1.
Pennsylvania Plaza
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Pennsylvania Plaza is the office, entertainment and hotel complex occupying and near the site of Pennsylvania Station, between 31st and 34th Streets and Seventh and Eighth Avenues in New York. The numbering of the Penn Plaza addresses around the area does not follow a consistent pattern and its replacements were what architects and civic purists regard as mediocre office and entertainment structures. The demolition of the first Penn Station led to the landmarks preservation movement and helped save another landmark of railway architecture. Macys, MSG Networks, AMC Networks, Fuse, Compuware, Schoology,2 Pennsylvania Plaza - Prime Office Centers
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New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Pennsylvania Station (New York City)
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Pennsylvania Station, also known as New York Penn Station or Penn Station, is the main intercity railroad station in New York City. Serving more than 600,000 commuter rail and Amtrak passengers a day, Penn Station is in the midtown area of Manhattan, close to Herald Square, the Empire State Building, Koreatown, and the Macys department store. Entirely underground, it sits beneath Madison Square Garden, between Seventh Avenue and Eighth Avenue and between 31st and 34th Streets, Penn Station has 21 tracks fed by seven tunnels. It is at the center of the Northeast Corridor, a rail line that connects New York City with Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, D. C. Intercity trains are operated by Amtrak, which owns the station, while rail services are operated by the Long Island Rail Road. Connections are available within the complex to the New York City Subway, additionally, if reopened, the old Hilton Corridor would recreate an indoor connection with Port Authority Trans-Hudson trains. The original Pennsylvania Station was built from 1901-1910 by the Pennsylvania Railroad, after a decline in passenger usage during the 1950s, the original station was demolished and reconstructed from 1963 to 1969, resulting in the current station. Pennsylvania Station is named for the Pennsylvania Railroad, its builder and original tenant, the current facility is the substantially remodeled underground remnant of a significantly more ornate station building designed by McKim, Mead, and White and completed in 1910. The original Pennsylvania Station was considered a masterpiece of the Beaux-Arts style, the station was moved fully underground, beneath the newly constructed Pennsylvania Plaza complex and Madison Square Garden arena completed in 1968. Until the early 20th century, the PRRs rail network terminated on the side of the Hudson River at Exchange Place in Jersey City. Manhattan-bound passengers boarded ferries to cross the Hudson River for the stretch of their journey. The rival New York Central Railroads line ran down Manhattan from the north under Park Avenue, the development of the electric locomotive at the turn of the 20th century made a tunnel feasible. The station would sit in Manhattans Tenderloin district, a historical district known for its corruption and prostitution. Beginning in June 1903, the two single-track North River Tunnels were bored from the west under the Hudson River. Electrification was initially 600 volts DC–third rail, and later changed to 11,000 volts AC–overhead catenary when electrification of PRRs mainline was extended to Washington, D. C. in the early 1930s. The same tube, with an inscription indicating that it had displayed at the Exposition, was later installed under water. Construction was completed on the Hudson River tunnels on October 9,1906, meanwhile, ground was broken for Pennsylvania Station on May 1,1904. Along with Long Island Rail Road trains, Penn Station saw trains of the New Haven and the Lehigh Valley Railroads
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Amtrak
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Founded in 1971 to take over most of the remaining U. S. passenger rail services, it is partially government funded yet operated and managed as a for-profit corporation. Amtrak serves more than 500 destinations in 46 states and three Canadian provinces, operating more than 300 trains each day over 21,300 miles of track, some track sections allow trains to run as fast as 150 mph. In fiscal year 2015, Amtrak served 30.8 million passengers and had $2.185 billion in revenue, nearly two-thirds of passengers come from the 10 largest metropolitan areas, 83% of passengers travel on routes shorter than 400 miles. Its headquarters is at Union Station in Washington, D. C, the name Amtrak is a portmanteau of the words America and trak, the latter itself a sensational spelling of track. From the mid-19th century until about 1920, nearly all intercity travelers in the United States moved by rail, historically, U. S. passenger trains were owned and operated by the same privately owned companies that operated freight trains. About 65,000 railroad passenger cars operated in 1929, from 1920 into the later 20th century, passenger rails popularity diminished and there was a series of pullbacks and tentative recoveries. Rail passenger revenues declined dramatically between 1920 and 1934 because of the rise of the automobile, in the same period, many travelers were lost to interstate bus companies such as Greyhound Lines. However, in the mid-1930s, railroads reignited popular imagination with service improvements and new, diesel-powered streamliners, such as the gleaming silver Pioneer Zephyr and Flying Yankee. Even with the improvements, on a basis, traffic continued to decline. World War II broke the malaise, passenger traffic soared sixfold thanks to troop movements, in 1946, there remained 45 percent fewer passenger trains than in 1929, and the decline quickened despite railroad optimism. Passengers disappeared and so did trains, few trains generated profits, most produced losses. Broad-based passenger rail deficits appeared as early as 1948, and by the mid-1950s, by 1965, only 10,000 rail passenger cars were in operation,85 percent fewer than in 1929. Passenger service was provided on only 75,000 miles of track, the 1960s also saw the end of railway post office revenues, which had helped some of the remaining trains break even. The causes of the decline of rail in the United States were complex. Until 1920, rail was the practical form of intercity transport. By 1930, the companies had constructed, with private funding. In 1916, the amount of track in the United States peaked at 254,251 miles, some rail routes had been built primarily to facilitate the sale of stock in the railroad companies, they were redundant from the beginning. These were the first to be abandoned as the financial positions deteriorated
6.
Long Island Rail Road
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With an average weekday ridership of 337,800 passengers in 2014, it is the busiest commuter railroad in North America. It is also one of the worlds few commuter systems that runs 24 hours a day,7 days a week and it is publicly owned by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which refers to it as MTA Long Island Rail Road. The LIRR logo combines the circular MTA logo with the text Long Island Rail Road, the LIRR is one of two commuter rail systems owned by the MTA, the other being the Metro-North Railroad. Established in 1834 and having operated continuously since then, it is the second-oldest US railroad still operating under its original name and charter. There are 124 stations, and more than 700 miles of track and this service was superseded in 1849 by the land route through Connecticut that became part of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. The LIRR refocused its attentions towards serving Long Island, in competition with railroads on the island. In the 1870s, railroad president Conrad Poppenhusen and his successor Austin Corbin acquired all the railroads, the LIRR was unprofitable for much of its history. In 1900, the Pennsylvania Railroad bought a controlling interest as part of its plan for access to Manhattan which began on September 8,1910. The wealthy PRR subsidized the LIRR during the first half of the new century, after the Second World War, the railroad industrys downturn and dwindling profits caused the PRR to stop subsidizing the LIRR, and the LIRR went into receivership in 1949. The State of New York, realizing how important the railroad was to Long Islands future, in 1966, New York State bought the railroads controlling stock from the PRR and put it under the newly formed Metropolitan Commuter Transportation Authority. With MTA subsidies the LIRR modernized further, continuing to be the busiest commuter railroad in the United States, the LIRR is one of the few railroads that has survived as an intact company from its original charter to the present. The LIRR operates out of three terminals, in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens. Jamaica Station in central Queens is the hub of all railroad activities, expansion of the system into Grand Central Terminal is expected over the next few years. Major stations include, Pennsylvania Station, in Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest of the western terminals and it is reached via the Amtrak-owned East River Tunnels from the Main Line in Long Island City. The New York City Subways 34th Street–Penn Station and 34th Street–Penn Station stations are next to the terminal and it also connects LIRR with Amtrak and NJ Transit trains. Atlantic Terminal, formerly Flatbush Avenue, in Downtown Brooklyn serves most other trains and it is next to the New York City Subways Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center station complex, providing easy access to Lower Manhattan. A handful of trains run to Hunterspoint Avenue or onward to the Long Island City station on the East River in Long Island City. From Hunterspoint Avenue, the Hunters Point Avenue subway station can be reached for Midtown Manhattan access, the same subway trains can also be reached from Long Island City station at the Vernon Boulevard–Jackson Avenue subway station
7.
Main Line (Long Island Rail Road)
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The Main Line is a rail line owned and operated by the Long Island Rail Road in the U. S. state of New York. It begins in Long Island City and runs along the middle of Long Island about 95 miles to Greenport, trains on the Main Line between Long Island City and Ronkonkoma are governed by Automatic Block and Interlocking Signals and by Automatic Train Control. East of Ronkonkoma to Greenport trains operate in non-signaled dark territory, with all train movements being governed by train orders and timetable authority. East of HAROLD, the four-track Main Line runs adjacent to the two-track Port Washington Branch until,0.7 miles southeast of the Woodside station, the Port Washington Branch turns northeastward. The Main Line continues southeast with four tracks to JAY Interlocking where it meets the Atlantic Branch and Montauk Branch at the west end of Jamaica station. Eight platform tracks and two bypass tracks pass Jamaica station, along with a few tracks and two former freight tracks on the south side that can be used by trains bypassing Jamaica. Just east of there, Montauk Branch trains get their own two tracks in the center of the four Main Line tracks until the Montauk tracks fly over the other tracks and head southeast. The two-track Main Line continues east to Mineola where the two track Oyster Bay Branch begins and curves to the north, the line continues east from Mineola to Hicksville where the two track Port Jefferson Branch begins and curves to the north. To FARM Interlocking, the Main Line has two tracks, then is single track with passing sidings to Greenport except for a stretch of double track from west of Deer Park to east of Brentwood. The Main Line was electrified between Hicksville and Ronkonkoma in 1987, requiring construction of high platforms along that stretch, LIRR plans to eventually complete double track to Ronkonkoma as part of the Ronkonkoma Branch Double Track Project. Phase I of construction, which double track the five mile stretch between Central Islip and Ronkonkoma stations, began in April 2014. The Main Line west of Jamaica to Harold Interlocking is the line that can reach the East River Tunnels. The portion between HAROLD and the Long Island City station is used by trains originating or terminating at Hunterspoint Avenue and LIC. East of Jamaica station, the Main Line is used by all trains on the Hempstead Branch, the Oyster Bay Branch, the Port Jefferson Branch, some Montauk Branch trains use the Main Line on their way to Babylon via the Central Branch, diverging east of Bethpage. Only a few shuttle trains, informally known as scoots. The Main Line opened beyond Jamaica to Hicksville on March 1,1837, shortly afterwards, the Panic of 1837 severely curtailed construction. It was extended to Farmingdale on October 15,1841, Deer Park on March 14,1842, Brentwood on June 24, Central Islip on July 14, and Yaphank on June 26,1844. An opening excursion to Greenport was operated on July 27,1844, the line was electrified in stages throughout the early 20th Century
8.
City Terminal Zone
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The City Terminal Zone, also known as the City Zone Branch, is the name given to a collection of rail lines of the Long Island Rail Road in New York City. Specifically, it refers to all stations that lie in fare zone 1, there are three routes that are considered part of the City Terminal Zone, ML = Main Line HP = Hunterspoint Avenue - Trains that serve Hunterspoint Avenue and Long Island City in Queens. This route is served only during rush hours in the peak direction. NYP = Trains to Penn Station in Manhattan via the East River Tunnels AT = Atlantic Branch – Trains that terminate at Atlantic Terminal in Brooklyn, until November 2012, the City Terminal Zone also included the Lower Montauk Branch from Long Island City to Jamaica. This line served Penny Bridge, Haberman, Fresh Pond, Glendale, in the near future, the City Terminal Zone will include a branch to Grand Central Terminal as a part of the East Side Access project. A new station in Sunnyside, Queens will be once the remainder of the project is complete
9.
New Jersey Transit Rail Operations
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NJ Transit Rail Operations is the rail division of NJ Transit. It provides commuter service in New Jersey, with most service centered on transportation to and from New York City, Hoboken. NJ Transit also operates service in Orange and Rockland counties in New York under contract to Metro-North Railroad. This does not include NJ Transits light rail operations, as of 2012, NJ Transits commuter rail network consists of 11 lines and 164 stations, primarily concentrated in northern New Jersey, with one line running between Atlantic City and Philadelphia. The former Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines Atlantic City Line is also included in the Newark Division, Conrail, CSX, Norfolk Southern and several short lines currently have trackage rights contracts to operate freight service on NJ Transit lines. The Morristown & Erie Railway can only use NJT trackage to get between its owned trackage, it cannot serve customers on NJ Transit trackage, a similar situation exists for Conrail on the Atlantic City Line. These lines were purchased by the New Jersey Department of Transportation in the late 1970s for railbanking purposes, other major yard facilities are located at Hoboken Terminal. Amtraks Sunnyside Yard in Queens, New York serves as a facility for trains to New York Penn Station. Additional yards are located at outlying points along the lines, there are eight non-revenue work diesels used for these purposes. Equipment owned by Metro-North carries AAR reporting marks MNCW without exception and these locomotives carry NJTR reporting marks for revenue service. Not included are the EMU cars, which are technically locomotives, ONLY active revenue locomotives are listed, retired equipment is unlisted. All non-revenue locomotives are diesel-powered and legally carry the same NJTR AAR reporting marks as all other equipment without exception, as these locomotives lack HEP, they do not haul trains in passenger service unless performing a rescue. NJ Transit has a fleet of over 1,000 passenger cars, the fleet and examples are described below. Except for the Comet IIM, all examples shown are cab cars leading or on the end of trains. Car groupings are, except for the Arrow III MUs, arranged in the order, cab cars, trailers with lavatories, and trailers without lavatories. Single Arrow III MUs are GE Model MA-1J, married pairs are GE Model MA-1H, NJ Transit provides passenger service on 12 lines at total of 165 stations, some operated conjunction with Amtrak and Metro North. NJ Transit NJ Transit Rail Draft 2012 State Rail Plan
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Northeast Corridor Line
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The Northeast Corridor Line is a commuter rail operation run by New Jersey Transit along Amtraks Northeast Corridor in the United States. It is the successor to Pennsylvania Railroad trains between Trenton Transit Center and New York Penn Station, after arrival at New York Penn Station, some trains load passengers and return to New Jersey, while others continue east to Sunnyside Yard for storage. Most servicing is done at the Morrisville Yard, at the west end of the line, the Northeast Corridor Line is colored red on New Jersey Transit system maps and its symbol is the State House. The Princeton Branch is a service connecting to the line. Penn Station had originally intended for long distance passenger trains. With the overhead electrification complete, the PRR could run trains of multiple units direct to Manhattan. The weekday schedule in September 1951 had six trains a day from New York to Trenton, seven from New York to New Brunswick, two from Jersey City to Trenton and six from Jersey City to New Brunswick. That includes just the trains terminated at Trenton or New Brunswick, many more trains from New York to Philadelphia. By the 1960s the financial situation of the Pennsylvania Railroad had deteriorated, in 1968 NJDoT funded construction of the new Metropark station and in 1969 they funded 35 new stainless steel Jersey Arrow MU cars. The state continued to fund replacement of the aging pre-war MU equipment with the Arrow II, finally in 1983 the State took over all of the Conrail operations under the aegis of a new statewide public transport agency, New Jersey Transit. During the 1990s New Jersey Transit contracted with Amtrak to accept monthly NJT passholders on the Clocker trains, the Clocker last ran on October 28,2005, and thereafter New Jersey Transit began several extra Trenton-New York express trips. Connecting SEPTA Trenton Line service between Philadelphia and Trenton is listed in the timetable, the Northeast Corridor Line runs from New York Penn Station to Trenton Transit Center along with Amtrak. The Northeast Corridor Line operates a service between the outlying stations and the terminal zone which begins at Newark International Airport Station. During the peak period North Jersey Coast Line trains stop at North Elizabeth through Rahway, stations between Rahway are served by Jersey Avenue Locals, which originate and terminate at Jersey Avenue station. Finally Trenton Express trains make their first/last stop at Princeton Junction or New Brunswick, a few all stops locals operate sporadically on weekdays as well and all day on weekends. Jersey Ave locals make local stops between Rahway and Elizabeth outside peak periods, North Elizabeth station is skipped by most NEC Line trains and express trains cannot stop at Jersey Ave eastbound. With high levels of service and a route through one of the most densely populated areas of the United States, on an average weekday in 2012, the Northeast Corridor Line handled 117,400 boardings. These trains are made up of Comet series cars or Bombardier Transportation Multilevels, the modern era of commuter operations began in 1983 when New Jersey Transit Rail Operations took over the service from Conrail
11.
North Jersey Coast Line
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The North Jersey Coast Line is a New Jersey Transit commuter rail service between New York Penn Station or Hoboken Terminal and Bay Head, New Jersey. It is electrified as far south as Long Branch, on rail system maps it is colored light blue, and its symbol is a sailboat. It is based on what was once the New York & Long Branch Railroad which was co-owned by the Central of New Jersey, most trains operate between New York Penn Station and Long Branch with frequent rush-hour service and hourly local off-peak service. Diesel shuttle trains between Long Branch and Bay Head meet these electric trains, hourly New York to Long Branch service operates on weekends, with bi-hourly diesel shuttle service between Long Branch and Bay Head. Full hourly service operates during the summer season. During weekdays, five round trip diesel trains have run from Bay Head to Hoboken Terminal using the Waterfront Connection since September 9,1991, passengers can reach New York via the Northeast Corridor Line at Newark, or PATH at Newark or Hoboken. On May 18,2015, NJ Transit expanded service to include 3 inbound and 3 outbound weekday trains running from Bay Head directly to New York Penn Station and these trains are pulled by ALP-45DP Locomotives since electrification ends at Long Branch. The line is double track except for the bridge over the Manasquan River at Brielle, the line has cab signals and wayside block signals, the line from Rahway to Long Branch is signaled for operation in either direction on both tracks. Passenger yards are at Long Branch and Bay Head, Long Branch Yard is fully electrified, and mostly interlocked. Bay Head contains a large balloon track where entire trains can reverse direction without backing up or uncoupling the locomotive and it remains in service, even though push-pull operation has eliminated the need for turning of trains. Bay Head Yard has no interlocking, all switches are hand-operated, on May 18,2015 six new trains were created providing direct service between Bay Head and New York during peak hours. Weekdays,2300 series trains operate between Bay Head and Hoboken 2600 series trains operate between Long Branch and Hoboken 3200 series trains operate between Long Branch and New York,3300 series trains operate between Bay Head and New York. 3400 series trains operate between Matawan and New York,3500 series trains operate between South Amboy and New York. 4300 series trains operate between Bay Head and Long Branch, weekends/Major Holidays,4700 series trains operate between Bay Head and Long Branch 7200 series trains operate between Long Branch and New York. 7300 series trains operate between Bay Head and New York between the end of June to Labor Day weekend, conrail Shared Assets also operates over the North Jersey Coast Line to reach customers south of Red Bank. The North Jersey Coast Line has five bridges of the twelve used by the NJT rail network. River Draw is a bridge at Raritan Bay. Other draw spans cross the Cheesequake or Morgan Creek on the Morgan Draw, Oceanport Draw over the Shrewsbury River, the Shark River Draw on Shark River, all these bridges were double-track spans, but the Manasquan bridge has been single-tracked since the mid-1970s
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Montclair-Boonton Line
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The Montclair-Boonton Line is a commuter rail line of New Jersey Transit Rail Operations in the United States. It is part of the Hoboken Division, the Montclair-Boonton line was formed when the Montclair Connection opened on September 30,2002. The line serves 28 active rail stations in New Jersey along with New York Pennsylvania Station and it crosses through six counties, serving six stations in the township of Montclair, two in the town of Bloomfield, and one in the city of Newark. Trains to Hoboken run only at rush hour, Passengers can transfer at Secaucus Junction, Newark Broad Street Station, Montclair State University, or Dover to reach other destinations if necessary. This was an extension of existing Hoboken-to-Newark service, previously listed on the Morris & Essex timetables, plans for connecting the two lines dated back to 1929, when a rail connection through Montclair was proposed. Despite years of debate over the connection, nothing came to fruition until 1991, Lackawanna Terminal in Montclair closed in 1981, replaced by the new Bay Street station on the alignment that eventually would extend to the connection. Service began on September 30,2002 and three stations on the old Boonton Line were closed, Benson Street in Glen Ridge, Rowe Street in Bloomfield, besides the Montclair Connection, service was extended in 1994 from Netcong station to Hackettstown via tracks owned by Conrail. Stations at Roseville Avenue in Newark, Ampere in East Orange, and Great Notch in Little Falls were closed in 1984,1991, and 2010 respectively. There is also a proposal to extend service along the Washington Secondary as a rapid improvement to the New Jersey Route 57 corridor via Washington Borough to Phillipsburg. The Montclair Branch was chartered in 1852 as the Newark and Bloomfield Railroad, running through Bloomfield, however, tracks were not constructed along the owned right-of-way until 1856, in June of that year trains began running between Newark, Bloomfield, and West Bloomfield. The railroad had a deficit to start, the ticket agent at West Bloomfield was also the brakeman for the one-car train. On April 1,1868, the Morris & Essex Railroad bought out the alignment of the Newark, the Morris & Essex began running services on the line, which was renamed the Montclair Branch when West Bloomfield was similarly renamed to Montclair shortly after. In 1912, the Montclair Branch was depressed, elevated, and double tracked, the stations at Watsessing Avenue and Glen Ridge were constructed below street level, while Ampere and Bloomfield stations were constructed above street level. Roseville Avenue station was depressed,22 feet below street level. In June 1913, the new Lackawanna Terminal opened in Montclair, William H. Botsford designed it, but did not live to see it open as he died in the sinking of the Titanic in 1912. The brick station building followed a Grecian-Doric style of architecture, which included creative uses of concrete for the arches, Lackawanna Terminal had six tracks and three concrete platforms, with a large bridge which carried Grove Street in Montclair over the tracks. The Montclair Branch was the first fully electrified suburban railroad, wired in 1930, the inaugural train was driven by Thomas Edison, who had helped develop the line. On July 26,1945, the Morris & Essex Railroad Company was officially dissolved, and the became part of the Delaware, Lackawanna
13.
Morristown Line
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The Morristown Line is one of New Jersey Transits commuter lines and is one of two branches that run along the Morris and Essex Lines. Passengers can transfer at Newark Broad Street or Summit to reach the other destination, there is frequent service weekdays, with hourly service to/from New York on weekends. Until August 13,2006, there was also hourly service to Hoboken, on that date, service between Hoboken and Summit was cut back to once every two hours on weekends. On May 11,2008, off-peak weekday Hoboken-Dover trains were cut, in addition, weekend Gladstone trains were cut back to Summit, and a shuttle trains is operated every two hours between Newark Broad Street and Hoboken Terminal. Recently the line between Millburn and Summit underwent extensive rehabilitation, more recently work has been progressing briskly on rehabilitating both tracks between Summit and Dover with concrete crossties and new welded rail, and rehabilitation of select road overpasses. Midtown Direct service was restored from Dover to New York on November 12,2012, service to Hoboken, the Morristown Line begins at the Hoboken Terminal or at New York Penn Station. Morristown line trains departing for points west of Dover, NJ require diesel locomotives, immediately after leaving Hoboken, the route passes the coach and diesel yards before entering the 1908 Bergen Tunnel under the New Jersey Palisades just past the East End interlocking. At the west portal of the Bergen Tunnel is West End interlocking, the Morristown Line then crosses over Lower Hack Lift, a vertical lift bridge built in 1927 over the Hackensack River. The line crosses under Route 7 and then passes NJ Transits Meadowlands Maintenance Complex, amtraks Northeast Corridor and the New Jersey Turnpike cross overhead. The Midtown Direct trains join the Morristown line from New York at Kearny Jct. just past this overpass, the Morristown Line parallels the Amtrak Northeast Corridor and PATH lines and Interstate 280 for a short distance here. The Waterfront Connection is just prior to the overpass at Meadows interlocking and it allows selected North Jersey Coast Line and Raritan Valley Line trains to reach Hoboken from the Northeast Corridor Line. After passing an abandoned station at Grove Street and over the Garden State Parkway, East Orange is the next stop, brick Church and Orange follow, also elevated stations. The line curves south over Interstate 280 past Highland Avenue and Mountain Station, south Orange is next, an elevated station with two platforms and three tracks. Seton Hall University is located here, Maplewood follows, with a side platform and a center platform serving all westbound and some eastbound trains. After Maplewood the line narrows to two tracks at Millburn interlocking, Millburn and Short Hills have two side platforms, with two tracks. Summit, a station is next with two high platforms and the station building above the tracks. A glass crossover passes above the platforms, some weekday locals terminate and originate here. Many of the private schools are located in Summit and commuting high school students are a major source of traffic for this station
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Raritan Valley Line
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The Raritan Valley Line is a commuter rail service operated by New Jersey Transit which serves passengers in municipalities in Union, Somerset, and Hunterdon counties in New Jersey. The stations most frequent western terminus is Raritan station in Raritan, some weekday trains continue further west and terminate at the High Bridge station, located in High Bridge. Until March 2014, the RVLs eastern terminus was Pennsylvania Station in Newark, in order to continue to Pennsylvania Station in New York City, RVL passengers were required to transfer to a Northeast Corridor Line or North Jersey Coast Line train at Newark Penn. The Raritan Valley Line is colored orange on New Jersey Transits system map and its symbol is the Statue of Liberty, an homage to the Central Railroad of New Jersey whose logo was also the Statue of Liberty. Most of the line follows the line of the former Central Railroad of New Jersey. Until 1967 CNJ service terminated at the companys Communipaw Terminal in what is today Liberty State Park. This station, which was served by Reading Company trains to Philadelphia and B & O service to Washington, D. C. This allowed CNJ to end the service between Jersey City and Manhattan, which was losing money. Trains initially could not go beyond Newark Penn Station to New York Penn Station because the locomotives were diesel-powered, the introduction of ALP-45DP dual-mode locomotives allows for direct service to New York Penn Station. Limited, service to New York Penn Station started as a program on March 3,2014. Select trains scheduled to arrive at New York Penn Station provide one-seat rides to New York and this original pilot project schedule has been subsequently expanded to include additional trains. Unlike the Northeast Corridor, the majority of stops on the Raritan Valley Line are not wheelchair accessible. Newark Penn Station, Union, Cranford, Westfield, Plainfield, roselle Park has a high platform but does not have a ramp or elevator to the street. The Raritan Valley Line uses all diesel service, the locomotives originally consisted of the GP40PH-2 and Alstom PL42AC with a 5- or 6-car set of Comet series coaches. Since late 2008, Bombardier Multilevel Series Coaches were added and displaced most of the Comet coaches, as of late 2013, the trainsets consist use an ALP-45DP and a 6-8 car set of Multilevels. However, some occasional trains use the Comet coaches coupled with a PL42AC or an ALP-45DP, NJT had acquired several GE P42DC locomotives in 2007, but were soon transferred to ACES in 2009 and then back in 2011 due to a planned discontinuation. Due to the lack of buyers, the locomotives stayed in NJTs property indefinitely until 2014, the lines rolling stock is stored at the Raritan Yard, the lines only rail yard, located just west of the station. All eastbound trains change crews here and trains are stored here overnight
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Gladstone Branch
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The Gladstone Branch is a branch of New Jersey Transits Morris and Essex Lines. The Gladstone Branch primarily serves commuter trains, freight service is no longer operated, the rest go to Hoboken Terminal. Bernardsville also has a siding, but is no longer used. On weekends the line operates Gladstone-Summit service hourly along the branch, the branch received severe damage from Hurricane Sandy on October 29–30,2012, especially to the catenary and signal system, causing a suspension of service for one month. High winds brought down five tall catenary poles, approximately five miles of catenary, the only part of the New Jersey West Line Railroad that was completed was from Summit west to Bernardsville. The New Jersey West Line Railroad was dissolved in 1878 and the assets were sold off, the Summit to Bernardsville line was then purchased by the Passaic and Delaware Railroad. The Delaware Lackawanna and Western Railroad leased the line on November 1,1882 as a branch of the Morris, the Passaic and Delaware Extension Railroad was chartered in 1890 and opened later that year, extending the line to its current terminus in Gladstone, New Jersey. Most service is provided by Arrow III electric cars built by General Electric, in the months following Hurricane Sandy, service to Hoboken used Comet trains powered by ALP-45DP locomotives. At the time of NJT acquisition, freight service was operated by the Consolidated Rail Corporation, upon the breakup of that company, the Norfolk Southern Railway inherited the business. Customers on the line dwindled, and the last customer, the Reheis Chemical Company, was out by the General Chemical Company. The apparent last freight train made its run on November 7,2008, however, seven months later the facility began receiving shipments again, like the Morristown Line, the Gladstone Branch is electrified using overhead catenary at 25 kV60 Hz. Traction power comes from the NJT substation at Summit, NJ, the Summit substation is located north of New Providence on the Morristown Line, between the Summit and Chatham stations, and receives power from the nearby Summit Utility substation. In addition to the NJT Summit traction substation, three other switching facilities are located along the line
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New York City Subway
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Opened in 1904, the New York City Subway is one of the worlds oldest public transit systems, one of the worlds most used metro systems, and the metro system with the most stations. It offers service 24 hours per day, every day of the year, the New York City Subway is the largest rapid transit system in the world by number of stations, with 472 stations in operation. Stations are located throughout the boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Port Authority Trans-Hudson and the AirTrain JFK, in Manhattan and Queens respectively, accept the subways MetroCard but are not operated by the MTA and do not allow free transfers. Another mass transit service that is not operated by the MTA, the system is also one of the worlds longest. Overall, the system contains 236 miles of routes, translating into 665 miles of track. In 2015, the subway delivered over 1.76 billion rides, averaging approximately 5.7 million daily rides on weekdays and a combined 5.9 million rides each weekend. Of the systems 25 services,22 of them pass through Manhattan, the exceptions being the G train, the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, and the Rockaway Park Shuttle. Large portions of the subway outside Manhattan are elevated, on embankments, or in open cuts, in total, 40% of track is not underground despite the subway moniker. Many lines and stations have both express and local services and these lines have three or four tracks. Normally, the two are used for local trains, while the inner one or two are used for express trains. Stations served by express trains are typically major transfer points or destinations, alfred Ely Beach built the first demonstration for an underground transit system in New York City in 1869 and opened it in February 1870. The tunnel was never extended for political and financial reasons, although extensions had been planned to take the tunnel southward to The Battery, the Great Blizzard of 1888 helped demonstrate the benefits of an underground transportation system. A plan for the construction of the subway was approved in 1894, the first underground line of the subway opened on October 27,1904, almost 36 years after the opening of the first elevated line in New York City, which became the IRT Ninth Avenue Line. The fare was $0.05 and on the first day the trains carried over 150,000 passengers, the oldest structure still in use opened in 1885 as part of the BMT Lexington Avenue Line in Brooklyn and is now part of the BMT Jamaica Line. The oldest right-of-way, which is part of the BMT West End Line near Coney Island Creek, was in use in 1864 as a railroad called the Brooklyn, Bath. By the time the first subway opened, the lines had been consolidated into two privately owned systems, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, the city built most of the lines and leased them to the companies. This required it to be run at cost, necessitating fares up to double the five-cent fare popular at the time, in 1940, the city bought the two private systems. Some elevated lines ceased service immediately while others closed soon after, integration was slow, but several connections were built between the IND and BMT, these now operate as one division called the B Division
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1 (New York City Subway service)
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The 1 Broadway–Seventh Avenue Local is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored tomato red since it uses the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line for its entire route, the 1 operates local at all times between Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street in Riverdale, Bronx and South Ferry in Lower Manhattan. When the first subway opened between 1904 and 1908, one of the main service patterns was the West Side Branch, trains ran from Lower Manhattan to Van Cortlandt Park via what is now the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, 42nd Street Shuttle, and IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line. There was both local and express service with trains using the express tracks south of 96th Street. Some express trains ran to Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn via the Joralemon Street Tunnel during rush hours while all other trains turned around at City Hall or the South Ferry outer loop. This shuttle was extended south to South Ferry, with a shuttle on the Brooklyn branch between Chambers Street and Wall Street, on July 1,1918. Finally, the new H system was implemented on August 1,1918, late night service was not operated. All 1 Local trains ran from 137th Street to South Ferry days and evenings, on September 5,1937, the practice of splitting Sunday morning trains at Brooklyn Museum was discontinued, with the alternate trains going to New Lots Avenue or Flatbush Avenue. As of July 1,1938, all evening and Sunday trains were rerouted to New Lots Avenue, by 1945, all 1 Local peak period trains were cut back from Dyckman Street to 137th Street. Beginning on May 10,1946, all 1 Brooklyn trains were made express during late nights running on 12 minute headways, previously all 1 trains ran local from 12,30 to 5, 30am and they alternated between Flatbush and New Lots Avenues. On December 20,1946, all night trains were routed to Flatbush Avenue. On June 12,1949, 137th Street to South Ferry Sunday locals were discontinued, on March 15,1954, weekend 137th Street to South Ferry locals were discontinued, and simultaneously weekend Brooklyn trains were rerouted to Flatbush Avenue. An attempt was made to extend service further north on January 14,1955. This proved unsuccessful, and ended on June 28,1956, meanwhile, in Brooklyn, weekday trains were rerouted to Flatbush Avenue on December 20,1957, and evening 137th Street to South Ferry locals were discontinued on May 23,1958. Under a $100,000,000 rebuilding program, increased and lengthened service was implemented during peak hours on the 1 train, switching north of 96th Street was eliminated. On February 6,1959,1 trains began to run between 242nd Street and South Ferry all times, trains began to be branded as Hi-Speed Locals, being as fast as the old express service was with new R21s and R22s on the line. During rush hour in the direction, alternate trains, those running from 242nd Street. The bypassed stations were served by locals originating from Dyckman Street and this express service was discontinued on May 24,1976, after which all 1 trains began to make all stops
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2 (New York City Subway service)
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The 2 Seventh Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored tomato red since it uses the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line through most of Manhattan. The 2 operates at all times between 241st Street in Wakefield, Bronx and Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College in Flatbush, Brooklyn, making all stops in the Bronx, daytime 2 service runs express in Manhattan, late night service operates local. The service operates via White Plains Road in the Bronx, Lenox Avenue and Seventh Avenue in Manhattan and Eastern Parkway, limited rush hour service also operates between the Bronx and New Lots Avenue in East New York, Brooklyn due to capacity issues at Flatbush Avenue. The first section of what became the current 2 entered service on November 26,1904 from the temporary 180th Street–Bronx Park terminal via the West Farms El to 149th Street–3rd Avenue. On July 10,1905, the connection between the IRT Lenox Avenue Line and IRT White Plains Road Line opened, allowing subway service from Manhattan to the Bronx. On January 9,1908, the Joralemon Street Tunnel opened, at this time, trains ran from East 180th Street to Borough Hall. On May 1,1908, trains were extended to Nevins Street, on March 3,1917, the IRT White Plains Road Line was extended to 219th Street. On March 31,1917, the IRT White Plains Road Line was extended to 238th Street–Nereid Avenue, on August 1,1918, the entire IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line was completed. On April 15,1919, the Clark Street Tunnel, connecting the line to Brooklyn, beginning on December 19,1919, trains ran to South Ferry with some rush hour trains to Atlantic Avenue. In 1923, during rush hours,2 trains alternated between South Ferry and Utica Avenue, beginning December 1,1924,2 trains that ended at South Ferry were extended to New Lots Avenue. As of 1934,2 trains ran from 180th Street-Bronx Park to Flatbush Avenue weekdays and Saturday during daytime and to South Ferry evenings and Sundays, late-night service was from 241st St to South Ferry, making all stops. There were occasional lay-up/put-ins from New Lots, four weekday evening trains turned at Atlantic. On September 5,1937, some evening rush hour trains started running to Flatbush Avenue, as of July 1,1938, weekday and Saturday evening service was extended to Flatbush Avenue from South Ferry. Sunday service was extended to Flatbush Avenue on March 5,1950, beginning on December 26,1950, alternate weekday rush trains were extended to 241st Street in the peak direction, but PM rush service to 241st Street was discontinued on June 26,1952. Beginning on August 4,1952, the 180th Street - Bronx Park station was closed, morning rush hour service to 241st Street, on October 2,1953, was cut back to Gun Hill Road. On March 19,1954, weekend service was rerouted to New Lots Avenue at all times except late nights, on May 4,1957, a track connection to the IRT Dyre Avenue Line was completed and daytime 2 trains were rerouted to Dyre Avenue. Evening service remained a shuttle between Dyre Avenue to East 180th Street, and morning service from Gun Hill Road was discontinued
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3 (New York City Subway service)
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The 3 Seventh Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored tomato red since it uses the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line through most of Manhattan, on November 23,1904, the IRT Lenox Avenue Line opened between 96th Street and 145th Street. 3 trains ran between 145th Street and City Hall, making all stops, on July 1,1918, the entire IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line was completed. 3 trains were rerouted south of 42nd Street from the IRT Lexington Avenue Line to this new line and they now made all stops to South Ferry. As of 1934,3 service operated between 145th Street and South Ferry except late nights, when operated between 145th Street and 96th Street, making local stops. Beginning on January 4,1955, some 3 trains ran express in Manhattan during rush hours and were extended to Flatbush Avenue, late night service was discontinued between 145th Street and 96th Street. Beginning on December 20,1957,3 trains were rerouted to New Lots Avenue during rush hours, on February 6,1959, all trains except late nights made express stops in Manhattan as part of the West Side Improvement and ran to Flatbush Avenue. Beginning on April 8,1960,3 trains rerouted to New Lots, weekday evening service was cut to a shuttle 145th Street to 135th Street only. Beginning on April 18,1965,3 service ran to Flatbush Avenue again, beginning on October 17,1965, weekend evening service was also cut to a shuttle 145th Street to 135th Street. On May 13,1968, trains were extended to the newly completed 148th Street – Lenox Terminal, beginning on December 15,1968, all-night shuttle service between 145th Street and 135th Street were brought back, this was the first time since 1955. Beginning on May 23,1976, the current practice of starting Sunday service late began. Beginning on July 10,1983, the 2 and 3 trains swapped Brooklyn Terminals, beginning on August 5,1990, late-night shuttles between 148th Street and 135th Street were discontinued and replaced by shuttle buses. Beginning on September 4,1994, late-night shuttles between 148th Street and 135th Street were resumed, but were discontinued again on September 10,1995, from March 2 to October 12,1998, the IRT Lenox Avenue Line was rehabilitated. Most 3 service was rerouted to 137th Street–City College, after September 11,2001, the 3 service became a local in Manhattan. After a few switching delays at 96th Street, service was changed on September 19,2001 and it ran in Manhattan as an express between Harlem–148th Street and 14th Street and was replaced by 1 service in Brooklyn. It returned to New Lots Avenue on September 15,2002, on July 27,2008, late night 3 service was restored, operating as an express between 148th Street and Times Square–42nd Street. The following table shows the lines used by the 3, with shaded boxes indicating the route at the times, For a more detailed station listing. MTA NYC Transit –3 Seventh Avenue Express 3 Subway Timetable, Effective November 7,2016
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A (New York City Subway service)
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The A Eighth Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored vivid blue since it uses the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan, the A operates between 207th Street in Inwood, Manhattan and Mott Avenue in Far Rockaway, Queens, or Lefferts Boulevard in Richmond Hill, Queens. The A is the Central Park West / Eighth Avenue Express in Manhattan, Fulton Street Express in Brooklyn, the A provides the longest one-seat ride in the system, at 32 miles between Inwood and Far Rockaway and has a weekday ridership of 600,000. Five rush hour trips run to and from Beach 116th Street in Rockaway Park, Queens, at all times, a shuttle train operates between Broad Channel, where it connects with the A, and Rockaway Park. During late nights, the A makes all stops along its route and originates/terminates at Far Rockaway only. The A and AA were the first services on the IND Eighth Avenue Line when it opened on September 10,1932, the Independent Subway System used single letters to refer to express services and double letters for local services. The A ran express between 207th Street and Chambers Street/World Trade Center, and the AA ran local between 168th Street and Chambers St/World Trade Center, known at the time as Hudson Terminal, the AA used a red bullet. During late nights and Sundays, the A did not run, on April 9,1936, the IND Fulton Street Line was opened to Rockaway Avenue. The 1936 completion played a part in the establishment of Bedford-Stuyvesant as Brooklyns central African American community. On December 30,1946 and November 28,1948, the line was extended to Broadway–East New York and Euclid Avenue, respectively. On October 24,1949, express service in Brooklyn to Broadway–East New York began with the A running express during rush hours, on April 29,1956, Grant Avenue was opened, and the line was extended over the BMT Fulton Street Line to Lefferts Boulevard. Weekdays except midnights, alternate trains terminated at Lefferts Boulevard and at Euclid Avenue, during weekends, they terminated at Euclid Avenue with a shuttle to Lefferts Boulevard. Two months later, on June 28,1956, the former Long Island Rail Road Rockaway Line was rebuilt to subway specifications, at this time, rush hour express service on the Fulton Street Line with the E train began. On September 16,1956, the A was extended to the Rockaways replacing the E, at the time, alternate trains continued running to Lefferts Boulevard. On January 27,1957, non-rush hour through service to the Rockaways was discontinued and was replaced by a shuttle running between Euclid Avenue and Wavecrest, non-rush hour A train service is now to Lefferts Boulevard. This may also be the time that the E replaced the A again in the Rockaways, on January 16,1958, a new terminal was created at Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue, and the through connection to the Long Island Rail Roads Far Rockaway station was severed. On September 8,1958, the A train replaced the E train in the Rockaways again, round-robin service from Euclid Avenue to both Rockaway terminals began, non-rush hours, while through A service runs to Lefferts Boulevard. In September 1959, the A begins to run local in Brooklyn at all times, in 1963, the E train was extended to the Rockaways, and the A train ran local to Euclid Avenue or Lefferts Boulevard at all times
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C (New York City Subway service)
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The C Eighth Avenue Local is a 19-mile-long rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored vivid blue since it uses the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan, during late night hours, the A train, which runs express along the entire C route during daytime hours, makes all stops. The C and CC services began operation on July 1,1933 when the IND Concourse Line opened, the Independent Subway System used single letters to refer to express services and double letters to local services. The CC provided local service between Bedford Park Boulevard and Chambers Street/World Trade Center during rush hours, and was extended to 205th Street during non-rush hours, the C ran express, from 205th Street to Bergen Street in Brooklyn during rush hours. Beginning August 19,1933, C service was cut back from Bergen Street, at the same time, CC service was cut back from 205th Street during non-rush hours. On January 1,1936, C service was extended to Jay Street–Borough Hall, on April 9,1937, C service was extended to Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets. After July 1,1937, a few C trains continued to run to Bergen Street southbound in the AM rush hour, also on the same date, weekend C service was discontinued, and CC service was extended to 205th Street to compensate. Beginning December 15,1940, the D train entered service with the opening of the IND Sixth Avenue Line and it joined the C as the peak direction Concourse Express. CC trains now ran between Hudson Terminal and Bedford Park during rush hours and on Saturdays and during other times, the D made local stops in the Bronx, replacing CC service. On the same date, limited morning rush hour service began between 205th Street, Bronx and Utica Avenue, Brooklyn, making local stops on the IND Fulton Street Line, beginning October 10,1944, C trains no longer ran on Saturdays. On October 24,1949, C express service was discontinued, additional D service was added to offset this loss. The CC, which ran during rush hours, began terminating at Broadway–Lafayette Street Mondays to Fridays. On December 29,1951, CC trains were discontinued on Saturdays, on October 30,1954, CC trains returned to its previous terminal at Hudson Terminal. On August 30,1976, the CC train replaced the E train as the local along Fulton Street and it became the only subway train to run through all four boroughs served by the subway. The Rockaway Park Shuttle service at time was renamed CC, before then. This shuttle was the only non-rush CC service, on May 6,1985, the IND practice of using double letters to indicate local service was discontinued. The CC service was renamed the C, the Rockaway Park Shuttle is renamed H. On December 10,1988, the K train was discontinued, and it ran from Bedford Park Boulevard to Rockaway Park rush hours, 145th Street to Euclid Avenue middays, and from 145th Street to World Trade Center during evenings and weekends
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E (New York City Subway service)
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The E Eighth Avenue Local is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is vivid blue since it uses the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan, E trains also serve two local stops in eastern Queens on evenings and weekends. Limited rush hour service runs express to and from 179th Street at the end of the Queens Boulevard Line. On August 19,1933, E service officially began, running between Roosevelt Avenue – Jackson Heights and the Hudson Terminal. The E would not yet run express via Queens Boulevard as the IND Crosstown Line did not yet fully open until Brooklyn, on January 1,1936, the IND Sixth Avenue Line opened to East Broadway and the E was extended there. E trains no longer served stations on the Eighth Avenue Line south of West Fourth Street, E service was again extended when the Queens Boulevard Line was extended to Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike on December 31,1936, and then to 169th Street on April 24,1937. E trains began running express between Continental Avenue and Queens Plaza on April 24,1937, on September 12,1938, several weekday rush hour trains began terminating at Jay Street in the morning, and a few entered service at Smith–Ninth Streets in the evening. Between 1939 and 1940, select PM E trains ran to-and-from the Horace Harding Boulevard terminal at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair, on December 15,1940, service on the entire Sixth Avenue Line began. The E was cut back to Broadway–Lafayette Street, south of that station, it was replaced by the F train. On October 24,1949 the E was extended during rush hours to Broadway – East New York running via Fulton Street Local, on December 10,1950, 179th Street opened. E service terminated there, running express between Queens Plaza and 71st Avenue and local from 71st Avenue to 179th Street, the E began running eleven car trains during rush hours on September 8,1953. The extra train car increased the carrying capacity by 4,000 passengers. Then, on October 30,1954, E trains began running to Hudson Terminal during non-rush hours, during non-rush hours, service was provided by shuttle service between Euclid and Rockaway Park or Wavecrest. On September 16,1956, rush hour E service was cut back to Euclid Avenue when Rockaway service was replaced by the A train. The A and E later switched southern terminals again, and on September 8,1958 the E began running to the Rockaways during rush hours, some E trains were extended to Lefferts Boulevard in June of that year due to complaints. In 1963–1964, the E was extended to the Rockaways during rush hours, with some put-ins beginning at Euclid Avenue, on March 23,1970, southbound E trains, during rush hours, began stopping at the lower level of the 42nd Street station. On January 2,1973, the E train became the local in Brooklyn again, finally, on August 27,1976, E service in Brooklyn was eliminated with all trains terminating at World Trade Center. Brooklyn service was replaced by the CC local, on December 11,1988, the IND Archer Avenue Line opened
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B (New York City Subway service)
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The B Sixth Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored bright orange since it uses the IND Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan, the B only operates on weekdays from approximately 6,00 a. m. to 11,00 p. m. During rush hours, the B is extended to and from Bedford Park Boulevard in the Bronx via Concourse Local, the designation B was originally intended to designate express trains originating in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan and operating in Midtown Manhattan on the IND Sixth Avenue Line. This service was designated BB as the Independent Subway System used double letters to local services. The Chrystie Street Connection and the tracks of the Sixth Avenue Line opened on November 26,1967. BB trains were combined with the former T service, which ran on the BMT West End Line in Brooklyn and this created a through service from 168th Street to Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue via the Sixth Avenue Line express tracks and the Manhattan Bridge. This service was initially to have been signed BT but was simply signed B instead, however, during late night hours and Sundays B service did not operate, and TT shuttles continued to operate on the West End Line. B service began running between 57th Street and Coney Island during all times on August 30,1976, also on this date, during rush hours, alternate B trains began to operate between 168th Street and Coney Island. Beginning on August 27,1977, during late nights, B service only ran between 36th Street and Coney Island via the West End Line, a B shuttle also operated during late nights, running between 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center and 57th Street. The reconstruction of the Manhattan Bridge between 1986 and 2004 affected B service as the Bridges north side tracks, leading to the Sixth Avenue Line, were closed multiple times and these closures severed the connection between the northern and southern portions of the route. On April 13,1986, the B was split into two different services, the northern B service ran via Sixth Avenue, using an orange bullet, between 34th Street-Herald Square and 168th Street, rush hours only. The southern B service ran via the Bridge and BMT Broadway Line, through B service on the Sixth Avenue Line resumed December 11,1988, when the Manhattan Bridges north side tracks reopened. B trains now terminated at 168th Street on middays and evenings to partially replace the discontinued K service. During late nights, the B continued to operate as the West End Shuttle, B service operated to 57th Street during weekends. N service was increased to replace B service to Ditmars Boulevard, on October 29,1989, the IND 63rd Street Line opened, B service was extended along the new line from 57th Street to 21st Street–Queensbridge on weekends. Also on this date, because of N trains running via the Manhattan Bridge, on April 30,1995, the north side of the Manhattan Bridge closed on middays and weekends until the following November. During this time, B trains ran only between Pacific Street and Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue, running local on the BMT West End Line, to let the B terminate there, midday N express trains in Brooklyn ran local for the duration of the closure. On February 22,1998, B service was cut to 57th Street on evenings
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D (New York City Subway service)
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The D Sixth Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored bright orange since it uses the IND Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan, the D runs express in Manhattan and makes all stops on the BMT West End Line in Brooklyn at all times. The D also makes all stops in the Bronx except when it runs express in the peak direction during rush hours, the D runs express on Fourth Avenue at all times except nights when it serves all stops. D service began on December 15,1940 when the IND Sixth Avenue Line opened, D service was increased on October 24,1949 in order to offset the loss off CC service. On December 29,1951, peak direction express service in the Bronx was discontinued, on October 30,1954, a connection between the IND South Brooklyn Line and BMT Culver Line opened. D service was rerouted via these two lines to Coney Island – Stillwell Avenue with limited rush hour trains to Church Avenue, between 1957 and 1959, limited rush hour trains ran express and/or local to Euclid Avenue. From December 4 to 27,1962, a special service labeled DD was provided due to a main break. On November 26,1967, the Chrystie Street Connection opened, adding express service on the Sixth Avenue Line, D service was switched over to BMT Brighton Line via this new connector. It became the express service weekdays to Brighton Beach and the local to Stillwell Avenue at other times, in Manhattan, it ran express from West 4th Street to 34th Street rush hours only. It would become the full-time Sixth Avenue Express when non-rush hours B service was extended to 57th Street – Sixth Avenue, at this time, D/Q skip-stop service ran in Brooklyn on weekdays. On December 11,1988, the tracks of the Manhattan Bridge reopened. The D now ran as the full-time Brighton Local to Stillwell Avenue, in May 1995, the north tracks were closed during midday and weekends and D service was cut south of 34th Street-Herald Square. On July 22,2001, it was closed at all times, in Brooklyn, it was replaced by Q local service. After September 11,2001, C service was suspended, on weekends, the D ran local on the Eighth Avenue Line north of 59th Street to fill in the gap in service caused by the suspension. The D was moved to the West End Line instead of returning to the Brighton Line, moving the D to the West End Line meant it could now provide 24-hour service to both the Concourse Line in the Bronx and West End Line in Brooklyn. This eliminated the need to run late-night and/or weekend shuttles on either the West End or Concourse lines, from May 24,2004 to Fall 2004, construction on the IND Concourse Line, required the suspension of D express service in the Bronx. At the time, the D used the IND Culver Line to Coney Island, biz Markies song Pickin Boogers from his debut album Goin Off features the line I was chillin one day/with my partner Kane/headed up to the rooftop/ridin the D train. The opening track on Yoko Onos 2009 album Between My Head And The Sky is titled Waiting For The D Train, the D passes through 72nd Street but never stops there, as it is a local station
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F (New York City Subway service)
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The F Sixth Avenue Local is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route bullet is colored bright orange since it uses the IND Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan, some rush hour trains short turn at Kings Highway due to capacity issues at Stillwell Avenue. F service officially began on December 15,1940 operating between Parsons Boulevard and Church Avenue via the Queens Boulevard, Sixth Avenue, and Culver Lines and it ran express in Queens and local in Manhattan and Brooklyn. During World War II, by January 10,1944, trains were extended to 169th Street during evenings, late nights, and Sunday mornings. Temporarily in 1948, as shown in a map from that year, the D and F service switched, with the F terminating at Second Avenue, on December 11,1950, trains were extended to the newly opened 179th Street on evenings, nights, and Sunday mornings. On May 13,1951, all trains outside of rush hour were extended to 179th Street using the tracks beyond Parsons Boulevard. On October 8,1951, trains were extended to 179th Street at all times, during rush hours F trains skipped 169th Street running via the express tracks. At other times, the F stopped at 169th Street, in 1953, the platforms were lengthened to 660 feet at 75th Avenue and Sutphin Boulevard so that F trains could run eleven car trains. The F began running eleven car trains during rush hours on September 8,1953, the extra train car increased the total carrying capacity by 4,000 passengers. On October 30,1954, the connection between the IND Culver Line and BMT Culver Line opened, with the IND taking over the elevated section, all F service began terminating at Broadway–Lafayette Street with D service entering Brooklyn via the Rutgers Street Tunnel. In addition, all except weekday daytime trains were rerouted via the tracks between Continental Avenue and Parsons Boulevard. On April 29,1956, trains were extended to Second Avenue, beginning on October 6,1957, trains terminated at 34th Street–Herald Square evenings, nights and weekends. On November 10,1958, F service was cut back from Second Avenue, F service replaced it on the IND Culver Line. Beginning on June 16,1969 express service was modified with Kings Highway trains operating as locals along the entire route Bergen Street to Kings Highway, at the same time, all trains were rerouted via the express tracks between Continental Avenue and Parsons Boulevard in Queens. On January 18,1976 F express service between Bergen Street and Church Avenue was discontinued during rush hours in the non-peak direction, on August 30,1976 express service between Bergen Street and Church Avenue was completely discontinued, with all trains making all stops. Rush direction alternate-train express service between Ditmas Avenue and Kings Highway was retained and this was due to budget cuts and continuing complaints about reduced Manhattan service by riders at local stations. Starting on August 27,1977, F was made a local in Queens between Continental Avenue and Queens Plaza, late nights, replacing the GG service, on May 24,1987, N and R services swapped terminals in Queens. As part of the plan, F service terminated at 57th Street / Sixth Avenue during late nights
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M (New York City Subway service)
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The M Sixth Avenue Local is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored bright orange since it uses the IND Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan and this makes the M the only service that travels through the same borough via two different, unconnected lines. The M short turns at Essex Street in the Lower East Side of Manhattan on weekends, the M is the only non-shuttle service that has both of its full-run terminals in the same borough. The 71st Avenue and Metropolitan Avenue termini of the M route are 2.47 miles apart, until 1914, the only service on the Myrtle Avenue Line east of Grand Avenue was a local service between Park Row and Middle Village. The number 10 was assigned to the service in 1924, Marcy Avenue was originally a local stop, but beginning on February 23,1960 all trains stopped there. M was assigned to the service in the early 1960s, with a single letter because it was an express service, to augment QJ service to Broad Street, the M was extended two stations, from Chambers Street to Broad Street. By this time, the off-hour SS shuttle had been renamed as part of the M, the local K was eliminated on August 27,1976, and the M express service between Myrtle Avenue and Marcy Avenue ended in order to provide adequate service in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. Reconstruction of the Brighton Line began on April 26,1986, in 1987, the route was changed to split from Fourth Avenue at 36th Street, running along the BMT West End Line to Ninth Avenue during middays, with an extension to Bay Parkway during rush hours. This service duplicated a pattern that had last been operated as the TT until late 1967, M service along Fourth Avenue was switched to the local tracks in 1994, switching with the N, which had run local since the M was moved in 1987. The midday M was truncated to Chambers Street in April 1995 from Ninth Avenue in Brooklyn, from April 1997 to August 1997, during late nights and weekends, the M terminated at Essex Street due to reconstruction of Myrtle Avenue. From May 1 to September 1,1999, the Williamsburg Bridge was closed for reconstruction, M service was split in two sections because of the reconstruction of the Williamsburg Bridge subway tracks. One service ran at all times between Middle Village–Metropolitan Avenue and Marcy Avenue, the other ran rush hours only between Bay Parkway and Chambers Street. A shuttle provided service on the BMT Nassau Street Line, fares on the B39 bus crossing the Williamsburg Bridge was eliminated and free subway-bus transfers were given at Marcy Avenue and at Delancey Street. The closure was anticipated to last until October 1999, but subway service was restored one month ahead of schedule, the project cost $130 million, including replacing the tracks support structure, signal systems and other equipment. This change preserved service between the West End Line and Chinatown for passengers that would have taken the B to Grand Street, when full Manhattan Bridge service was restored, midday M service was cut back to Chambers Street. The September 11,2001 attacks caused a reduction of the M to a full-time shuttle until September 17. Then it was extended full-time over the BMT Sea Beach Line to Stillwell Avenue, replacing the N, on July 27,2008, weekday evening trains were extended to Broad Street. This, as well as all proposals, were no longer considered after Albany lawmakers offered financial support to the MTA in May 2009
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N (New York City Subway service)
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The N Broadway Express is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored sunflower yellow, during rush hours, some N trains operate to 96th Street due to capacity issues at Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard. On weekends, it all stops in Manhattan. Daytime service runs over the side of the Manhattan Bridge. During late nights, the N serves all stops along its entire route, the route that is now the N was originally BMT service 4, known as the Sea Beach Line or Sea Beach Express. On June 22,1915, the current BMT Sea Beach Line opened, originally, it used the south tracks of the Manhattan Bridge, which at that time connected to the BMT Nassau Street Line. On September 4,1917, the first part of the BMT Broadway Line, trains ran from 14th Street–Union Square to Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue, now using the bridges northern tracks. On January 15,1918, service was extended to Times Square–42nd Street, on May 2,1957, service was extended north via the express tracks to 57th Street–Seventh Avenue. In 1959, trains stopping at DeKalb Avenue during midday hours. Previously, they bypassed DeKalb Avenue at all times except late nights, beginning on January 1,1961, trains bypassed DeKalb Avenue during rush hours only. In addition, on evenings, late nights, and all day Sundays. The N designation begins to appear when R27 subway cars are moved to the line in April 1961 and this short-lived service began on November 27,1967 and ended April 12,1968 due to low ridership. Starting on Monday, April 15,1968, the five NX trips instead ran as N trips, on August 30,1976, N service was extended north over the BMT 60th Street Tunnel Connection to Forest Hills–71st Avenue to replace the discontinued EE. On August 27,1977, N service was cut back during late nights, reconstruction of the Manhattan Bridge between 1986 and 2004 disrupted N service, usually removing it from the bridge. On April 26,1986, the M, which was rerouted from the BMT Brighton Line to the BMT West End Line, on May 24,1987, the N swapped northern terminals with the R. The N was switched to Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard, while the R went to Forest Hills–71st Avenue, on September 30,1990, full service on the Manhattan Bridge was briefly restored. Express service on Broadway ran all times except nights and this very short service was halted by the discovery of a cracked beam under the south side tracks on the bridge. In 1994, the N switched back to express in Brooklyn only, from Atlantic Avenue–Pacific Street to 59th Street, from 1994 to 1996, the southern terminal of the N was 86th Street due to rehabilitation work at Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue
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Q (New York City Subway service)
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The Q Broadway Express is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored sunflower yellow since it uses the BMT Broadway Line in Manhattan, the former designation for the service was the number 1, itself introduced in 1924, a designation shared by all Brighton Line mainline services. The letter designations did not appear on equipment that carried the former route numbers. Therefore, older equipment that carried the number 1 continued to be signed 1 until they were withdrawn from service in 1965, also with the introduction of the R27 fleet, the mainline local services on the Brighton Line were given double letters in conformance with IND practice. Ordinarily this would have produced a QQ service, but this designation was never used, the so-called Bankers Special express, which operated a few trains in the morning and evening rush hours to the Wall Street financial district was not given a separate designation. As this service continued to use equipment for years after the letters were introduced. With the advent of the Chrystie Street services, the Q designation was suspended as Brighton Line express service was provided by the D service via 6th Avenue in Manhattan. The QT and QB designations were both to be dropped as the Brighton Locals were rerouted to the Nassau Street Loop in lower Manhattan and through routed to Jamaica via the BMT Jamaica Line. The QB designation was retained as it was decided to run a few local trains up the BMT Broadway Line to answer complaints that the new services provided no access to the Broadway Line. The service history below includes predecessor services that became the Q service before the identifier was introduced, passengers could make connections with the horsecars of the Brooklyn City Railroad at the Prospect Park terminal. A physical connection was made there both east and west to the LIRR as Bedford Junction, by mutual agreement trains of the BB&CI operated on the LIRR to its terminal at Flatbush and Atlantic Avenues, provided a much better connection to Downtown Brooklyn and ferries to Manhattan. LIRR trains also operated to Brighton Beach from Flatbush and Atlantic and from its own terminal in Long Island City, initially, service operated during the summer season only. In 1900, elevated trains were through-routed to Park Row without need to change trains, Brighton Beach local and express service was extended to a new West End terminal at Stillwell and Surf Avenues, the location of the terminal for the BMT Southern Division, in May 1919. During late nights, all used the tunnel. During the 1930s, limited morning rush hour service ran via the side of the Manhattan Bridge to Chambers Street. On June 29,1950, trains running there during the evening rush as well. On October 17,1949, the IRT Astoria Line was converted to BMT operation, Local trains were extended via this line to Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard. Number 2 Fourth Avenue Locals ran here at all times, on April 27,1950, Brighton Locals operated through to Ditmars Boulevard, Astoria all day on weekdays and Saturdays
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R (New York City Subway service)
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The R Broadway Local is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored sunflower yellow since it uses the BMT Broadway Line in Manhattan, the service that later became the R was the BMT2. When it entered service on January 15,1916, it ran between Chambers Street on the BMT Nassau Street Line and 86th Street, using the Manhattan Bridge to cross the East River, service on the BMT Broadway Line began exactly two years later on January 15,1918. On July 10,1919 service may have extended to 57th Street. The Montague Street Tunnel opened on October 1,1920, and at time it took its current shape. Bay Ridge–95th Street station opened on October 31,1925, during this time, rush-hour specials to Chambers Street were added and later removed, only to be added again. At one time, including 1931, additional midday service operated local between 57th Street and Whitehall Street–South Ferry, the 2 also used the Nassau Street Loop during rush hours, entering Manhattan via the Manhattan Bridge or Montague Street Tunnel and leaving via the other. On June 29,1950, special rush hour trains began running between Bay Ridge–95th Street and Chambers Street via the side of the Manhattan Bridge and/or the Montague Street Tunnel. This was discontinued two years later, on January 1,1961, the northern terminal was relocated to its current location at Forest Hills–71st Avenue, via the BMT 60th Street Tunnel Connection, which is also known as the 11th Street Cut. Night and weekend RR trains still terminated at 57th Street in Manhattan, in the winter of 1960–1961, letters started to appear on the RR with the introduction of the R27s, which featured it on roll signs. The route was known as the Fourth Avenue Local via Tunnel, on November 27,1967, the day after the IND Chrystie Street Connection opened, the RR was moved back to Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard on the BMT Astoria Line. The Nassau Street specials were through-routed from Bay Ridge – 95th Street to 168th Street in Jamaica as RJ, under the first color scheme, RR was colored green and RJ was red. In the original Chrystie Street routing plans, the TA planned to eliminate the RR service. The RJ service only lasted from November 1967 until July 1,1968 when it was cut back to Chambers Street and renamed as additional RR rush-hour peak-direction service. With track connections between the Nassau Street Loop and the tracks of the Manhattan Bridge severed as part of the November 1967 realignment. On May 6,1985, when letters were eliminated. Proposed on October 15,1986 but put in effect on May 24,1987, the change was made to give the R direct access to the Jamaica Yard, and previously, R trains had to run light to/from the Coney Island Yard. Starting on April 28,1986, the Nassau Street Line R service was extended to Metropolitan Avenue for layups, after the N/R swap, the Nassau R used East New York Yard equipment
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W (New York City Subway service)
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The W Broadway Local is a rapid transit service of the New York City Subways B Division. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored sunflower yellow since it uses the BMT Broadway Line in Manhattan, the W operates only on weekdays. Some W trains operate to/from Gravesend-86th Street due to capacity issues on the lower level at City Hall. The W is internally staffed and scheduled as part of the N, introduced on July 22,2001, the W initially ran until June 25,2010, when it was eliminated due to the Metropolitan Transportation Authoritys financial crisis. The MTA restored the route on November 7,2016, using its original emblem and 2004–2010 routing, the W was originally conceived as an extra Broadway Line local service running on the Astoria and Broadway lines to Whitehall Street. This service was essentially a variant of the N route, which in the 1970s and 1980s ran express between Queens and Brooklyn, with trains running local between Queens and Whitehall Street. However, reconstruction of the Manhattan Bridge between 1986 and 2004 forced the N, which normally ran express on the Broadway Line and on the Bridge and this service change precluded W local service from running as envisioned. The W bullet appeared on signs as a yellow diamond bullet. The W also appeared on the signs of the R44s and R46s with any route. The W was introduced on July 22,2001 when the Manhattan Bridge north tracks closed for reconstruction, the Bridges south side tracks, which led to the Broadway Line, reopened after being closed since 1988. This split had already made from 1986 to 1988, when a part-time orange B only ran north of 34th Street–Herald Square on the Sixth Avenue Line. At the same time, a full-time yellow B ran from Coney Island in Brooklyn across the side of the bridge. This old pattern was restored in 2001, but instead of having two B services, the yellow B was instead named the W. This route began at Coney Island and ran up the West End Line, BMT Fourth Avenue Line, Manhattan Bridge south tracks, Broadway Line, and BMT Astoria Line to Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard. Evening service ended at 57th Street–Seventh Avenue in Manhattan, late night service at 36th Street in Brooklyn, and weekend service at Atlantic Avenue–Pacific Street in Brooklyn. After September 11,2001, Broadway Line service in Lower Manhattan was suspended and it made all stops except in Brooklyn north of 36th Street. During late nights, it ran in two sections, between Ditmars Boulevard and 34th Street, skipping 49th Street in the direction, and in Brooklyn between 36th Street and Coney Island. Normal service on both routes resumed on October 28,2001, the Astoria express service, being unpopular with residents, was discontinued on January 15,2002
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Port Authority Trans-Hudson
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The PATH is operated by, and named after, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. PATH trains run 24 hours a day and 7 days a week, the system has a route length of 13.8 miles, not including any route overlap. As of October 2016, PATH had a weekday ridership of 276,417. PATH trains only use tunnels in Manhattan, Hoboken and downtown Jersey City, the tracks cross the Hudson River through century-old cast iron tubes that rest on the river bottom under a thin layer of silt. PATHs route from Grove Street in Jersey City west to Newark runs in open cuts, at grade level, PATH does accept the same pay-per-ride MetroCard used by the New York City Transit system, but it does not accept unlimited ride, reduced fare, or EasyPay MetroCards. The history of PATH predates the New York City Subways first underground line, PATH was originally known as the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad. Although the railroad was first planned in 1874, existing technologies could not safely tunnel under the Hudson River, construction began on the existing tunnels in 1890, but stopped shortly thereafter when funding ran out. Construction resumed in 1900 under the direction of William Gibbs McAdoo, McAdoo later became president of what was known, for many years, as the H&M, Hudson Tubes or McAdoo Tunnels. Haskins plan was to excavate the tunnel, then fill it with compressed air to expel the water and to hold the iron plate lining in place. When the New York & Jersey Tunnel Company resumed construction on the tunnels in 1902, an enormous mechanical shield was pushed through the silt at the bottom of the river. The displaced mud was placed into a chamber, where it was later shoveled into small cars that hauled it to the surface. In some cases, the silt was baked with kerosene torches to facilitate removal of the mud. The southern tunnel of the pair was constructed using the tubular cast iron method. Construction of the tunnels was completed in 1906. A second pair of tunnels was built about 1 1⁄4 miles south of the first pair, construction began in 1906 and was completed in 1909, also using the tubular cast iron method. Each track enjoys its own tunnel, which enables a better ventilation via the piston effect. By contrast, the ends of the tunnels, located underneath Manhattan, employed cut. On July 19,1909, service began between the Hudson Terminal in Lower Manhattan and Exchange Place in Jersey City, through the downtown tubes, the connection between Exchange Place and the junction near Hoboken Terminal opened on August 2,1909
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33rd Street (PATH station)
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33rd Street is a terminal station on the PATH system. 33rd Street serves as the terminus of all three lines. The present station has three tracks in a Spanish solution with two platforms and two side platforms. It is not the station on the site, the original station opened on November 10,1910. When the Independent Subways Sixth Avenue line was being built in 1936 it was necessary to relocate the H & M 33rd Street station, the original station was closed in December 1937. A new terminal located at 32nd Street was opened September 1939. Although the station is at 32nd Street, the 33rd Street name was retained, as part of this upgrade, the H & M station at 28th Street, which had opened on November 10,1910, was closed and demolished. As a partial compensation for the loss of the station, an entrance to the new terminal was opened at 30th Street. A Gimbels passageway was used by pedestrians to connect to Penn Station a block to the west under 33rd Street
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New York City Bus
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Both NYCT and MaBSTOA operate service pursuant to a lease agreement with the City of New York. MTABC operates service pursuant to an agreement with the City of New York under which all expenses of MTABC and this brought almost all bus transportation in New York City under its control. After the bus mergers were completed in 2006, the MTA then moved to streamline its operations through consolidation of management function, MTA Regional Bus also included the MTA Long Island Bus division until January 2012, when its services were transferred to a private operator by Nassau County. Other changes have included eliminating the MTA Bus call center, folding it into that of MTA New York City Transit, Regional Bus Operations is currently only used in official documentation, and not publicly as a brand. The seven former companies were, Command Bus Company, Inc. Green Bus Lines, Queens Surface Corp. and Triboro Coach Corp. The most common scheme is a blue stripe across the sides of the bus against a white base, with no colors on the front or back. From 1977 until late 2007, the livery was a full all-around stripe with a rear, and until late 2010. Buses operated in Select Bus Service bus rapid transit service are wrapped with a light blue-and-white wrap below the windows. In spring 2016, a new livery was introduced based on blue, light blue, and gold, with a mostly blue front and sides, a light blue and gold wave. Access-A-Ride paratransit services are provided by independent contractors, using vehicles owned by the MTA. In addition, MTA Regional Bus Operations operated bus and paratransit service in Nassau County under the name Long Island Bus until December 31,2011 and this service was operated by the MTA under an agreement with Nassau County, who owned its facilities and equipment. In 2011, the MTA asked Nassau County to provide funding for Long Island Bus than they were at the time. The county refused to provide funding, and the MTA voted to end operation of the system at the end of 2011. The county then decided to hire Veolia Transportation, a transportation company. Eventually all of these routes were transferred to private management, another city acquisition was the Bridge Operating Company, which ran the Williamsburg Bridge Local trolley, acquired in 1921 by the DP&S. Unlike the other lines, this one remained city-operated, and was replaced by the B39 bus route on December 5,1948, on February 23,1947, the Board of Transportation took over the Staten Island bus network of the Isle Transportation Company. The final Brooklyn trolleys were the Church Avenue Line and McDonald Avenue Line, discontinued on October 31,1956, though the privately operated Queensboro Bridge Local remained until 1957. Thus, in the late 1950s, the city operated all local service in Staten Island and Brooklyn, about half the service in Queens
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M4 (New York City bus)
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The M1, M2, M3, and M4 are four local bus routes that operate on the Fifth and Madison Avenues Line – along one-way pair of Madison and Fifth Avenues in the Manhattan borough of New York City. Though the routes run along other major avenues, the majority of their route is along Madison. The M4 and Q32 begin at Penn Station, joining Madison Avenue at 32nd Street, thus, all five routes are on Fifth and Madison Avenues north of 34th Street. The M1 begins its route in the East Village at the intersection of 4th Avenue and it starts north along 4th Avenue to Union Square, where it changes names to Union Square East. Union Square East continues past Union Square as Park Avenue South, the M1 turns off Park Avenue South at East 25th Street for one block, and then immediately turns right onto Madison Avenue. The M1 follows Madison Avenue all the way to East 135th Street, where it turns left for one block. It travels up Fifth to West 139th Street, turns left for a block, the M1 travels south the same route, but entirely on Fifth Avenue between 139th Street and 8th Street. The bus uses 8th Street to travel between 5th and 4th Avenues, on June 25,2010, as a result of service cuts, MTA no longer operated weekend M1 service into Midtown, instead terminating at 106th Street. After numerous requests to some of the 2010 service cuts. There is a proposal underway to re-extend this line back down to Worth Street in early 2017, in this proposal, every other bus would go to Worth Street via Bowery and Third Avenue, returning uptown via Centre Street and Lafayette Street. The M1 has a peak direction limited stop service on weekday rush hours, the M1 is the replacement of the Fourth and Madison Avenues Streetcar Line. The M2 follows the route as the M1 north until East 110th Street. It travels around Frawley Circle and along Central Park North to Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard, the M2 follows 7th Avenue until West 155th Street, where it turns left and then turns right onto Edgecombe Avenue. The M2 follows Edgecombe Avenue to West 165th Street, and terminates at West 168th Street and it follows the same route south, except using Fifth Avenue instead of Madison. The M2 runs as a service, with no local service during the daytime. At other times, it runs local only, the M3 follows the same route as the M2, except it continues west past Powell Boulevard along West 110th Street to Manhattan Avenue. It follows Manhattan Avenue, which becomes St. Nicholas Avenue, to its terminus at St. Nicholas Avenue, the M4 begins at Penn Station in Midtown Manhattan. It travels east along 32nd Street and west along 34th Street to Madison, the M4 follows the same route as the M3 from here, except it continues west past Manhattan Avenue along West 110th Street, then Cathedral Parkway, to Broadway
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M7 (New York City bus)
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The Columbus Avenue Line is a public transit line in Manhattan, New York City, United States, running mostly along Columbus Avenue, 116th Street, and Lenox Avenue from Lower Manhattan to Harlem. Originally a streetcar line, it is now the M7 bus route, operated by the New York City Transit Authority, the M7 bus now begins at 14th Street, sharing 6th with M5 and 7th Avenues with the M20. It turns west on 59th Street and northwest on Broadway to reach the pair of Amsterdam Avenue. At 106th Street, the M7 turns east, north on Manhattan Avenue, east on 116th Street and this is the exact path followed by the former streetcar north of 109th Street. The Ninth Avenue Railroads Ninth Avenue Line used the southernmost part of Columbus Avenue and it was soon authorized to build in 109th Street and Manhattan Avenue to 116th Street. The company was consolidated into the Metropolitan Street Railway on November 7,1895, Columbus Avenue cars were operated by the Metropolitan along their Broadway Line from lower Manhattan to Midtown, and then along the 53rd Street Crosstown Line west to 9th Avenue/Columbus Avenue. Cable cars were used from the opening on December 6,1894 until May 1901. After the Metropolitan system was split in 1913, and the Third Avenue Railway acquired the 59th Street Crosstown, buses were substituted for streetcars by the New York City Omnibus Corporation on March 25,1936. In 1956 it was renamed Fifth Avenue Coach Lines, and the Manhattan, when Columbus and Amsterdam Avenues became one-way streets, northbound buses were moved to Amsterdam Avenue. Pedestrianization of Broadway in Times Square and Herald Square in 2009 led to southbound buses using 7th Avenue instead of Broadway from 59th Street to 14th Street, consequently, the 14th Street terminus was shifted to 6th Avenue. Media related to M7 at Wikimedia Commons
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M20 (New York City bus)
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The Eighth Avenue Line is a public transit line in Manhattan, New York City, United States, running mostly along Eighth Avenue from Lower Manhattan to Harlem. Originally a streetcar line, it is now the M10 bus route, the M10 bus now only runs north of 57th Street, and the M20 runs south of 65 street. The whole line was a route, the M10, until 1999 when the M20 was created. It was eventually extended north to 159th Street, with a branch along Macombs Lane to 154th Street, buses were substituted for streetcars by the Eighth Avenue Coach Corporation in March 1936, a company owned by Fifth Avenue Coach Company. In 1962, when the Surface Company bought 8 Avenue they put one bus service for the entire length and this was given the route number 10, which then became bus M10. In 1999, the M10 was split into two routes, The northern section from Harlem to Penn Station was the M10, the southern segment from Columbus Circle to Battery Park CIty became the M20. Due to a crisis, M10 buses were truncated at its south end to 59th Street-Columbus Circle starting on June 27,2010. Also, on same date, the M20 was extended to South Ferry. In April 2011, however, M10 service was restored to 57 Street only, the last stops on these buses now are 58 street and Broadway instead of 59 street and 8 Avenue
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M34 SBS (New York City bus)
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Select Bus Service is a brand used by the Metropolitan Transportation Authoritys MTA Regional Bus Operations for bus rapid transit service in New York City. SBS began service in 2008 in order to speed and reliability on long. The first route was the Bx12 along Fordham Road and the Pelham Parkway, as of November 2016, several more corridors are proposed for Select Bus Service, with four routes planned for implementation in spring 2017. In 2002, Schaller Consulting conducted a study on potential bus rapid transit services in New York City, four bus priority corridors were also identified for implementation or expansion, Madison Avenue, Fifth Avenue, 34th Street, and Webster Avenue. The Merrick Boulevard corridor was eventually scrapped because of community related to loss of parking. The Select Bus Service program was unveiled to the public on March 25,2008, the first Select Bus Service corridor, on the Bx12 along 207th Street, Fordham Road, and Pelham Parkway, was placed into service on June 29,2008. The next line, the M15, saw Select Service begin on October 10,2010 after the delivery of new low-floor buses, the M34/M34A line was started on November 13,2011. Initially, a 34th Street busway was planned that would require eliminating 34th Street as a through street, the B44 Rogers/Bedford/Nostrand Avenues bus route, the fifth Select Bus Service corridor in the city, was implemented on November 17,2013 after the arrival of new fare machines. The S79 Hylan Boulevard/Richmond Avenue route, initially slated to be converted to SBS in 2013, was moved up to September 2,2012, the local equivalents of the S79 route are the S78 and S59 buses. A sixth corridor, the second for the Bronx, began service on the Bx41 Webster Avenue route on June 30,2013, this route was the first Phase II SBS route to begin service. Another Select Bus Service route on Webster Avenue, which will be extended to run between LaGuardia Airport and Fordham Plaza alongside the local Bx41 route, is proposed for later implementation. An eighth Select Bus Service route was planned in the 2014–17 Financial Plan, however, the stop at Second Avenue is closed due to construction in the area. The tenth corridor, and the second for Brooklyn, is the B46 on Utica Avenue, when implemented, the local and Select Bus Service route of the B46 changed northern terminals to improve reliability. Originally planned for implementation in fall 2015, it was instituted on July 3,2016, the eleventh corridor, and the first for Queens, is the Q44 limited bus route running on the Cross Bronx Expressway and Main Street, which began on November 29,2015. Selected stops in the Bronx were combined into much busier stops for faster service, as both the Q20 branches do not enter the Bronx and the Q44 ran local late nights only, the Q44 gained 24/7 SBS service between the Bronx Zoo and Jamaica. The Q20A replaced the Q44 local in Queens late nights and this marked MTA Buss first SBS route, as well as the second for Queens and the eleventh overall. Select Bus Service along Woodhaven and Cross Bay Boulevards is currently being studied for the Q52 and Q53 routes. The M23 became a Select Bus Service route on November 6,2016 with dedicated bus lanes and countdown clocks at some stops, the M79 will become a SBS route in spring 2017, with the installation of bus lanes along its route
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M34A SBS (New York City bus)
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Select Bus Service is a brand used by the Metropolitan Transportation Authoritys MTA Regional Bus Operations for bus rapid transit service in New York City. SBS began service in 2008 in order to speed and reliability on long. The first route was the Bx12 along Fordham Road and the Pelham Parkway, as of November 2016, several more corridors are proposed for Select Bus Service, with four routes planned for implementation in spring 2017. In 2002, Schaller Consulting conducted a study on potential bus rapid transit services in New York City, four bus priority corridors were also identified for implementation or expansion, Madison Avenue, Fifth Avenue, 34th Street, and Webster Avenue. The Merrick Boulevard corridor was eventually scrapped because of community related to loss of parking. The Select Bus Service program was unveiled to the public on March 25,2008, the first Select Bus Service corridor, on the Bx12 along 207th Street, Fordham Road, and Pelham Parkway, was placed into service on June 29,2008. The next line, the M15, saw Select Service begin on October 10,2010 after the delivery of new low-floor buses, the M34/M34A line was started on November 13,2011. Initially, a 34th Street busway was planned that would require eliminating 34th Street as a through street, the B44 Rogers/Bedford/Nostrand Avenues bus route, the fifth Select Bus Service corridor in the city, was implemented on November 17,2013 after the arrival of new fare machines. The S79 Hylan Boulevard/Richmond Avenue route, initially slated to be converted to SBS in 2013, was moved up to September 2,2012, the local equivalents of the S79 route are the S78 and S59 buses. A sixth corridor, the second for the Bronx, began service on the Bx41 Webster Avenue route on June 30,2013, this route was the first Phase II SBS route to begin service. Another Select Bus Service route on Webster Avenue, which will be extended to run between LaGuardia Airport and Fordham Plaza alongside the local Bx41 route, is proposed for later implementation. An eighth Select Bus Service route was planned in the 2014–17 Financial Plan, however, the stop at Second Avenue is closed due to construction in the area. The tenth corridor, and the second for Brooklyn, is the B46 on Utica Avenue, when implemented, the local and Select Bus Service route of the B46 changed northern terminals to improve reliability. Originally planned for implementation in fall 2015, it was instituted on July 3,2016, the eleventh corridor, and the first for Queens, is the Q44 limited bus route running on the Cross Bronx Expressway and Main Street, which began on November 29,2015. Selected stops in the Bronx were combined into much busier stops for faster service, as both the Q20 branches do not enter the Bronx and the Q44 ran local late nights only, the Q44 gained 24/7 SBS service between the Bronx Zoo and Jamaica. The Q20A replaced the Q44 local in Queens late nights and this marked MTA Buss first SBS route, as well as the second for Queens and the eleventh overall. Select Bus Service along Woodhaven and Cross Bay Boulevards is currently being studied for the Q52 and Q53 routes. The M23 became a Select Bus Service route on November 6,2016 with dedicated bus lanes and countdown clocks at some stops, the M79 will become a SBS route in spring 2017, with the installation of bus lanes along its route
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Q32 (New York City bus)
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The Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates a number of bus routes in Queens, New York, United States, under two different public brands. Some of them are the descendants of streetcar lines. This table gives details for the routes prefixed with Q—in other words, routes marked with an asterisk run 24 hours a day. The full route is shown except for branching, when the MTA discontinued some routes on June 27,2010, operators of commuter vans, also known as dollar vans, were allowed to take over certain discontinued routes. In Queens, these routes were the Q74 and Q79, in December 2011, City Councilman Leroy Comrie pushed the city to create designated bus stops for the dollar van services to alleviate traffic and interference of dollar vans with MTA buses. These dollar van stops for drop off and pick ups now includes the corner of 153rd Street, below are the list of former Queens bus routes, including the previous route designations of current routes. Several route numbers for NYCTA buses in Queens and other boroughs were changed on July 1,1974, most of the former routes are operated by NYCTA, some were operated by private companies in Queens. Media related to Buses in Queens, New York City at Wikimedia Commons MTA NYC Transit - Bus Service Queens Bus Map and Service Guide Northeast Queens Bus Study – MTA
40.
The Madison Square Garden Company
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The Madison Square Garden Company is an American sports and entertainment holding company based in New York City. In addition to owning the Madison Square Garden arena in Manhattan, New York City, MSG Sports is the division that manages the companys professional sports teams. These include the NBA New York Knicks and WNBA New York Liberty, and the NBA D-League Westchester Knicks basketball teams, MSG Entertainment is the operating arm of the company. It controls live events at Madison Square Garden, both in the arena and in The Theater at Madison Square Garden, in addition to the Garden itself, MSG Entertainment owns the rights to operate two theaters in Manhattan, Radio City Music Hall and the Beacon Theatre. MSG Entertainment also produces the Radio City Christmas Spectacular, both at Radio City Music Hall and in venues around the United States. In 1947, the Graham Paige decided to all of its automotive assets, change the corporate name to Graham Paige Corporation. In 1959, one of those investments was to buy a 40% interest in the Madison Square Garden III, in 1977, Gulf and Western Industries bought the company. Gulf and Western shed its non-media and entertainment assets, became Paramount Communications in 1989, in 1994, Viacom purchased majority ownership of Paramount Communications, but quickly sold MSG to Cablevision. In February 2010, Cablevision spun off the MSG properties, including the sports franchises, on September 30,2015, the MSG Networks division, which operates the companys media assets was spun off into a separate company, leaving MSG with its live entertainment and sports assets. On August 17,2016, MSG acquired a 12% stake in media, broadcasting
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Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
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Basketball
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Basketball is a non-contact team sport played on a rectangular court by two teams of five players each. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches in diameter and 10 feet high that is mounted to a backboard at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, a team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket being defended by the opposition team during regular play. A field goal scores three points for the team if the player shoots from behind the three-point line. A team can also score via free throws, which are worth one point, the team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but additional time is mandated when the score is tied at the end of regulation. The ball can be advanced on the court by passing it to a teammate and it is a violation to lift, or drag, ones pivot foot without dribbling the ball, to carry it, or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling. The game has many techniques for displaying skill—ball-handling, shooting, passing, dribbling, dunking, shot-blocking. The point guard directs the on court action of the team, implementing the coachs game plan, Basketball is one of the worlds most popular and widely viewed sports. Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the Euroleague, the FIBA Basketball World Cup attracts the top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional competitions for teams, like EuroBasket. The FIBA Womens Basketball World Cup features the top womens basketball teams from continental championships. The main North American league is the WNBA, whereas the EuroLeague Women has been dominated by teams from the Russian Womens Basketball Premier League, in early December 1891, Canadian Dr. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied, after rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot elevated track. Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball and these laces could cause bounce passes and dribbling to be unpredictable. Eventually a lace-free ball construction method was invented, and this change to the game was endorsed by Naismith, dribbling was not part of the original game except for the bounce pass to teammates. Passing the ball was the means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a part of the game around the 1950s
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Ice hockey
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Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice, usually in a rink, in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponents net to score points. Ice hockey teams usually consist of six each, one goaltender. A fast-paced, physical sport, ice hockey is most popular in areas of North America, Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada, where the game enjoys immense popularity. In North America, the National Hockey League is the highest level for mens hockey, the Kontinental Hockey League is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe. The International Ice Hockey Federation is the governing body for international ice hockey. The IIHF manages international tournaments and maintains the IIHF World Ranking, worldwide, there are ice hockey federations in 74 countries. Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th century United Kingdom and these games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed, such as shinny and ice polo. The contemporary sport of ice hockey was developed in Canada, most notably in Montreal, some characteristics of that game, such as the length of the ice rink and the use of a puck, have been retained to this day. Amateur ice hockey began in the 1880s, and professional ice hockey originated around 1900. The Stanley Cup, emblematic of ice hockey club supremacy, was first awarded in 1893 to recognize the Canadian amateur champion, in international competitions, the national teams of six countries predominate, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States. Of the 69 medals awarded all-time in mens competition at the Olympics, in the annual Ice Hockey World Championships,177 of 201 medals have been awarded to the six nations. In Russia and the Ukraine, where hockey can also refer to bandy, the name hockey has no clear origin. The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word hockey when he translated the proclamation in 1720, the 1573 Statute of Galway banned a sport called hokie—the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves. A form of this word was thus being used in the 16th century, though much removed from its current usage. According to the Austin Hockey Association, the word derives from the Scots Gaelic puc or the Irish poc. The blow given by a hurler to the ball with his caman or hurley is always called a puck. Stick-and-ball games date back to pre-Christian times, in Europe, these games included the Irish game of hurling, the closely related Scottish game of shinty and versions of field hockey. IJscolf, a game resembling colf on a surface, was popular in the Low Countries between the Middle Ages and the Dutch Golden Age. It was played with a curved bat, a wooden or leather ball
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Pro Wrestling
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Professional wrestling is an athletic form of entertainment that portrays a combat sport. Various forms of weaponry are sometimes used, the content – including match outcomes – is scripted and choreographed, and the combative actions and reactions are performed to appear violent without injuring the wrestlers. Before the 1980s, these facts were considered trade secrets, in the mid-90s, the presentation of scripted events as legitimate is known as kayfabe. Although the combative content is staged and communicated between the wrestlers, there are physical hazards involved - including permanent injury and death. While it has declined in Europe, in North America it has experienced several different periods of prominent cultural popularity during its century. The advent of television gave professional wrestling a new outlet, unlike in Europe, show wrestling has become especially prominent in Japan and in North America. In Brazil, there was a popular wrestling television program from the 1960s to the early 1980s called Telecatch. High-profile figures in the sport have become celebrities or cultural icons in their native or adopted home countries, although professional wrestling started out as petty acts in sideshows, traveling circuses and carnivals, today it is a billion-dollar industry. Revenue is drawn from live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise, pro wrestling was also instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery. Annual shows such as WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc, home video sales dominate the Billboard charts Recreational Sports DVD sales, with wrestling holding anywhere from 3 to 9 of the top 10 spots every week. Due to its persistent cultural presence and to its novelty within the performing arts, there have also been many fictional depictions of wrestling, the 2008 film The Wrestler received several Oscar nominations and began a career revival for star Mickey Rourke. Because actual events are often co-opted by writers for incorporation into storylines for the performers, special care must be taken when talking about people who perform under their own name. The actions of the character should be considered fictional events, wholly separate from the life of the performer and this is similar to other entertainers who perform with a persona that shares their own name. Some wrestlers will incorporate elements of their real-life personalities into their characters, even if they and those who participated felt that it was necessary that spectators should be kept in a constant and complete illusion of a real competition to keep audience interest. For decades, up until the mid-1980s, wrestlers lived their lives as though they were their characters. Wrestlers, bookers and promoters all rigorously enforced the illusion and very few were allowed into the society of professional wrestling to maintain suspension of disbelief. The practice of keeping the illusion, and the methods used to do so, came to be known as kayfabe within wrestling circles. An entire lexicon of slang jargon and euphemism developed to allow performers to communicate without outsiders knowledge of what was being said, occasionally a performer will deviate from the intended sequence of events
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Boxing
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Boxing is a combat sport in which two people wearing protective gloves throw punches at each other for a predetermined set of time in a boxing ring. Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a fixture in most international games—it also has its own World Championships. Boxing is supervised by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds, in the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges, the fight is considered a draw. In Olympic boxing, due to the fact that a winner must be declared, in the case of a draw - the judges use technical criteria to choose the most deserving winner of the bout. While people have fought in combat since before the dawn of history. The earliest evidence for fist fighting with any kind of gloves can be found on Minoan Crete, in Ancient Greece boxing was a well developed sport and enjoyed consistent popularity. In Olympic terms, it was first introduced in the 23rd Olympiad,688 B. C, the boxers would wind leather thongs around their hands in order to protect them. There were no rounds and boxers fought until one of them acknowledged defeat or could not continue, weight categories were not used, which meant heavyweights had a tendency to dominate. It was the head of the opponent which was primarily targeted, Boxing was a popular spectator sport in Ancient Rome. In order for the fighters to protect themselves against their opponents they wrapped leather thongs around their fists, eventually harder leather was used and the thong soon became a weapon. The Romans even introduced metal studs to the thongs to make the cestus which then led to a more sinister weapon called the myrmex, Fighting events were held at Roman Amphitheatres. The Roman form of boxing was often a fight until death to please the spectators who gathered at such events, however, especially in later times, purchased slaves and trained combat performers were valuable commodities, and their lives were not given up without due consideration. Often slaves were used against one another in a circle marked on the floor and this is where the term ring came from. In AD393, during the Roman gladiator period, boxing was abolished due to excessive brutality and it was not until the late 17th century that boxing re-surfaced in London. Records of Classical boxing activity disappeared after the fall of the Western Roman Empire when the wearing of weapons became common once again, however, there are detailed records of various fist-fighting sports that were maintained in different cities and provinces of Italy between the 12th and 17th centuries. There was also a sport in ancient Rus called Kulachniy Boy or Fist Fighting, as the wearing of swords became less common, there was renewed interest in fencing with the fists. The sport would later resurface in England during the early 16th century in the form of bare-knuckle boxing sometimes referred to as prizefighting. The first documented account of a fight in England appeared in 1681 in the London Protestant Mercury
46.
Madison Square Garden (1879)
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Madison Square Garden was an arena in New York City located at East 26th Street and Madison Avenue in Manhattan. The first venue to use that name, it had a capacity of 10,000 spectators. It operated from 1879 to 1890, when it was replaced with a new building on the same site. The building that became Madison Square Garden was originally the New York, Barnum converted it into an oval arena 270 feet long, with seats and benches in banks, that he called the Great Roman Hippodrome where he presented circuses and other performances. The roofless building was also called Barnums Monster Classical and Geological Hippodrome, gilmore also presented boxing, but since competitive boxing matches were technically illegal at the time, he called them exhibitions or illustrated lectures. The next to lease the space was W. M. Tileston and he attempted to attract a more genteel crowd with tennis, a riding school and an ice carnival – the arena had one of the first indoor ice rinks in the United States. After the death of Commodore Vanderbilt, who owned the site, his grandson William Kissam Vanderbilt took back control and announced the renaming of the arena to Madison Square Garden on May 31,1879. P. T. Barnum also used the Garden to exhibit Jumbo, another notable use of the first Garden was as a velodrome, an oval bicycle racing track with banked curves. At the time, bicycle racing was one of the biggest sports in the country and he top riders among the sports stars of their day. The bike races at Madison Square Garden were all the rage around the turn of the 20th century, Madison Square Garden was the most important bicycle racing track in the United States and the Olympic discipline known as the Madison is named after the original Garden. Unfortunately, the roofless Garden was hot in the summertime and freezing in the wintertime, demolition began in July 1889, and the second Madison Square Garden, which cost more than a half-million dollars to build, opened on June 6,1890. It was demolished in 1926, and the New York Life Building, designed by Cass Gilbert and completed in 1928, Madison Square Madison Square Garden Madison Square Garden Madison Square Garden Madison Square Garden Bowl Arena information
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Madison Square Garden (1890)
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Madison Square Garden was an indoor arena in New York City, the second by that name, and the second to be located at 26th Street and Madison Avenue in Manhattan. The 1890 version replaced the first Madison Square Garden, and was replaced by the third Madison Square Garden. Madison Square Garden II, as it has come to be called in retrospect, was designed by noted architect Stanford White, the resulting sensational press coverage of the scandal caused Thaws trial to be one of the first Trials of the Century. It was 200 feet by 485 feet, and the main hall and it had a 1200-seat theatre, a concert hall with a capacity of 1500, the largest restaurant in the city and a roof garden cabaret. The final cost for the building, which the New York Times called one of the institutions of the town, to be mentioned along with Central Park. Topping the Gardens tower was a statue of Diana, by noted sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens, which caused Madison Square Park to become known as Dianas little wooded park. The original gilt copper statue was 18 ft tall, and weighed 1,800 lb, and spun with the wind, Saint-Gaudens had draped the statue in cloth, but this was soon blown away. The statue was put in place in 1891, but was thought to be too large by Saint-Gaudens. It was removed and placed on top of a building at The Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago, but the half was destroyed by a fire after the close of the Exposition. In 1893 a hollow version of the statue,13 ft tall and made of gilded copper. This is now at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and a copy is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Saint-Gaudens made several variants in bronze, one of which was on display in the entryway of both Madison Square Garden III, built in 1925, and the current Madison Square Garden. The opening of the new arena was attended by over 17,000 people – who paid up to $50 for tickets to the event – including J. P. Morgan, the Pierponts, the Whitneys and General William Tecumseh Sherman. In 1902 and 1903, the Garden hosted the World Series of Football, the 1902 event involved five teams. The Knickerbocker Athletic Club, New York team, Syracuse Athletic Club, meanwhile, the Orange Athletic Club represented New Jersey. The eventual winner of the 1902 series was the Syracuse Athletic Club, the event returned the Garden in 1903 for the second and final time. The 1903 series featured the Knickerbocker Athletic Club, Olympic Athletic Club, Oreos Athletic Club, meanwhile, the Orange Athletic Club represented New Jersey, and the Franklin Athletic Club represented western Pennsylvania. The Franklin Athletic Club would go on to claim the final title
