1.
Jerry Herman
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Jerry Herman is an American composer and lyricist, known for his work in Broadway musical theater. He composed the scores for the hit Broadway musicals Hello, Dolly, Mame, and La Cage aux Folles. He has been nominated for the Tony Award five times, and won twice, for Hello, Dolly. in 2009, Herman received the Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre. He is a recipient of the 2010 Kennedy Center Honors, raised in Jersey City, New Jersey by musically inclined middle-class Jewish parents, Herman learned to play piano at an early age, and the three frequently attended Broadway musicals. His father, Harry, was a gym teacher and in the worked in the Catskill Mountains hotels. His mother, Ruth, also worked in the hotels as a singer, pianist, and childrens teacher, Herman spent all of his summers there, from age 6 to 23. It was at camp that he first became involved in theatrical productions, finians Rainbow and A Tree Grows in Brooklyn. Herman graduated from Jersey Citys Henry Snyder High School, at the age of 17, Herman was introduced to Frank Loesser who, after hearing material he had written, urged him to continue composing. He left the Parsons School of Design to attend the University of Miami, while an undergraduate student at the University of Miami Herman produced, wrote and directed a college musical called Sketchbook. It was scheduled to run for three performances, but the show created an instant massive patron demand, Hermans Sketchbook attracted packed houses for an additional 17 performances before it ended. It was the longest running show in the history of University on Miami theater and he was also a member of the Zeta Beta Tau Fraternity. It opened at the Theatre de Lys in Greenwich Village on October 18,1954, and ran for 48 performances. It was his show his mother was able to see, shortly after it opened, she died of cancer at the age of forty-four. In 1957, Herman approached the owner of a West Fourth Street jazz club called the Showplace, as well as supplying the music, Herman wrote the book and directed the one-hour revue, called Nightcap. He asked his friend, Phyllis Newman, to do movement and dance, the show opened in May 1958 and ran for two years. Herman next collected enough original material to put together a revue called Parade in 1960. Herman directed with choreography by Richard Tone, the cast included Charles Nelson Reilly and Dody Goodman. It first opened at the Showplace and, expanded, moved to the Players Theatre in January 1960, in 1960, Herman made his Broadway debut with the revue From A to Z, which featured contributions from newcomers Woody Allen and Fred Ebb as well
2.
Broadway theatre
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Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
3.
West End theatre
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West End theatre is a common term for mainstream professional theatre staged in the large theatres of Theatreland in and near the West End of London. Along with New York Citys Broadway theatre, West End theatre is considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. Seeing a West End show is a common tourist activity in London, in 2013, ticket sales reached a record 14.4 million, making West End the largest English speaking audience in the world. Famous screen actors frequently appear on the London stage, helen Mirren received an award for her performance as the Queen on the West End stage, and then stated, theatre is such an important part of British history and British culture. Theatre in London flourished after the English Reformation, the first permanent public playhouse, known simply as The Theatre, was constructed in 1576 in Shoreditch by James Burbage. It was soon joined by The Curtain, both are known to have been used by William Shakespeares company. In 1599, the timber from The Theatre was moved to Southwark and these theatres were closed in 1642 due to the Puritans who would later influence the interregnum of 1649. After the Restoration, two companies were licensed to perform, the Dukes Company and the Kings Company, performances were held in converted buildings, such as Lisles Tennis Court. The first West End theatre, known as Theatre Royal in Bridges Street, was designed by Thomas Killigrew and built on the site of the present Theatre Royal and it opened on 7 May 1663 and was destroyed by a fire nine years later. It was replaced by a new designed by Christopher Wren and renamed the Theatre Royal. Outside the West End, Sadlers Wells Theatre opened in Islington on 3 June 1683. Taking its name from founder Richard Sadler and monastic springs that were discovered on the property, it operated as a Musick House, with performances of opera, as it was not licensed for plays. In the West End, the Theatre Royal Haymarket opened on 29 December 1720 on a site north of its current location. The Patent theatre companies retained their duopoly on drama well into the 19th century, by the early 19th century, however, music hall entertainments became popular, and presenters found a loophole in the restrictions on non-patent theatres in the genre of melodrama. Melodrama did not break the Patent Acts, as it was accompanied by music, initially, these entertainments were presented in large halls, attached to public houses, but purpose-built theatres began to appear in the East End at Shoreditch and Whitechapel. The West End theatre district became established with the opening of small theatres and halls. South of the River Thames, the Old Vic, Waterloo Road, the next few decades saw the opening of many new theatres in the West End. It abbreviated its name three years later, the theatre building boom continued until about World War I
4.
Musical theatre
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Musical theatre is a form of theatrical performance that combines songs, spoken dialogue, acting, and dance. The story and emotional content of a musical – humor, pathos, love, anger – are communicated through the words, music, movement, since the early 20th century, musical theatre stage works have generally been called, simply, musicals. These were followed by the numerous Edwardian musical comedies and the theatre works of American creators like George M. Cohan. Musicals are performed around the world and they may be presented in large venues, such as big-budget Broadway or West End productions in New York City or London. Alternatively, musicals may be staged in smaller fringe theatre, Off-Broadway or regional theatre productions, musicals are often presented by amateur and school groups in churches, schools and other performance spaces. In addition to the United States and Britain, there are vibrant musical theatre scenes in continental Europe, Asia, Australasia, Canada, the three main components of a book musical are its music, lyrics and book. The interpretation of a musical is the responsibility of its team, which includes a director. A musicals production is also characterized by technical aspects, such as set design, costumes, stage properties, lighting. The creative team, designs and interpretations generally change from the production to succeeding productions. Some production elements, however, may be retained from the production, for example. There is no fixed length for a musical, while it can range from a short one-act entertainment to several acts and several hours in length, most musicals range from one and a half to three hours. Musicals are usually presented in two acts, with one intermission, and the first act is frequently longer than the second. A book musical is usually built four to six main theme tunes that are reprised later in the show. Several shorter musicals on Broadway and in the West End have been presented in one act in recent decades, moments of greatest dramatic intensity in a book musical are often performed in song. Proverbially, when the emotion becomes too strong for speech, you sing, typically, many fewer words are sung in a five-minute song than are spoken in a five-minute block of dialogue. Therefore, there is time to develop drama in a musical than in a straight play of equivalent length. Within the compressed nature of a musical, the writers must develop the characters, the material presented in a musical may be original, or it may be adapted from novels, plays, classic legends, historical events or films. On the other hand, many musical theatre works have been adapted for musical films, such as West Side Story, My Fair Lady, The Sound of Music, Oliver
5.
Hollywood
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Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
6.
Mack Sennett
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Mack Sennett was a Canadian-born American director and actor and was known as an innovator of slapstick comedy in film. During his lifetime he was known at times as the King of Comedy and his short Wrestling Swordfish was awarded the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film in 1932 and he earned an Academy Honorary Award in 1937. Born Michael Sinnott in Richmond Ste-Bibiane Parish, Quebec, Canada, he was the son of Irish Catholic John Sinnott and Catherine Foy, the newlyweds moved the same year to Richmond, where John Sinnott was hired as a laborer. By 1883, when Michaels brother George was born, John Sinnott was working in Richmond as an innkeeper, John Sinnott and Catherine Foy had all their children and raised their family in Richmond, then a small Eastern Townships village. At that time, Michaels grandparents were living in Danville, Québec, Michael Sinnott moved to Connecticut when he was 17 years old. He lived for a while in Northampton, Massachusetts, where, according to his autobiography and he claimed that the most respected lawyer in town, Northampton mayor Calvin Coolidge, as well as Sennetts own mother, tried to talk him out of his musical ambitions. In New York City, Sennett became an actor, singer, dancer, clown, set designer, a major distinction in his acting career, often overlooked, is the fact that Sennett played Sherlock Holmes eleven times, albeit as a parody, between 1911 and 1913. With financial backing from Adam Kessel and Charles O. Bauman of the New York Motion Picture Company, Michael Mack Sennett founded Keystone Studios in Edendale, the original main building which was the first totally enclosed film stage and studio ever constructed, is still there today. Mack Sennetts slapstick comedies were noted for their wild car chases, additionally, Sennetts first female comedian was Mabel Normand, who became a major star under his direction and with whom he embarked on a tumultuous romantic relationship. Sennett also developed the Kid Comedies, a forerunner of the Our Gang films, two of those often named as Bathing Beauties do not belong on the list, Mabel Normand and Gloria Swanson. Mabel Normand was a player, and her 1912 8-minute film The Water Nymph may have been the direct inspiration for the Bathing Beauties. Although Gloria Swanson worked for Sennett in 1916 and was photographed in a suit, she was also a star. Not individually featured or named, many of young women ascended to significant careers of their own. They included Juanita Hansen, Claire Anderson, Marie Prevost, Phyllis Haver, in the 1920s Sennetts Bathing Beauties remained popular enough to provoke imitators like the Christie Studios Bathing Beauties and Fox Film Corporations Sunshine Girls. The Sennett Bathing Beauties would continue to appear through 1928, in 1917, Sennett gave up the Keystone trademark and organized his own company, Mack Sennett Comedies Corporation. Sennett went on to more ambitious comedy short films and a few feature-length films. During the 1920s, his subjects were in much demand, featuring stars like Billy Bevan, Andy Clyde, Harry Gribbon, Vernon Dent, Alice Day, Ralph Graves, Charlie Murray. He produced several features with his brightest stars such as Ben Turpin, many of Sennetts films of the early 1920s were inherited by Warner Bros
7.
Mabel Normand
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Mabel Ethelreid Normand was an American silent film actress, screenwriter, director, and producer. Onscreen, she appeared in 12 successful films with Charles Chaplin and 17 with Roscoe Fatty Arbuckle and she was not a suspect in either crime. Her film career declined, possibly due to scandals and a recurrence of tuberculosis in 1923, which led to a decline in her health, retirement from films. Born in New Brighton, Staten Island, New York, she grew up in a working-class family, Normands mother, Mary Minne Drury, of Providence, Rhode Island, was of Irish heritage, while her father was French Canadian. Her father Claude Normand was employed as a maker and stage carpenter at Sailors Snug Harbor home for elderly seamen. She embarked on a relationship with him, he later brought her across to California when he founded Keystone Studios in 1912. Her earlier Keystone films portrayed her as a beauty but Normand quickly demonstrated a flair for comedy. Normand appeared with Charles Chaplin and Roscoe Fatty Arbuckle in many films as well as Oliver Hardy, Stan Laurel. She played a key role in starting Chaplins film career and acted as his lady and mentor in a string of films in 1914. Chaplin had considerable initial difficulty adjusting to the demands of film acting, after his first film appearance in Making a Living, Sennett felt he had made a costly mistake. Most historians agree it was Normand who persuaded him to give Chaplin another chance, in 1914, she starred with Marie Dressler and Chaplin in Tillies Punctured Romance, the first feature-length comedy. She opened her own company in partnership with Mack Sennett 1916 and it was based in Culver City and was a subsidiary of the Triangle Film Corporation. She lost the company in 1918 when Triangle experienced a massive shake up which also saw Sennett lose Keystone, in 1918, as her relationship with Sennett came to an end, Normand signed a $3,500 per week contract with Samuel Goldwyn. Director William Desmond Taylor shared her interest in books, and the two formed a close relationship, according to author Robert Giroux, Taylor was deeply in love with Normand, who had originally approached him for help in curing her cocaine dependency. Based upon Normands subsequent statements to investigators, her repeated relapses were devastating for Taylor, according to Giroux, Taylor met with federal prosecutors shortly before his death and offered to assist them in filing charges against Normands cocaine suppliers. Giroux expresses a belief that Normands suppliers learned of this meeting, according to Giroux, Normand suspected the reasons for Taylors murder, but did not know the identity of the man who killed him. According to Kevin Brownlow and John Kobal in their book Hollywood The Pioneers the idea that Taylor was murdered by drug dealers was invented by the studio for publicity purposes. There is no evidence that Normand was an addict, despite the fact that this is repeated as if it were established fact
8.
Flatbush, Brooklyn
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Flatbush is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Founded in 1651 by Dutch colonists, the neighborhood, which consists of several subsections, had a population of 110,875 as of the 2010 United States Census, by the 2010s, the area was quickly gentrifying. Flatbush was a prior to being incorporated into the City of Brooklyn. Generally, the township was larger than what is considered Flatbush today by the residents of Brooklyn, the modern neighborhood includes or borders several institutions of note, including Prospect Park and Brooklyn College. The name Flatbush is a calque of the Dutch language Vlacke bos, Flatbush was originally chartered as the Dutch Nieuw Nederland colony town of Midwout in 1651. Both names were used in the Dutch era, and Midwood was a name for Flatbush into the early 20th century. In a reversal, Midwood, now the area south of Brooklyn College, is often alternatively called Flatbush. Midwoods residents predominately feature a mix of the latter and Irish Americans, Flatbush and the five other towns of what was to become Kings County, were surrendered to the English in 1664. The town was the county seat for Kings County and was a center of life for what is now called Brooklyn, Flatbush played a key role in the American Revolution. Flatbush was where significant skirmishes and battles of the Battle of Long Island took place, Kings County at the time had the highest concentration of slaves north of the Mason–Dixon line – almost one-third of the total population for the county were slaves. Loyalist residents of Flatbush included David Mathews, Mayor of New York City, Flatbush residents maintained their loyalist sympathies, the Kings Arms, for example, appeared in the towns inn for a half-century after the conclusion of the conflict. Many of the remaining early Dutch structures are in the Flatlands, Flatbush maintained a kind of distance from the rest of Brooklyn and New York, but the emergence of the subway in the 1920s connected it to surrounding areas in an unprecedented way. In the first half of the 20th century, Flatbush had a population of Irish-Americans, Italian-Americans. Much as it is today, it was a working-class neighborhood, a significant portion of Flatbush residents closely followed the Brooklyn Dodgers, which at the time were not only the team of Brooklyn but also of Flatbush in particular. Dodgers centerfielder Duke Snider was known as “the Duke of Flatbush”, by 1958, however, the Dodgers left Brooklyn, and Ebbets Field eventually was torn down. Due to shifting boundaries, Ebbets Field today technically would be in Crown Heights. During the 1970s and early 1980s, Flatbush experienced a shift in demographics as it went from being a mostly Irish, Italian, while most sections of Flatbush were working class before the demographic shift, there were a few affluent areas. Prospect Park South had a number of more affluent homeowners
9.
Brooklyn
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Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
10.
Keystone Studios
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The company filmed in and around Glendale and Silver Lake, Los Angeles, California for several years, and its films were distributed by the Mutual Film Corporation between 1912 and 1915. The original main building, the first totally enclosed film stage and it is located at 1712 Glendale Blvd in Echo Park, Los Angeles. The studio is perhaps best remembered for the era under Mack Sennett when he created the slapstick antics of the Keystone Cops, from 1912, charles Chaplin got his start at Keystone when Sennett hired him fresh from his vaudeville career to make silent films. In 1915 Keystone Studios became a production unit of the Triangle Film Corporation with D. W. Griffith. In 1917 Sennett gave up the Keystone trademark and organized his own company, Sennett, by then a celebrity, departed the studio in 1917 to produce his own independent films. Keystones business decreased after his departure, and finally closed after bankruptcy in 1935, much of the lighting and studio equipment from Keystone was bought by Reymond King - who started the Award Cinema Movie Equipment company in Venice, CA in November,1935. Keystone Studios is the studio in the film Swimming With Sharks. A new legal entity named Keystone Studios began again during 2005. Keystone obtained its new trademark in 2006, the Keystone Studios lot was an explorable location, as well as a major plot element, in the 2011 video game L. A. Noire, published by Rockstar Games. Category, Keystone Studios films Lahue, Kalton, Mack Sennetts Keystone, The man, the myth and the comedies, New York, Barnes, ISBN 978-0-498-07461-5 Neibaur, James L. Early Charlie Chaplin, The Artist as Apprentice at Keystone Studios, Lanham, MD, Scarecrow Press, ISBN 978-0-8108-8242-3 Walker, Brent, Mack Sennetts Fun Factory Jefferson, NC, McFarland, ISBN 978-0-7864-3610-1 Media related to Keystone Studios at Wikimedia Commons
11.
Keystone Cops
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The Keystone Cops were fictional incompetent policemen, featured in silent film comedies in the early 20th century. The movies were produced by Mack Sennett for his Keystone Film Company between 1912 and 1917, the idea for the Keystone Cops came from Hank Mann, who also played police chief Tehiezel in the first film before being replaced by Ford Sterling. Their first film was Hoffmeyers Legacy but their popularity stemmed from the 1913 short The Bangville Police starring Mabel Normand, as early as 1914, Sennet shifted the Keystone Cops from starring roles to background ensemble, in support of comedians like Charlie Chaplin and Fatty Arbuckle. John, and Wished on Mabel with Arbuckle and Normand, among others, comedian/actors Chester Conklin, Jimmy Finlayson, Ford Sterling and director Del Lord were also Keystone Cops. In 2010, the previously lost short A Thief Catcher was rediscovered at a sale in Michigan. The short, filmed in 1914, stars Ford Sterling, Mack Swain, Edgar Kennedy, bag o Rags, the Keystone Kops unofficial theme music, was composed in 1912 by William Mac McKanless, an African-American orchestra leader, pianist and songwriter. The original Keystone Cops numbered only seven, George Jeske, Bobby Dunn, Mack Riley, Charles Avery, Slim Summerville, Edgar Kennedy, Mack Sennett continued to use the Keystone Cops intermittently through the 1920s. By the time sound arrived, the Keystone Cops popularity had waned. This footage has been used countless times in later productions purporting to use silent-era material, the Staub version of the Keystone Cops became a template for later re-creations. 20th Century Foxs 1939 feature Hollywood Cavalcade had Buster Keaton in a Keystone chase scene, however, during his own silent film career, the nearest Keaton had appeared in a police comedy was The Goat and Cops. Abbott and Costello Meet the Keystone Kops included a lengthy chase scene, mel Brooks directed a car chase scene in the Keystone Cops style in his comedy film Silent Movie. By the 1950s surviving silent movie comedians could be pressed into service as Keystone Cops regardless of whether they appeared with the troupe authentically, in the This Is Your Life TV tribute to Mack Sennett, several Sennett alumni ran on stage dressed as Keystone Cops. The name has since used to criticize any group for its mistakes, particularly if the mistakes happened after a great deal of energy and activity. For example, the June 2004 election campaign of the Liberal Party of Canada was compared with the Keystone Kops running around by one of its parliamentary members, Carolyn Parrish. A2012 U. S. National Transportation Safety Board report investigating Canadian energy company Enbridges handling of a July 2010 pipeline spill in the Kalamazoo River compared it to the Keystone Cops. In sport, the term has come into usage by television commentators, particularly in the United Kingdom. The rugby commentator Liam Toland uses the term to describe a teams incompetent performance on the pitch, the phrase Keystone cops defending has become a favorite catchphrase for describing a situation in an English football match where a defensive error or a series of defensive errors leads to a goal. According to Dave Filoni, supervising director of the television series Star Wars, The Clone Wars
12.
Robert Preston (actor)
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Preston collaborated twice with filmmaker Blake Edwards, first in S. O. B. and again in Victor Victoria. For portraying Carroll Toddy Todd in the latter, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor at the 55th Academy Awards. Preston was born Robert Preston Meservey in Newton, Massachusetts, the son of Ruth L. and Frank Wesley Meservey, a garment worker, after attending Abraham Lincoln High School in Los Angeles, he studied acting at the Pasadena Community Playhouse. At the end of the war in Europe, the 386th and Captain Robert Meservey, meserveys job had been receiving intelligence reports from 9th Air Force headquarters and briefing the bomber crews on what to expect in accomplishing their missions. When he began appearing in films, the studio ordered Meservey to stop using his family name. As Robert Preston, the name by which he would be known for his professional career, he appeared in many Hollywood films, predominantly Westerns. He was Digby Geste in the remake of Beau Geste with Gary Cooper and Ray Milland. He played an LAPD detective in the noir This Gun for Hire, Preston is, however, probably best remembered for his performance as Professor Harold Hill in Meredith Willsons musical The Music Man. He had already won a Tony Award for his performance in the original Broadway production in 1957. When Willson adapted his story for the screen, he insisted on Prestons participation over the objections of Jack L. Warner, Preston appeared on the cover of Time magazine on July 21,1958. In 1965 he was the part of a duo-lead musical. I Do. with Mary Martin, for which he won his second Tony Award, in 1974, he starred alongside Bernadette Peters in Jerry Hermans Broadway musical Mack & Mabel as Mack Sennett, the famous silent film director. That same year the version of Mame, another famed Jerry Herman musical, was released with Preston starring, alongside Lucille Ball. In the film, which was not a success, Preston sang Loving You. In 1961, Preston was asked to make a recording as part of a program by the Presidents Council on Physical Fitness to get schoolchildren to do more daily exercise, the song later became a surprise novelty hit and part of many baby-boomers childhood memories. Also in 1962, he played an important supporting role opposite Debbie Reynolds, as wagon master Roger Morgan, in 1979 and 1980, Preston portrayed determined family patriarch Hadley Chisholm in the CBS western miniseries, The Chisholms. Rosemary Harris played his wife, Minerva, Prestons character died in the ninth of the 13 episodes which also included co-stars Ben Murphy, Brian Kerwin, Brett Cullen, and James Van Patten. The story chronicled how the Chisholm family lost their land in Virginia by fraud, although he was not known for his singing voice, Preston appeared in several other stage and film musicals, notably Mame and Victor Victoria, for which he received an Academy Award nomination
13.
Bernadette Peters
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Bernadette Peters is an American actress, singer and childrens book author. Over the course of a career that has spanned five decades, she has starred in theatre, films and television, as well as performing in solo concerts. She is one of the most critically acclaimed Broadway performers, having received nominations for seven Tony Awards, four of the Broadway cast albums on which she has starred have won Grammy Awards. Peters first performed on the stage as a child and then an actress in the 1960s. In the 1980s, she returned to the theatre, where she one of the best-known Broadway stars over the next three decades. She also has recorded six albums and several singles, as well as many cast albums. In the 2010s, Peters continues to act on stage, in films and on television in series as Smash. She has been nominated for three Emmy Awards and three Golden Globe Awards, winning once, Peters was born into a Sicilian American family in Ozone Park, Queens, New York, the youngest of three children. Her father, Peter Lazzara, drove a delivery truck. Her siblings are casting director Donna DeSeta and Joseph Lazzara and she appeared on the television shows Name That Tune and several times on The Horn and Hardart Childrens Hour at age five. In January 1958, at age nine, she obtained her Actors Equity Card in the name Bernadette Peters to avoid ethnic stereotyping, with the stage name taken from her fathers first name. She made her stage debut the same month in This is Goggle. She first appeared on the New York stage at age 10 as Tessie in the New York City Center revival of The Most Happy Fella. In her teen years, she attended the Quintanos School for Young Professionals, at age 13, Peters appeared as one of the Hollywood Blondes and was an understudy for Dainty June in the second national tour of Gypsy. During this tour, Peters first met her long-time accompanist, conductor and arranger Marvin Laird, who was the assistant conductor for the tour. In 1964, she played Liesl in The Sound of Music and Jenny in Riverwind in summer stock at the Mt. Gretna Playhouse, and Riverwind again at the Bucks County Playhouse in 1966. She made her Broadway debut in Johnny No-Trump in 1967, Peters performance as Ruby in the 1968 Off-Broadway production of Dames at Sea, a parody of 1930s musicals, brought her critical acclaim and her first Drama Desk Award. She had appeared in an earlier 1966 version of Dames at Sea at the Off-Off-Broadway performance club Caffe Cino, Peters had starring roles in her next Broadway vehicles—Gelsomina in La Strada and Hildy in On the Town, for which she received her first Tony Award nomination
14.
Tony Award
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The Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Theatre, more commonly known as the Tony Award, recognizes excellence in live Broadway theatre. The awards are presented by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League at a ceremony in New York City. The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances, and an award is given for regional theatre, several discretionary non-competitive awards are also given, including a Special Tony Award, the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, and the Isabelle Stevenson Award. The awards are named after Antoinette Tony Perry, co-founder of the American Theatre Wing, the rules for the Tony Awards are set forth in the official document Rules and Regulations of The American Theatre Wings Tony Awards, which applies for that season only. It also forms the fourth spoke in the EGOT, that is someone who has won all four awards, the Tony Awards are also considered the equivalent of the Laurence Olivier Award in the United Kingdom and the Molière Award of France. From 1997 to 2010, the Tony Awards ceremony was held at Radio City Music Hall in New York City in June and broadcast live on CBS television, except in 1999, in 2011 and 2012, the ceremony was held at the Beacon Theatre. From 2013 to 2015, the 67th, 68th, and 69th ceremonies returned to Radio City Music Hall, the 70th Tony Awards were held on June 12,2016 at the Beacon Theatre. The 71st Tony Awards will be held on June 11,2017, as of 2014, there are 24 categories of awards, plus several special awards. Starting with 11 awards in 1947, the names and number of categories have changed over the years, some examples, the category Best Book of a Musical was originally called Best Author. The category of Best Costume Design was one of the original awards, for two years, in 1960 and 1961, this category was split into Best Costume Designer and Best Costume Designer. It then went to a category, but in 2005 it was divided again. For the category of Best Director of a Play, a category was for directors of plays. A newly established non-competitive award, The Isabelle Stevenson Award, was given for the first time at the ceremony in 2009. The award is for an individual who has made a contribution of volunteered time and effort on behalf of one or more humanitarian. The category of Best Special Theatrical Event was retired as of the 2009–2010 season, the categories of Best Sound Design of a Play and Best Sound Design of a Musical were retired as of the 2014-2015 season. Performance categories Show and technical categories Special awards Retired awards The award was founded in 1947 by a committee of the American Theatre Wing headed by Brock Pemberton. The award is named after Antoinette Perry, nicknamed Tony, an actress, director, producer and co-founder of the American Theatre Wing, who died in 1946. As her official biography at the Tony Awards website states, At Jacob Wilks suggestion, proposed an award in her honor for distinguished stage acting, at the initial event in 1947, as he handed out an award, he called it a Tony
15.
Gower Champion
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Gower Carlyle Champion was an American actor, theatre director, choreographer, and dancer. Champion was born in Geneva, Illinois, the son of John W. Champion and he was raised in Los Angeles, California, where he graduated from Fairfax High School. He studied dance from an age and, at the age of fifteen, toured nightclubs with friend Jeanne Tyler billed as Gower and Jeanne. In 1939, Gower and Jeanne danced to the music of Larry Clinton and his Orchestra in a Warner Brothers & Vitaphone film short-subject, during the late 1930s and early 1940s, Champion worked on Broadway as a solo dancer and choreographer. After serving in the U. S. Coast Guard during World War II, Champion met Marjorie Belcher, who became his new partner, all were made for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer except Mr. Music and Three for the Show. In 1948, Champion had begun to direct as well, and he won the first of eight Tony Awards for his staging of Lend an Ear, however, in the 1960s, he directed a number of Broadway hits that put him at the top of his profession. He had a success in 1960 with Bye Bye Birdie. The show starred relative unknowns Chita Rivera and Dick Van Dyke along with a youthful cast and it ran 607 performances and won four Tony awards, including Best Musical and two for Champions direction and choreography. In 1961, which ran 719 performances and garnered seven Tony nominations, in 1964, he directed one of Broadways biggest blockbusters, Hello, Dolly. It ran for 2844 performances — almost seven years, starring Carol Channing, it is best remembered for the title number, where Dolly is greeted by the staff of a restaurant after having been away for years. The show won ten Tony Awards, including Best Musical, as well as two for Champions direction and choreography, Champion had his fourth consecutive hit musical with I Do. It featured a cast of two — veterans Mary Martin and Robert Preston — playing a couple throughout the years of their marriage. The show ran for 560 performances and got seven Tony nominations and his next show, The Happy Time in 1968, broke his streak. It had a disappointing run of only 286 performances. This would be followed by many more disappointments and worse, in the 1970s, Champion directed minor hits, flops and complete disasters. On top of all this, he and Marge were divorced in 1973, after the failures of the previous decade, Champion was able to make a comeback with his longest-running show. In 1980, he choreographed and directed an adaptation of the movie classic. It won the Tony for Best Musical, and Champion was nominated for his direction and choreography, the show ran for 3,486 performances, but Champion did not live to see any
16.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
17.
San Diego
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San Diego is a major city in California, United States. It is in San Diego County, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, approximately 120 miles south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico. With an estimated population of 1,394,928 as of July 1,2015, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego–Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a country after Detroit–Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego has been called the birthplace of California, historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain, the Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá, founded in 1769, formed the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of the newly independent Mexico, in 1850, California became part of the United States following the Mexican–American War and the admission of California to the union. The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the center of the region as well as the San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area. San Diegos main economic engines are military and defense-related activities, tourism, international trade, the presence of the University of California, San Diego, with the affiliated UCSD Medical Center, has helped make the area a center of research in biotechnology. The original inhabitants of the region are now known as the San Dieguito, the area of San Diego has been inhabited by the Kumeyaay people. The first European to visit the region was Portuguese-born explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo sailing under the flag of Castile, sailing his flagship San Salvador from Navidad, New Spain, Cabrillo claimed the bay for the Spanish Empire in 1542, and named the site San Miguel. In November 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno was sent to map the California coast, in May 1769, Gaspar de Portolà established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California, in July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded by Franciscan friars under Junípero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in, Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks, in 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain, and San Diego became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. In 1822, Mexico began attempting to extend its authority over the territory of Alta California. The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned, while the town of San Diego grew up on the land below Presidio Hill. The Mission was secularized by the Mexican government in 1833, the 432 residents of the town petitioned the governor to form a pueblo, and Juan María Osuna was elected the first alcalde, defeating Pío Pico in the vote
18.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
19.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
20.
The Muny
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The St. Louis Municipal Opera Theatre is an amphitheatre located in St. Louis, Missouri. The theatre seats 11,000 people with approximately 1,500 free seats in the last nine rows that are available on a first come, the Muny seasons run every year from mid-June to mid-August. It is run by a not-for-profit organization, the current president and chief executive is Dennis M. Reagan. The current artistic director & executive producer is Mike Isaacson, in 1914, Luther Ely Smith began staging pageant-Masques on Art Hill in Forest Park. Louis folk dancers and folk singers, soon after, the Convention Board of the St. Louis Advertising Club was looking for an entertainment feature for its thirteenth annual convention, which was to take place June 3,1917. Mayor Henry Kiel, attorney Guy Golterman, and Parks Commissioner Nelson Cunliff stepped in and, in forty-nine days, on June 5,1917, the opera Aida was presented on what would become the Muny stage. In 1919, the new theatre received a name, St. Louis Municipal Opera Theatre, the first show under the Muny banner was Robin Hood, which opened on June 16,1919, and featured Mayor Kiel as King Richard. Concerts were performed prior to the opening of Riverport Amphitheatre in 1991. In 1930, the stage was equipped with a turntable for performance purposes and it was reconstructed in 1997 due to dilapidation. In 1998, the Muny Teens group was formed for the same purpose, the Chairman of the Board of the Muny in 2005-2006 was William H. T. Bush. The current Chairman of the Board is Raymond R. Fournie, the Wizard of Oz • June 13–22 42nd Street • June 24–30 The Music Man • July 5–11 Young Frankenstein • July 13–19 Mamma, Mia. • Aug. 1-7 Bye Bye Birdie • Aug. 8-14 Source, The Muny produces all of its musicals in the season, during the winter, a full-time staff of fewer than twenty people prepare for the next summer season. During the season itself, the summer expands to include more than 500 people in various positions. All shows are rehearsed within the course of days, with two technical rehearsals being held in the two to three days before the shows opening. Shows run from Monday to Sunday, although there have been exceptions to this, particularly in recent years, the Muny website claims it is the nations oldest and largest outdoor musical theatre. There are numerous amphitheatres/outdoor theatres that have a larger capacity area, however, there is no lawn seating inside The Muny. In addition, The Muny is the largest to host only Broadway-style musical theatre, the next largest seat capacity theatre in the United States is the San Manuel Amphitheater in California, housing 10,900 seats. For a list of other amphitheatres see, List of contemporary amphitheatres, since its beginning, The Muny has featured hundreds of big names in theatre, television and film on its stage, drawing inevitably huge crowds
21.
St. Louis
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St. Louis is an independent city and major U. S. port in the state of Missouri, built along the western bank of the Mississippi River, on the border with Illinois. Prior to European settlement, the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture. The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, in 1764, following Frances defeat in the Seven Years War, the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800. In 1803, the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase, during the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River. In the 1870 Census, St. Louis was ranked as the 4th-largest city in the United States and it separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics, the economy of metro St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, trade, transportation of goods, and tourism. This city has become known for its growing medical, pharmaceutical. St. Louis has 2 professional sports teams, the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, the city is commonly identified with the 630-foot tall Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis. The area that would become St. Louis was a center of the Native American Mississippian culture and their major regional center was at Cahokia Mounds, active from 900 AD to 1500 AD. Due to numerous major earthworks within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the Mound City and these mounds were mostly demolished during the citys development. Historic Native American tribes in the area included the Siouan-speaking Osage people, whose territory extended west, European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France as part of La Louisiane. The earliest European settlements in the area were built in Illinois Country on the east side of the Mississippi River during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, migrants from the French villages on the opposite side of the Mississippi River founded Ste. In early 1764, after France lost the 7 Years War, Pierre Laclède, the early French families built the citys economy on the fur trade with the Osage, as well as with more distant tribes along the Missouri River. The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with Santa Fe, French colonists used African slaves as domestic servants and workers in the city. In 1780 during the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was attacked by British forces, mostly Native American allies, the founding of St. Louis began in 1763. Pierre Laclede led an expedition to set up a fur-trading post farther up the Mississippi River, before then, Laclede had been a very successful merchant. For this reason, he and his trading partner Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent were offered monopolies for six years of the fur trading in that area
22.
John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
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The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is a performing arts center located on the Potomac River, adjacent to the Watergate complex in Washington, D. C. The Center, which opened September 8,1971, is a multi-dimensional facility, both an enduring memorial to John F. Now in its 45th season, the Center presents the greatest examples of music, dance and theater, supports artists in the creation of new work and it is both the nations public memorial to President John F. Kennedy and the national center for the performing arts. Its activities include educational and outreach initiatives, almost entirely funded through sales and gifts from individuals, corporations. The building, designed by architect Edward Durell Stone, was constructed by Philadelphia contractor John McShain and it receives annual federal funding to pay for its maintenance and operation. The Library of Congress added an auditorium, but it had restrictions on its use. A congressional resolution in 1938 called for construction of a building which shall be known as the National Cultural Center near Judiciary Square. In 1950, the idea for a national theater resurfaced when U. S, representative Arthur George Klein of New York introduced a bill to authorize funds to plan and build a cultural center. The bill included provisions that the center would prohibit any discrimination of cast or audience, in 1955, the Stanford Research Institute was commissioned to select a site and provide design suggestions for the center. From 1955 to 1958, Congress debated the idea amid much controversy and this was the first time in history that the federal government helped finance a structure dedicated to the performing arts. The legislation required a portion of the costs, estimated at $10–25 million, Edward Durell Stone was selected as architect for the project in June 1959. He presented preliminary designs to the Presidents Music Committee in October 1959, along with estimated costs of $50 million, by November 1959, estimated costs had escalated to $61 million. The National Cultural Center was renamed the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in 1964, the National Cultural Center Board of Trustees, a group Eisenhower established January 29,1959, led fundraising. Fundraising efforts were not successful, with only $13,425 raised in the first three years, President John F. Kennedy was interested in bringing culture to the nations capital, and provided leadership and support for the project. In 1961, President Kennedy asked Roger L. Stevens to help develop the National Cultural Center, Stevens recruited First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy as Honorary Chairman of the Center, and former First Lady Mamie Eisenhower as co-chairman. The total cost of construction was $70 million, Congress allocated $43 million for construction costs, including $23 million as an outright grant and the other $20 million in bonds. Donations also comprised a significant portion of funding, including $5 million from the Ford Foundation, other major donors included J. Willard Marriott, Marjorie Merriweather Post, John D. Rockefeller III, and Robert W. Woodruff, as well as many corporate donors. Foreign countries provided gifts to the Kennedy Center, including a gift of 3,700 tons of Carrara marble from Italy from the Italian government, President Lyndon B. Johnson dug the ceremonial first-shovel of earth at the groundbreaking for the Kennedy Center December 2,1964
23.
The Washington Post
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The Washington Post is an American daily newspaper. It is the most widely circulated newspaper published in Washington, D. C. and was founded on December 6,1877 and its current slogan is Democracy Dies in Darkness. Located in the city of the United States, the newspaper has a particular emphasis on national politics. Daily editions are printed for the District of Columbia, Maryland, the newspaper is published as a broadsheet, with photographs printed both in color and in black and white. The newspaper has won 47 Pulitzer Prizes and this includes six separate Pulitzers awarded in 2008, the second-highest number ever awarded to a single newspaper in one year, second only to The New York Times seven awards in 2002. Post journalists have also received 18 Nieman Fellowships and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards, in years since, its investigations have led to increased review of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. In 2013, its owners, the Graham family, sold the newspaper to billionaire entrepreneur. The newspaper is owned by Nash Holdings LLC, a holding company Bezos created for the acquisition, the Washington Post is generally regarded as one of the leading daily American newspapers, along with The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. The Post has distinguished itself through its reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress. It is one of the two daily broadsheets published in Washington D. C. the other being its smaller rival The Washington Times, unlike The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post does not print an edition for distribution away from the East Coast. In 2009, the newspaper ceased publication of its National Weekly Edition, the majority of its newsprint readership is in District of Columbia and its suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia. The Sunday Style section differs slightly from the weekday Style section, it is in a tabloid format, and it houses the reader-written humor contest The Style Invitational. Additional weekly sections appear on weekdays, Health & Science on Tuesday, Food on Wednesday, Local Living on Thursday, the latter two are in a tabloid format. In November 2009, it announced the closure of its U. S. regional bureaus—Chicago, Los Angeles and New York—as part of a focus on. political stories. The newspaper has bureaus in Maryland and Virginia. While its circulation has been slipping, it has one of the highest market-penetration rates of any metropolitan news daily, for many decades, the Post had its main office at 1150 15th Street NW. This real estate remained with Graham Holdings when the newspaper was sold to Jeff Bezos Nash Holdings in 2013, Graham Holdings sold 1150 15th Street for US$159 million in November 2013. The Washington Post continued to lease space at 1150 L Street NW, in May 2014, The Washington Post leased the west tower of One Franklin Square, a high-rise building at 1301 K Street NW in Washington, D. C
24.
Majestic Theatre (Broadway)
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The Majestic Theatre is a Broadway theatre located at 245 West 44th Street in midtown Manhattan. It is one of the largest Broadway theatres with 1,645 seats, among the notable shows that have premiered at the Majestic are Carousel, South Pacific, The Music Man, Camelot, A Little Night Music, and The Wiz. It was also the home of 42nd Street and the third home of 1776. The theatre has housed The Phantom of the Opera since it opened on January 26,1988, with a record-breaking 12,139 performances to date, it is currently the longest-running production in Broadway history. Designed by architect Herbert J. Krapp, the present-day Majestic was constructed by the Chanin Brothers as part of an entertainment complex including the John Golden Theatre, jacobs Theatre, and the Milford Plaza hotel. It opened on March 28,1927 with the musical Rufus LeMaires Affairs, the Majestic was purchased by the Shubert brothers during the Great Depression and currently is owned and operated by the Shubert Organization. Both the interior and exterior were designated New York City landmarks in 1987, the Magnificent Musical Magic Show, Brigadoon 1981, 42nd Street 1988, The Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera achieved the box office record for the Majestic Theatre. The production grossed $1,843,296 over nine performances, for the week ending December 29,2013, New York, Dover Publications ISBN 0-486-40244-4 Official website New York Theatre Guide Majestic Theatre at the Internet Broadway Database Postcard pictures of the Majestic Google Maps
25.
James Mitchell (actor)
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James Mitchell was an American actor and dancer. Although he is best known to audiences as Palmer Cortlandt on the soap opera All My Children, theatre. Mitchell was born on Leap Day,1920 in Sacramento, California and his parents emigrated from England to Northern California, where they operated a fruit farm in Turlock. In 1923, Mitchells mother, Edith, left his father and returned to England with Mitchells brother and sister, she, unable to run a farm while single-handedly raising his remaining son, Mitchells father fostered him out for several years to vaudevillians Gene and Katherine King. After Mitchells mother died, however, his father remarried and brought both of his sons, but not his daughter, back to Turlock, at age seventeen, Mitchell left Turlock for Los Angeles, where he remained close to the Kings. While studying drama at Los Angeles City College, Mitchell was introduced to dance at the school of the famed teacher and choreographer, Lester Horton. After receiving his degree, he joined Hortons company, where he remained for nearly four years. In 1944, Horton took Mitchell to New York with him to form a new dance company, Mitchell, who did not study ballet until he was in his mid-twenties, was at a loss when faced with de Milles ballet combination. De Mille nevertheless offered him the position of principal dancer. Given the option between touring with Helen Hayes and dancing for de Mille, he chose de Mille, bloomer Girl began an important artistic partnership with de Mille that lasted from 1944 to 1969 and spanned theater, film, television, and concert dance. De Milles biographer, Carol Easton, describes him as the “quintessential male de Mille dancer”, because in the end I really was a partner. When I look at todays dancers, or I look at the dance films. I know I was a dancer, but I didnt have the technique, at most I was an actor-dancer. A character based on Mitchell appears in Anderson Ferrells biographical dance play, Dance/Speak, The Life of Agnes De Mille, as a film performer, Mitchell had only moderate success. In the early 1940s, he did both chorus dancing and extra work in a number of musicals and westerns. On the strength of his performance in Brigadoon, he was scouted by producer Michael Curtiz. Curtiz initially intended to put Mitchell in a picture with Doris Day that never materialized, after several months, Mitchell eventually made two films for Warner Brothers, including Raoul Walshs Colorado Territory, before following Curtiz to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. He did not work for the studio again after appearing in the infamously over-budgeted flop The Prodigal
26.
Nottingham Playhouse
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Nottingham Playhouse is a theatre in Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England. It was first established as a theatre in 1948 when it operated from a former cinema in Goldsmith Street. Directors during this period included Val May and Frank Dunlop, the current building opened in 1963. The architect of the current theatre, constructed as an example of Modern architecture, was Peter Moro who had worked on the interior design of the Royal Festival Hall in London. When the theatre was completed, it was controversial as it faces the gothic revival Roman Catholic cathedral designed by Augustus Pugin, however, the buildings received a Civic Trust Award in 1965. Despite the modern appearance and the circular auditorium walls, the theatre has a proscenium layout. During the 1980s, when the concrete interiors were out of fashion, since 1996, it has been a Grade II* listed building and in 2004, the theatre was sympathetically restored and refurbished with a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund. The sculpture Sky Mirror by Anish Kapoor was installed between the theatre and the adjacent green space of Wellington Circus in 2001 at a cost of £1. 25m. It is one of the features of the 160 seat patio area of Cast Restaurant. In 2014-15 Nottingham Playhouse underwent a complete environmental upgrade including insulation of the fly tower, secondary, the works were jointly funded by Arts Council England, Nottingham City Council, patron donations and philanthropist Sir Harry Djanogly. The works have been calculated to cut energy usage by over 35%. The new theatres artistic direction was shared between Frank Dunlop and actor John Neville with Peter Ustinov as associate, the first production in the new theatre was Shakespeares Coriolanus in a production by Tyrone Guthrie. This included a young Ian McKellen as Tullus Aufidius opposite Neville in the title role, subsequent artistic directors were Stuart Burge, Richard Eyre, Geoffrey Reeves, Richard Digby Day, Kenneth Alan Taylor, Pip Broughton and Martin Duncan. The Playhouse is currently under the leadership of Stephanie Sirr, Chief Executive and Giles Croft, Taylor has directed 30 consecutive pantomimes at the theatre as of 2013. In common with most producing theatres, Nottingham Playhouse no longer has an approach to programming although it continues to create up to 13 new productions per annum. Toured to the Spoleto Festival and stage adaptation of On the Waterfront to the West End for an extended run, in 2013, an adaptation of The Kite Runner by Matthew Spangler produced by Nottingham Playhouse became the theatres best selling ever drama. Autumn 2014 saw a successful UK tour of the piece, in 2013, Nottingham Playhouse celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Moro designed building. The commemorative season included world premiere productions of 1984, Grandpa in my Pocket, I Was A Rat by Philip Pullman and Charlie Peace, His Amazing Life and Astounding Legend
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Denis Quilley
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Denis Clifford Quilley, OBE was an English actor. From a family with no connections, Quilley was determined from an early age to become an actor. In the 1950s he appeared in revue, musicals, operetta and on television as well as in classic, during the 1960s Quilley established himself as a leading actor, making his first films and starring on Australian television. In the early 1970s he was a member of Laurence Oliviers National Theatre company and he joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1977 in the central role in Privates on Parade, which was later made into a feature film. His later parts in musicals included the role in Sweeney Todd. Quilley was born in Islington, North London, the son of Clifford Charles Quilley, a Post Office telegraphist, and his wife Ada Winifred, née Stanley. He won a scholarship to Bancrofts School in Woodford Green, London, and was expected to go there to a university. Quilleys early career was interrupted when he was conscripted for service in the army. The understudy to Claire Bloom in the play was Stella Chapman and they had a son and two daughters. Later in 1950 Quilley joined the Old Vic Company for a British Council tour of Italy, playing Fabian in Twelfth Night and Gratiano in The Merchant of Venice. In 1953 he appeared in revue, with Max Adrian, Betty Marsden and Moyra Fraser in Airs on a Shoestring, in 1955 he had his first leading role in a West End production, playing Geoffrey Morris in the musical Wild Thyme, by Philip Guard and Donald Swann. In The Manchester Guardian, Philip Hope-Wallace wrote, Denis Quilley turns out a rare figure nowadays, a presentable singing English hero. In 1956 Quilley opened in another long-running show, Grab Me a Gondola which played for more than 600 performances, one of Quilleys other singing roles of the 1950s was the title character in Leonard Bernsteins operetta Candide. Quilley made no films in the 1950s, but appeared in several television productions. After playing in short runs of non-musical productions Quilley returned to a role in 1960. He made his first Broadway appearance the year, again taking over the part of Nestor. After returning to England, he appeared at the Open Air Theatre, Regents Park in June,1963, in November of that year he played Antipholus of Ephesus in The Boys From Syracuse, with Bob Monkhouse as his twin brother, also recorded. At the Savoy in 1964 he played Charles Condomine in the musical High Spirits, in 1965, Quilley appeared in the science-fiction TV series Undermind playing Professor Val Randolph - a scientist who after four episodes is revealed to be an alien traitor
28.
Imelda Staunton
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Imelda Mary Philomena Bernadette Staunton, CBE is an English stage and screen actress. After training at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, Staunton began her career in theatre in the 1970s before appearing in seasons at various theatres in the UK. Her appearances on stage in The Beggars Opera, The Wizard of Oz, Uncle Vanya, Guys and Dolls, Entertaining Mr Sloane, Staunton has been nominated for a total of 11 Olivier Awards. Her other film roles include Mrs, on television, she starred in the sitcoms Up the Garden Path and Is it Legal. For the latter, she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie. Staunton was born in Archway, North London, the child of Bridie, a hairdresser, and Joseph Staunton. The family lived over Stauntons mothers hair dressing salon and her parents were first-generation Catholic immigrants from County Mayo, Ireland, her father from Ballyvary and her mother from Bohola. Stauntons mother was a musician who could not read music, encouraged by an elocution teacher at her school, Staunton auditioned for drama schools and got into the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art at the age of 18. She also auditioned for the Central School of Speech and Drama and Guildhall School of Music and Drama, but was rejected by both schools. Staunton graduated from RADA in 1976, then spent six years in English repertory theatre, including a period at the Northcott Theatre, Exeter, where she had the title role in Shaws Saint Joan. She also played Dorothy in the Royal Shakespeare Companys 1987 revival of The Wizard of Oz at the Barbican Centre, Staunton won her first Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical for playing the Bakers Wife in the original London production of Into the Woods. Both productions transferred to London for critically and commercially acclaimed runs, Staunton won her second and third Olivier Awards for Best Actress in a Musical for the two productions in 2013 and 2016 respectively. Staunton returned to the West End in 2017 as Martha in Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf. starring alongside Conleth Hill, Luke Treadaway, Stauntons first big-screen role came in a 1986 film Comrades. She then appeared in the 1992 film Peters Friends, Staunton shared a Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Performance by a Cast in 1998 for Shakespeare in Love. Staunton portrayed Dolores Umbridge in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and she was nominated in the British Actress in a Supporting Role category at the London Film Critics Circle Awards. Staunton reprised her role as Dolores Umbridge in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part One in 2010, Staunton provided the voice of the Talking Flowers in Tim Burtons Alice in Wonderland, and played one of the lead roles in the ghost film The Awakening in 2011. In 2014, she co-starred in Maleficent as well as the British comedy-drama Pride, in late 2014, she had a voice role in Paddington, a film based on the Paddington Bear books by Michael Bond. Staunton and her Harry Potter co-star Michael Gambon voiced Paddingtons Aunt Lucy and Uncle Pastuzo, in 1993, she appeared on television alongside Richard Briers and Adrian Edmondson in If You See God, Tell Him
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Gold medal
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A gold medal is a medal awarded for highest achievement in a non-military field. Its name derives from the use of at least a fraction of gold in form of plating or alloying in its manufacture, others offer only the prestige of the award. Many organizations now award gold medals either annually or extraordinarily, including UNESCO, while some gold medals are solid gold, others are gold-plated or silver-gilt, like those of the Olympic Games, the Lorentz Medal, the United States Congressional Gold Medal and the Nobel Prize medal. Nobel Prize medals consist of 18 karat green gold plated with 24 karat gold, before 1980 they were struck in 23 karat gold. In the United States, Congress would enact a resolution asking the President to reward those responsible, the commanding officer would receive a gold medal and his officers silver medals. Other countries similarly honored their military and naval victors in a similar fashion, Medals have historically been given as prizes in various types of competitive activities, especially athletics. Traditionally, medals are made of the metals, Gold Silver Bronze Occasionally. This standard was adopted for Olympic competition at the 1904 Summer Olympics, at the 1896 event, silver was awarded to winners and bronze to runners-up, while at 1904 other prizes were given, not medals. At the modern Olympic Games, winners of a sporting discipline receive a medal in recognition of their achievement. At the Ancient Olympic Games only one winner per event was crowned with kotinos, aristophanes in Plutus makes a remark why victorious athletes are crowned with wreath made of wild olive instead of gold. When Tigranes, an Armenian general learned this, he uttered to his leader, what kind of men are these against whom you have brought us to fight. Men who do not compete for possessions, but for honour, hence medals were not awarded at the ancient Olympic Games. At the 1896 Summer Olympics, winners received a silver medal, in 1900, most winners received cups or trophies instead of medals. The next three Olympics awarded the winners solid gold medals, but the medals themselves were smaller, the use of gold rapidly declined with the onset of the First World War and also with the onset of the Second World War. The last series of Olympic medals to be made of gold were awarded at the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm. Olympic Gold medals are required to be made from at least 92. 5% silver, all Olympic medals must be at least 60mm in diameter and 3mm thick. Minting the medals is the responsibility of the Olympic host, from the 1972 Summer Olympics through 2000, Cassiolis design remained on the obverse with a custom design by the host city on the reverse. Noting that Cassiolis design showed a Roman amphitheater for what originally were Greek games, Winter Olympics medals have been of more varied design
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BBC Television
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BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a royal charter since 1927 and it produced television programmes from its own studios since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936. The BBCs domestic television channels have no advertising and collectively they account for more than 30% of all UK viewing. The services are funded by a television licence, the BBC operates several television networks, television stations, and related programming services in the United Kingdom. As well as being a broadcaster, the corporation also produces a number of its own programmes in-house. The simultaneous transmission of sound and pictures was achieved on 30 March 1930, by late 1930, thirty minutes of morning programmes were broadcast from Monday to Friday, and thirty minutes at midnight on Tuesdays and Fridays after BBC radio went off the air. Bairds broadcasts via the BBC continued until June 1932, the BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. Ally Pally housed two studios, various stores, make-up areas, dressing rooms, offices, and the transmitter itself. BBC television initially used two systems on alternate weeks, the 240-line Baird intermediate film system and the 405-line Marconi-EMI system. The use of both made the BBCs service the worlds first regular high-definition television service, it broadcast from Monday to Saturday between 15,00 and 16,00, and 21,00 and 22,00. The two systems were to run on a basis for six months, early television sets supported both resolutions. Television production was switched from Bairds company to what is now known as BBC One on 2 August 1932, regularly scheduled electronically scanned television began from Alexandra Palace in London on 2 November 1936, to just a few hundred viewers in the immediate area. The first programme broadcast – and thus the first ever, on a dedicated TV channel – was Opening of the BBC Television Service at 15,00, the first major outside broadcast was the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in May 1937. The service was reaching an estimated 25, 000–40,000 homes before the outbreak of World War II which caused the service to be suspended in September 1939. Also, many of the services technical staff and engineers would be needed for the war effort. According to figures from Britains Radio Manufacturers Association,18,999 television sets had been manufactured from 1936 to September 1939, BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15,00. Jasmine Bligh, one of the announcers, made the first announcement, saying. Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh, the Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later
31.
Georgia Brown (English singer)
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Georgia Brown was an English singer and actress. Georgia Brown was born and raised in Whitechapel and her birth name was Lillian Claire Laizer Getel Klot and she was known as Lily. The daughter of Mark and Annie Klot, Brown grew up in a large extended East European Jewish family and her father worked in a textile factory and as a bookmaker. Brown attended the Central Foundation Grammar School, during the London Blitz, she was evacuated to Wales. Browns career role was that of Nancy in the musical Oliver, a role she created in the original 1960 London production. When she first came in to audition for the author and composer, Lionel Bart, he recognized her as a childhood neighbour. Her subsequent audition caused him to award her the role of Nancy, Bart had conceived that role in hopes of pop singer Alma Cogan playing it, however, it was reported that after he cast Brown as Nancy, he then composed the Oliver. Numbers As Long As He Needs Me and Its a Fine Life specifically with her in mind and she reprised the role of Nancy in the 1963 Broadway production of Oliver. Earning a Tony Award nomination for her performance, and her voice is heard on both the original West End and Broadway cast recordings, on 9 February 1964, Brown appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show with 18-year-old Davy Jones recreating two scenes from the musical then showing on Broadway. This happened to be the evening that the Beatles made their first live US appearance on the show. The role of Nancy in the version went to Browns friend Shani Wallis. After a stint in Barts Maggie May in 1965, Brown concentrated on work for more than a decade. Despite her success in such roles, Brown was unhappy with the paucity of significant parts for women in television drama. She expressed her dissatisfaction to the BBC and was told to identify a series she would like to be in, Brown enlisted the help of producer Verity Lambert, and the three women got approval from the BBC. In the course of realising the project, Brown and her colleagues found they had to remove a number of misconceptions, Brown referred to these as the male point of view. Shoulder to Shoulder was first broadcast in six parts in 1974, Shoulder to Shoulder remains highly regarded as an attempt to convey an important episode both of feminist history and of Britains history of dissent and civil disobedience. Brown returned to Broadway to join the cast of the long-running revue Side by Side by Sondheim in 1977, two years later she created the title role in Alan Jay Lerner and Burton Lanes unsuccessful musical Carmelina. She toured Britain in Georgia Brown and Friends, then brought the revue to New York for a run in 1982
32.
Tommy Tune
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Thomas James Tommy Tune is an American actor, dancer, singer, theatre director, producer, and choreographer. Over the course of his career, he has won ten Tony Awards, Tune was born in Texas to oil rig worker, horse trainer, and restaurateur Jim Tune and Eva Mae Clark. He attended Lamar High School in Houston and the Methodist-affiliated Lon Morris College in Jacksonville and he studied dance under Patsy Swayze in Houston. He also studied dance with Kit Andree in Boulder, Colorado and he went on to earn his Bachelor of Fine Arts in Drama from the University of Texas at Austin in 1962 and his Master of Fine Arts in Directing from the University of Houston. Tune later moved to New York to start his career, in 1965, Tune made his Broadway debut as a performer in the musical Baker Street. His first Broadway directing and choreography credits were for the production of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas in 1978. He has gone on to direct and/or choreograph eight Broadway musicals and he directed a new musical titled Turn of the Century, which premiered at the Goodman Theatre in Chicago on September 19,2008 and closed on November 2,2008. Off-Broadway, Tune has directed The Club and Cloud Nine, Tune toured the United States in the Sherman Brothers musical Busker Alley in 1994–1995, and in the stage adaptation of the film Dr. Dolittle in 2006. Tune is the person to win Tony Awards in the same categories in consecutive years. He has won ten Tony Awards, including a Lifetime Achievement Award in 2015, on television, Tune was a recurring guest star and assistant choreographer from 1969–70 on The Dean Martin Show and its summer replacement series, Dean Martin Presents The Golddiggers. He also briefly appeared on Mister Rogers Neighborhood in 1988, Tune appeared in a 1975 TV special titled Welcome to the World along with Lucie Arnaz and Lyle Waggoner to promote the opening of Space Mountain at Walt Disney World. Tunes film credits include Ambrose in Hello, Dolly. and The Boy Friend with Twiggy, Tune released his first record album, Slow Dancin, in 1997 on the RCA label, featuring a collection of his favorite romantic ballads. In 1999, he made his Las Vegas debut as the star of EFX at the MGM Grand Las Vegas, Tune staged an elaborate musical entitled Paparazzi for the Holland America Line cruise ship the Oosterdam in 2003. He works often with The Manhattan Rhythm Kings, for touring in a Big Band revue entitled Song and Dance Man and White Tie. The Tommy Tune Awards, presented annually by Theatre Under The Stars honor excellence in school musical theatre in Houston. The current home of the Tommy Tune Awards is the Hobby Center for the Performing Arts in Houston, in 2013, he appeared as Argyle Austero in the revived fourth season of Arrested Development on Netflix. In 2015, he made a return to the New York stage as a performer in City Centers popular series Encores. He was featured in two numbers in LADY, BE GOOD, his first act number was the Gershwin standard Fascinatin Rhythm, when not performing, he used to run an art gallery in Tribeca that featured his own work
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Theatre Royal, Drury Lane
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The Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, commonly known as Drury Lane, a West End theatre, is a Grade I listed building in Covent Garden, London. The building faces Catherine Street and backs onto Drury Lane, the building is the most recent in a line of four theatres which were built at the same location, the earliest of which dated back to 1663, making it the oldest theatre site in London still in use. According to the author Peter Thomson, for its first two centuries, Drury Lane could reasonably have claimed to be Londons leading theatre. For most of time, it was one of a handful of patent theatres. The first theatre on the site was built at the behest of Thomas Killigrew in the early 1660s, when theatres were allowed to reopen during the English Restoration. Initially known as Theatre Royal in Bridges Street, the proprietors hired a number of prominent actors who performed at the theatre on a regular basis, including Nell Gwyn. In 1672 the theatre caught fire and Killigrew built a theatre on the same plot, renamed the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane. This building lasted nearly 120 years, under the leaderships of Colley Cibber, David Garrick and Richard Brinsley Sheridan, in 1791, under Sheridans management, the building was demolished to make way for a larger theatre which opened in 1794. This new Drury Lane survived for 15 years before burning down in 1809, the building that stands today opened in 1812. It has been the residency of a number of known actors including, Edmund Kean, comedian Dan Leno. From the Second World War, the theatre has primarily hosted long runs of musicals and my Fair Lady, 42nd Street and Miss Saigon, the theatres longest-running show. The theatre is owned by the composer Andrew Lloyd Webber, soon after, Charles issued Letters Patent to two parties licensing the formation of new acting companies. One of these went to Thomas Killigrew, whose company became known as the Kings Company, the new playhouse, architect unknown, opened on 7 May 1663 and was known from the placement of the entrance as the Theatre Royal in Bridges Street. It went by names as well, including the Kings Playhouse. The building was a wooden structure,112 feet long and 59 feet wide. Set well back from the streets, the theatre was accessed by narrow passages between surrounding buildings. The King himself frequently attended the productions, as did Samuel Pepys. The day after the Theatre Royal opened, Pepys attended a performance of Francis Beaumont, performances usually began at 3 pm to take advantage of the daylight, the main floor for the audience, the pit, had no roof in order to let in the light
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Piccadilly Theatre
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The Piccadilly Theatre is a West End theatre located at 16 Denman Street, behind Piccadilly Circus and adjacent to the Regent Palace Hotel, in the City of Westminster, England. Gold and green are the dominant colours in the bars and foyer, upon its opening on 27 April 1928, the theatres souvenir brochure claimed, If all the bricks used in the building were laid in a straight line, they would stretch from London to Paris. The opening production, Jerome Kerns musical Blue Eyes, starred Evelyn Laye, the theatre reopened in November 1929, with a production of The Student Prince, having a success in January 1931 with Folly to be Wise, running for 257 performances. Following a conversion into a restaurant, the theatre reopened in April 1936 as the London Casino. The building sustained damage when it was hit by a stray German bomb during World War II. After renovations in the early 1950s, it returned to its name and became a venue for plays, revues. In the 1960s and 1970s, the Piccadilly improved its reputation with a series of transfers from Broadway. A Streetcar Named Desire and Man of La Mancha made their London debuts at the theatre, the Beatles recorded a number of songs at the Piccadilly on 28 February 1964 for the BBC Radio show, From Us to You. In 1976, the Jerome Kern and Guy Bolton musical Very Good Eddie ran for 411 performances at the theatre, in 1986, the venue was the setting for ITVs popular Sunday evening variety show, Live From the Piccadilly, hosted by Jimmy Tarbuck. The 1990s witnessed an expansion in ballet and dance, notably the most successful commercial ballet season ever to play in the West End, including Matthew Bournes acclaimed production of Swan Lake. The Piccadilly has played host to such renowned stars as Henry Fonda, Ian McKellen, Judi Dench, Michael Pennington, Barbara Dickson, Lynn Redgrave, Julia McKenzie, Eric Sykes, and Dame Edna. Its productions have run the gamut from Wish You Were Here to Edward II to Spend Spend Spend to Noises Off to Blues in the Night to a season of plays directed by Sir Peter Hall. The Donmar Warehouse production of Guys and Dolls ran at the Piccadilly from 19 May 2005 to 14 April 2007, jersey Boys based on the story of Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons. Guide to British Theatres 1750-1950, John Earl and Michael Sell pp.131 ISBN 0-7136-5688-3
