Magic square
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In mathematics, especially historical and recreational mathematics, a magic square is a square array of numbers, usually positive integers, where the sums of the numbers in each row, each column, and
Melencolia I (Albrecht Dürer, 1514) includes an order 4 square with magic sum 34
An order 4 magic square, detail from Melencolia I.
Iron plate with an order-6 magic square in Eastern Arabic numerals from China, dating to the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368).
A page displaying 9×9 magic square from Cheng Dawei's Suanfa tongzong (1593).
Shams al-Ma'arif
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Shams al-Ma'arif or Shams al-Ma'arif wa Lata'if al-'Awarif is a grimoire centered on Arabic magic. It is claimed to be a manual for achieving esoteric spirituality. The work is included within the lar
Magic square
…constructing magic squares were well established. Around this time, some of these squares were increasingly used in conjunction with magic letters, as in Shams Al-ma'arif, for occult purposes. In India, all the fourth-order pandiagonal magic squares were enumerated by Narayana in 1356. Magic squares were made known to…
The introduction of the Book A manuscript copy, beginning of 17th century
An Algerian manuscript of the Shams al-Ma'arif from 1868, Khalili Collection of Islamic Art