual, and Don Abel Stearns, a man of many ranchos. The ravine sloping down from the west took its name, it was called Cemetery Ravine, later, a Protestant cemetery for Los Angeles was laid out atop Fort Hill, where Grand Arts High School and the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels are now. As Los Angeles swelled with settlers, so also did old Calvary Cemetery grow in size and importance, large in scale for the desert Southwest of Southern California, that chapel was dedicated to the memory of a patron, Andrew Briswell, who died in 1885. When conditions led to the founding of a new, even bigger cemetery on the side of the Los Angeles River in 1896—in East Los Angeles—the property of the historic cemetery was put to other uses. At the time, many Italians began moving into the side of Los Angeles. They founded a new church on north Spring Street in Upper Town, so many Italians moved in that that part of Upper Town became known as Little Italy. A new, more permanent church building was sought, and parishioners found, peters Italian Catholic Church,1039 N Broadway. Although historic old Calvary Cemetery was built over, its campus is today Cathedral High School. The current site, measuring 137 acres, was dedicated in 1896, All Souls Chapel was built on the grounds in 1902, and was dedicated on All Souls Day of that same year. Bishop George Thomas Montgomery offered a Solemn Pontifical Mass on an altar at the site. It was designed as a replica of the church of St. Giles in the rural town of Stoke Poges, Buckinghamshire. That church is believed to have been the setting of the famed 18th-century poem Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, the chapel became one of the most visited places of worship in Southern California after its opening. All Souls Chapel is now used primarily for burial services, the Main Mausoleum, with a new chapel, was built in 1936. It was designed by architect Ross Montgomery, two additional mausoleums, Our Ladys Garden and Gethsemane, have since been built
4.
Lew Cody
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Lew Cody was an American stage and film actor whose career spanned the silent film and early sound film age. He gained notoriety in the late 1910s for playing male vamps in films such as Dont Change Your Husband, Cody was born Louis Joseph Côté to Joseph Côté and Elizabeth Côté, née Gifford. His father was French Canadian and his mother was a native of Maine, Cody and his younger brothers and sisters were born in Waterville, Maine. The family later moved to Berlin, New Hampshire where Codys father owned a drug store, in his youth, Cody worked at his fathers drug store as a soda jerk. He later enrolled at McGill University in Montreal where he intended to study medicine but abandoned the idea of setting up in practice and he made his debut on the stage in New York in Pierre of the Plains. Cody later moved to Los Angeles and began a career with Thomas Ince. Cody had at least 99 film credits during a period between 1914 and 1934. His first two marriages were to actress Dorothy Dalton and they first married in 1910 and divorced in 1911. They remarried in 1913 and were divorced a second time in 1914, Cody married Mabel Normand in 1926. They remained married until Normands death from tuberculosis in February 1930, on May 31,1934, Cody died of heart attack in his sleep at his home in Beverly Hills, California. He is buried in St. Peters Cemetery, Lewiston, Maine in the family plot, Lew Cody at the Internet Broadway Database Lew Cody at the Internet Movie Database Photographs and literature on Lew Cody
5.
Silent film
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A silent film is a film with no synchronized recorded sound, especially with no spoken dialogue. The silent film era lasted from 1895 to 1936, in silent films for entertainment, the dialogue is transmitted through muted gestures, mime and title cards which contain a written indication of the plot or key dialogue. During silent films, a pianist, theatre organist, or, in large cities, pianists and organists would either play from sheet music or improvise, an orchestra would play from sheet music. The term silent film is therefore a retronym—that is, a term created to distinguish something retroactively, the early films with sound, starting with The Jazz Singer in 1927, were referred to as talkies, sound films, or talking pictures. A September 2013 report by the United States Library of Congress announced that a total of 70% of American silent feature films are believed to be completely lost, the earliest precursors of film began with image projection through the use of a device known as the magic lantern. This utilized a glass lens, a shutter and a persistent light source, such as a powerful lantern and these slides were originally hand-painted, but still photographs were used later on after the technological advent of photography in the nineteenth century. The invention of a practical photography apparatus preceded cinema by only fifty years, the next significant step towards film creation was the development of an understanding of image movement. Simulations of movement date as far back as to 1828 and only four years after Paul Roget discovered the phenomenon he called Persistence of Vision. This experience was further demonstrated through Rogets introduction of the thaumatrope, the first projected primary proto-movie was made by Eadweard Muybridge between 1877 and 1880. Muybridge set up a row of cameras along a racetrack and timed image exposures to capture the many stages of a horses gallop, the oldest surviving film was created by Louis Le Prince in 1888. It was a film of people walking in Oakwood streets garden. Edison also made a business of selling Kinetograph and Kinetoscope equipment, due to Edisons lack of securing an international patent on his film inventions, similar devices were invented around the world. The Lumière brothers, for example, created the Cinématographe in France, the Cinématographe proved to be a more portable and practical device than both of Edisons as it combined a camera, film processor and projector in one unit. In contrast to Edisons peepshow-style kinetoscope, which one person could watch through a viewer. Their first film, Sortie de lusine Lumière de Lyon, shot in 1894, is considered the first true motion picture, the invention of celluloid film, which was strong and flexible, greatly facilitated the making of motion pictures. This film was 35 mm wide and pulled using four sprocket holes and this doomed the cinematograph, which could only use film with just one sprocket hole. From the very beginnings of film production, the art of motion pictures grew into maturity in the silent era. Silent filmmakers pioneered the art form to the extent that virtually every style, the silent era was also pioneering era from a technical point of view
6.
Mack Sennett
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Mack Sennett was a Canadian-born American director and actor and was known as an innovator of slapstick comedy in film. During his lifetime he was known at times as the King of Comedy and his short Wrestling Swordfish was awarded the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film in 1932 and he earned an Academy Honorary Award in 1937. Born Michael Sinnott in Richmond Ste-Bibiane Parish, Quebec, Canada, he was the son of Irish Catholic John Sinnott and Catherine Foy, the newlyweds moved the same year to Richmond, where John Sinnott was hired as a laborer. By 1883, when Michaels brother George was born, John Sinnott was working in Richmond as an innkeeper, John Sinnott and Catherine Foy had all their children and raised their family in Richmond, then a small Eastern Townships village. At that time, Michaels grandparents were living in Danville, Québec, Michael Sinnott moved to Connecticut when he was 17 years old. He lived for a while in Northampton, Massachusetts, where, according to his autobiography and he claimed that the most respected lawyer in town, Northampton mayor Calvin Coolidge, as well as Sennetts own mother, tried to talk him out of his musical ambitions. In New York City, Sennett became an actor, singer, dancer, clown, set designer, a major distinction in his acting career, often overlooked, is the fact that Sennett played Sherlock Holmes eleven times, albeit as a parody, between 1911 and 1913. With financial backing from Adam Kessel and Charles O. Bauman of the New York Motion Picture Company, Michael Mack Sennett founded Keystone Studios in Edendale, the original main building which was the first totally enclosed film stage and studio ever constructed, is still there today. Mack Sennetts slapstick comedies were noted for their wild car chases, additionally, Sennetts first female comedian was Mabel Normand, who became a major star under his direction and with whom he embarked on a tumultuous romantic relationship. Sennett also developed the Kid Comedies, a forerunner of the Our Gang films, two of those often named as Bathing Beauties do not belong on the list, Mabel Normand and Gloria Swanson. Mabel Normand was a player, and her 1912 8-minute film The Water Nymph may have been the direct inspiration for the Bathing Beauties. Although Gloria Swanson worked for Sennett in 1916 and was photographed in a suit, she was also a star. Not individually featured or named, many of young women ascended to significant careers of their own. They included Juanita Hansen, Claire Anderson, Marie Prevost, Phyllis Haver, in the 1920s Sennetts Bathing Beauties remained popular enough to provoke imitators like the Christie Studios Bathing Beauties and Fox Film Corporations Sunshine Girls. The Sennett Bathing Beauties would continue to appear through 1928, in 1917, Sennett gave up the Keystone trademark and organized his own company, Mack Sennett Comedies Corporation. Sennett went on to more ambitious comedy short films and a few feature-length films. During the 1920s, his subjects were in much demand, featuring stars like Billy Bevan, Andy Clyde, Harry Gribbon, Vernon Dent, Alice Day, Ralph Graves, Charlie Murray. He produced several features with his brightest stars such as Ben Turpin, many of Sennetts films of the early 1920s were inherited by Warner Bros
7.
Keystone Studios
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The company filmed in and around Glendale and Silver Lake, Los Angeles, California for several years, and its films were distributed by the Mutual Film Corporation between 1912 and 1915. The original main building, the first totally enclosed film stage and it is located at 1712 Glendale Blvd in Echo Park, Los Angeles. The studio is perhaps best remembered for the era under Mack Sennett when he created the slapstick antics of the Keystone Cops, from 1912, charles Chaplin got his start at Keystone when Sennett hired him fresh from his vaudeville career to make silent films. In 1915 Keystone Studios became a production unit of the Triangle Film Corporation with D. W. Griffith. In 1917 Sennett gave up the Keystone trademark and organized his own company, Sennett, by then a celebrity, departed the studio in 1917 to produce his own independent films. Keystones business decreased after his departure, and finally closed after bankruptcy in 1935, much of the lighting and studio equipment from Keystone was bought by Reymond King - who started the Award Cinema Movie Equipment company in Venice, CA in November,1935. Keystone Studios is the studio in the film Swimming With Sharks. A new legal entity named Keystone Studios began again during 2005. Keystone obtained its new trademark in 2006, the Keystone Studios lot was an explorable location, as well as a major plot element, in the 2011 video game L. A. Noire, published by Rockstar Games. Category, Keystone Studios films Lahue, Kalton, Mack Sennetts Keystone, The man, the myth and the comedies, New York, Barnes, ISBN 978-0-498-07461-5 Neibaur, James L. Early Charlie Chaplin, The Artist as Apprentice at Keystone Studios, Lanham, MD, Scarecrow Press, ISBN 978-0-8108-8242-3 Walker, Brent, Mack Sennetts Fun Factory Jefferson, NC, McFarland, ISBN 978-0-7864-3610-1 Media related to Keystone Studios at Wikimedia Commons
8.
Charlie Chaplin
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Sir Charles Spencer Charlie Chaplin, KBE was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame during the era of silent film. Chaplin became an icon through his screen persona the Tramp and is considered one of the most important figures in the history of the film industry. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, Chaplins childhood in London was one of poverty and hardship. As his father was absent and his mother struggled financially, he was sent to a workhouse twice before the age of nine, when he was 14, his mother was committed to a mental asylum. Chaplin began performing at an age, touring music halls and later working as a stage actor. At 19 he was signed to the prestigious Fred Karno company, Chaplin was scouted for the film industry, and began appearing in 1914 for Keystone Studios. He soon developed the Tramp persona and formed a fan base. Chaplin directed his own films from a stage, and continued to hone his craft as he moved to the Essanay, Mutual. By 1918, he was one of the best known figures in the world, in 1919, Chaplin co-founded the distribution company United Artists, which gave him complete control over his films. His first feature-length was The Kid, followed by A Woman of Paris, The Gold Rush and he refused to move to sound films in the 1930s, instead producing City Lights and Modern Times without dialogue. Chaplin became increasingly political, and his film, The Great Dictator. The 1940s were a decade marked with controversy for Chaplin, and he was accused of communist sympathies, while his involvement in a paternity suit and marriages to much younger women caused scandal. An FBI investigation was opened, and Chaplin was forced to leave the United States and he abandoned the Tramp in his later films, which include Monsieur Verdoux, Limelight, A King in New York, and A Countess from Hong Kong. Chaplin wrote, directed, produced, edited, starred in and he was a perfectionist, and his financial independence enabled him to spend years on the development and production of a picture. His films are characterised by slapstick combined with pathos, typified in the Tramps struggles against adversity, many contain social and political themes, as well as autobiographical elements. In 1972, as part of an appreciation for his work. He continues to be held in regard, with The Gold Rush, City Lights, Modern Times. Charles Spencer Chaplin was born on 16 April 1889 to Hannah Chaplin, there is no official record of his birth, although Chaplin believed he was born at East Street, Walworth, in South London
9.
Roscoe Arbuckle
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Roscoe Conkling Fatty Arbuckle was an American silent film actor, comedian, director, and screenwriter. Starting at the Selig Polyscope Company he eventually moved to Keystone Studios and he mentored Charlie Chaplin and discovered Buster Keaton and Bob Hope. Arbuckle was one of the most popular silent stars of the 1910s, between November 1921 and April 1922, Arbuckle was the defendant in three widely publicized trials for the rape and manslaughter of actress Virginia Rappe. Rappe had fallen ill at a party hosted by Arbuckle at the St. Francis Hotel in San Francisco in September 1921, Arbuckle was accused by Rappes acquaintance of raping and accidentally killing Rappe. After the first two trials, which resulted in hung juries, Arbuckle was acquitted in the third trial, despite Arbuckles acquittal, the scandal has mostly overshadowed his legacy as a pioneering comedian. Following the trials, his films were banned and he was publicly ostracized, although the ban on his films was lifted within a year, Arbuckle only worked sparingly through the 1920s. He later worked as a director under the alias William Goodrich. He was finally able to return to acting, making short comedies in 1932 for Warner Bros. He died in his sleep of an attack in 1933 at age 46. Roscoe Conkling Arbuckle was born on March 24,1887 in Smith Center, Kansas, one of nine children of Mary E. Mollie Gordon and William Goodrich Arbuckle. He weighed in excess of 13 lb at birth and, as both parents had slim builds, his father believed the child was not his, consequently, the man named the baby for a politician whom he despised, Republican senator Roscoe Conkling of New York. The birth was traumatic for Mollie and resulted in health problems that contributed to her death 12 years later. When Arbuckle was nearly two his family moved to Santa Ana, California, Arbuckle had a wonderful singing voice and was extremely agile. At the age of eight, with his mothers encouragement, he first performed on stage with Frank Bacons company during their stopover in Santa Ana, Arbuckle enjoyed performing and continued on until his mothers death in 1899 when he was 12. His father, who had treated him harshly, now refused to support him. Arbuckle was in the habit of singing while he worked and was overheard by a customer who was a professional singer, the customer invited him to perform in an amateur talent show. The show consisted of the audience judging acts by clapping or jeering with bad acts pulled off the stage by a shepherds crook, Arbuckle sang, danced, and did some clowning around, but did not impress the audience. He saw the crook emerge from the wings and to avoid it somersaulted into the pit in obvious panic
10.
William Desmond Taylor
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William Desmond Taylor was an Irish-born American director and actor. He was a figure in the growing Hollywood motion-picture colony of the 1910s and early 1920s. Taylors murder on 1 February 1922, along with other Hollywood scandals, such as the Roscoe Arbuckle trial, led to a frenzy of sensationalist, the murder remains an official cold case. His siblings were Denis Gage Deane-Tanner, Ellen Nell Deane-Tanner Faudel-Phillips, Lizzie Daisy Deane-Tanner, the Home Rule MP Charles Kearns Deane Tanner was his fathers youngest brother. From 1885-1887 Taylor attended Marlborough College in England, in 1890, Taylor left Ireland for a dude ranch in Kansas. At the time, it was a trend among some of the Anglo-Irish and English gentry to send their sons to the United States to become gentleman farmers. In Kansas, William became reacquainted with acting and eventually moved to New York, while in New York, he worked in The Antique Shoppe and eventually married Ethel May Hamilton. The Episcopal ceremony took place on 7 December 1901, at the Little Church Around the Corner, after Taylors disappearance, friends said he had suffered mental lapses before, and his family thought at first he had wandered off during an episode of amnesia. Taylors brother, Denis, a lieutenant in the British Army. After Taylor left his family and New York, he traveled through Canada, eventually, he switched from acting to producing. By the time he arrived in San Francisco, William Deane-Tanner had changed his name to William Desmond Taylor, by December 1912 and he worked successfully as an actor—whose career included four appearances opposite Margaret Gibby Gibson—before making his first film as a director, The Awakening. Over the next few years, he directed more than 50 films, at some point around 1915, contact was made between Taylor and his former sister-in-law, Ada Brennan Deane-Tanner, wife of Taylors younger brother Denis. Adas sister Lillian Pomeroy was married to the physician in charge. Taylor decided to send Ada a monthly check in the amount of $50.00 to help her support her children and this would become public after Taylors murder, and the press descended upon the little town of Monrovia. In July 1918, towards the end of World War I, Taylor enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Force as a private, after training for four and a half months at Fort Edward, Nova Scotia, Taylor sailed from Halifax on a troop transport carrying 500 Canadian soldiers. They arrived at Hounslow Barracks, London on 2 December 1918, Taylor was ultimately assigned to the Royal Army Service Corps of the Expeditionary Forces Canteen Service, stationed at Dunkirk, and promoted to the temporary grade of lieutenant on 15 January 1919. At the end of April 1919, Taylor reached his final billet at Berguet, France, as Major Taylor, Company D, Royal Fusiliers. Upon returning to Los Angeles on 14 May 1919, Taylor was honoured by the Motion Picture Directors Association with a banquet at the Los Angeles Athletic Club
11.
Dutch language
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It is the third most widely spoken Germanic language, after English and German. Dutch is one of the closest relatives of both German and English and is said to be roughly in between them, Dutch vocabulary is mostly Germanic and incorporates more Romance loans than German but far fewer than English. In both Belgium and the Netherlands, the official name for Dutch is Nederlands, and its dialects have their own names, e. g. Hollands, West-Vlaams. The use of the word Vlaams to describe Standard Dutch for the variations prevalent in Flanders and used there, however, is common in the Netherlands, the Dutch language has been known under a variety of names. It derived from the Old Germanic word theudisk, one of the first names used for the non-Romance languages of Western Europe. It literarily means the language of the people, that is. The term was used as opposed to Latin, the language of writing. In the first text in which it is found, dating from 784, later, theudisca appeared also in the Oaths of Strasbourg to refer to the Germanic portion of the oath. This led inevitably to confusion since similar terms referred to different languages, owing to Dutch commercial and colonial rivalry in the 16th and 17th centuries, the English term came to refer exclusively to the Dutch. A notable exception is Pennsylvania Dutch, which is a West Central German variety called Deitsch by its speakers, Jersey Dutch, on the other hand, as spoken until the 1950s in New Jersey, is a Dutch-based creole. In Dutch itself, Diets went out of common use - although Platdiets is still used for the transitional Limburgish-Ripuarian Low Dietsch dialects in northeast Belgium, Nederlands, the official Dutch word for Dutch, did not become firmly established until the 19th century. This designation had been in use as far back as the end of the 15th century, one of them was it reflected a distinction with Hoogduits, High Dutch, meaning the language spoken in Germany. The Hoog was later dropped, and thus, Duits narrowed down in meaning to refer to the German language. g, in English, too, Netherlandic is regarded as a more accurate term for the Dutch language, but is hardly ever used. Old Dutch branched off more or less around the same time Old English, Old High German, Old Frisian and Old Saxon did. During that period, it forced Old Frisian back from the western coast to the north of the Low Countries, on the other hand, Dutch has been replaced in adjacent lands in nowadays France and Germany. The division in Old, Middle and Modern Dutch is mostly conventional, one of the few moments linguists can detect somewhat of a revolution is when the Dutch standard language emerged and quickly established itself. This is assumed to have taken place in approximately the mid-first millennium BCE in the pre-Roman Northern European Iron Age, the Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups, East, West, and North Germanic. They remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration Period, Dutch is part of the West Germanic group, which also includes English, Scots, Frisian, Low German and High German
12.
Mabel's Strange Predicament
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Mabels Strange Predicament is a 1914 American film starring Mabel Normand and Charles Chaplin, notable for being the first film for which Chaplin donned The Tramp costume. In a hotel lobby a heavily drunk tramp runs into an elegant lady, Mabel, who tied up in her dogs leash. He later runs into her in the corridor, locked out of her room. Mabel ends up in the room of an elderly husband where she hides under the bed, enter the jealous wife, who soon attacks Mabel, her husband, and Mabels lover, not to mention the staggeringly drunken tramp. Charles Chaplin as The Tramp Mabel Normand as Mabel Chester Conklin as Husband Alice Davenport as Wife Harry McCoy as Lover Hank Mann as Hotel Guest Al St and it was for this film that Chaplin first conceived of and played the Tramp. As Chaplin recalled in his autobiography, I had no idea what makeup to put on, I did not like my get-up as the press reporter. However on the way to the wardrobe I thought I would dress in baggy pants, big shoes, a cane, I wanted everything to be a contradiction, the pants baggy, the coat tight, the hat small and the shoes large. I was undecided whether to look old or young, but remembering Sennett had expected me to be an older man, I added a small mustache. I had no idea of the character, but the moment I was dressed, the clothes and the makeup made me feel the person he was. I began to know him, and by the time I walked on stage he was fully born, chaplins Tramp is shown swigging from a flask toward the beginning of the film and subsequently becoming so drunk that he staggers when he walks and falls down repeatedly near the end. His portrayal of drunkenness remains convincingly realistic, the Tramp also keeps his derby cocked throughout the proceedings, a touch that Chaplin abandoned later in his career
13.
Providence, Rhode Island
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Providence is the capital of and most populous city in the U. S. state of Rhode Island, founded in 1636, and one of the oldest cities in the United States. It is located in Providence County and is the third most populous city in New England, after Boston, Providence has a city population of 179,154, it is also part of the Providence metropolitan area which extends into southern Massachusetts. The Providence metropolitan area has an population of 1,604,291. This can be considered, in turn, to be part of the Greater Boston commuting area, Providence was founded by Roger Williams, a religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He named the area in honor of Gods merciful Providence, which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him, the city is situated at the mouth of the Providence River at the head of Narragansett Bay. Providence was one of the first cities in the country to industrialize and became noted for its tool, jewelry. The city was nicknamed the Beehive of Industry, it began rebranding itself as the Creative Capital in 2009 to emphasize its educational resources. The area that is now Providence was first settled in June 1636 by Roger Williams and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies of the United States, Williams and his company felt compelled to withdraw from Massachusetts Bay Colony. Providence quickly became a refuge for persecuted religious dissenters, as Williams himself had been exiled from Massachusetts, Providence residents were among the first Patriots to spill blood in the leadup to the American Revolution during the Gaspée Affair of 1772. Rhode Island was the first of the thirteen colonies to renounce its allegiance to the British Crown on May 4,1776. It was also the last of the thirteen colonies to ratify the United States Constitution on May 29,1790, following the war, Providence was the countrys ninth-largest city with 7,614 people. The economy shifted from maritime endeavors to manufacturing, in particular machinery, tools, silverware, jewelry, by the start of the 20th century, Providence boasted some of the largest manufacturing plants in the country, including Brown & Sharpe, Nicholson File, and Gorham Silverware. Providence residents ratified a city charter in 1831 as the population passed 17,000. From its incorporation as a city in 1832 until 1878, the seat of city government was located in the Market House, located in Market Square, the city offices quickly outgrew this building, and the City Council resolved to create a permanent municipal building in 1845. The city offices moved into the City Hall in 1878, during the Civil War, local politics split over slavery as many had ties to Southern cotton. Despite ambivalence concerning the war, the number of military volunteers routinely exceeded quota, by the early 1900s, Providence was one of the wealthiest cities in the United States. Immigrant labor powered one of the nations largest industrial manufacturing centers, Providence was a major manufacturer of industrial products from steam engines to precision tools to silverware, screws, and textiles. From 1975 until 1982, $606 million of local and national Community Development funds were invested throughout the city.4 million ft² Providence Place Mall, despite new investment, poverty remains an entrenched problem as it does in most post-industrial New England cities
14.
French Canadians
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French Canadians are an ethnic group who trace their ancestry to French colonists who settled in Canada from the 17th century onward. Today, French Canadians constitute the main French-speaking population in Canada, today, French Canadians live across North America. The province of Quebec has the largest population of French-Canadian descent, though smaller communities exist throughout Canada, between 1840 and 1930, roughly 900,000 French Canadians emigrated to the United States, mostly to the New England region. Other terms for French Canadians who continue to reside in the province of Quebec, are Quebecers or Québécois, the other major group of French Canadians are the Acadians who reside in the Maritime Provinces. In total, those who identify as French Canadian, French, Québécois, the French Canadians get their name from Canada, the most developed and densely populated region of New France during the period of French colonization in the 17th and 18th century. The original use of the term Canada referred to the area along the St. From 1535 to the 1690s, the French word Canadien had referred to the First Nations the French had encountered in the St. Lawrence River valley at Stadacona, at the end of the 17th century, Canadien became an ethnonym distinguishing the inhabitants of Canada from those of France. French Canadians living in Canada express their identity using a number of terms. The Ethnic Diversity Survey of the 2006 Canadian census found that French-speaking Canadians identified their ethnicity most often as French, French Canadians, Québécois, the latter three were grouped together by Jantzen as French New World ancestries because they originate in Canada. Canadien was used to refer to the French-speaking residents of New France beginning in the last half of the 17th century, the English-speaking residents who arrived later from Great Britain were called Anglais. This usage continued until Canadian Confederation in 1867 and those reporting French New World ancestries overwhelmingly had ancestors that went back at least four generations in Canada. Fourth generation Canadiens and Québécois showed considerable attachment to their group, with 70% and 61%, respectively. The generational profile and strength of identity of French New World ancestries contrast with those of British or Canadian ancestries, which represent the largest ethnic identities in Canada. As a result, their identification with their ethnicity is weaker, for example, only 50% of third generation Canadians strongly identify as such, bringing down the overall average. The survey report notes that 80% of Canadians whose families had been in Canada for three or more generations reported Canadian and provincial or regional ethnic identities and these identities include French New World ancestries such as Québécois, Acadian. Since the 1960s, French Canadians in Quebec have generally used Québécois or Québécoise to express their cultural and national identity, rather than Canadien français, francophones who self-identify as Québécois and do not have French-Canadian ancestry may not identify as French Canadian. Those who do have French or French-Canadian ancestry, but who support Quebec sovereignty and this is a reflection of the strong social, cultural, and political ties that most Quebeckers of French-Canadian origin, who constitute a majority of francophone Quebecers, maintain within Quebec. French Canadians outside Quebec are more likely to self-identify as French Canadian, identification with provincial groupings varies from province to province, with Franco-Ontarians, for example, using their provincial label far more frequently than Franco-Columbians do
15.
Sailors' Snug Harbor
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It was once a home for aged sailors. Some of the buildings and the grounds are used by organizations under the umbrella of the Snug Harbor Cultural Center. Sailors Snug Harbor includes 26 Greek Revival, Beaux Arts, Italianate, the site is considered Staten Islands crown jewel and an incomparable remnant of New Yorks 19th-century seafaring past. It is a National Historic Landmark District, Snug Harbor was founded through a bequest after the death of Revolutionary War soldier and ship master Captain Robert Richard Randall, namesake of the nearby neighborhood of Randall Manor. Randalls disappointed heirs contested the will extensively, delaying the opening of the home for decades. By the time the challenge was settled, the once-rural land around the Manhattan estate had become well-developed. Snug Harbors trustees decided to maximize the profits on the Manhattan property and they changed the proposed site of the institution to another piece of land bequeathed by Randall, a 130-acre plot on Staten Island overlooking the Kill Van Kull. Sailors Snug Harbor finally opened in 1833, the countrys first home for retired merchant seamen, the residents were referred to as inmates in the parlance of the day. The institution began with a building, now the centerpiece in the row of five Greek Revival temple-like buildings on the New Brighton waterfront. From 1867 to 1884, Captain Thomas Melville, a sea captain. In 1890, Captain Gustavus Trask, the governor of Snug Harbor, built a Renaissance Revival church, the Randall Memorial Chapel and, next to it, a music hall, both designed by Robert W. Gibson. At its peak in the late 19th century, about 1,000 retired sailors lived at Snug Harbor and its Washington Square area properties yielded a surplus exceeding the retirement homes costs by $100,000 a year. By the mid-20th century, however, Snug Harbor was in financial difficulty, once-grand structures fell into disrepair, and some were demolished, the ornate white-marble Randall Memorial Church was torn down in 1952. With the arrival of the Social Security system in the 1930s, demand for accommodation for old sailors declined, by the mid-1950s, a series of legal battles ensued, but the validity of landmark designation was ultimately upheld and it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965. In the 1970s, the moved the institution to Sea Level, North Carolina. Its office is at 40 Exchange Place, Suite 1701 NY, NY10005, on September 12,1976, the Snug Harbor Cultural Center was opened to the public. In 2008, the Cultural Center and the Staten Island Botanical Garden merged to become the Snug Harbor Cultural Center, the Sailors Snug Harbor Archives are preserved at the Stephen B. Luce Library at SUNY Maritime College in the Bronx, a station on the now-defunct North Shore Branch of the Staten Island Railway bore the name Sailors Snug Harbor, a retaining wall and stairways from the station still exist
16.
Charles Dana Gibson
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His wife, Irene Langhorne, and her four beautiful sisters, inspired his images. He published his illustrations in Life magazine and other national publications for more than 30 years, becoming editor in 1918. Gibson was born in Roxbury, Massachusetts, the son of Josephine Elizabeth and he had a sister Josephine Gibson. One of their great-grandfathers was U. S, senator James DeWolf and a great-great-grandfather was U. S. His sister Josephine inherited Longfield from their grandmother, Abby DeWolf Gibson. A talented youth with an early interest in art, Gibson was enrolled by his parents in New York Citys Art Students League, peddling his pen-and-ink sketches, Gibson sold his first work in 1886 to Life magazine, founded by John Ames Mitchell and Andrew Miller. It featured general interest articles, humor, illustrations, and cartoons and his works appeared weekly in the popular national magazine for more than 30 years. He quickly built a reputation, with his drawings being featured in all the major New York publications, including Harpers Weekly. His illustrated books include the 1898 editions of Anthony Hopes The Prisoner of Zenda and his development of the Gibson Girl from 1890 and her nationwide fame brought Gibson respect and wealth. His sister Josephine Gibson was said to have one of his inspirations for his beautiful modern young woman. In 1895, he married Irene Langhorne, born in Danville, one of her four sisters was Lady Nancy Astor, the first woman to serve as a Member of Parliament in the British House of Commons. His wife and her elegant Langhorne sisters also inspired his famous Gibson Girls, after the death of John Ames Mitchell in 1918, Gibson became editor of Life and later took over as owner of the magazine. As the popularity of the Gibson Girl faded after World War I, in 1918, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full Academician in 1932. Almost unrestricted merchandising saw his sketches appear in many forms. The Gibson cocktail has been claimed to be named after him, for part of his career, Gibson lived in New Rochelle, New York, a popular art colony among actors, writers and artists of the period. The community was most well known for its number of prominent American illustrators. Gibson owned an island off Islesboro, Maine which came to be known as 700 Acre Island, he and he retired in 1936, the same year Scribners published his biography, Portrait of an Era as Drawn by C. D. Gibson, A Biography by Fairfax Downey, on his death in 1944, Charles Dana Gibson was interred at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts
17.
Gibson Girl
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The artist saw his creation as representing the composite of thousands of American girls. The Gibson Girl image that appeared in the 1890s combined elements of older American images of female beauty, such as the fragile lady. From the fragile lady she took the basic lines. From the voluptuous woman she took a large bust and hips, from this combination emerged the Gibson Girl, who was tall and slender, yet with ample bosom, hips and buttocks. She had an exaggerated S-curve torso shape achieved by wearing a swan-bill corset, images of her epitomized the late 19th- and early 20th-century Western preoccupation with youthful features and ephemeral beauty. Her neck was thin and her hair piled high upon her head in the contemporary bouffant, pompadour, the statuesque, narrow-waisted ideal feminine figure was portrayed as being at ease and stylish. She was a member of class society, always perfectly dressed in the latest fashionable attire appropriate for the place. In addition to the Gibson Girls refined beauty, in spirit, she was calm, independent, confident and she could be depicted attending college and vying for a good mate, but she would never have participated in the suffrage movement. Taking part in the movement was something more associated with the New Woman. The Gibson Girl was a popular version of the New Woman. She therefore managed to stay within the boundaries of feminine roles without too much transgression, Gibson depicted her as an equal and sometimes teasing companion to men. She was also dominant, for example, literally examining comical little men under a magnifying glass, or, in a breezy manner. Next to the beauty of a Gibson Girl, men appeared as simpletons or bumblers. Gibson illustrated men so captivated by her looks that they would follow her anywhere, attempting to fulfill any desire, even if it was absurd. One memorable drawing shows dumbstruck men following a Gibson Girls command to plant a young, leafless tree upside-down, roots in the air, most often, a Gibson Girl appeared single and uncommitted. However, a romance always relieved her boredom, once married, she was shown deeply frustrated if romantic love had disappeared from her life, but satisfied if socializing with girlfriends or happy when doting on her infant child. The artist believed that the Gibson Girl represented the beauty of American women, I saw her on the streets, I saw her at the theatres, I saw her in the churches. I saw her everywhere and doing everything, I saw her idling on Fifth Avenue and at work behind the counters of the stores
18.
Butterick Publishing Company
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The Butterick Publishing Company was founded by Ebenezer Butterick to distribute the first graded sewing patterns. By 1867, it had released its first magazine, Ladies Quarterly of Broadway Fashions and these magazines contained patterns and fashion news. In 1873, Butterick created The Delineator magazine, in 1903 the company built the Butterick Building at Spring and MacDougal Streets in Manhattan. Latshaw was president of the Butterick Publishing Co, one of Buttericks subsidiary companies was the Ridgway Company, which published the pulp magazines Everybodys Magazine and Adventure. In 1961, Butterick licensed the name and trademark Vogue Patterns from Condé Nast Publications, Inc. the company was purchased in 1967 by American Can Company and became a subsidiary renamed the Butterick Fashion Marketing Co. In the 1970s, sewing lost popularity and sales began to suffer, in 1983 Buttericks management group headed by Bill Wilson and John Lehmann purchased the company from American Can Company. William Proctor Wilson was the first chief officer of the privatized Butterick. In 1988 management sold approximately 60 percent of the company to Robert Basss Acadia Investors, in 1988 Wilson was succeeded as chief executive officer by John Lehmann. Butterick also published a series of pamphlets for children titled The Little Delineator, designed for both boys and girls, the pamphlets featured eight pages of stories, artwork and contests. Each issue focused on a theme and they also featured play ideas, and on teaching morals and values. The series did not have a focus as did The Delineator. Each issue offered some kind of prize or reward and a Deli-Club membership card, the series did not contain advertising. The companys Butterick Patterns, McCalls Patterns, and Vogue Patterns lines, as stated above and these continued to be sold from fabric and sewing-supplies stores like Jo-Ann Fabrics and Hancock Fabrics, Walmart commenced to offer them as well. In addition, the company expanded its on-line presence. Official website Works by Butterick Publishing Company at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Butterick Publishing Company at Internet Archive Butterick Publishing Company at the Online Books Page
19.
Vitagraph Studios
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Vitagraph Studios, also known as the Vitagraph Company of America, was a United States motion picture studio. It was founded by J. Stuart Blackton and Albert E. Smith in 1897 in Brooklyn, New York, by 1907 it was the most prolific American film production company, producing many famous silent films. It was bought by Warner Bros. in 1925, in 1896, English émigré Blackton was moonlighting as a reporter/artist for the New York Evening World when he was sent to interview Thomas Edison about his new film projector. The inventor talked the entrepreneurial reporter into buying a set of films, a year later, Blackton and business partner Smith founded the American Vitagraph Company in direct competition with Edison. A third partner, distributor William Pop Rock, joined in 1899, the companys first studio was located on the rooftop of a building on Nassau Street in Manhattan. Operations were later moved to the Midwood neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York, the companys first claim to fame came from newsreels, Vitagraph cameramen were on the scene to film events from the Spanish–American War of 1898. These shorts were among the first works of propaganda. In 1897 Vitagraph produced The Humpty Dumpty Circus, which was the first film to use the stop-motion technique, Blackton did his best to avoid lawsuits by buying a special license from Edison in 1907 and by agreeing to sell many of his most popular films to Edison for distribution. The American Vitagraph Company made many contributions to the history of movie-making, in 1903 the director Joseph Delmont started his career by producing westerns, he later became famous by using wild carnivores in his movies—a sensation for that time. In 1909 it was one of the ten production companies included in Edisons attempt to corner movie-making. Major stars included Florence Turner, Maurice Costello, Harry T. Morey, Jean and such stars as Helen Hayes, Viola Dana, Dolores Costello, Norma Talmadge, Constance Talmadge. Larry Trimble was a director of films for Turner and Jean. The first Les Miserables film adaptation, a short silent historical drama starring Maurice Costello as Jean Valjean, the film consists of four reels, each released over the course of three months beginning on 4 September to 27 November 1909. In 1910 a number of houses showed the five parts of the Vitagraph serial The Life of Moses consecutively. A long series of Shakespeare adaptations were the first done of the Bards works in the U. S. In 1911, Vitagraph produced the first aviation film, The Military Air-Scout, directed by William J. Humphrey, the 1915 feature The Battle Cry of Peace was one of the great propaganda films of World War I. Ironically, after America declared war, the film was modified for re-release because it was seen as not being sufficiently pro-war, World War I spelled the beginning of the end for Vitagraph. With the loss of foreign distributors and the rise of the monopolistic Studio system, on January 28,1925, it left the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, the owner, Albert E
20.
Albert E. Smith (producer)
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Albert Edward Smith was an English stage magician, film director and producer, and a naturalized American. He founded Vitagraph Studios with his business partner James Stuart Blackton in 1897, Smith was born 4 June 1874 or 1875 in Faversham, Kent. His family immigrated to the United States when he was still a child and he eventually teamed up with fellow English emigrants J. Stuart Blackton and Ronald Reader to form a touring performance, presenting magic, magic lanterns, drawings, ventriloquism, and recitations. In 1896, they acquired an Edison Vitascope, and in 1897 Blackton and Smith began producing silent films under the names Edison Vitagraph, in addition to director and producer, he was also an actor and screenwriter in his films. Smith married three times, including the actress Lucille Smith, who used the screen name Jean Paige, in 1952 Albert E. Smith, along with coauthor Phil A. Koury, published Smiths autobiography, Two Reels and a Crank. He gives an account of the Motion Picture Patents Company. 1n 1910, Vitagraph sent a permanent company to California including actors, directors, writers crafts people, the company shot at locations across the country including Ausable Chasm in upper New York State, and they made the first movie ever shot in the Grand Canyon. In February,1911 they arrived in Los Angeles and took up housing in a Santa Monica mansion, the frequently overcast skies by the beach quickly led to the establishment of Vitagraphs lot in East Hollywood. The lot is still active in production, and owned by the Walt Disney Company, at the intersection of Prospect, the last chapter includes a long list of people who worked for Vitagraph. March,1948, Smith received an Oscar Award at the 20th annual awards ceremony and it was presented by Jean Hersholt. After early legal issues with the Edison company, Vitagraph Studios was very successful in the silent era. However, it became unstable during World War I and in 1925, Smith sold the company to Warner Brothers. He died on 1 August 1958 in Los Angeles, California, Albert E. Smith at the Internet Movie Database
21.
D. W. Griffith
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David Wark D. W. Griffith was an American director, writer, and producer who pioneered modern filmmaking techniques. Griffith is best remembered for The Birth of a Nation and Intolerance, the Birth of a Nation made use of advanced camera and narrative techniques, and its popularity set the stage for the dominance of the feature-length film in the United States. Today, it is noted for its radical technique and condemned for its inherently racist philosophy. The film was subject to boycotts by the NAACP and, after screenings of the film had caused riots at several theaters, Intolerance, his next film, was, in part, an answer to his critics. By the time of his feature, The Struggle, he had made roughly 500 films. Griffith is one of the founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and he is credited with popularizing the use of the close-up shot. Griffith was born on a farm in Oldham County, Kentucky, Jacob was a Confederate Army colonel in the American Civil War and was elected as a Kentucky state legislator. He attended a one-room schoolhouse where he was taught by his older sister, after his father died when he was ten, the family struggled with poverty. When Griffith was 14, his mother abandoned the farm and moved the family to Louisville, Griffith then left high school to help support the family, taking a job in a dry goods store and later in a bookstore. Griffith began his career as an actor in touring companies. Meanwhile, he was learning how to become a playwright, but had little success—only one of his plays was accepted for a performance, Griffith then decided to become an actor, and appeared in many films as an extra. Griffith began making films in 1908, and released his first feature film, Judith of Bethulia. A few years earlier, in 1907, Griffith, still struggling as a playwright, Porter rejected Griffiths script, but gave him an acting part in Rescued from an Eagles Nest instead. Finding this attractive, Griffith began to explore a career as an actor in the picture business. At Biograph, Griffiths career in the industry would change forever. In 1908, Biographs main director Wallace McCutcheon grew ill, and his son, Wallace McCutcheon, McCutcheon, Jr. however, was not able to bring the studio any success. As a result, Biograph co-founder, Henry Harry Marvin, decided to give Griffith the position, Griffith would end up directing forty-eight shorts for the company that year. His short In Old California was the first film shot in Hollywood, four years later he produced and directed his first feature film Judith of Bethulia, one of the earliest to be produced in the United States
22.
Her Awakening
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Her Awakening is a 1911 American short silent drama film starring Mabel Normand and directed by D. W. Griffith. Normand portrays a vivaciously effervescent young woman ashamed to introduce her poorly dressed mother to her elegant suitor and this early drama helped launch Normands career and is believed to have been her second film and first substantial role. Robinson as Accident Witness Marion Sunshine Kate Toncray as Old Woman/Accident Witness Her Awakening at the Internet Movie Database
23.
Biograph Company
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The Biograph Company, also known as the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company, was a motion picture company founded in 1895 and active until 1928. The company was distinguished with pioneering director D. W. Griffith and such actors as Mary Pickford, Lillian Gish, an unrelated company, with the same name, was incorporated in California in 1991. As of 2012, its operations are suspended, the company was started by William Kennedy Dickson, an inventor at Thomas Edisons laboratory who helped pioneer the technology of capturing moving images on film. Dickson left Edison in April 1895, joining with inventors Herman Casler, Henry Marvin, in the summer of 1896 the Biograph projector was released, offering superior image quality to Edison’s Vitascope projector. The company soon became a leader in the industry, with distribution and production subsidiaries around the world including the British Mutoscope Company. In 1899 it changed its name to the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company, the camera used friction feed, instead of Edison’s sprocket feed, to guide the film to the aperture. The camera itself punched a hole on each side of the frame as the film was exposed at 30 frames per second. Biograph offered prints in both formats to exhibitors until 1905, when it discontinued the larger format, the occasional narrative film, usually a comedy, was typically shot in one scene, with no editing. Spurred on by competition from Edison and British and European producers, as the stories became more complex, the films became longer, with multiple scenes to tell the story, although an individual scene was still usually presented in one shot without editing. Biographs production of actualities ended by 1908 in favor of the narrative film, the companys first studio was located on the roof of 841 Broadway at 13th Street in Manhattan, known then as the Hackett Carhart Building and today as the Roosevelt Building. The set-up was similar to Thomas Edisons Black Maria in West Orange, New Jersey, as of 1988, the foundations of this machinery were still extant. The company moved in 1906 to a brownstone mansion at 11 East 14th Street near Union Square. This was Biographs first indoor studio, and the first movie studio in the world to rely exclusively on artificial light, Biograph moved again in 1913, as it entered feature film production, to a new, state-of-the-art studio on 175th Street in the Bronx. In order to make the audience aware that they were watching an American Biograph movie the AB logo would be prominently placed in random parts of the movie. Director D. W. Griffith joined Biograph in 1908 as a writer and actor, but within months became their principal director. In 1908, the head director Wallace McCutcheon grew ill, and his son, Wallace McCutcheon Jr. took his place. As a result of failed productions, studio head Henry Marvin gave the position of head director to Griffith. Although Griffith did not invent these techniques, he made them a part of the film vocabulary
24.
Oliver Hardy
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Oliver Norvell Babe Hardy was an American comic actor and one half of Laurel and Hardy, the classic double act that began in the era of silent films and lasted 25 years, from 1927 to 1951. He appeared with his comedy partner Stan Laurel in 107 short films, feature films and he was credited with his first film, Outwitting Dad, in 1914. In some of his works, he was billed as Babe Hardy. Oliver Hardy was born Norvell Hardy in Harlem, Georgia and his father Oliver was a Confederate veteran who had been wounded at the Battle of Antietam on September 17,1862. After his demobilization as an officer for Company K, 16th Georgia Regiment. He bought a share in a business and was elected full-time Tax Collector for Columbia County. Norvells mother Emily Norvell was the daughter of Thomas Benjamin Norvell and Mary Freeman, descended from Captain Hugh Norvell of Williamsburg, Virginia, Hardy and Norvell had married March 12,1890, it was the second marriage for the widow Emily, and the third for Oliver. He was of paternal English American descent and maternal Scottish American descent, the family moved to Madison in 1891, before Norvells birth. Emily Hardy owned a house in Harlem, which was either empty or rented out to tenant farmers, Norvell was likely born in Harlem, though some sources say that his birth occurred in Covington, his mothers hometown. His father died less than a year after his birth, Hardy was the youngest of five children. His older brother Sam Hardy died in a accident in the Oconee River. Hardy pulled his brother from the river but was unable to resuscitate him, as a child, Hardy was sometimes difficult. He was sent to Georgia Military College in Milledgeville as a youngster and he was sent to Young Harris College in north Georgia in the 1905-1906 school year fall semester when he was 13. He was in the junior high component of that institution of the time, Hardy had little interest in formal education, although he acquired an early interest in music and theater, possibly from his mothers tenants. He joined a group and later ran away from a boarding school near Atlanta to sing with the group. His mother recognized his talent for singing and sent him to Atlanta to study music, Hardy skipped some of his lessons to sing in the Alcazar Theater, a cinema, for US$3.50 a week. He subsequently decided to go back to Milledgeville, sometime prior to 1910, Hardy began styling himself Oliver Norvell Hardy, adding the first name Oliver as a tribute to his father. He appeared as Oliver N. Hardy in the 1910 U. S. census, Hardy was initiated into Freemasonry at Solomon Lodge No.20 in Jacksonville, Florida
25.
Boris Karloff
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He portrayed Frankensteins monster in Frankenstein, Bride of Frankenstein, and Son of Frankenstein, which resulted in his immense popularity. His best-known non-horror role is as the Grinch, as well as the narrator, Karloff guest starred in a 1966 TV episode of The Wild Wild West, The Night of the Golden Cobra. He also had a role in the original Scarface. For his contribution to film and television, Boris Karloff was awarded two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, Boris Karloff was born William Henry Pratt on 23 November 1887, at 36 Forest Hill Road, Camberwell, London, England. Pratt himself stated that he was born in Dulwich, which is nearby in London and his parents were Edward John Pratt, Jr. and Eliza Sarah Millard. His maternal grandparents were James Millard and Eliza Julia Edwards, a sister of Anna Leonowens, the two sisters may have had some Anglo-Indian ancestry. Pratt spent his years in Enfield, in the County of Middlesex. He was the youngest of nine children, and following his mothers death was brought up by his elder siblings and he received his early education at Enfield Grammar School, and later at the private schools of Uppingham School and Merchant Taylors School. After this, he attended Kings College London where he took studies aimed at a career with the British Governments Consular Service. However, in 1909, he left university without graduating and drifted, departing England for Canada and his brother, Sir John Thomas Pratt, became a distinguished British diplomat. He was bow-legged, had a lisp, and stuttered as a young boy and he conquered his stutter, but not his lisp, which was noticeable throughout his career in the film industry. He began appearing in theatrical performances In Canada, and during this period he chose the screen name Boris Karloff, some have theorised that he took the stage name from a mad scientist character in the novel The Drums of Jeopardy called Boris Karlov. However, the novel was not published until 1920, at least eight years after Karloff had been using the name on stage, however, his daughter Sara Karloff publicly denied any knowledge of Slavic forebears, Karloff or otherwise. One reason for the change was to prevent embarrassment to his family. Whether or not his brothers actually considered young William the black sheep of the family for having become an actor, Karloff apparently worried they felt that way. He did not reunite with his family until he returned to Britain to make The Ghoul, extremely worried that his siblings would disapprove of his new, instead, his brothers jostled for position around him and happily posed for publicity photographs. After the photo was taken, Karloff’s brothers immediately started asking about getting a copy of their own of it, the story of the photo became one of Karloff’s favorites. Karloff joined the Jeanne Russell Company in 1911 and performed in towns like Kamloops, British Columbia, after the devastating tornado in Regina on 30 June 1912, Karloff and other performers helped with clean-up efforts
26.
Stan Laurel
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Stan Laurel was an English comic actor, writer, and film director, most famous for his role in the comedy duo Laurel and Hardy. He appeared with his comedy partner Oliver Hardy in 107 short films, feature films, Laurel began his career in music hall, where he appropriated a number of his standard comic devices, the bowler hat, the deep comic gravity, and the nonsensical understatement. His performances polished his skills at pantomime and music hall sketches, Laurel was a member of Fred Karnos Army, where he was Charlie Chaplins understudy. With Chaplin, the two arrived in the US on the ship from Britain with the Karno troupe. Laurel began his career in films in 1917 and made his last appearance in 1951, from 1928 onwards, he appeared exclusively with Oliver Hardy. Laurel officially retired from the following his comedy partners death in 1957. In 1961, Laurel was given a Lifetime Achievement Academy Award for his work in comedy. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7021 Hollywood Blvd, Laurel and Hardy ranked top among best double acts and seventh overall in a 2005 UK poll to find the Comedians Comedian. In 2009, a statue of the duo was unveiled in Laurels home town of Ulverston. Arthur Stanley Jefferson was born in his grandparents house on 16 June 1890 at 3 Argyle Street, Ulverston, Lancashire and he had two brothers and a sister. His parents Margaret and Arthur Jefferson were both active in the theatre and always very busy, in his early years, the boy spent much time living with his grandmother Sarah Metcalfe. He attended school at King James I Grammar School, Bishop Auckland, County Durham and he moved with his parents to Glasgow, Scotland, where he completed his education at Rutherglen Academy. His father managed Glasgows Metropole Theatre, where Laurel began work and his boyhood hero was Dan Leno, one of the greatest English music hall comedians. It was the hall from where he drew his standard comic devices, including his bowler hat. He joined Fred Karnos troupe of actors in 1910 with the name of Stan Jefferson. The music hall nurtured him, and he acted as Chaplins understudy for some time, Chaplin and Laurel arrived in the United States on the same ship from Britain with the Karno troupe and toured the country. From 1916 to 1918, he teamed up with Alice Cooke and Baldwin Cooke, amongst other performers, Laurel worked briefly alongside Oliver Hardy in a silent film short The Lucky Dog. This was before the two were a team and it was around this time that Laurel met Mae Dahlberg
27.
Pieing
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Pieing is the act of throwing a pie at a person or people. Non-consensual pieing is an offence in criminal law, and depending on jurisdiction is a battery. Non-consensual pieing may also be actionable as a civil wrong resulting in the victim of the pieing to recover damages in a lawsuit from the tortfeasor, perpetrators generally regard the act as a form of ridicule to embarrass and humiliate the victim. In pieing, the goal is usually to humiliate the victim while avoiding actual injury, for this reason the pie is traditionally of the cream variety without a top crust, and is rarely if ever a hot pie. In Britain, a pie in the context of throwing is traditionally referred to as a custard pie, an aluminum pie pan or paper plate filled with whipped cream or shaving foam can substitute for a real pie. Pieing and pie fights are a staple of slapstick comedy, and pie tosses are also common charity fundraising events, pieing has its origins in the pie in the face gag from slapstick comedy, first seen in the 1909 Essanay Studios silent film Mr. Flip starring Ben Turpin. In the story, Turpin has a pie pushed into his face for taking liberties with a woman, beginning in 1913 with That Ragtime Band and A Noise from the Deep, filmmaker Mack Sennett became known for using one or two thrown pies in many of his comedy shorts. Sennett had a rule about who received the pies, A mother never gets hit with a custard pie. At least a dozen films have been made incorporating extended pie-throwing battles. The first was Charlie Chaplins Behind the Screen released in 1916, the definitive pie fight in film occurs in The Battle of the Century starring Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy, using 3,000 pies. Our Gangs Shivering Shakespeare winds up with a full of people throwing pies. The 1935 short subject Keystone Hotel featured a large pie-fight ending with the taking a pie. In 1941, another major pie-fight film appeared, The Three Stooges In the Sweet Pie and Pie, a Technicolor film involving pies was the 1965 comedy, The Great Race, known for having the largest pie fight in cinematic history. Its $200,000 pie-fight scene used one large cake and 4,000 pies, Pie fights also featured in Beach Party, Smashing Time and Blazing Saddles. In Bugsy Malone, the splurge guns resembled spud guns which fired custard, original plans called for Dr. Strangelove to end with a pie fight, the scene, though filmed, was ultimately deemed excessively farcical by director Stanley Kubrick and removed from the final cut. Surviving stills from the pie fight have appeared online. There are many instances in the Looney Tunes series of cartoons where characters pie each other in the face, Bugs Bunny repeatedly hits Elmer Fudd with cream pies during a scene in Slick Hare. In Shishkabugs, Bugs Bunny releases a spring-loaded pie into the face of the king, causing the royal cook Yosemite Sam to be led away to a dungeon, Daffy Dilly has Daffy Duck trying to cure a dying millionaire by getting him to laugh
28.
Making a Living
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Making a Living is the first film starring Charlie Chaplin. It premiered on February 2,1914, Chaplin plays Edgar English, a lady-charming swindler who runs afoul of the Keystone Kops. It was written and directed by Henry Lehrman, chaplins character attempts to convince a passerby to give him money. Chaplin is then shown flirting with a woman and proposes to her, Lehrman enters to present the woman with flowers and a ring, which the woman refuses citing shes engaged. Lehman sees Chaplin and a fight between the two ensues. A short pursuit with the Keystone Kops follows, Chaplin wore a large moustache and a top hat in this film, he also carries a walking cane. In later accounts Chaplin lamented that the best of his performance had left out of the final cut. Lehrman later admitted to deliberately mishandling the cutting of the out of spite for Chaplin. The Fremont Hotel, Los Angeles is shown briefly in the background of a scene in the road. This is one of only a couple of films in which Chaplin and the Keystone Cops both appear
29.
Marie Dressler
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Marie Dressler was a Canadian-American stage and screen actress, comedian and early silent film and Depression-era film star. Successful on stage in vaudeville and comic operas, she was successful in film. In 1914, she was in the first full-length film comedy, leaving home at the age of 14, Dressler built a career on stage in traveling theatre troupes. While not conventionally beautiful, she learned early to appreciate her talent in making people laugh, in 1892, she started a career on Broadway that lasted into the 1920s, performing comedic roles that allowed her to improvise to get laughs. From one of her successful Broadway roles, she played the role in the first full-length screen comedy, 1914s Tillies Punctured Romance, opposite Charles Chaplin. She would make several shorts but mostly worked in New York City on stage, during World War I, along with other celebrities, she helped sell Liberty Bonds. In 1919, she helped organize the first union for stage chorus players and her career declined in the 1920s and Dressler was reduced to living on her savings while sharing an apartment with a friend. In 1927, she returned to films at the age of 59 and she won the Academy Award for Best Actress in 1930–31 for Min and Bill and was named the top film star for 1932 and 1933. She died of cancer in 1934, leilas elder sister was Bonita Louise Koerber, who later married playwright Richard Ganthony. Her father was a teacher in Cobourg and the organist at St. Peters Anglican Church. According to Dressler, the family moved from community to community during her childhood. It has been suggested by Cobourg historian Andrew Hewson that Dressler attended a private school and her first known acting appearance was as Cupid at age five in a church theatrical performance in Lindsay, Ontario. Residents of the towns the Koerbers lived in recalled Dressler acting in amateur productions. Dressler left home at 14 to begin her career with the Nevada Stock Company. The pay was either $6 or $8 per week, and Dressler sent half to her mother and it was at this time that Dressler adopted the name of an aunt as her stage name. According to Dressler, her father objected to her using the name of Koerber, the identity of the aunt was never confirmed, though Dressler denied that she adopted the name from a store awning. Dresslers sister Bonita, five years older, left home at about the same time, Bonita also worked in the opera company. The Nevada Stock Company was a company that played mostly in the American Midwest
30.
Tillie's Punctured Romance (1914 film)
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Tillies Punctured Romance is a 1914 American silent comedy film directed by Mack Sennett and starring Marie Dressler, Mabel Normand, Charlie Chaplin, and the Keystone Cops. The picture was the first feature-length motion picture produced by the Keystone Film Company, the film is based on Dresslers stage play Tillies Nightmare by A. Baldwin Sloane and Edgar Smith. Tillies Punctured Romance is notable for being the last Chaplin film which he neither wrote nor directed, in it, Chaplin plays an entirely different role from his Tramp character, which was relatively new at the time. Charles Chaplin portrays a city man who meets Tillie in the country after a fight with his girlfriend. When he sees that Tillies father has a very large bankroll for his workers, in the city, he meets the woman he was seeing already, and tries to work around the complication to steal Tillies money. He gets Tillie drunk in a restaurant and asks her to let him hold the pocketbook, since she is drunk, she agrees, and he escapes with his old girlfriend and the money. Later that day, they see a show entitled A Thiefs Fate. They both feel guilty and leave the theater, while sitting on a park bench, a paperboy asks him to buy a newspaper. He does so, and reads the story about Tillies Uncle Banks, Tillie is named sole heir and inherits three million dollars. The man leaves his girlfriend on the bench and runs to the restaurant. He begs her to him back and although she is skeptical at first, she believes that he truly loves her. They move into the mansion and throw a big party. The uncle is found on a mountaintop, alive after all and he goes back to his mansion, in disarray after Tillie instigated a gunfight which, luckily, did not harm anyone. Uncle Banks insists that Tillie be arrested for the damage she has caused to his house, the three run from the cops all the way to a dock, where a car bumps Tillie into the water. She flails about, hoping to be rescued and she is eventually pulled to safety, and both Tillie and the mans girlfriend realize that they are too good for him. He leaves, and the two become friends. The film, which costs roughly $50,000 to make, was based on the Broadway play Tillies Nightmare, which Dressler had great success in, on Broadway, Dressler would revive the play with her own touring company. Although he wears a mustache, Chaplins characterization in this movie is different from that of his beloved Little Tramp
31.
The Tramp
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The Tramp, also known as The Little Tramp, was British actor Charlie Chaplins most memorable on-screen character and an icon in world cinema during the era of silent film. However, while he is ready to take what paying work is available, he uses his cunning to get what he needs to survive. Chaplins films did not always portray the Tramp as a vagrant, the character was rarely referred to by any names onscreen, although he was sometimes identified as Charlie and rarely, as in the original silent version of The Gold Rush, The Little funny Tramp. That was actually the first film featuring the Tramp but a different film, shot later but with the same character, the Tramp debuted to the public in the Keystone comedy Kid Auto Races at Venice. Chaplin, with his Little Tramp character, quickly became the most popular star in Keystone director Mack Sennetts company of players, Chaplin continued to play the Tramp through dozens of short films and, later, feature-length productions. The 1931 production City Lights featured no dialogue, Chaplin officially retired the character in the film Modern Times, which appropriately ended with the Tramp walking down an endless highway toward the horizon. The film was only a partial talkie and is called the last silent film. The Tramp remains silent until near the end of the film when, for the first time, his voice is finally heard and this allowed the Tramp to finally be given a voice but not tarnish his association with the silent era. In The Great Dictator, Chaplins first film after Modern Times, Chaplin plays the role of a Hitler-esque dictator. Although Chaplin emphatically stated that the barber was not The Tramp, he retains the Tramps moustache, hat, two films Chaplin made in 1915, The Tramp and The Bank, created the characteristics of his screen persona. A vaudeville performer named Lew Bloom created a similar character which inspired Chaplin. According to Bloom, he was the first stage tramp in the business. The physical attributes of the Tramp include a pair of pants, a tight coat, a small bowler hat, a large pair of shoes, a springy and flexible cane. The Tramp walks strangely and uncomfortably because of the clothing, either he is wearing secondhand clothes, or they are originally his. The Tramp was usually the victim of circumstance and coincidence, because of this, the warden offers to let him go, but the Tramp would rather stay in jail because it is better than the outside world. Chaplins social commentary, while critical of the faults and excesses created by the capitalist system, also shows support and belief in the “American Dream”. In Modern Times, Chaplin creates a consistent with popular leftist stereotypes of wealthy capitalists and oppressed workers in the 1930s. ”While the Tramp and his fellow workers sweat on the assembly line. The obsession of working with efficiency and assembly line productivity ultimately drives the Tramp mad
32.
Samuel Goldwyn
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Samuel Goldwyn, also known as Samuel Goldfish, was a Jewish Polish American film producer. He was most well known for being the founding contributor and executive of several motion picture studios in Hollywood and his awards include the 1973 Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award, the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award in 1947, Goldwyn was born Szmuel Gelbfisz in Warsaw, Kingdom of Poland, Russian Empire, to a Hasidic, Polish Jewish family. His parents were Aaron Dawid Gelbfisz, a peddler, and his wife, at an early age, he left Warsaw on foot and penniless. He made his way to Birmingham, United Kingdom, where he remained with relatives for a few years using the name Samuel Goldfish and he was 16 when his father died. In 1898, he emigrated to the United States, but fearing refusal of entry, he got off the boat in Nova Scotia, Canada and he found work in upstate Gloversville, New York, in the bustling garment business. Soon his innate marketing skills made him a successful salesman at the Elite Glove Company. After four years, as vice-president of sales, he moved back to New York City, in 1913, Goldfish along with his brother-in-law Jesse L. Lasky, Cecil B. DeMille, and Arthur Friend formed a partnership, The Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Company, film rights for the stage play, The Squaw Man were purchased for $4,000 and Dustin Farnum was hired for the leading role. Shooting for the first feature made in Hollywood began on December 29,1913. In 1914, Paramount was an exchange and exhibition corporation headed by W. W. Hodkinson. Looking for more movies to distribute, Paramount signed a contract with the Lasky Company on June 1,1914 to supply 36 films per year, one of Paramounts other suppliers was Adolph Zukors Famous Players Company. The two companies merged on June 28,1916 forming The Famous Players-Lasky Corporation, Zukor had been quietly buying Paramount stock, and two weeks prior to the merger, became president of Paramount Pictures Corporation and had Hodkinson replaced with Hiram Abrams, a Zukor associate. With the merger, Zukor became president of both Paramount and Famous Players-Lasky, with Goldfish being named chairman of the board of Famous Players-Lasky, and Jesse Lasky first vice-president. After a series of conflicts with Zukor, Goldfish resigned as chairman of the board, Goldfish was out as an active member of management, although he still owned stock and was a member of the board of directors. Famous Players-Lasky would later part of Paramount Pictures Corporation. In 1916, Goldfish partnered with Broadway producers Edgar and Archibald Selwyn, seeing an opportunity, he then had his name legally changed to Samuel Goldwyn, which he used for the rest of his life. Goldwyn Pictures proved successful but it is their Leo the Lion trademark for which the organization is most famous, on April 10,1924, Goldwyn Pictures was acquired by Marcus Loew and merged into his Metro Pictures Corporation
33.
Photoplay
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Photoplay is a dated term for a motion picture that can also refer to a type of novel popular during the silent era of Hollywood. Photoplay was one of the first American film fan magazines and it was founded in 1911 in Chicago, the same year that J. Stuart Blackton founded Motion Picture Story, a magazine also directed at fans. For most of its run, Photoplay was published by Macfadden Publications, Photoplay began as a short-fiction magazine concerned mostly with the plots and characters of films at the time and was used as a promotional tool for those films. In 1915, Julian Johnson and James R. Quirk became the editors, by 1918 the circulation exceeded 200,000, with the popularity of the magazine fueled by the publics increasing interest in the private lives of celebrities. Photoplay reached its apex in the 1920s and 1930s and was considered influential within the motion picture industry. The magazine was renowned for its portraits of film stars on the cover by such artists as Earl Christy. Macfadden Publications purchased the magazine in 1934, with the advancement of color photography, the magazine began using photographs of the stars instead by 1937. The magazine was edited by Quirk until 1932, later editors include Kathyrn Dougherty, Ruth Waterbury and it also featured the health and beauty advice of Sylvia of Hollywood, arguably the first fitness guru to the stars. Beginning in 1920, Photoplay gave out what is considered the first significant annual movie award, the worth of its dramatic message. By 1939 the Medal of Honor had declined in importance and the award was discontinued that year. From 1944 to 1968, Photoplay awarded a Gold Medal for film of the based on polling done by George Gallups Audience Research Inc. through the 1950s. It also awarded Most Popular Male Star and Most Popular Female Star based on an actor and actress popularity, the awards were based on polling through the 1950s, and then on a vote by the readers, similar to the Gold Medal. Most popular television stars were named in the 1960s. In 1948, the Photoplay Awards were broadcast on television as part of The Steve Allen Plymouth Show. Photoplay merged with another fan magazine, Movie Mirror, in 1941, and with TV-Radio Mirror in 1977, the magazine ceased publication in 1980 and its staff were moved to Us magazine. A British version of Photoplay debuted in 1950, featuring a mix of American and British films and stars. Original Photoplay interview with Greta Garbo - as told by her to Ruth Biery
34.
Robert Giroux
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Robert Giroux was an American book editor and publisher. Starting his editing career with Harcourt, Brace & Co. he was hired away to work for Roger W. Straus, Jr. at Farrar & Straus in 1955, where he became a partner and, eventually, its chairman. The firm was known as Farrar, Straus and Giroux. In his career stretching over five decades, he edited some of important voices in 20th century fiction including, T. S. The youngest of five children, Giroux was born in Jersey City, New Jersey to Arthur J. Giroux, a foreman for a manufacturer, and Katharine Lyons Giroux. Robert Giroux was one of five children, Arnold, Lester, Estele, Josephine and Robert, both sisters left high school to work so that Giroux could pursue a higher education. His sisters Josephine and Estelle left school to work and contribute money so that Bob could continue his education and he has three nieces, Maclovia, Kathleen and Roberta, whom he was close to throughout his life. Soon, though, he found himself drawn to literature and his main classroom mentors were the poet and critic Mark Van Doren and Raymond Weaver, the first biographer of Herman Melville, who had discovered the novella, Billy Budd in manuscript form in 1924. As he later noted, a book is often ahead of its time. Upon graduating in 1936, he declined Van Dorens offer of a Kellett Fellowship at Cambridge University, Giroux started his career with a job with the Columbia Broadcasting System in public relations. After working there for four years, he found his first editing job as an editor, at Harcourt. Among the first works he edited was Edmund Wilsons work on 19th-century socialist thinkers, To the Finland Station, Roger W. Straus Jr. suggested that he could get him $1,000 by selling it to a mass publication. Rescue at Truk ran in Colliers and was widely anthologized. He published an article about the Capture at Truk which made the cover of Life magazine, in 1948, Giroux rejoined Harcourt, where he became executive editor and worked the supervision of Frank Morley, a former director of Faber & Faber. He published many novels rejected by other publishing houses, such as Bernard Malamuds The Natural, Kerouacs The Town and he also worked on Thomas Mertons autobiography, The Seven Storey Mountain. Impressed by Lowells manuscript, Giroux published the collection Lord Wearys Castle immediately, in a PBS documentary on Lowell, Giroux states that it was the most successful book of poems that he ever published. This development did not turn out amicably for the two, in a 2000 interview with George Plimpton in The Paris Review, he called Reynal tactless and a terrible snob. From 1948 to 1955, Giroux continued to edit important works, by 1951, his reputation as Americas foremost editor had attracted foreign writers
35.
Cocaine
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Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug. It is commonly snorted, inhaled, or injected into the veins, mental effects may include loss of contact with reality, an intense feeling of happiness, or agitation. Physical symptoms may include a fast heart rate, sweating, high doses can result in very high blood pressure or body temperature. Effects begin within seconds to minutes of use and last between five and ninety minutes, Cocaine has a small number of accepted medical uses such as numbing and decreasing bleeding during nasal surgery. Cocaine is addictive due to its effect on the pathway in the brain. After a short period of use, there is a risk that dependence will occur. Its use also increases the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, lung problems in those who smoke it, blood infections, Cocaine sold on the street is commonly mixed with local anesthetics, cornstarch, quinine, or sugar which can result in additional toxicity. Following repeated doses a person may have decreased ability to feel pleasure, Cocaine acts by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. This results in concentrations of these three neurotransmitters in the brain. It can easily cross the barrier and may lead to the breakdown of the barrier. Cocaine is made from the leaves of the plant which are mostly grown in South America. In 2013,419 kilograms were produced legally and it is estimated that the illegal market for cocaine is 100 to 500 billion USD each year. With further processing crack cocaine can be produced from cocaine, after cannabis, cocaine is the most frequently used illegal drug globally. Between 14 and 21 million people use the drug each year, use is highest in North America followed by Europe and South America. Between one and three percent of people in the world have used cocaine at some point in their life. In 2013 cocaine use resulted in 4,300 deaths. The leaves of the plant have been used by Peruvians since ancient times. Cocaine was first isolated from the leaves in 1860, since 1961 the international Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs has required countries to make recreational use of cocaine a crime
36.
Contract killing
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Contract killing is a form of murder in which one party hires another party to kill a target individual or group of people. It involves an agreement between two or more parties in which one party agrees to kill the target in exchange for some form of payment. Either party may be a person, group, or an organization, contract killing has been associated with organized crime, government conspiracies and with vendettas. For example, in the United States, the gang Murder, contract killing provides the hiring party with the advantage of not having to commit the actual killing, making it more difficult for law enforcement to connect said party with the murder. In the United States, the United Kingdom, and many other countries, any contract to commit an indictable offense is not enforceable under contract law. Thus, if a hitman takes the money but then fails or refuses to perform, conversely, if the hitman performs the killing as promised but the customer refuses to pay, the hitman cannot sue the customer for monetary damages. Furthermore, both the killer and the person who paid the killer can be found guilty of murder. In some U. S. jurisdictions with capital punishment, a contract killing may be a special circumstance that allows for the contractor as well as the killer to receive the death penalty, criminal code statutes prohibiting solicitation of murder are also intended to curb contract killings. The study also found that the payment for a hit was $15,000 with variation from $5,000 up to $30,000. Contract killings accounted for 2% of murders in Australia during that time period, contract killings also make up a relatively similar percentage of all killings elsewhere. For example, they made up about 5% of all murders in Scotland from 1993 to 2002, Siegel was also the Italian mobs main hitman during Prohibition. Vincent Coll, an Irish-American hitman who worked for Dutch Schultz, li Fuguo, a Tang Dynasty Eunuch killed by a hitman hired by Emperor Tang Daizong. Shiori Ino, a 21-year-old University student killed by hitman Yoshifumi Kubota and he was paid by her ex-boyfriend and his brother, the case gained some notoriety in Japan. Grady Stiles, freak show performer whose family hired a hitman to kill him because of his abusiveness, Harry Greenberg, a Mafia associate of Charles Lucky Luciano, Meyer Lansky, and Siegel. He was killed by Siegel, Whitey Krakower, Albert Tannenbaum, Joe Masseria, was a Mafia boss that was murdered by Siegel, Vito Genovese, and Lepke Buchalter in 1931. Salvatore Maranzano, was a Castellammarese Mafia boss and rival to Masseria in the Castellammarese War and was killed by Siegel, benjamin Siegel, Las Vegas mob boss and Flamingo Hotel owner, killed by unknown assailants in 1947. Nicole Doucet Ryan attempted to hire an undercover Royal Canadian Mounted Police officer to kill her husband, after ruling she could not use the defense of duress, the Supreme Court of Canada ordered she not be retried. Tim Lambesis, former vocalist of metal bands As I Lay Dying, Austrian Death Machine and Pyrithion
37.
Los Angeles Police Department
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The Los Angeles Police Department, officially the City of Los Angeles Police Department, is the law enforcement agency for the city of Los Angeles, California, United States. With 9,843 officers and 2,773 civilian staff, it is the third-largest municipal police department in the United States, after the New York City Police Department, the department serves an area of 498 square miles and a population of 4,030,904 people. The LAPD has been fictionalized in numerous movies, novels, the department has also been associated with a number of controversies, mainly concerned with racism, police brutality, and police corruption. The first specific Los Angeles police force was founded in 1853, as the Los Angeles Rangers, the Rangers were soon succeeded by the Los Angeles City Guards, another volunteer group. Neither force was particularly efficient and Los Angeles became known for its violence, gambling, the first paid force was created in 1869, when six officers were hired to serve under City Marshal William C. Warren. By 1900, under John M. Glass, there were 70 officers, in 1903, with the start of the Civil Service, this force was increased to 200. During World War II, under Clemence B, horrall, the overall number of personnel was depleted by the demands of the military. Despite efforts to maintain numbers, the police could do little to control the 1943 Zoot Suit Riots, Parker advocated police professionalism and autonomy from civilian administration. However, the Bloody Christmas scandal in 1951 led to calls for civilian accountability, under Parker, LAPD created the first SWAT team in United States law enforcement. Officer John Nelson and then-Inspector Daryl Gates created the program in 1965 to deal with threats from radical organizations such as the Black Panther Party operating during the Vietnam War era. The old headquarters for the LAPD was Parker Center, named former chief William H. Parker. The new headquarters is the new Police Administration Building located at 100 W. 1st St. immediately south of Los Angeles City Hall, the Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners also known as the Police Commission, is a five-member body of appointed officials which oversees the LAPD. The board is responsible for setting policies for the department and overseeing the LAPDs overall management, the Chief of Police reports to the board, but the rest of the department reports to the chief. The Office of the Inspector General is an independent part of the LAPD that has oversight over the department’s internal disciplinary process and it was created by the recommendation of the Christopher Commission and it is exempt from civil service and reports directly to the Board of Police Commissioners. The current Inspector General is Alexander A. Bustamante who was formerly an Assistant United States Attorney, the OIG receives copies of every complaint filed against members of the LAPD as well as tracking specific cases along with any resultant litigation. The OIG also conducts audits on select investigations and conducts regular reviews of the system in order to ensure fairness. As well as overseeing the LAPDs disciplinary process, the Inspector General may undertake special investigations as directed by the Board of Police Commissioners, the Office of the Chief of Police is the administrative office comprising the Chief of Staff and the Employee Relations Group. The majority of the LAPDs approximately 10,000 officers are assigned within the Office of Operations, an Assistant Chief, currently First Assistant Chief Michel Moore, commands the office, and reports directly to the chief of police
38.
Virginia Rappe
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Virginia Rappe was an American model and silent film actress. She worked mostly in bit parts, and is best known for her death after attending a party with actor Roscoe Arbuckle. Virginia Caroline Rapp was born in Chicago to a mother, Mabel Rapp. Virginia was then raised by her grandmother in Chicago, at age 14 she began working as a commercial and art model in Chicago. In 1916 she relocated to San Francisco to pursue her career as an artists model, shortly after the engagement Moscovitz was killed in a streetcar accident, whereupon she moved to Los Angeles. In early 1917 she was hired by director Fred Balshofer and given a prominent role in his Paradise Garden opposite popular screen star Harold Lockwood. This film was not released until 1920 when Balshofer recut it and released it under the title An Adventuress, in 1919, she began a relationship with director/producer Henry Lehrman, the two eventually became engaged. She appeared in at least four films for Lehrman, His Musical Sneeze, A Twilight Baby, Punch of the Irish, however, because many of Lehrmans films are lost, the exact number of roles she performed for him cannot be known. The circumstances of Rappes death in 1921 became a Hollywood scandal and were covered widely by the media of the time. During a party held on Labor Day, September 5,1921, in Roscoe Fatty Arbuckles suite, number 1219, at the St. Francis Hotel in San Francisco and she died on September 9,1921, from a ruptured bladder and secondary peritonitis. She is buried at Hollywood Forever Cemetery, rumors arose, supposedly to besmirch her character, that she had given birth to a child in Chicago in 1918, and that the child was given to foster care. These rumors were proven false by autopsy, the exact events of that party are still unclear, with witnesses relating numerous versions of what happened. It was alleged that she died as a result of a violent sexual assault by Arbuckle, Arbuckles accuser, Maude Delmont, had accompanied Rappe to the party, she had first met Rappe only a few days earlier. Subsequent witnesses testified that Rappe had for some time suffered from cystitis, witnesses also testified that she had previously suffered from venereal disease, so there were allegations that her death was brought on by her health rather than by an assault. We feel that an injustice has been done him… there was not the slightest proof adduced to connect him in any way with the commission of a crime. Arbuckles reputation and career were ruined by the scandal
39.
Hal Roach
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Hal Roach was born in Elmira, New York, the grandson of Irish immigrants. A presentation by the great American humorist Mark Twain impressed Roach as a grade school student. After an adventurous youth that took him to Alaska, Hal Roach arrived in Hollywood, California in 1912, upon coming into an inheritance, he began producing short film comedies in 1915 with his friend Harold Lloyd, who portrayed a character known as Lonesome Luke. In September 1916, Roach married actress Marguerite Nichols and they had two children, Hal Jr. and Margaret M. Roach. After 26 years of marriage, Marguerite died in 1940, Roach married a second time on September 1,1942, to Lucille Prin, a Los Angeles secretary. Roach and Lucille had four children, Elizabeth Carson Roach, Maria May Roach, Jeanne Alice Roach, unable to expand his studios in downtown Los Angeles because of zoning, Roach purchased what became the Hal Roach Studios from Harry Culver in Culver City, California. During the 1920s Roachs biggest rival was producer Mack Sennett, in 1925, Roach hired away Sennetts supervising director, F. Richard Jones. Roach released his films through Pathé Exchange until 1927, when he went to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and he converted his silent movie studio to sound in late 1928 and began releasing talking shorts in early 1929. In the days before dubbing, foreign versions of the Roach comedies were created by reshooting each film in the Spanish, French. Laurel & Hardy, Charley Chase, and the Our Gang kids were required to recite the foreign dialogue phonetically, in 1931, with the release of the Laurel & Hardy film Pardon Us, Roach began producing occasional full-length features alongside the short product. Short subjects became less profitable and were phased out by 1936, in 1937, Roach conceived a joint business venture partnering with Vittorio Mussolini, son of fascist Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, to form a production company called R. A. M. This proposed business alliance with Mussolini caused MGM to intervene and force Roach to pay his way out of the venture and this embarrassment, coupled with the underperformance of much of Roachs new feature product, led to the end of Roachs relationship with MGM. In May 1938, Roach ended his contract with MGM, selling them the production rights to, and actors contracts for Our Gang in the process. From 1937 to 1940, Roach concentrated on producing glossy features, most of his new films were either sophisticated farces or rugged action fare. Roachs one venture into heavy drama was the acclaimed Of Mice and Men, in which actors Burgess Meredith, the Laurel and Hardy comedies, once the Roach studios biggest drawing cards, were now the studios least important product and were phased out altogether in 1940. In 1940, Roach experimented with medium-length featurettes, running 40 to 50 minutes each and he contended that these streamliners, as he called them, would be useful in double-feature situations where the main attraction was a longer-length epic. Exhibitors agreed with him and used Roachs mini-features to balance top-heavy double bills, United Artists continued to release Roachs streamliners through 1943. By this time Roach no longer had a resident company of comedy stars, the studios were leased to the U. S. Army Air Forces, and the First Motion Picture Unit made 400 training, morale and propaganda films at Fort Roach
40.
F. Richard Jones
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Frank Richard Jones was an American director and producer. Born in St. Louis, Missouri, Dick Jones was sixteen years old when he became involved in the film industry in his hometown with the Atlas film company. A technician, Jones worked in the laboratory and other departments but his real interest lay behind the camera. With the industrys shift to Hollywood, in 1915 he joined Mack Sennett at his Keystone Studios where he put together a few scripts and was given the opportunity to direct, initially his directorial work was difficult but he dedicated himself to learning the job. Jones first came to prominence when Mabel Normand promoted him to co-direct the troubled feature Mickey, the film was a major success and Normand always credited Jones with having rescued the project. While at Keystone, Dick Jones met and married Irene Lentz, in 1923 Dick Jones began producing films but after directing and/or producing forty-five films for Keystone, including feature-length productions, in 1925 he was lured away from Hal Roach Studios. Although he directed films for Roach, Dick Jones worked mainly as a coordinator, serving as a production supervisor. In 1926, Jones was responsible for signing Mabel Normand to a contract with Roach Studios after health and he would direct or produce Normand in all five of her films made at Roach Studios until her permanent retirement in 1927. As well, during his time with Roach, Jones worked on nineteen different film projects with Stan Laurel, in later years, Laurel would state that it was Dick Jones who taught him everything about comedy filmmaking. Leaving Roach Studios at the end of 1927, Jones directed Douglas Fairbanks in the highly acclaimed adventure epic The Gaucho, Dick Jones first talkie was a mystery/thriller starring Ronald Colman and Joan Bennett titled Bulldog Drummond. At a time when a number of prominent silent film directors could not make the transition to sound, Jones first effort was heralded for its quality and his future looked bright. However, Jones soon fell ill, possibly from tuberculosis that ravaged Los Angeles in the early 1930s, F. Richard Jones died in 1930 at the age of thirty-seven. He left behind a widow, designer Irene Lentz, two wives, Carol and Josephine, and a daughter, Dickey. He is interred in the Great Mausoleum, Florentine Columbarium, at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, following the 1962 death of his wife Irene, she was interred next to him. F. Richard Jones at the Internet Movie Database F. Richard Jones at Find a Grave
41.
Leo McCarey
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Thomas Leo McCarey was a three-time Academy Award winning American film director, screenwriter and producer. He was involved in nearly 200 movies, the most well known today being Duck Soup, Make Way for Tomorrow, The Awful Truth, Going My Way, McCarey was one of the most popular and established comedy directors of the pre-World War II era. Born in Los Angeles, California, McCarey attended St. Joseph’s Catholic school and his father was Thomas J. McCarey, whom the Los Angeles Times called the greatest fight promoter in the world. Leo McCarey would later make a comedy with Harold Lloyd called The Milky Way. Leo McCarey graduated from the University of Southern California law school and besides the law tried mining, boxing and it was McCareys boyhood friend, the actor and future fellow director David Butler, who referred him to Browning. Browning convinced McCarey, despite his looks, to work on the creative side as a writer rather than as an actor. McCarey then honed his skills at the Hal Roach Studios, Roach had hired him as a gagman in 1923, after McCarey had impressed him with his sense of humor, following a game of handball together at a sports club. McCarey initially wrote gags for the Our Gang series and other stars, then produced and directed shorts. Chase would in fact become McCareys mentor, upon the comedians death in 1940, McCarey was quoted as saying, Whatever success I have had or may have, I owe to his help because he taught me all I know. The two men were especially compatible, as they enjoyed a hobby on the side trying to write popular songs. He only officially appeared as director of the duos shorts We Faw Down, Liberty and Wrong Again, by 1929, he was vice-president of production for the studio. Less well known from this period are the shorts he directed with Max Davidson when Roach put together the Irish-American McCarey with the Jewish-American actor for a series of dialect comedies. These shorts such as Pass The Gravy have been rediscovered in recent years, Pass The Gravy was added to the National Film Registry at the Library of Congress in 1999. In the sound era McCarey focused on feature-film direction, working with many of the biggest stars of the era, including Gloria Swanson, Eddie Cantor, a series of six films at Paramount came to a crashing halt with his production of Make Way for Tomorrow in 1937. Nonetheless the film was recognized early on for its importance by being selected for the permanent collection of the recently formed Museum Of Modern Art in New York City. In later years it became canonical, and even considered by some as McCareys masterpiece, due to champions such as Bertrand Tavernier, Charles Silver. Along with the similarity in their names, McCarey and Cary Grant shared a physical resemblance. As writer/director Peter Bogdanovich notes, After The Awful Truth, when it came to light comedy, there was Cary Grant, McCarey was a devout Roman Catholic and deeply concerned with social issues
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Mary Pickford
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Gladys Louise Smith, known professionally as Mary Pickford, was a Canadian-American film actress, writer, director, and producer. She was a co-founder of the film studio United Artists and one of the original 36 founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Known in her prime as Americas Sweetheart and the girl with the curls, Pickford was one of the Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood and a significant figure in the development of film acting. Pickford was one of the earliest stars to be billed under her name and she was awarded the second ever Academy Award for Best Actress for her first sound film role in Coquette and also received an honorary Academy Award in 1976. In consideration of her contributions to American cinema, the American Film Institute ranked Pickford as 24th in its 1999 list of greatest female stars of classic Hollywood Cinema, Mary Pickford was born Gladys Louise Smith in 1892 at 211 University Avenue, A Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Her father, John Charles Smith, was the son of English Methodist immigrants and her mother, Charlotte Hennessey, was of Irish Catholic descent and worked for a time as a seamstress. She had two siblings, Charlotte, called Lottie, and John Charles, called Jack, who also became actors. To please her husbands relatives, Pickfords mother baptized her children as Methodists, John Charles Smith was an alcoholic, he abandoned the family and died on February 11,1898, from a fatal blood clot caused by a workplace accident when he was a purser with Niagara Steamship. When Gladys was age four, her household was under infectious quarantine and their devoutly Catholic maternal grandmother asked a visiting Roman Catholic priest to baptize the children. Pickford was at this time baptized as Gladys Marie Smith, Charlotte Smith began taking in boarders after being widowed. One of these was a stage manager. At his suggestion, Gladys was given two roles, one as a boy and the other as a girl, in a stock company production of The Silver King at Torontos Princess Theatre. She subsequently acted in many melodramas with Torontos Valentine Company, finally playing the child role in their version of The Silver King. By the early 1900s, theatre had become a family enterprise, Gladys, her mother and two younger siblings toured the United States by rail, performing in third-rate companies and plays. After six impoverished years, Pickford allowed one more summer to land a role on Broadway. In 1906 Gladys, Lottie and Jack Smith supported singer Chauncey Olcott on Broadway in Edmund Burke, Gladys finally landed a supporting role in a 1907 Broadway play, The Warrens of Virginia. The play was written by William C. deMille, whose brother, Cecil, David Belasco, the producer of the play, insisted that Gladys Smith assume the stage name Mary Pickford. After completing the Broadway run and touring the play, however, on April 19,1909, the Biograph Company director D. W. Griffith screen-tested her at the companys New York studio for a role in the nickelodeon film, Pippa Passes
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