1.
Savannah Guthrie
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Savannah Clark Guthrie is an American journalist and attorney, working for NBC News. She has been co-anchor of The Today Show since July 2012, Guthrie joined NBC News in September 2007 as a legal analyst and correspondent, regularly reporting on trials throughout the country. In that role, she substituted as anchor and main co-host. Guthrie ceased to be the third hour co-host and chief legal analyst in 2012 when she replaced Ann Curry as co-anchor of Today, savannah Clark Guthrie, named for her great-grandmother, was born in Melbourne, Australia, where her father was stationed for work. Her family returned to the United States and moved to Tucson and she graduated from Amphitheater High School in Tucson. Guthrie received her degree in journalism from the University of Arizona. She was a member of the Arizona Alpha chapter of Pi Beta Phi and her first job in broadcasting was at ABC affiliate KMIZ, in Columbia, Missouri, where she worked for two years before returning to Tucson and a job with NBC affiliate KVOA in 1995. After five years in Arizona, she took a job at WRC-TV, Washington, D. C. where she covered stories including the September 11,2001, attack on The Pentagon. She is a member of the bars of the District of Columbia and Arizona and she also was a member of Order of the Coif and received the International Academy of Trial Lawyers Student Advocacy award for her work with victims of domestic violence. She worked for the law firm Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld, in 2004, she became a national trial correspondent for CourtTV. Guthrie became a correspondent for NBC News in September 2007 and she covered Sarah Palins 2008 vice-presidential race from Fairbanks, Pittsburgh, San Antonio, Sioux City, Iowa, and Washington. On December 18, she was named White House correspondent for NBC News, in this capacity, she contributed to all NBC News properties. Guthrie is also an NBC News anchor and substitute anchor on NBC Nightly News, the move came after Vieira announced her departure from the show as co-host of the main program, and the subsequent promotions of Curry and Morales to main co-host and news anchor, respectively. Guthrie departed The Daily Rundown for Today on June 9,2011 and she also became NBC Newss Chief Legal Analyst, making her first appearance in this role on May 25,2011. On June 29,2012, it was announced that Guthrie would co-anchor Today and her first day as co-anchor, alongside Matt Lauer was on July 9,2012. During her time on Today, she has known for her highly regarded interviews. In 2011, she conducted an interview with Donald Trump in which he discussed his role in the Barack Obama birther controversy, later that same year, she interviewed Dr. Conrad Murray after he was found guilty of involuntary manslaughter in the death of Michael Jackson. She also reported exclusive details about the Death of Osama bin Laden, since 2012, she has hosted the Macys Thanksgiving Day Parade on NBC with Al Roker and Matt Lauer, and the annual Rockefeller Center Tree Lighting
2.
Al Roker
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Albert Lincoln Al Roker Jr. is an American television personality, weatherman, actor, and book author. He is best known as being the anchor on NBCs Today. Roker also appears occasionally on NBC Nightly News and he holds an expired American Meteorological Society Television Seal #238. On November 14,2014,8 AM EST, Roker set the new official Guinness World Record by reporting for 34 hours. Al Roker was born in Queens, New York, the son of Isabel, of Jamaican descent, Roker initially wanted to be a cartoonist. He was raised Catholic and graduated from Xavier High School in Manhattan and he worked on several projects as a member of the schools Cartooning & Illustration Club. He attended the State University of New York at Oswego where he received a B. A. in communications in 1976 and that makes Kravitz Rokers first cousin once removed. Before the national recognition, Roker worked as a anchor for CBS affiliate WHEN-TV in Syracuse, New York from 1974 until 1976. Rokers career with NBC began in 1978 when he was hired at WKYC-TV in Cleveland, after five successful years in Cleveland, Roker was promoted to the networks flagship outlet, WNBC-TV in his hometown. Roker returned to New York City in late 1983 as a weekend weathercaster, Roker replaced 27-year WNBC-TV veteran Dr. Frank Field, who left the network after a contract dispute. In 1995, he became the host of The Al Roker Show and that led Roker to getting a job as the forecaster for Weekend Today. He also substituted on the edition of Today when Willard Scott was ill or away. In 1996, Scott announced his semi-retirement from the show, and Roker received the weekday weather position on Today and he officially joined Today on January 26,1996. Roker became popular for doing his forecasts outside the studio, interviewing audience members, Roker also began doing more interviews and segments on the show as time progressed. In 2005, Roker reported from inside Hurricane Wilma, a popular viral video exists on the internet of him being swept off his feet by the force of the hurricane and holding on to the cameraman. In November 2014, Roker embarked on what was called Roker-thon, in which he did a non-stop, 34-hour weather forecast on NBC, the event was a fundraiser for the Crowdrise Campaign to help the military and USO. He repeated the event in Roker-thon 2, this time reporting weather from all 50 states and Washington, D. C. in one week from November 6 to November 13,2015, in support of Feeding America. Roker is a game show fan, and hosted a segment on Today in honor of five game shows
3.
Dave Garroway
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David Cunningham Dave Garroway was an American television personality. He was the founding host and anchor of NBCs Today from 1952 to 1961 and his easygoing and relaxing style belied a lifelong battle with depression. Before going into broadcasting, Garroway worked as a Harvard University lab assistant, as a book salesman, after not being able to successfully sell either, Garroway decided to try his hand in radio. Garroway began his broadcasting career modestly, starting at NBC as a page in 1938, he graduated 23rd in a class of 24 from NBCs school for announcers. Following graduation, he landed a job at Pittsburgh radio station KDKA in 1939, as a station reporter, he went about the region filing reports from a hot-air balloon, a U. S. Navy submarine in the Ohio River, and from deep inside a coal mine. His early reporting efforts earned Garroway a reputation for finding a good story, the Roving Announcer, as he was known, worked his way up to become the stations special events director, while still attending to his on-air work. After two years with KDKA, Garroway left for Chicago, when the United States entered World War II in 1941, Garroway enlisted in the U. S. Navy. While stationed in Honolulu, he hosted a show when he was off duty, playing jazz records. After the war, Garroway went to work as a jockey at WMAQ in Chicago. Over time, Garroway hosted a series of programs such as The 11,60 Club, The Dave Garroway Show. One oddity Garroway introduced on his shows was having the studio audience respond to a song number not by applauding. Garroway also worked to organize concerts, creating a Jazz Circuit of local clubs in 1947. His fellow disc jockeys voted him the nations best in the 1948 and 1949 Billboard polls and he won the award again in 1951. Garroway was the first communicator on NBC Radios Monitor when the program first aired on June 12,1955 and he continued as the Sunday evening host of the news/music program from 1955 to 1961. Garroway worked on the air at WCBS radio in 1964 and briefly hosted the drive shift at KFI in Los Angeles in late 1970. Garroway was introduced to the television audience when he hosted the experimental musical variety show Garroway at Large. It was carried by NBC from June 18,1949, to June 24,1951, Garroways relaxed, informal style when on the air became part of his trademark. In 1960, New York Times reviewer Richard F. Shepard wrote, He does not crash into the home with the false jollity and he is pleasant, serious, scholarly looking and not obtrusively convivial
4.
Betty White
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Betty Marion White Ludden is an American actress, with the longest television career of a female entertainer. She is known for her Emmy Award-winning roles as Sue Ann Nivens on The Mary Tyler Moore Show, the Writers Guild of America has included both sitcoms in its list of the 101 Best Written TV Series Of All Time. From 2010 to 2015, she starred as Elka Ostrovsky in the TV Land sitcom Hot in Cleveland, for which she has won two consecutive Screen Actors Guild Awards and she was nominated for an Emmy Award. In a career that has spanned more than 75 years, she has received eight Emmy awards in various categories and she also has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, is a Television Hall of Fame inductee, and a Disney Legend. Betty Marion White was born in Oak Park, Illinois, on January 17,1922 and she has stated that Betty is her legal name and not a shortened version of Elizabeth. She is the child of Christine Tess, a homemaker, and Horace Logan White. Her paternal grandfather was Danish and her grandfather was Greek. Whites family moved to Alhambra, California and later to Los Angeles, to make extra money, her father would build radios and sell them wherever he could. Since it was the height of the Depression, and hardly anyone had a sizable income and she attended Horace Mann School Beverly Hills and Beverly Hills High School and aspired to become a forest ranger. However during this time women werent allowed to become rangers, instead, White pursued an interest in writing. She wrote and played the lead in a play at Horace Mann School. This is where she decided to become an actress, White made rounds to movie studios looking for work, but was always turned down because she was unphotogenic. So then she started to look for radio jobs where being photogenic did not matter and her first radio jobs included reading commercials and playing bit parts, and sometimes even doing crowd noises. She made about five dollars a show and she would do just about anything, like singing on a show for no money, or making an appearance on the local game show. White began her career in 1939, three months after high school graduation, when she and a classmate sang songs from The Merry Widow on an experimental Los Angeles channel. White found work modeling, and her first professional acting job was at the Bliss Hayden Little Theatre, Whites career was disrupted immediately, as World War II broke out, causing her to join the American Womens Voluntary Services. In the 1940s, she worked in radio, appearing on such as Blondie, The Great Gildersleeve. She then got her own show, called The Betty White Show
5.
Lorne Greene
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Lorne Hyman Greene, OC was a Canadian actor, radio personality, and singer. His television roles include Ben Cartwright on the western Bonanza, and he also worked on the Canadian television nature documentary series Lorne Greenes New Wilderness, and in television commercials. Greene was born Lyon Himan Green in Ottawa, Ontario, to Russian Jewish immigrants, Dora and Daniel Green and he was called Chaim by his mother, and his name is shown as Hyman on his school report cards. In his biography, the author, his daughter Linda Greene Bennett, stated that it was not known when he began using Lorne, Greene was the drama instructor at Camp Arowhon, a summer camp in Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada, where he developed his talents. Greene began acting while attending Queens University in Kingston, where he acquired a knack for broadcasting with the Radio Workshop of the universitys Drama Guild on the radio station CFRC. He gave up on a career in engineering and, upon graduation. During World War II Green served as a Flying officer in the Royal Canadian Air Force and he was assigned as the principal newsreader on the CBC National News. During his radio days, Greene invented a stopwatch that ran backwards and he narrated documentary films, such as the National Film Board of Canadas Fighting Norway. In 1957 Greene played the prosecutor in Peyton Place, katharine Cornell cast him twice in her Broadway productions. In 1953, he was cast in The Prescott Proposals, in that same year, she cast him in a verse drama by Christopher Fry, The Dark is Light Enough. Greene began appearing in isolated episodes on television in the 1950s. In 1953, he was seen in the role of a one-hour adaptation of Shakespeares Othello. In 1955 he was Ludwig van Beethoven in an episode of the TV version of You Are There, in 1954 he made his Hollywood debut as Saint Peter in The Silver Chalice and made several more films and appearances on American television. The first of his continuing TV roles was as the patriarch Ben Pa Cartwright in Bonanza and he garnered the role after his performance as OBrien in the CBS production of Nineteen Eighty-Four. In the 1960s, Greene capitalized on his image as Benjamin Pa Cartwright by recording several albums of country-western/folk songs, when it failed to gain sufficient ratings and was cancelled after 13 episodes, Greene thereafter hosted the syndicated nature documentary series Last of the Wild from 1974-75. In the 1977 miniseries Roots, he played the first master of Kunta Kinte, through the 1970s, Greene was the spokesman for Alpo Beef Chunks dog food commercials, one of the possible origins of the phrase Eating your own dog food. In 2007, TV Guide listed Ben Cartwright as the second most popular TV Father. Greene was also known for his role as Commander Adama, another patriarchal figure, Greenes typecasting as a wise father character continued with the 1981 series, Code Red as a Fire Department Fire Chief whose command includes his children as subordinates
6.
Ed McMahon
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Edward Leo Peter Ed McMahon, Jr. was an American comedian, actor, singer, game show host and announcer. He is most famous for his work on television as Johnny Carsons sidekick, announcer and he also hosted the original version of the talent show Star Search from 1983 to 1995. He co-hosted TVs Bloopers & Practical Jokes with Dick Clark from 1982 to 1998 and he also presented sweepstakes for the direct marketing company American Family Publishers. McMahon annually co-hosted the Jerry Lewis Labor Day Telethon, in the 1970s and 1980s, he anchored the team of NBC personalities conducting the networks coverage of the Macys Thanksgiving Day Parade. McMahon appeared in films, including The Incident, Fun With Dick and Jane, Full Moon High. He also performed in television commercials. According to Entertainment Weekly, McMahon is considered one of the greatest sidekicks, McMahon was born in Detroit, Michigan, to Edward Leo Peter McMahon, Sr. a fund-raiser and entertainer, and his wife Eleanor McMahon. He was raised in Lowell, Massachusetts often visiting his paternal Aunt Mary Brennan at her home on Chelmsford St. McMahon began his career as a caller in Maine when he was fifteen. Prior to this, he worked as a carnival barker for three years in Mexico, Maine and he put himself through college as a pitchman for vegetable slicers on the Atlantic City boardwalk. His first broadcasting job was at WLLH-AM in his native Lowell, McMahon hoped to become a United States Marine Corps fighter pilot. Prior to the US entry into World War II, however, McMahon enrolled into classes at Boston College and studied there from 1940–41. After completing the college requirement, McMahon was able to enlist as he previously wished and his primary flight training was in Dallas, followed by fighter training in Pensacola, where he also earned his carrier landing qualifications. He was a Marine Corps flight instructor for two years, finally being ordered to the Pacific fleet in 1945, however, his orders were canceled after the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, forcing Japans surrender unconditionally. As an officer in the reserves, McMahon was recalled to duty during the Korean War. This time, he flew the OE-1, an unarmed single-engine spotter plane and he functioned as an artillery spotter for the Marine batteries on the ground and as a forward controller for the Navy and Marine fighter bombers. He flew a total of 85 combat missions, earning six Air Medals, after the war, he stayed with the Marines as a reserve officer, retiring in 1966 as a colonel. In 1982, McMahon received a commission as a brigadier general in the California Air National Guard. After World War II, McMahon studied at The Catholic University of America under the GI Bill and he majored in speech and drama while studying under the Rev. Gilbert Hartke and was a member of Phi Kappa Theta fraternity
7.
Bryant Gumbel
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Bryant Charles Gumbel is an American television journalist and sportscaster, best known for his 15 years as co-host of NBCs Today. He is the brother of sportscaster Greg Gumbel. Since 1995, he has hosted HBOs acclaimed investigative series Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel and it won a Peabody Award in 2012. Gumbel was hired by NBC Sports in the fall of 1975 as co-host of its National Football League pre-game show GrandStand with Jack Buck, from 1975 until January 1982, he hosted numerous sporting events for NBC including Major League Baseball, college basketball and the National Football League. He returned to sportscasting for NBC when he hosted the prime time coverage of the 1988 Summer Olympics from Seoul, Gumbels work on Today earned him several Emmys and a large fanbase. He is the third longest serving co-host of Today, after current host Matt Lauer and he stepped down from the show on January 3,1997, after 15 years. Gumbel moved to CBS, where he hosted various shows before becoming co-host of the morning show The Early Show on November 1,1999. Gumbel was hosting The Early Show on the morning of September 11,2001 and he was the first to announce the September 11 attacks to CBS viewers. Gumbel was born in New Orleans and he is the son of Rhea Alice, a city clerk, and Richard Dunbar Gumbel, a judge. He attended and graduated from De La Salle Institute in Chicago and he graduated from Bates College in 1970 with a degree in Russian history. In 1971, he became editor of Black Sports Magazine, leaving the following year and he began his television career in October 1972, when he was made a sportscaster for KNBC-TV out of Los Angeles. Gumbel was hired by NBC Sports in the fall of 1975 as co-host of its National Football League pre-game show GrandStand with Jack Buck, from 1975 until January 1982, he hosted numerous sporting events for NBC including Major League Baseball, college basketball and the National Football League. He returned to sportscasting for NBC when he hosted the prime time coverage of the 1988 Summer Olympics from Seoul and the PGA Tour in 1990. One of Gumbels more memorable moments during his time at NBC Sports occurred in 1982, at the end of the game, he told the viewers, If you didnt like this football game then you dont like football. In June 1981, NBC announced that Tom Brokaw would depart Today to anchor the NBC Nightly News with Roger Mudd beginning in the spring of 1982. The search for Brokaws replacement was on, and the candidates were all NBC News correspondents, including John Palmer, Chris Wallace, Bob Kur, Bob Jamieson. The candidates auditioned for Brokaws job throughout the summer of 1981 when he was on vacation, Gumbel became a candidate for the job just by chance when he served as a last-minute substitute for Today co-anchor Jane Pauley in August 1981. He so impressed executive producer Steve Friedman and other NBC executives that he became a top contender for the Today anchor position
8.
Willard Scott
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Willard Herman Scott, Jr. Scott was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on March 7,1934, and attended George Washington High School. Scott became a member of Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity while at American University and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy, from 1955 to 1972, Scott teamed with Ed Walker as co-host of the nightly Joy Boys radio program on WRC-AM. Scott routinely sketched a list of characters and a few lead lines setting up a situation, the Joy Boys show played on WRC until 1972 when they moved to cross-town station WWDC for another two years. Scott wrote in his book, The Joy of Living, of their professional and personal bond which continued until Walkers death in October 2015. Scott spent the 1960s balancing his career with jobs as the host of childrens television programs. He appeared on WRC-TV in Washington, D. C. playing characters such as Commander Retro, in 1970, Scott began appearing on WRC-TV as a weekday weatherman. In his book Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser claims that McDonalds replaced Scott on account of his weight, Scott was tapped by NBC in 1980 to become its weatherman for The Today Show, replacing Bob Ryan, who replaced him at WRC-TV until 2010. After being inspired by a viewer request, Scott began his practice of wishing centenarians a happy birthday on-air in 1983, during the 1980s, Scott routinely did weather reports on the road, interviewing locals at community festivals and landmarks. He also periodically performed on the program from Washington D. C. which he considered his home. During this time, NBC executives told the bald Scott to wear a hairpiece and he complied when in New York, but refused when outside of the studio, resulting in a strange dichotomy on the air. In 1989, The Today Show co-host Bryant Gumbel wrote an internal memo critical of the shows personalities, a memo that was later leaked to the media. In the memo, Gumbel said Scott holds the show hostage to his assortment of whims, wishes, birthdays and bad guy is killing us. From the late 1980s until the early 1990s, Scott served as the spokesperson for True Value Hardware Stores, in 1992, Scott, who was the first incarnation of Ronald McDonald, recorded a commercial for McDonalds archrival Burger King. Scott went into semi-retirement in 1996 and was succeeded by Al Roker and he continued to appear twice a week on the morning program to wish centenarians a happy birthday. He appeared from the lot of WBBH, the NBC affiliate in Fort Myers. He was also the voice of Smuckers jellies, which sponsored his birthday tributes on Today. Scott announced on December 11,2015 his retirement from television, Today held a tribute to Scott on his final day featuring tape highlights from his years with the show on December 15,2015. The plaza outside Rockefeller Center was renamed Willard Scott Way in his honor, a lot of people wished him farewell, including the current Today staff, and former co-anchors Tom Brokaw, Jane Pauley and Katie Couric
9.
Katie Couric
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Katherine Anne Katie Couric is an American journalist and author. Couric has been a television host on all Big Three television networks in the United States and she worked for NBC News from 1989 to 2006, CBS News from 2006 to 2011, and ABC News from 2011 to 2014. In addition to her television roles, she hosted Katie. Some of her most important notable roles include co-host of Today, anchor of the CBS Evening News and she also reported for nearly every television news broadcast across ABC, CBS and NBC. Courics first book, The Best Advice I Ever Got, Lessons from Extraordinary Lives, was a New York Times best-seller, in 2004, Couric earned induction into the Television Hall of Fame. C. Although her mother was Jewish, Couric was raised as a Presbyterian, in a report for Today, she traced her patrilineal ancestry back to a French orphan who immigrated to the U. S. in the 19th century and became a broker in the cotton business. Couric attended Arlington Public Schools, Jamestown Elementary, Williamsburg Middle School, as a high school student, she was an intern at Washington, D. C. all-news radio station WAVA. She enrolled at her fathers alma mater, the University of Virginia, Couric served in several positions at UVAs award-winning daily newspaper, The Cavalier Daily. During her fourth year at UVA, Couric was chosen to live as Senior Resident of The Lawn and she graduated in 1979 with a bachelors degree in American Studies. Courics first job in 1979 was at the ABC News bureau in Washington, between 1984 and 1986, she worked as a general-assignment reporter for the then-CBS affiliate WTVJ in Miami, Florida. During the following two years, she reported for WRC-TV, the NBC owned- and -operated station in Washington, D. C. work which earned her an Associated Press award, Couric joined NBC News in 1989 as Deputy Pentagon Correspondent. From 1989 to 1991, Couric was an anchor substitute and she also subbed for Daniels, Norville, and John Palmer as the news anchor on Today. In 1989, Couric joined Today as national political correspondent, becoming a substitute co-host in February 1991 when Norville had to leave, Norville did not return and Couric became permanent co-anchor on April 5,1991. While at NBC, Katie Couric occasionally filled in for Tom Brokaw on NBC Nightly News, from 1989–1993, Couric also filled in for Maria Shriver on the Sunday Edition of NBC Nightly News and for Garrick Utley on the Saturday Edition of NBC Nightly News. In addition, during her time on Today she served as a host of the annual Macys Thanksgiving Day Parade for 15 years from 1991-2005, Couric hosted or worked on a number of news specials, like Everybodys Business, Americas Children in 1995. Similar entertainment specials were Legend to Legend Night, A Celebrity Cavalcade in 1993, Couric has also co-hosted the opening ceremonies of the Olympic Games. She has broadcast with Bob Costas, beginning with the 2000 Summer Olympics, John F. Kennedy, Jr. gave Couric his first and last interviews. Couric has won multiple television reporting awards through her career, including the prestigious Peabody Award for her series Confronting Colon Cancer, Couric has also interviewed former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, U. S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, Harry Potter author J. K
10.
Matt Lauer
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Matthew Todd Matt Lauer is an American television journalist and host of The Today Show. He is also a contributor for Dateline NBC and he was previously a news anchor for The Today Show in 1994 and anchor for WNBC in New York City and a local talk-show host in Boston, Philadelphia, Providence, and Richmond. He was also host of PM Magazine, in the early 1990s, Lauer hosted segments of HBO Entertainment News. Lauer was born in New York City, the son of Marilyn Kolmer, an owner, and Jay Robert Lauer. His parents divorced during his youth, and his father died in 1997, Lauer had become co-host of The Today Show, replacing longtime host Bryant Gumbel in early 1997, not long before his fathers death. Lauers father was of Romanian-Jewish heritage, as seen on the Today Shows Finding Our Roots, Lauer said, My dad was Jewish. So I was not raised anything, I do feel a desire now to find something spiritual. Getting married and wanting to have kids has something to do with that, Lauer is a graduate of the School of Media Arts and Studies of Ohio University. In 1997, he received his degree from Ohio University at the age of 39. He had dropped out of Ohio Universitys School of Telecommunications in the Spring of 1979, Lauer began his television career in 1979 as a producer of the 12 oclock news for WOWK-TV in Huntington, West Virginia. By 1980, he had become a reporter on the 6 and 11 oclock newscasts. He then started to move around the country, hosting a number of information and talk programs in Boston, Philadelphia, Providence. He was also host of PM Magazine in Providence, RI, in 1986, he co-hosted WNYW-TVs Made In New York with Jill Rappaport for its fifteen-week run on the station. In 1986, he also co-hosted Fame, Fortune and Romance and he also worked for ESPN in the 1980s. In Boston, he hosted WNEV-TVs Talk of the Town in 1988, from 1989 to 1991, Lauer hosted a three-hour live interview program, WWOR-TVs 9 Broadcast Plaza. The program was retitled Trial Watch when it went to series, NBC hired Rob Weller as host over Lauer when the program was picked up as a daily series. The same year, he filmed a pilot for WWEs Vince McMahon, focused on a new bodybuilding league, in 1991 he appeared as the co-host of Etc. Etc. a show on The Travel Channel. Lauer moved to WNBC-TV in 1992 where he became co-anchor, alongside Jane Hanson, after a year, he also filled the role of Live at Five co-anchor with Sue Simmons
11.
Meredith Vieira
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Meredith Louise Vieira is an American journalist, talk show and game show host. She is known for serving as the moderator of the ABC talk show, The View. Vieira was the original host of the United States syndicated version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire and she has been a contributor to Dateline NBC and Rock Center with Brian Williams, and was the presenter on Lifetime Televisions Intimate Portrait series. She hosted a talk show, The Meredith Vieira Show. She is a correspondent for NBC News and a contributor to Today, the NBC Nightly News. Vieira was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and raised in nearby East Providence, the daughter of Mary Elsie Rosa, a homemaker, and Edwin Vieira and she is the youngest of four children, with three older brothers. All four of Vieira’s grandparents came from the —three from Faial Island, the family name Vieira means scallop in Portuguese. They emigrated to New England in the late-19th and early-20th centuries, settling around Providence, Vieira was raised in the Roman Catholic faith, but she has stated in recent interviews that she has spirituality, not a religion. Vieira attended the Lincoln School, a Quaker all-girls school in Providence and she graduated with a degree in English from Tufts University in 1975. Vieira began her career in 1975 as a news announcer for WORC radio in Worcester, Massachusetts. Vieira first gained recognition as a CBS reporter based in its Chicago bureau from 1982 to 1984. She later became a correspondent for nationwide news-magazine shows including West 57th and 60 Minutes and her final assignment at CBS was as co-anchor of the CBS Morning News. Vieira served as the moderator and co-host of ABCs daytime talk show The View from its debut on August 11,1997. As moderator, she was responsible for opening and closing each of the live episodes, introducing Hot Topics, guiding conversations. On her final episode of The View, Vieiras co-hosts gave her a roast to commemorate her departure and she said it was very sad whats happened to it, Im proud of the work we did there, but its not a good time in the history of the show. It sort of became a joke, on August 29,2006, Vieira told the New York Post that she didnt mean that The View was a joke. She said the interview was taken out of context, I felt that the media was turning into a joke, not that the show was a joke, she says. Time added a clarification to its website, saying assures Time that in no way were her comments meant to be insensitive or derogatory, rosie ODonnell was originally offered to host the syndicated version, but rejected it almost immediately
12.
Ann Curry
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Ann Curry is an American television personality, news journalist and photojournalist. Curry has been a reporter for more than 30 years, focused on human suffering in war zones, Curry has reported from the wars in Syria, Palestine, Darfur, Congo, the Central African Republic, Kosovo, Lebanon, Israel, Afghanistan and Iraq, among others. In June 2012, she became the National and International Correspondent/Anchor for NBC News and she was co-anchor of Today from June 9,2011 to June 28,2012 and the programs news anchor from March 1997 until becoming co-anchor. She was also the anchor of Dateline NBC from 2005 to 2011, on January 13,2015, it was announced that Ann Curry would be leaving NBC News after nearly 25 years. In January 2015, Curry founded her own multi-platform media startup and she continues to conduct major news interviews on network television, most recently securing an exclusive interview with Iranian Foreign Minister Javad Zarif about the Iran nuclear talks. Curry was born in Guam to Bob Curry, an American from Pueblo, Colorado, who is of Cherokee, French, German, Scottish and Irish descent, and Hiroe Nagase, who is of Japanese descent. Her father, a career Navy sailor, met her mother during the United States occupation of Japan following the Second World War, although he was transferred out of Japan, he returned two years later to marry Nagase. Curry is the eldest of five children, Curry lived in Japan for several years as a child, attending the Ernest J. King School on the United States Fleet Activities Sasebo naval base in Sasebo, Nagasaki. Later she moved to Ashland, Oregon, where she graduated from Ashland High School and she graduated with a B. A. in journalism at the University of Oregon in 1978. Curry began her career in 1978 as an intern at then NBC-affiliate KTVL in Medford. There she rose to become the stations first female news reporter, in 1980, Curry moved to NBC-affiliate KGW in Portland, where she was a reporter and anchor. Four years later, Curry moved to Los Angeles as a reporter for KCBS-TV, in 1990, Curry joined NBC News, first as the NBC News Chicago correspondent then as the anchor of NBC News at Sunrise from 1991 to 1996. Curry also served as a news anchor for Matt Lauer from 1994 to 1997 at Today. From 1997 to 2011, she served as anchor at Today, becoming the shows second-longest serving news anchor, behind Frank Blair. During this time, she served as a substitute anchor for Today. In May 2005, Curry was named co-anchor of Dateline NBC with Stone Phillips, she remained as the anchor when Phillips left in June 2007. She was the primary substitute on NBC Nightly News from 2005 to 2011, Curry has reported on major international stories, filing stories from places such as Baghdad, Sri Lanka, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Albania, and Darfur. Curry reported from the USS Theodore Roosevelt during the invasion of Afghanistan in November 2001 and she reported from Baghdad in early 2003, and then from the USS Constellation as the war in Iraq began
13.
Macy's
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Macys, originally R. H. Macy & Co. is a department store owned by Macys, Inc. It is one of two owned by the company, with the other being Bloomingdales. Macys has conducted the annual Macys Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City since 1924 and has sponsored the citys annual Fourth of July fireworks display since 1976, Macys Herald Square is one of the largest department stores in the world. The value of Herald Square has been estimated at around $3 billion, in 2015 Macys was the largest U. S. department store company by retail sales. Macys was the 15th-largest retailer in the United States for 2014 by revenue and they all failed, but he learned from his mistakes. On the companys first day of business on October 28,1858 sales totaled US$11.08, equal to $306.15 today. From the beginning, Macys logo has included a star, which comes from a tattoo that Macy got as a teenager when he worked on a Nantucket whaling ship and it also offered a money back guarantee, although it accepted only cash into the 1950s. The store also produced its own clothing for both men and women, assembled in an on-site factory. In 1875, Macy took on two partners, Robert M. Valentine, a nephew, and Abiel T, la Forge of Wisconsin, who was the husband of a cousin. Macy died in 1877 from inflammatory kidney disease, la Forge died the following year, and Valentine died in 1879. This latter 5-story building was purchased by Robert H. Macys ignored the tactic, and simply built around the building, in 1912, Isidor Straus died in the sinking of the Titanic at the age of 67 with his wife, Ida. The original Broadway store was designed by architects De Lemos & Cordes, was built in 1901–02 by the Fuller Company and has a Palladian facade, but has been updated in many details. There were further additions to the west in 1924 and 1928, and the Seventh Avenue building in 1931, all designed by architect Robert D. Kohn, the newer buildings were increasingly Art Deco in style. In 2012, Macys began the first full renovation of the iconic Herald Square flagship store at a reported cost of US$400,000,000, STUDIO V Architecture, a New York-based firm, was the overall Master Plan architect of the project. STUDIO Vs fresh design of the department store raised controversy over the nature of contemporary design, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark in 1978. The store has several wooden escalators still in operation, the problem of pre-existing buildings also presented itself when Macys built a store on Queens Boulevard in Elmhurst, in the New York City borough of Queens. This resulted in a unique round department store on 90 percent of the lot, Macys no longer fully occupies this building, which now contains the Queens Place Mall, with Macys Furniture Gallery as a tenant, instead it moved its full outlet to the nearby Queens Center. This relocation was the result of Macys merger with Federated Department Stores, the parent company of Abraham & Straus, in 1994, more distant acquisitions included Lasalle & Koch, Davison-Paxon-Stokes, L. Bamberger & Co
14.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
15.
Central Park
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Central Park is an urban park in Manhattan, New York City. Central Park is the most visited park in the United States, with 40 million visitors in 2013. The park was established in 1857 on 778 acres of city-owned land, construction began the same year and the parks first area was opened to the public in the winter of 1858. Construction continued during the American Civil War farther north, and was expanded to its current size of 843 acres in 1873, Central Park was designated a National Historic Landmark by the U. S. Department of the Interior in 1962. The Conservancy is a organization that contributes 75 percent of Central Parks $65 million annual budget and is responsible for all basic care of the 843-acre park. Between 1821 and 1855, New York City nearly quadrupled in population, as the city expanded northward up Manhattan, people were drawn to the few existing open spaces, mainly cemeteries, to get away from the noise and chaotic life in the city. Since Central Park was not part of the original Commissioners Plan of 1811, John Randel, Jr. surveyed the grounds. The only remaining surveying bolt from his survey is still visible, it is embedded in a rock just north of the present Dairy and the 65th Street Transverse, the bolt marks the location where West 65th Street would have intersected Sixth Avenue. The state appointed a Central Park Commission to oversee the development of the park, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux developed what came to be known as the Greensward Plan, which was selected as the winning design. The Greensward Plan called for some 36 bridges, all designed by Vaux, ranging from rugged spans of Manhattan schist or granite, to lacy Neo-Gothic cast iron, several influences came together in the design. Landscaped cemeteries, such as Mount Auburn and Green-Wood had set examples of idyllic, naturalistic landscapes, the most influential innovations in the Central Park design were the separate circulation systems for pedestrians, horseback riders, and pleasure vehicles. The crosstown commercial traffic was entirely concealed in sunken roadways, screened with densely planted shrub belts so as to maintain a rustic ambiance, before the construction of the park could start, the area had to be cleared of its inhabitants. Most lived in villages, such as Harsenville, the Piggery District, or Seneca Village, or in the school. Approximately 1,600 residents were evicted under the rule of eminent domain during 1857, Seneca Village and parts of the other communities were razed to make room for the park. During the parks construction, Olmsted fought constant battles with the park commissioners, between 1860 and 1873, most of the major hurdles to construction were overcome and the park was substantially completed. The work was documented with technical drawings and photographs. More gunpowder was used to clear the area than was used at the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War, the parks commissioners assigned a name to each of the original 18 gates in 1862. The names were chosen to represent the diversity of New York Citys trades, for example, Mariners Gate for the entrance at 85th Street
16.
Macy's Herald Square
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Macys Herald Square, originally known as the R. H. Macy and Company Store, is the flagship of Macys department stores, located on Herald Square in Manhattan, New York City. The buildings 2.2 million square feet has made it the second largest department store. As of 2016, the store has stood at the site for 115 years, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark in 1978. They all failed, but he learned from his mistakes and he moved to New York City in 1858 and established a new store named R. H Macy Dry Goods at Sixth Avenue on the corner of 14th Street. On the companys first day of business on October 28,1858, sales totaled $11.08, equivalent to $306.15 today. From the very beginning, Macys logo has included a star in one form or another, the store later moved to 18th Street and Broadway, on the Ladies Mile, the elite shopping district of the time, where it remained for nearly forty years. In 1875, Macy took on two partners, Robert M. Valentine, a nephew, and Abiel T, La Forge of Wisconsin, who was the husband of a cousin. Macy died just two later in 1877 from Brights disease, The following year La Forge died and Valentine died in 1879. Robert H. Macys ignored the tactic, and simply built around the building and that building earned the name Million Dollar Corner when it was finally sold for a then record $1,000,000 on December 6,1911. The original Broadway store, designed by architects De Lemos & Cordes and it has a Palladian facade, but has been updated in many details. The store boasts several wooden escalators still in operation, in 2012, Macy’s began the first full renovation of the iconic Herald Square flagship store at a reported cost of $400 million. Studio V Architecture, a New York-based firm, was the master plan architect of the project. The firms design raised controversy over the nature of contemporary design, as part of the deal, the retail group agreed to introduce policies to ensure all customers were treated equally regardless of race or ethnicity. Every year, Macys is noted for its elaborate animated holiday and Christmas window displays in many locations across the U. S. each year presents a different theme shown in six windows on the Broadway side of the building. Each window includes animated displays with complex scenery, attracting people to view them. The windows are designed, fabricated and animated by Standard Transmission Productions, located in Red Hook. The exhibit was titled Art Under Glass and was viewable to the public during the summer of 2007 through that years fashion week
17.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
18.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
19.
Videotape
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Videotape is magnetic tape used for storing video and usually sound in addition. Information stored can be in the form of either a signal or digital signal. Videotape is used in video tape recorders or, more commonly, videocassette recorders and camcorders. Videotapes are also used for storing scientific or medical data, such as the produced by an electrocardiogram. Tape is a method of storing information and thus imposes delays to access a portion of the tape that is not already under the heads. The early 2000s saw the introduction and rise to prominence of high quality video recording media such as hard disks. Since then, videotape has been relegated to archival and similar uses. The electronics division of entertainer Bing Crosbys production company, Bing Crosby Enterprises, overall the picture quality was still considered inferior to the best kinescope recordings on film. Bing Crosby Enterprises hoped to have a version available in 1954. The BBC experimented from 1952 to 1958 with a high-speed linear videotape system called VERA and it used half-inch tape traveling at 200 inches per second. RCA demonstrated the magnetic recording of both black-and-white and color television programs at its Princeton laboratories on December 1,1953. The high-speed longitudinal tape system, called Simplex, in development since 1951, could record, the color system used half-inch tape to record five tracks, one each for red, blue, green, synchronization, and audio. The black-and-white system used quarter-inch tape with two tracks, one for video and one for audio, both systems ran at 360 inches per second. RCA-owned NBC first used it on The Jonathan Winters Show on October 23,1956 when a song sequence by Dorothy Collins in color was included in the otherwise live television program. BCE demonstrated a color system in February 1955 using a longitudinal recording on half-inch tape. CBS, RCAs competitor, was about to order BCE machines when Ampex introduced the superior Quadruplex system, BCE was acquired by 3M Company in 1956. Quad employed a transverse four-head system on a tape. On January 22,1957, the NBC Television game show Truth or Consequences, produced in Hollywood, Ampex introduced a color videotape recorder in 1958 in a cross-licensing agreement with RCA, whose engineers had developed it from an Ampex black-and-white recorder
20.
Multiple-camera setup
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The multiple-camera setup, multiple-camera mode of production, multi-camera or simply multicam is a method of filmmaking and video production. Several cameras—either film or professional video cameras—are employed on the set and it is often contrasted with single-camera setup, which uses one camera. In this way, multiple shots are obtained in a single take without having to start and this is more efficient for programs that are to be shown a short time after being shot as it reduces the time spent film editing or video editing the footage. It is also a necessity for regular, high-output shows like daily soap operas. It also reduces the complexity of tracking continuity issues that crop up when the scene is reshot from the different angles and it is an essential part of live television. These can be hidden from just one camera but can be more complicated to set up. Another drawback is in film usage—a four-camera setup will use up to four times as much film per take, while shooting, the director and assistant director create a line cut by instructing the technical director to switch between the feed from the individual cameras. In the case of sitcoms with studio audiences, this cut is typically displayed to them on studio monitors. The line cut might be refined later in editing, as often the output from all cameras is recorded, both separately and as a combined reference display called the q split. The camera currently being recorded to the cut is indicated by a tally light controlled by a camera control unit on the camera as a reference both for the actors and the camera operators. When sound came into the picture multiple cameras were used to film sets at a single time. Early sound was recorded onto wax discs that could not be edited, the BBC routinely used multiple cameras for their live television shows from 1936 onward. Desilus innovation was to use 35mm film instead of 16mm and to film with a multiple-camera setup before a studio audience. In the late 1970s, Garry Marshall was credited with adding the fourth camera to the multi-camera set-up for his series Mork & Mindy, soon after, many productions followed suit and now having four cameras is the norm for multi-camera situation comedies. The multiple-camera method gives the director less control over each shot but is faster, in television, multiple-camera is commonly used for sports programs, news programs, soap operas, talk shows, game shows, and some sitcoms. Before the pre-filmed continuing series became the dominant dramatic form on American television, multiple cameras can take different shots of a live situation as the action unfolds chronologically and is suitable for shows which require a live audience. For this reason, multiple camera productions can be filmed or taped much faster than single camera, multiple-camera sitcoms were more simplified but have been compared to theatre work due to its similar set-up and use of theatre-experienced actors and crew members. The majority of British sitcoms and dramas from the 1950s to the early 1990s were made using four cameras, unlike the United States, the development of completed filmed programming, using the single camera method, was limited for several decades
21.
1080i
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1080i is an abbreviation referring to a combination of frame resolution and scan type, used in high-definition television and high-definition video. The number 1080 refers to the number of lines on the screen. The term assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9, so the 1080 lines of vertical resolution implies 1920 columns of horizontal resolution. A1920 pixels ×1080 lines screen has a total of 2.1 megapixels and this format is used in the SMPTE 292M standard. The choice of 1080 lines originates with Charles Poynton, who in the early 1990s pushed for square pixels to be used in HD video formats, within the designation 1080i, the i stands for interlaced scan. A frame of 1080i video consists of two fields of 1920 horizontal and 540 vertical pixels. The first field consists of all odd-numbered TV lines and the second all even numbered lines, 1080i differs from 1080p, where the p stands for progressive scan, where all lines in a frame are captured at the same time. In native or pure 1080i, the two fields of a frame correspond to different instants, so motion portrayal is good and this is true for interlaced video in general and can be easily observed in still images taken of fast motion scenes. However, when 1080p material is captured at 25 or 30 frames/second, it is converted to 1080i at 50 or 60 fields/second, respectively, in this situation both fields in a frame do correspond to the same instant. The field-to-instant relation is more complex for the case of 1080p at 24 frames/second converted to 1080i at 60 fields/second. Both field rates can be carried by digital television broadcast formats such as ATSC, DVB. The frame rate can be implied by the context, while the rate is generally specified after the letter i. In this case 1080i60 refers to 60 fields per second, the European Broadcasting Union prefers to use the resolution and frame rate separated by a slash, as in 1080i/30 and 1080i/25, likewise 480i/30 and 576i/25. Resolutions of 1080i60 or 1080i50 often refers to 1080i/30 or 1080i/25 in EBU notation, 1080i is directly compatible with some CRT HDTVs on which it can be displayed natively in interlaced form, but for display on progressive-scan—e. g. Most new LCD and plasma TVs, it must be deinterlaced, depending on the televisions video processing capabilities, the resulting video quality may vary, but may not necessarily suffer. For example, film material at 25fps may be deinterlaced from 1080i50 to restore a full 1080p resolution at the frame rate without any loss. Preferably video material with 50 or 60 motion phases/second is to be converted to 50p or 60p before display, worldwide, most HD channels on satellite and cable broadcast in 1080i. This also allows local newscasts on these ABC affiliates to be produced in the resolution to match the picture quality of their 1080i competitors
22.
Celebrate the Season Parade
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The Celebrate the Season Parade is one of the traditional parades held each year in Downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is held on the Saturday after Thanksgiving Day, that is and it is one of the first events that rings in the holiday season and airs annually on WPXI, the local NBC-affiliated television station in Pittsburgh. The first parade was held in 1980 and aired on local FOX affiliate WPGH-TV for the first two seasons and was sponsored by department store chain Kaufmanns. WIIC, the local NBC station now known as WPXI, decided to air coverage of the parade. Its original hosts were Mike Hambrick and Edye Tarbox, David Johnson and Peggy Finnegan took over the hosting duties in 1991. Bob Bruce subbed for David Johnson for the 2002 and 2004 parades, john Fedko, the stations sports director, debuted as a street reporter in 1997, and was joined by a rotating personality from the station every year. Darieth Chisolm joined Fedko for the 2004,2006 and 2007 parades, julie Bologna handled street interviews for the 2008 parade along with Fedko. Formally known as the Celebrate the Seasons Parade, from 2010 to 2013, in February 2014 Macys Parade Group announced it would end its sponsorship of the parade, citing the need to focus on other projects. WPXI announced that they were saddened by Macys decision and would work hard on finding a new sponsor before the 2014 parade, by the 2014 parade, Pittsburgh Public Schools joined as the presenting sponsor, with the parades name changing again, to the WPXI Holiday Parade. During the two-hour parade, about eighty different acts, local marching bands, floats, balloons, one of the floats that has appeared in the parade every year is the WPXI float, where some of the stations personalities gather together. The parade has been popular with celebrities that grew up in the Pittsburgh area or are nationally renowned. A sampling of some of the celebrities who have taken part, Ty Treadway, host of Merv Griffins Crosswords Jimmy McGuire, Taylor Allderdice High School alumnus and Jeopardy. Teen Tournament champion Colin Raye Rick Derringer Mark Farner Mitch Ryder Franco Harris Jackie Evancho As is tradition, pittsburghParade. com - Official Parade Website WPXI. com - Official WPXI-TV Website
23.
Macy's Great Tree
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The Richs Great Tree, now the Macys Great Tree, was a large 70–90-foot tall cut pine Christmas tree that had been an Atlanta tradition since 1948. As of 2013, the tree has been replaced by a smaller artificial one in the parking lot. Beginning in 1948, the Richs department store put a large pine tree atop its flagship downtown Atlanta store, the idea was conceived by head of advertising Frank Pallotta. Later, the tree was perched atop the four-story Crystal Bridge that connected the original Richs department store with a new building addition on the side of Forsyth Street. With the tree on the roof of the complex, combined with its tall height and it was visible for decades, until Richs downtown store closed in mid-1991 and the tree was moved to a smaller, less-imposing spot in Underground Atlanta. From there it was moved to Lenox Square mall. As the tree became an Atlanta tradition, more was added to the display to create an attraction in its own right. This included Santas Workshop, complete with reindeer on loan from the Stone Mountain Park Petting Zoo that parents, also, inside the store, was Santas Secret Shop. Off-limits to the adults, children entered an enclosed shopping area. All of this spirit of Christmas started at the level with animated window displays such as angels playing violins in the windows. The Richs department store chain was sold to Federated Department Stores in 1975, after years of contraction, Federated closed Richs main downtown store in the 1990s and moved the tree to nearby Underground Atlanta. In 2000, the tree was relocated again to the rooftop of Richs Lenox Square mall store, in the Buckhead community, located north of the downtown. Federated began a merger of the R. H. Macys department stores with Richs in the early 2000s, on January 1,2006, the Richs name was dropped altogether in favor of the nationally-known Macys moniker. The 2005 holiday season was known as the last year of Richs Great Tree and it also had a huge lighted tree topper seven feet in diameter, previously a snowflake, and now a color-changing LED star since becoming Macys. For 2009, it also had 125 snowflake ornaments and 125 metallic red Macys stars and it required hundreds of gallons of water each day, along with bottles of aspirin to keep the tree fresh. It was secured so as to wind gusts of up to 90 miles per hour. The tree was selected over a year before it was intended to be cut and used. It was generally picked from somewhere in north Georgia, the 2009 tree was planted in late 1983 after being used indoors as a familys first Christmas tree
24.
Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree
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The Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree is a large Christmas tree placed annually in Rockefeller Center, in Midtown Manhattan. The tree is erected in mid November and lit in a ceremony in late November or early December. In recent years, the lighting has been broadcast live, to hundreds of millions, the tree lighting ceremony is aired at the end of every broadcast, following live entertainment and the tree is lit by the current Mayor of New York City and special guests. An estimated 125 million people visit the attraction each year, the tree, usually a Norway spruce 69 to 100 feet tall, has been a national tradition each year since 1933. The 2016 Christmas Tree Lighting took place on November 30,2016, trees are traditionally donated to Rockefeller Center, which in turn donates the lumber after display. The trees are now scouted by Erik Pauzé, Head Gardener at Rockefeller Center, Pauzé visits nurseries throughout the tri-state area while keeping his eye out for one-of-a-kind backyard trees. Trees may also be submitted for consideration through Rockefeller Centers web site, Pauzé and his team choose each year’s tree based on its heartiness and “Christmas tree shape, ” as well as its ability to support the heavy ornaments. Local business Christmas Tree Brooklyn provides support in delivering the tree safely into the city, on its way to Manhattan, the tree is often dressed in giant red bows or banners extending holiday greetings to witnesses. Trucks, barges, and even a plane have all been used to help the tree make the trip. Once at Rockefeller Center, the tree is supported by four guy-wires attached at its midpoint, scaffolding is erected around the tree to assist workers in hanging about 50,000 multi-colored LED lights and the star top. The crystal star that has topped the tree since 2004 is 9.5 feet in diameter and this Swarovski Star, containing 25,000 Swarovski crystals,1 million facets, and LED lights, was created by German artist Michael Hammers. According to Rockefeller Center, workers pooled their money for that unlit tree, with the lighting of the first official tree, a 50 footer, two years later, the tree became what Rockefeller Center dubbed a holiday beacon for New Yorkers and visitors alike. A skating rink was opened below the tree in the plaza in 1936, Rockefeller Center has observed the tree to be from the beginning. A gathering place and reflection of what was happening in the world around it, World War II ushered in simple, patriotic decorations, including red, white and blue unlit globes and painted wooden stars. In 1942, instead of one tree, three more modest trees were raised, each decorated in one of the flags colors. From 1944 until the end in 1945, the tree went unlit due to blackout regulations. After the war, the year of darkness was left behind, by the 1950s, workers began using scaffolding to decorate the tree, as larger trees were accommodated. Before the decade was over, the process called for 20 workers
25.
Stevens Institute of Technology
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Stevens Institute of Technology is a private, coeducational research university located in Hoboken, New Jersey, United States. The university also has a location in Washington, D. C. Incorporated in 1870, it is one of the oldest technological universities in the United States, the campus encompasses Castle Point, the highest point in Hoboken, and several other buildings around the city. The university is home to three national Centers of Excellence as designated by the U. S. Department of Defense and U. S. Department of Homeland Security. Two members of the Stevens community, as alumni or faculty, have awarded the Nobel Prize, Frederick Reines, in Physics. Dr. Nariman Farvardin is the president of Stevens. He took office on July 1,2011, Stevens Institute of Technology is named after a family of accomplished inventors and engineers who also oversaw the development of Hoboken from an old farm into a thriving city. This innovation would be employed by ferries to Manhattan which still run from Hobokens piers, along with his brother Edwin A. Stevens, Robert created Americas first commercial railroad presently operating as a large portion of Amtrak’s Northeast Corridor. John Cox Stevens, John Stevens eldest son, was the first commodore of the New York Yacht Club, the NY Yacht Club would defend its title until the 1983 race. In his will, he left a bequest for the establishment of an institution of learning, providing his trustees with land, edwin’s will was executed by surviving wife Martha Stevens who would also serve as a lifetime Trustee of the Institute. Stevens Fund for Municipal Research, manual training schools for boys and young girls in Hoboken, the Hoboken Public Library and Manual Training School. Stevens Institute of Technology opened in 1870 and initially was dedicated to mechanical engineering, the original course of study was a single, rigorous curriculum based upon the European Polytechnic model of engineering science, rather than the shop schools that were common at that time. Mechanical Engineer was the degree offered, in addition to a Ph. D. in mechanical engineering, chemistry. Stevens granted several Ph. D. s between 1870 and 1900, making it one of the earliest Ph. D. granting institutions in the United States, the broad-based interdisciplinary philosophy was put into practice by the founders from the first graduating class. Despite the title of the degree and concentration in mechanical engineering, the curriculum included courses in all engineering disciplines of the time, mechanical, civil, chemical, and electrical. In 1880, Robert H. Thurston, professor of engineering, was nominated the first president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The campus began on the edge of the estate at Castle Point in Hoboken. It occupied a building now designated the Edwin A. Stevens Building
26.
Giants Stadium
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Giants Stadium was a stadium located in East Rutherford, New Jersey, in the Meadowlands Sports Complex. The venue was open from 1976 to 2010, and primarily hosted sporting events and concerts in its history, the maximum seating capacity was 80,242. The structure itself was 756 feet long,592 feet wide and 144 feet high from service level to the top of the bowl and 178 feet high to the top of the south tower. The volume of the stadium was 64,500,000 cubic feet,13,500 tons of structural steel were used in the building process and 29,200 tons of concrete were poured. It was owned and operated by the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority, in the early 1970s the New York Giants, who at the time were sharing Yankee Stadium with the New York Yankees baseball team, began looking for a home of their own. The Giants struck a deal with the fledgling New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority in 1971, the 1972 season was the Giants last full season in Yankee Stadium, as the ballpark was closed for a massive reconstruction following the end of the Yankees season. After spending two years in New Haven, the Giants would return to New York for one season in 1975 and shared Shea Stadium in Flushing, Queens with the Yankees, New York Mets. The Giants finally moved into their new home on October 10,1976, eight years after Giants Stadium opened, it gained a second major tenant. The Jets lease at Shea Stadium had expired at the end of the 1983 season, the city of New York was unwilling to agree to his terms and Hess decided to move the Jets to the Meadowlands permanently. Their first game in Giants Stadium was on September 6,1984, the sharing of the stadium by both the Giants and Jets enabled it to break a record that had long been held by Chicagos Wrigley Field. Entering the 2003 season, its 28th, Giants Stadium had played host to 364 NFL games, the Giants season opening game with the St. Louis Rams tied the record, and the following week the Jets home opener against the Miami Dolphins broke it. Giants Stadium was closed following the 2009 NFL season following the construction of what is now MetLife Stadium in the parking lot. The stadiums final event was the January 3,2010 game featuring the Jets hosting the Cincinnati Bengals on Sunday Night Football, a month after the game, demolition of the structure began and was completed on August 10,2010. Giants Stadium opened on October 10,1976, as 76,042 fans witnessed a loss by the Giants to the Dallas Cowboys, the Giants had played their first four games on the road that season. College football made its debut at Giants Stadium on October 23,1976, with Rutgers University defeating Columbia 47–0, the New York Giants played their season-opening home game in the stadium on September 18 of the 1977 season. The 1985 USFL championship game which turned out to be the last USFL game played was held at Giants Stadium. In the second week of the 2005 season, the New Orleans Saints used the stadium for a game against the Giants because of extensive damage to the Louisiana Superdome after Hurricane Katrina. One end zone was painted in Saints colors, Saints banners were hung on the walls around the sidelines, the game was rescheduled to a Monday night with a special start time of 7,30 PM EDT, preceding the other scheduled game on Monday Night Football
27.
Parade
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A parade is a procession of people, usually organized along a street, often in costume, and often accompanied by marching bands, floats or sometimes large balloons. Parades are held for a range of reasons, but are usually celebrations of some kind. In Britain the term parade is usually reserved for military parades or other occasions where participants march in formation. In the Canadian Forces the term also has less formal connotations. Protest demonstrations can also take the form of a parade, the parade float got its name because the first floats were decorated barges that were towed along canals with ropes held by parade marchers on the shore. Floats were occasionally propelled from within by concealed oarsmen, but the practice was abandoned because of the incidence of drowning when the lightweight. Strikingly, among the first uses of grounded floats — towed by horses — was a ceremony in memory of recently drowned parade oarsmen, today, parade floats are traditionally pulled by motor vehicles or are powered themselves. A grand marshal is a title given to an individual by the organizing committee of a periodic parade event. Similar to guests of honor at fan conventions, a marshal is selected on any basis relevant to the theme or nature of the parade. Multiple grand marshals may often be designated for an iteration of the parade, some parades, such as pride parades, may select a Community Grand Marshal or other designations alongside a Grand Marshal to lead the front or other parts of the parade. Since the advent of technology, it became possible for aircraft. A flypast is a parade of anything from one to dozens of aircraft. They are particularly common in the United Kingdom, where they are associated with Royal occasions. Similarly, for ships, there may be a sail-past of, the longest parade in the world is the Hanover Schützenfest that takes place in Hanover every year during the Schützenfest. The parade is 12 kilometres long with more than 12,000 participants from all over the world, among more than 100 bands and around 70 floats
28.
Department store
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A department store or magazine is a retail establishment offering a wide range of consumer goods in different product categories known as departments. In modern major cities, the department store made a appearance in the middle of the 19th century, and permanently reshaped shopping habits. Similar developments were under way in London, in Paris and in New York, customers check out near the front of the store or, alternatively, at sales counters within each department. Some are part of a chain of many stores, while others may be independent retailers. In the 1970s, they came under pressure from discounters. Since 2010, they have come under even heavier pressure from online stores such as Amazon, big-box stores, hypermarkets, and discount stores are modern equivalent of historical department stores. Before shopping malls, department stores were standalone, the origins of the department store lay in the growth of the conspicuous consumer society at the turn of the 19th century. As the Industrial Revolution accelerated economy expansion, the affluent middle-class grew in size, urbanized social group, sharing a culture of consumption and changing fashion, was the catalyst for the retail revolution. One of the first department stores may have been Bennetts in Derby and it still stands to this day, trading in the same building. However, the first reliably dated department store to be established, was Harding, Howell & Co and it is fitted up with great taste, and is divided by glazed partitions into four departments, for the various branches of the extensive business, which is there carried on. Immediately at the entrance is the first department, which is appropriated to the sale of furs. The second contains articles of haberdashery of every description, silks, muslins, lace, gloves, &etc. The fourth is set apart for millinery and dresses, so there is no article of female attire or decoration. This venture is described as having all of the characteristics of the department store. This pioneering shop was closed down in 1820 when the partnership was dissolved. Department stores began large scale establishment in the 1840s and 50s, in France, the UK, all the major British cities had flourishing department stores by the mid-or late nineteenth century. Increasingly, women became the major shoppers and middle-class households, Kendals in Manchester lays claim to being one of the first department stores and is still known to many of its customers as Kendals, despite its 2005 name change to House of Fraser. The Manchester institution dates back to 1836 but had been trading as Watts Bazaar since 1796, at its zenith the store had buildings on both sides of Deansgate linked by a subterranean passage Kendals Arcade and an art nouveau tiled food hall
29.
America's Thanksgiving Parade
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Americas Thanksgiving Parade is an annual American parade held on Thanksgiving Day in downtown Detroit, Michigan. The tradition started in the city in 1924 by the J. L. Hudson Company department store, the idea came from Hudsons display director Charles Wendel after the success of the Canadian Eatons Santa Claus Parade in Toronto, Ontario. In addition to the floats and bands, Wendel obtained large papier-mâché heads similar to those he saw during a recent trip to Europe. The heads are made in Viareggio, Italy, and remain a fixture of the parade to the present and it turned the parade over to the Detroit Renaissance Foundation, who produced it for four years. In 1983, Detroit Renaissance transferred control of the parade to the newly created Michigan Thanksgiving Parade Foundation, americas Thanksgiving Parade is a registered trademark of the foundation. The parade features a variety of floats, marching bands and balloons, with the climax being the arrival of Santa Claus, the parade is made possible through the efforts of more than 4,500 volunteers. The parade was first broadcast in 1931 on radio station WWJ, in 1959, the parade came to television on local stations WWJ-TV and WXYZ-TV. The WXYZ program was hosted by ventriloquist and puppeteer Shari Lewis and her sock puppet Lamb Chop, in 1960, the CBS broadcast network began to air portions of the parade and continued to do so for the next 25 parades. After a brief break in the mid-1980s, CBS returned to cover the parade through 2002 as part of its All-American Thanksgiving Day Parade compilation show. After being broadcast on WWJ, later WDIV, for over 20 years and it is televised on other stations around Michigan and across the U. S. as well as through Internet television. The coverage of the parade includes a preshow featuring a variety of musical acts. The coverage concludes with the Mayor of Detroit giving Santa Claus the key to the city, since 2014, the parade has started just North of Warren, at Kirby and Woodward Avenue in front of the Detroit Historical Museum and the Park Shelton. You can see the current parade route on The Parade Companys website, prior to 2014, since 2006, the parade began at Woodward and Mack Avenues. The parade ends at Congress Street, the Mack to Congress route is the route the first parade followed in 1924. The parade travels toward downtown from Mack Avenue, and after crossing over Interstate 75 I-75), it enters Foxtown, near Detroits Fox Theatre, the Hockeytown Cafe, and Comerica Park. From Foxtown, the passes through Grand Circus Park then into the business district. The route was from this route for years during the construction of Campus Martius Park. The construction was completed in 2004, in 1979, the route was moved several blocks north, beginning at Antoinette Street and ending at Adams Street, near Grand Circus Park
30.
Detroit
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Detroit is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state, the municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. Roughly one-half of Michigans population lives in Metro Detroit alone, the Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U. S. Border, has a population of about 5.7 million. Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States, the City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and various bridges, Detroit was founded on July 24,1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region, with expansion of the American automobile industry in the early 20th century, the Detroit area emerged as a significant metropolitan region within the United States. The city became the fourth-largest in the country for a period, in the 1950s and 1960s, suburban expansion continued with construction of a regional freeway system. A great portion of Detroits public transport was abandoned in favour of becoming a city in the post-war period. Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, between 2000 and 2010 the citys population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nations 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and this resulted from suburbanization, corruption, industrial restructuring and the decline of Detroits auto industry. In 2013, the state of Michigan declared an emergency for the city. Detroit has experienced urban decay as its population and jobs have shifted to its suburbs or elsewhere, conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces since the 2000s and allowed several large-scale revitalisations. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, for the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois likely response. When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, the 1798 raids and resultant 1799 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400, by 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec
31.
6abc Dunkin' Donuts Thanksgiving Day Parade
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It is currently the oldest Thanksgiving parade in the United States. The 97th annual 6ABC - Dunkin Donuts Thanksgiving Day Parade took place on Thursday, started in 1920, the Philadelphia parade is billed as the oldest Thanksgiving Day parade in the country. Like other parades of its type, it features balloons, floats, high school marching bands, the first Thanksgiving Day parade held in 1920 was sponsored by Gimbels department store. When the parade was begun, it was called the Gimbels Thanksgiving Day Parade, ellis Gimbel, one of the founders of Gimbels Department Stores, wanted his toyland to be the destination of holiday shoppers everywhere. He had more than 50 store employees dressed in costume and sent to walk in their first Thanksgiving Day parade, Gimbels emulated other holiday parades already in existence. The Santa Claus Parade in Peoria, IL is held on the day after Thanksgiving and is the oldest and it was founded in 1887 under the sponsorship of Frederick Block and the Schipper & Block Department Store. Blocks example led to the founding of similar parades in other cities, the retail parade tradition continues today. When BATUS Inc. was unable to find a buyer for Gimbels in 1986, the department store chain was liquidated, Boscovs and WPVI took over sponsorship. They renamed the event as the 6abc Boscovs Thanksgiving Day Parade, in 2004, the parade celebrated its 85th anniversary with new balloons and floats. An opening number paid tribute to the celebrities who had participated in the parade during its history, in 2005 the parade had the most stars in the parades history, as well as eight new balloons, more than ever before. In 2007, the presented the first parade float with an ice rink on it, used by Disneys High School Musical. In August 2008, Boscovs Department Stores filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and planned to close several stores and they gave up sponsorship of the parade. The Swedish furniture manufacturer IKEA, which has a store and its North American home office in nearby Conshohocken, Pennsylvania. In June 2011, it was announced that Dunkin Donuts would sponsor the parade, although the parade is broadcast by WPVI, it is also syndicated to television stations throughout the United States and can be seen worldwide on the stations website, 6abc. com. Good Morning America, ABCs national morning show, sends a reporter to the each year. Recently, Good Morning America then-weather anchor Sam Champion has participated in the hosting of the parade, channel 6 has broadcast the parade since 1966. The first person to host the parade was Jim OBrien and Dave Roberts became a perennial host upon joining the network in 1978, after the sudden death of OBrien in 1983, WPVIs Lisa Thomas-Laury took the reins as Robertss co-host. They hosted the parade together for nearly 20 years until Thomas-Laury began to experience problems in 2003
32.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
33.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
34.
Thanksgiving (United States)
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Thanksgiving, or Thanksgiving Day, is a public holiday celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November in the United States. It originated as a harvest festival, Thanksgiving has been celebrated nationally on and off since 1789, after a proclamation by George Washington. Together with Christmas and the New Year, Thanksgiving is a part of the holiday season. The event that Americans commonly call the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World in October 1621 and this feast lasted three days, and—as accounted by attendee Edward Winslow—it was attended by 90 Native Americans and 53 Pilgrims. The New England colonists were accustomed to regularly celebrating thanksgivings—days of prayer thanking God for blessings such as military victory or the end of a drought. Setting aside time to give thanks for blessings, along with holding feasts to celebrate a harvest, are both practices that long predate the European settlement of North America. The first documented thanksgiving services in territory belonging to the United States were conducted by Spaniards. Thanksgiving services were routine in what became the Commonwealth of Virginia as early as 1607, with the first permanent settlement of Jamestown, in 1619,38 English settlers arrived at Berkeley Hundred in Charles City County, Virginia. The groups London Company charter specifically required that the day of our ships arrival at the place assigned, in the land of Virginia shall be yearly and perpetually kept holy as a day of thanksgiving to Almighty God. Americans also trace the Thanksgiving holiday to a 1621 celebration at the Plymouth Plantation, autumn or early winter feasts continued sporadically in later years, first as an impromptu religious observance, and later as a civil tradition. Squanto, a Patuxet Native American who resided with the Wampanoag tribe, taught the Pilgrims how to catch eel and grow corn, squanto had learned the English language during his enslavement in England. The Wampanoag leader Massasoit had given food to the colonists during the first winter when supplies brought from England were insufficient, the Pilgrims celebrated at Plymouth for three days after their first harvest in 1621. Seventeenth-century accounts do not identify this as a thanksgiving observance, rather it followed the harvest and it included 50 persons who were on the Mayflower and 90 Native Americans. The feast was cooked by the four adult Pilgrim women who survived their first winter in the New World, along with young daughters, two colonists gave personal accounts of the 1621 feast in Plymouth. The Pilgrims, most of whom were Separatists, are not to be confused with Puritans, both groups were strict Calvinists, but differed in their views regarding the Church of England. Puritans wished to remain in the Anglican Church and reform it, for as some were thus employed in affairs abroad, others were exercised in fishing, about cod and bass and other fish, of which they took good store, of which every family had their portion. All the summer there was no want, and now began to come in store of fowl, as winter approached, and besides waterfowl there was great store of wild turkeys, of which they took many, besides venison, etc. Besides, they had about a peck a meal a week to a person, or now since harvest, which made many afterwards write so largely of their plenty here to their friends in England, which were not feigned but true reports
35.
Newark, New Jersey
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Newark is the most populous city in the U. S. state of New Jersey and the seat of Essex County. For 2015, the Census Bureaus Population Estimates Program calculated a population of 281,944, Newark is the second largest city in the New York metropolitan area, located approximately 8 miles west of lower Manhattan. Settled in 1666 by Puritans from New Haven Colony, Newark is one of the oldest European cities in the United States and its location at the mouth of the Passaic River, has made the citys waterfront an integral part of the Port of New York and New Jersey. Today, Port Newark-Elizabeth is the container shipping terminal of the busiest seaport on the American East Coast. In addition, Newark Liberty International Airport was the first municipal airport in the United States. Several leading companies have their headquarters in Newark, including Prudential, PSEG, Panasonic Corporation of North America, Audible. com, IDT Corporation, the U. S. District Court for the District of New Jersey sits in the city as well. Local cultural venues include the New Jersey Performing Arts Center, Newark Symphony Hall, The Prudential Center and the Newark Museum. Newark is divided into five wards, the East, West, South, North and Central wards. Newarks Branch Brook Park is the oldest county park in the United States and is home to the nations largest collection of cherry blossom trees, Newark was settled in 1666 by Connecticut Puritans led by Robert Treat from the New Haven Colony. It was conceived as an assembly of the faithful, though this did not last for long as new settlers came with different ideas. On October 31,1693 it was organized as a New Jersey township based on the Newark Tract, Newark was granted a Royal charter on April 27,1713. It was incorporated on February 21,1798 by the New Jersey Legislatures Township Act of 1798, during its time as a township, portions were taken to form Springfield Township, Caldwell Township, Orange Township, Bloomfield Township and Clinton Township. Newark was reincorporated as a city on April 11,1836, replacing Newark Township, the previously independent Vailsburg borough was annexed by Newark on January 1,1905. In 1926, South Orange Township changed its name to Maplewood, as a result of this, a portion of Maplewood known as Ivy Hill was re-annexed to Newarks Vailsburg. During the American Revolutionary War British troops made several raids into the town, the city has experienced revitalization since the 1990s. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had an area of 26.107 square miles. It has the third-smallest land area among the 100 most populous cities in the U. S. behind neighboring Jersey City and Hialeah, the citys altitude ranges from 0 in the east to approximately 230 feet above sea level in the western section of the city. Newark is essentially a large basin sloping towards the Passaic River, historically, Newarks high places have been its wealthier neighborhoods
36.
New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
37.
Louis Bamberger
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Louis Bamberger was Newark, New Jerseys leading citizen from the early 1900s until his death in 1944. He is noted for co-founding the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and he was a businessman and philanthropist and at his death all flags in Newark were flown at half-staff for three days, and his large department store closed for a day. Louis Bamberger was born in Baltimore, Maryland in 1855, to German Jewish parents Elkan Bamberger and he came to Newark in 1892 and bought at auction a failing general goods store on Market Street, renaming it L. Bamberger & Company. The store was an success, and Bamberger was able to open an ornate chateauesque building in 1912 that covered a whole city block. For decades, Bamberger’s clock was the meeting place for Newarkers. In 1928, the sales were $28 million, making it the fourth highest grossing store in the United States. In 1929, Bamberger sold his department store to R. H. Macy and Company, Bamberger knew that he owed his success to hundreds of able employees, and split $1 million among 240 employees. The Bamberger name remained in use for the stores in the New Jersey division of Macys until 1986, Bamberger supported both secular and Jewish charities. Bamberger personally funded the buildings for Newark’s YMHA, the Newark Museum, during the Third Reich he worked to help persecuted Jews escape from Germany. Bamberger was also a contributor to the Community Chest and Beth Israel Hospital. His largest donation was not to a Newark charity though, in 1930 Bamberger and his sister gave $5 million to fund the Institute for Advanced Study. Bambergers sister, Caroline Bamberger Fuld, also gave Newark money for the trees in Branch Brook Park. Louis Bamberger, Department Store Innovator and Philanthropist by Linda B, forgosh,2016, Brandeis University Press/University Press of New England Bamberger was a shy man who never married. He would accept honorary presidencies of charitable organizations and let his name be known and he was always reluctant to speak in public. William Starr Myers, Prominent Families of New Jersey in Two Volumes, nat Bodian, The Legendary Philanthropies of Newarks Louis Bamberger, Old Newark Web Group
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Bamberger's
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Bambergers was a department store chain with locations primarily in New Jersey, also with locations in the states of Delaware, Maryland, New York, and Pennsylvania. The chain was headquartered in Newark, New Jersey, founded in 1893 by Louis Bamberger as L. Bamberger & Company in Newark, New Jersey, in 1912 the company built its flagship store, designed by Jarvis Hunt, at 131 Market Street. Jarvis Hunt would also design the Newark Museum following a gift from Bamberger, in June,1929 Bambergers was purchased by R. H. Macy Co. Suburban branch stores of L. Bamberger & Co. were built in downtown Morristown, NJ, and in Plainfield, NJ, in 1970, the East Brunswick location became an anchor store for the Brunswick Square Mall. On October 5,1986, the Bambergers stores adopted the name Macys New Jersey, the historic Bambergers flagship store at 131 Market Street in downtown Newark once ranked among the nations largest. The massive 14-story building covered a city block, bounded by Market, Washington, Bank. The phone exchange,565, was devoted solely to Bambergers, with local numbers for most of New Jerseys suburbs for telephone orders. The buildings loading dock was located well below ground on the fourth-basement level, two massive elevators carried fully loaded 18-wheeled trucks from Washington Street down to the loading docks. Selling space and escalator service ran from the basement level to the ninth floor, while the tenth floor contained a beautiful wood-paneled dining room. The eighth floor featured extensive toy, game, and sporting goods departments offering imported merchandise, services offered included dry cleaning, pharmaceuticals, fur storage, travel services, ticket services, watch and jewelry repair, personal shopping services, and a butcher department. Two elevator banks and two banks served the store. After RH Macy and Co. purchased Bambergers in 1929, the store began to more on middle-income shoppers. In the years immediately following World War II, selling space was reduced to seven floors plus the two levels, and the tenth-floor restaurant complex was leased to the private Downtowner Club. Dining service for customers continued at The Dinette, a counter style room on the first lower level, eventually the lower-level eatery was remodeled into a formal restaurant named the Garden State Tea Room. Like most east-coast U. S. cities, downtown Newark had a traditional late-hours shopping night when stores would open into the evening. Late evening hours were eliminated entirely in 1979, as northern New Jerseys population grew Bambergers followed the suburban population more aggressively than its rivals Hahne and Company, and Kresge-Newark. The first three small suburban New Jersey branches of Bambergers--Morristown, Plainfield, and Princeton--were followed by large shopping-center branches in the 1950s and 1960s. These locations included Garden State Plaza, the Menlo Park Mall, the Monmouth Mall, the Cherry Hill Mall and the Willowbrook Mall, in the late sixties, the three-story East Brunswick, NJ, location opened as a stand-alone store
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34th Street (Manhattan)
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34th Street is a major crosstown street in the New York City borough of Manhattan, connecting the Lincoln Tunnel and Queens-Midtown Tunnel. Like many of New York Citys major crosstown streets, it has its own bus routes, in April 2010, the New York City Department of Transportation proposed to add bus rapid transit along the 34th Street corridor. The street was eventually kept in two-way operation, the street was designated by the Commissioners Plan of 1811 that established the Manhattan street grid as one of 15 east-west streets that would be 100 feet in width. On the West Side, 34th Street is in the Hells Kitchen neighborhood, on Tenth Avenue is a McDonalds with a drive-thru and a small parking lot, a rarity in Manhattan. On Ninth is B&H Photo Video, a retailer of photographic and electronic equipment. Above Penn Station sits Madison Square Garden, which calls itself the worlds most famous arena, the grand stairs of the James Farley Post Office are built on the scale of the former Penn Station. The architecture of the post office gives a flavor of what the area was like in the height of the railroad era, 34th Street is a major shopping street. Though it endured a decline in the 1970s, it rebounded late in the 20th century with new stores, a giant video board and light display at 34th and Broadway is like a mini Times Square. Between Seventh Avenue and Broadway, one will find Macys, the department store immortalized in the Christmas movie Miracle on 34th Street. It claims to be the worlds largest store, the annual Macys Thanksgiving Day Parade ends on 34th Street. A block south of 34th, at Sixth Avenue and 33rd Street, is the Manhattan Mall, branches of large chain stores also operate between 8th and 5th Avenues. East of Herald Square and the shopping district, the influence of the East Side. On Fifth Avenue one finds the Empire State Building, the second tallest building in the city, it stands on a rare ledge of solid Manhattan schist dominating the skyline. Slightly north, at 38th Street and 5th Avenue is Lord & Taylor, New York City Buss M34 and M34A buses run crosstown across 34th Street. org New York Songlines, 34th Street, a virtual walking tour
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Central Park Zoo
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The Central Park Zoo is a small 6. 5-acre zoo located in Central Park in New York City. It is part of a system of four zoos and the New York Aquarium managed by the Wildlife Conservation Society. The zoo began in the 1860s as a menagerie, making it the first official zoo to open in New York, the zoo was modified in 1934, with the addition of many new buildings ranged in a quadrangle around the sea lion pool. Finally, the zoo was renovated in the mid-1980s and reopened in 1988, trellised, vine-clad, glass-roofed pergolas link the three major exhibit areas—tropic, temperate and polar— housed in discreet new buildings of brick trimmed with granite, masked by vines. The zoo is home to a rain forest, a chilled penguin house. It also coordinates breeding programs for endangered species, tamarin monkeys, Wyoming toads, thick-billed parrots. There are also fruit bats in the rainforest and a large area for birds. In June 2009, a snow leopard exhibit was opened, the gates of the Childrens Zoo by Paul Manship are a notable feature retained from the earlier layout. In 1864, a formal zoo received charter confirmation from New Yorks assembly, making it the United Statess second publicly owned zoo, after the Philadelphia Zoo, the new zoo was given permanent quarters behind the Arsenal building in 1875. The famous sea lion pool itself was designed by Charles Schmieder. For its day the sea lion pool was considered advanced because the architect actually studied the habits of sea lions, the zoos original Childrens Zoo opened in 1961, funded largely in part by Senator Herbert Lehman and his wife Edith. The childrens zoo featured attractions like an area with ducks, rabbits, and chickens, a large fiberglass whale statue dubbed Whaley, a Noahs Ark feature. By 1980, the zoo, like Central Park itself, was dilapidated, in that year, the zoo was closed in the winter of 1983, and demolition began. The redesign of 1983–88 was executed by the firm of Kevin Roche. The facilitys old-fashioned menagerie cages were replaced with more naturalistic exhibits, the zoo reopened to the public on August 8,1988. The newly renovated zoo had originally planned to reopen in 1985 at a cost of $14 million, however. Some of the buildings, with their low-relief limestone panels of animals, were reused in the redesigning. Most of the animals were rehoused in larger, more natural spaces at the Bronx Zoo
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Santa Claus
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Some maintain Santa Claus also absorbed elements of the Germanic god Wodan, who was associated with the pagan midwinter event of Yule and led the Wild Hunt, a ghostly procession through the sky. This image has been maintained and reinforced through song, radio, television, childrens books, films and he accomplishes this feat with the aid of his elves, who make the toys in his workshop at the North Pole, and his flying reindeer, who pull his sleigh. He is commonly portrayed as living at the North Pole and saying ho ho ho often, Saint Nicholas of Myra was a 4th-century Greek Christian bishop of Myra in Lycia, a province of the Byzantine Empire, now in Turkey. Nicholas was famous for his generous gifts to the poor, in presenting the three impoverished daughters of a pious Christian with dowries so that they would not have to become prostitutes. He was very religious from an age and devoted his life entirely to Christianity. In continental Europe he is portrayed as a bearded bishop in canonical robes. The remains of Saint Nicholas are in Italy, in 1087, the Italian city of Bari mounted an expedition to locate the tomb of the Saint. The reliquary of St. Nicholas was conquered by Italian sailors, a basilica was constructed the same year to store the loot and the area became a pilgrimage site for the devout. Sailors from Bari collected just half of Nicholas skeleton, leaving all the fragments in the grave. These were collected by Venetian sailors during the First Crusade and taken to Venice, where a church to St. Nicholas, the patron of sailors, was built on the San Nicolò al Lido. This tradition was confirmed in two important scientific investigations of the relics in Bari and Venice, which revealed that the relics in the two Italian cities belong to the same skeleton. Saint Nicholas was later claimed as a saint of many diverse groups, from archers, sailors. He is also the saint of both Amsterdam and Moscow. During the Middle Ages, often on the evening before his day of 6 December. So Saint Nicholas changed to Santa Claus, martin Luther first suggested the Christkind as the bringer of gifts. But Nicholas remained popular as gifts bearer for the people, Father Christmas dates back as far as 16th century in England during the reign of Henry VIII, when he was pictured as a large man in green or scarlet robes lined with fur. He typified the spirit of good cheer at Christmas, bringing peace, joy, good food and wine, as England no longer kept the feast day of Saint Nicholas on 6 December, the Father Christmas celebration was moved to 25 December to coincide with Christmas Day. The Victorian revival of Christmas included Father Christmas as the emblem of good cheer, in the Netherlands and Belgium the character of Santa Claus has to compete with that of Sinterklaas, Santas presumed progenitor
42.
Herald Square
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Herald Square is formed by the intersection of Broadway, Sixth Avenue, and 34th Street in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. Named for the New York Herald, a newspaper formerly headquartered there. The intersection is a typical Manhattan bow-tie square that consists of two named sections, Herald Square to the north and Greeley Square to the south, Herald Square proper is the north end of the square between West 34th Street and West 35th Street. The old New York Herald Building was located on the square, the square contains a huge mechanical clock whose mechanical structures were constructed in 1895 by the sculptor Antonin Jean Carles. The monument, known as the James Gordon Monument consists of the Goddess of Wisdom, Minerva with her owls in front of a bell, the monuments bell was designed to chime on the hour. The two seven-foot-tall bronze laborers, nicknamed Stuff and Guff give the appearance of ringing the bell with their mallets, the figures and the clock were originally part of the 1894 New York Herald Building that was located at the square. Prior to the demolition of the building in 1921, the figures were removed and reinstalled in the Square in 1940, Greeley Square lies between West 32nd Street and West 33rd Street and between Broadway and Sixth Avenue, and is taken up almost entirely by a triangular park. It is named after Horace Greeley, who was the publisher of the New York Tribune, the area around Herald Square along Broadway and 34th Street is a retail hub. The most notable attraction is the Macys flagship department store, the largest in the United States, in 2007, Macys, Inc. moved its corporate headquarters to that store after renaming from Federated. Macys archrival Gimbels was also located in the neighborhood until 1984, other past retailers in the area included E. J. Korvette, Sterns, and Abraham & Straus, J. C. Penney opened its first Manhattan flagship store in August 2009 at the former A&S location inside the Manhattan Mall. The square is roughly equidistant between Madison Square to the south, and Times Square to the north, Herald Squares south side borders Koreatown, at West 32nd Street. The area is served by the 34th Street – Herald Square station of the New York City Subway, additionally, the 33rd Street station of the PATH serve the square. Since 1992, Herald and Greeley Squares have been cared for by the 34th Street Partnership, the 34SP provides sanitary and security services, maintains a horticultural program that includes trees, gardens, and planters, and produces events, product launches, and photo shoots. 34SP also added movable chairs, tables, and umbrellas, to the parks, in 1999, the parks were completely renovated by 34SP. Since 2008, each park has had a food kiosk operated by wichcraft, in 2009, 34SP converted the parks Automated Pay Toilets into free public facilities, a rarity in New York City. The two blocks of Broadway between 33rd and 35th Streets were completely closed to traffic, and are pedestrian-only. The parks operators, 34SP, filled the newly pedestrianized space with chairs, tables, umbrellas, and free programs such as chess tables, dance lessons
43.
Trick-or-treating
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Trick-or-treating is a Halloween custom for children in many countries. Children in costumes travel from house to house asking for such as candy with the phrase Trick or treat. The trick is a threat to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given to them and it typically happens during the evening of October 31. Some homeowners signal that they are willing to hand out treats, others might simply leave treats on their porch. In North America, trick-or-treating has been a Halloween tradition since the late 1920s, in Britain and Ireland the tradition of going house-to-house collecting food at Halloween goes back at least as far as the 16th century, as had the tradition of people wearing costumes at Halloween. The Scottish Halloween custom of guising – children disguised in costume going from house to house for food or money – is first recorded in North America in 1911. While going house-to-house in costume has remained popular among Scots and Irish, the activity is prevalent in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Puerto Rico, and northwestern and central Mexico. In the latter, this practice is called calaverita, and instead of trick or treat, where a calaverita is a small skull made of sugar or chocolate. Since the Middle Ages there has been a tradition of mumming on a certain holiday and it involved going door-to-door in costume, performing short scenes or parts of plays in exchange for food or drink. The custom of trick-or-treating when it is Halloween may come from the belief that supernatural beings, or the souls of the dead, roamed the earth at this time and needed to be appeased. It may otherwise have originated in a Celtic festival, held on 31 October–1 November and it was Samhain in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man, and Calan Gaeaf in Wales, Cornwall and Brittany. The festival is believed to have pre-Christian roots, in the 9th century, the Catholic Church made 1 November All Saints Day. Among Celtic-speaking peoples, it was seen as a time, when the spirits or fairies. Similar beliefs and customs were found in parts of Europe. It is suggested that trick-or-treating evolved from a tradition whereby people impersonated the spirits, or the souls of the dead, peddle suggests they personify the old spirits of the winter, who demanded reward in exchange for good fortune. Impersonating these spirits or souls was also believed to protect oneself from them, at least as far back as the 15th century, among Catholics, there had been a custom of sharing soul cakes at Allhallowtide. People would visit houses and take soul cakes, either as representatives of the dead, or in return for praying for their souls. Later, people went from parish to parish at Halloween, begging soul-cakes by singing under the windows some such verse as this, Soul, souls, for a soul-cake, Pray you good mistress and they typically asked for mercy on all Christian souls for a soul cake
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Tony Sarg
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Anthony Frederick Sarg, known professionally as Tony Sarg, was a German American puppeteer and illustrator. He was described as Americas Puppet Master, and in his biography as the father of modern puppetry in North America, Tony Sarg was born in Cobán, Guatemala, to Francis Charles Sarg and his wife, Mary Elizabeth Parker. The elder Sarg was a consul representing Germany, Parker was English and they were married in her hometown of Cincinnati, Ohio, January 20,1909, and returned to England where their daughter Mary was born two years later. In 1914, with the start of World War I, he sent Bertha and the children to Cincinnati, followed soon after. In 1920, he became a citizen of the United States. In 1921, Sarg animated the film The First Circus, a cartoon for producer Herbert M. Dawley. In 1935, he undertook the work of designing Macys elaborate animated window display between Thanksgiving and Christmas. The pinnacle of Sargs visibility was at the 1933 Chicago Worlds Fair and those three left his studio that year to start a new one themselves. Sarg no longer innovated as much as competing puppet studios, and his fortunes declined as others gained a following. In mid-February 1942, Sarg had surgery for a ruptured appendix and he is buried at Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Academy Film Archive has preserved several of Tony Sargs films, including The Original Movie, When the Whale Was Jonahed, FANFAIR -31 DAYS IN THE LIFE OF THE CULTURE - Life Sketches -- Tony Sargs New York Illustrations. My Stuff -- Lauren Bush, A. M. Homes on Lillys New Mens Wear, krista Smith Exposes the Hotties of Robert Rodriguez and Quentin Tarantinos Grindhous, Bruce Handy Warms Up to Hot Fuzz. Matt Tymauer Has Designs on Moss, graham Fuller Reviews the Edith Piaf Biopic, Giving Back with Green Jewels. Frank DiGiacomo on the Iggulden Brothers Lost Childhood, Lisa Robinson Meets The Actual, leslie Bennetts on Elettra Rossellini Wiedemanns Eco-Education, Amy Larocca on Olivia Chantecailles Undersea Odyssey, Hot Looks
45.
Balloon
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A balloon is a flexible bag that can be inflated with a gas, such as helium, hydrogen, nitrous oxide, oxygen, or air. Modern day balloons are made from such as rubber, latex, polychloroprene, or a nylon fabric. Some early balloons were made of dried animal bladders, such as the pig bladder, some balloons are used for decorative purposes or entertaining purposes, while others are used for practical purposes such as meteorology, medical treatment, military defense, or transportation. A balloons properties, including its low density and low cost, have led to a range of applications. The rubber balloon was invented by Michael Faraday in 1824, during experiments with various gases, Balloon Decorating Balloons are used for decorating birthday parties, weddings, corporate functions, school events, and for other festive gatherings. The artists who use the round balloons to build are called stackers, the most common types of balloon decor include arches, columns, centerpieces, balloon drops, sculptures, and balloon bouquets. Party balloons are made of a natural latex tapped from rubber trees. The rubbers elasticity makes the volume adjustable, often the term Party Balloon will refer to a twisting balloon or pencil balloon. These balloons are manipulated to create shapes and figures for parties and events, filling the balloon with air can be done with the mouth, a manual or electric inflater, or with a source of compressed gas. When rubber or plastic balloons are filled with helium so that they float, they retain their buoyancy for only a day or so. The enclosed helium atoms escape through pores in the latex which are larger than the helium atoms. Balloons filled with air usually hold their size and shape much longer, even a perfect rubber balloon eventually loses gas to the outside. The process by which a substance or solute migrates from a region of high concentration, through a barrier or membrane, to a region of lower concentration is called diffusion. The inside of balloons can be treated with a gel which coats the inside of the balloon to reduce the helium leakage. Beginning in the late 1970s, some more expensive foil balloons made of thin, unstretchable and these balloons have attractive shiny reflective surfaces and are often printed with color pictures and patterns for gifts and parties. The most important attribute of metallised nylon for balloons is its lightweight, increasing buoyancy, foil balloons have been criticized for interfering with power lines. Balloon artists are entertainers who twist and tie inflated tubular balloons into sculptures, the balloons used for sculpture are made of extra-stretchy rubber so that they can be twisted and tied without bursting. Since the pressure required to inflate a balloon is inversely proportional to the diameter of the balloon, a pump is usually used to inflate these balloons
