1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
NJ Transit
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NJT also acts as a purchasing agency for many private operators in New Jersey, with numerous private operators receiving equipment from NJT for route service within the state not controlled by NJT. NJT was founded on July 17,1979, an offspring of the New Jersey Department of Transportation and it came into being with the passage of the Public Transportation Act of 1979 to acquire, operate, and contract for transportation service in the public interest. NJT originally acquired and managed a number of bus services, one of the largest being those operated by the states largest electric company. It gradually acquired most of the bus services. In northern New Jersey, many of the bus routes are arranged in a web, in southern New Jersey, most routes are arranged in a spoke-and-hub fashion, with routes emanating from Trenton, Camden, and Atlantic City. Since inception, rail ridership has quadrupled, in the 1990s the rail system expanded, with new Midtown Direct service to New York City and new equipment. On October 21,2001, it opened a new station at Newark Liberty International Airport, on October 31,2005, NJT took over Clocker service from Amtrak. Four new trains were added to the schedule, but cut back to Trenton, during Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, the rail operations center of NJ Transit was flooded by 8 feet of water and an emergency generator submerged. Floodwater damaged at least 65 locomotive engines and 257 rail cars, the Governor of New Jersey appoints a seven-member Board of Directors, four members from the general public and three State officials. The Governor has veto power on decisions made by the board, for buses around Trenton, and NJ Transit Rail Operations, Inc. for commuter rail. NJT operates 871 bus routes using 2,477 buses and the Newark Light Rail with 20 light rail vehicles, the bus fleet includes buses purchased for other New Jersey operators above the 2,477. The fleet consists of 52 Kinki Sharyo electric light rail vehicles owned by NJT, Newark Light Rail – two segments serving Newark and the surrounding area. The Newark City Subway has 12 stops, is 4.3 miles long, connecting Newark Penn Station to North Newark, the Broad Street Extension has five stops, is 1.0 mile long, and connects Newark Penn Station to Newark Broad Street Station. The fleet consists of 21 Kinki Sharyo electric light rail vehicles owned and operated by the Central Division of NJT Bus Operations. River Line – a 21-stop 34 miles line from Trenton to Camden along the Delaware River, mostly along the Bordentown Secondary line formerly owned by Conrail, the fleet consists of 20 Stadler GTW diesel light rail vehicles owned by NJT and operated under contract by Bombardier Transportation. NJT operates over 100 diesel locomotives, of which 11 are supplied by Metro-North Railroad as part of an agreement for the Port Jervis Line. It has over 650 push-pull cars, of which 65 are supplied by Metro-North, the New Jersey Transit Police Department is the transit police force for NJT. It is a police agency with statewide jurisdiction with the primary focus on policing the numerous bus depots, rail
3.
Main Line (NJ Transit)
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The Main Line is a rail line owned and operated by New Jersey Transit running from Suffern, New York to Hoboken, New Jersey, in the United States. It runs daily commuter service and was once the main line of the Erie Railroad. It is colored yellow on NJ Transit system maps, and its symbol is a water wheel, the Bergen County Line splits off the Main Line just west of the Secaucus Junction transfer station and rejoins it at Ridgewood. Trains on both lines are push-pull, powered by diesel locomotives, the Erie Railroads main line ran from Jersey City to Chicago via Binghamton, New York, Buffalo, Akron, Ohio, and Marion, Indiana, with a spur to Cleveland. The section in New Jersey and lower New York State saw frequent commuter service to the waterfront Pavonia Terminal, Jersey City, the final run of this route was on January 4,1970. The Erie Jersey City terminal was abandoned circa 1959 after all Erie service had moved to the Lackawanna Hoboken Terminal, service under Erie Lackawanna introduced new GE U34CH diesels and Comet I cars in 1970 which lasted under NJ DOT and Conrail into the NJ Transit era. Metro-North took over service north of Suffern in 1983, service was increased along with the opening of the Secaucus Transfer Station in late 2003. Midway through the tunnel there are air shafts allowing light through, exiting the tunnel, the train curves right onto the Main Line at West End interlocking in Jersey City. Until 1963 this was the DL&W Boonton Branch, about a mile ahead was the connection built circa 1956 with the Erie main line, two trains collided head-on here in 1996, killing two engineers and a passenger. New Jersey Turnpike Interchange 15X is now on the Erie alignment, at Secaucus Junction all trains stop for passengers to change to and from Northeast Corridor Line North Jersey Coast Line, Raritan Valley Line and Midtown Direct trains on the upper level. The Main Line then runs through a section of Secaucus. Shortly afterwards the Bergen County Line curves right on its new connection to the Erie alignment, the Main Line then crosses over the Hackensack River on the single-track Upper Hack Lift bridge, built in 1958. Double track resumes under the New Jersey Turnpikes western spur after 0.4 mile of single track, the train continues through the Meadowlands and passes the first grade crossing at Valley Brook Avenue in Lyndhurst. The line curves slightly and passes through the 1903 Kingsland tunnel, Kingsland station is shortly after the tunnel in an open cut. Just beyond Kingsland station is Lyndhurst station, on an embankment, after Lyndhurst the train crosses the Passaic River on a swing bridge that has been bolted shut, although it is required by Federal regulation to be opened on 24 hours notice. The train passes under Route 3 and approaches Delawanna station, next stop is Passaic, on an embankment. After Passaic, the Main Line has a stretch through some areas before the Clifton station. The Main Line passes under U. S. Route 46 and the Garden State Parkway before it crosses under and over several streets in south Paterson
4.
Bergen County Line
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The Bergen County Line is a commuter rail line and service owned and operated by New Jersey Transit in the U. S. state of New Jersey. The line loops off the Main Line between the Meadowlands and Glen Rock, New Jersey, with trains continuing in either direction along the Main Line and it is colored on NJT system maps in pale blue, and its symbol is a cattail. Some trains of Metro-North Railroads Port Jervis Line also operate over the line, the Norfolk Southern Railway provides freight service along the line via trackage rights. As on the Main Line, trains are powered by diesel locomotives operated push-pull and this portion was opened in 1833 by the Paterson and Hudson River Railroad and leased by the New York and Erie Rail Road in 1852. The rest of the line, from East Rutherford north to Glen Rock, until the late 1950s, the main function of the Eries Bergen County Cutoff was as a freight bypass of the at-grade Main Line through Passaic. In 1963 the Lackawanna Boonton Line up to Paterson became the new Erie Main Line and this was due to the abandonment of the Main Line section through downtown Passaic and also due to the fact that Interstate 80 construction used the old Boonton Line right-way in Paterson. The old Main Line up to Rutherford was now part of the Bergen Line. A curving track was built between the HX Draw at Hackensack River and the Main Line north of Secaucus Junction to allow Bergen County Line trains to use Secaucus Junction. Approaching Secaucus Junction, a train headed for the Bergen County Line will use the more northerly pair of tracks. West of the transfer, these tracks diverge from the Main Line over a new right-of-way opened in 2003, during this stretch, the Hackensack River is to the left, while industrial plants on Meadowlands Parkway are to the right. A former station, Harmon Cove was located nearby along the old Erie right-of-way, soon the train joins the old Erie Main Line right-of-way and crosses the Hackensack over HX Bridge, a two-track bascule draw. Here, the track parallels Berrys Creek and eventually crosses it just before passing below Route 3, beyond Route 3, the landscape changes to industrial. Office buildings line the side of the track, some serviced by sidings, the Pascack Valley Line soon splits off to the right at Pascack Junction, and the train then crosses Route 17 and approaches the Rutherford station. Soon, the form the border of Carlstadt and Wallington. Presently the train passes Wood-Ridge and South Hackensack before crossing the Saddle River into Garfield reaching the Garfield station, shortly after passing beneath U. S. Highway 46 the track becomes the border of Saddle Brook and Elmwood Park, once again crossing Midland Avenue. Interstate 80 passes above the train, which crosses the Garden State Parkway. The Broadway station in Fair Lawn straddles a border formed by the track, in Fair Lawn, the line is paralleled by Plaza Road, named for Radburn Plaza, the commercial area serving the Radburn development for which the boroughs more northerly station is named. The line crosses below Route 208 before reaching Radburn, beyond the station, the train passes housing to the right and industry to the left, with a spur to a Nabisco plant
5.
Side platform
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A side platform is a platform positioned to the side of a pair of tracks at a railway station, tram stop, or transitway. Dual side platform stations, one for direction of travel, is the basic station design used for double-track railway lines. Side platforms may result in a wider overall footprint for the station compared with a platform where a single width of platform can be shared by riders using either track. In some stations, the two platforms are connected by a footbridge running above and over the tracks. While a pair of platforms is often provided on a dual-track line. Where the station is close to a crossing the platforms may either be on the same side of the crossing road or alternatively may be staggered in one of two ways. With the near-side platforms configuration, each platform appears before the intersection, in some situations a single side platform can be served by multiple vehicles simultaneously with a scissors crossing provided to allow access mid-way along its length. Normally, the facilities of the station are located on the Up platform with the other platform accessed from a footbridge. However, in cases the stations main buildings are located on whichever side faces the town or village the station serves. Larger stations may have two platforms with several island platforms in between. Some are in a Spanish solution format, with two platforms and an island platform in between, serving two tracks
6.
Short Line (bus company)
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Short Lines service can be defined in several categories, Short Line, under contract to Orange County, provides local bus service along the former Erie Main Line corridor along Route 17M. ShortLine also owns local routes traveling along Routes 17K and 32 in Orange County, as well as local routes traveling onward from Middletown onward to Route 209, and to other towns along Route 17. Within the New York metropolitan area, ShortLine operates commuter services along the Route 17 corridor, Interstate 84, Routes 208 and 32, the central hub for all of these routes is Binghamton, via Routes X178 and 495. Short Line provides service along 29 routes, details are listed below for the full route only. Some schedules may serve only portions of the line, skip some stops, unless noted, all service is provided using Coach USA-branded vehicles. These routes service the outer regions of the New York metropolitan area and these routes run primarily from the New York Metro area to points in the Southern Tier, or service the Southern Tier of New York State exclusively. Greyhound Lines Trailways of New York ShortLine home page
7.
NJ Transit Rail Operations
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NJ Transit Rail Operations is the rail division of NJ Transit. It provides commuter service in New Jersey, with most service centered on transportation to and from New York City, Hoboken. NJ Transit also operates service in Orange and Rockland counties in New York under contract to Metro-North Railroad. This does not include NJ Transits light rail operations, as of 2012, NJ Transits commuter rail network consists of 11 lines and 164 stations, primarily concentrated in northern New Jersey, with one line running between Atlantic City and Philadelphia. The former Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines Atlantic City Line is also included in the Newark Division, Conrail, CSX, Norfolk Southern and several short lines currently have trackage rights contracts to operate freight service on NJ Transit lines. The Morristown & Erie Railway can only use NJT trackage to get between its owned trackage, it cannot serve customers on NJ Transit trackage, a similar situation exists for Conrail on the Atlantic City Line. These lines were purchased by the New Jersey Department of Transportation in the late 1970s for railbanking purposes, other major yard facilities are located at Hoboken Terminal. Amtraks Sunnyside Yard in Queens, New York serves as a facility for trains to New York Penn Station. Additional yards are located at outlying points along the lines, there are eight non-revenue work diesels used for these purposes. Equipment owned by Metro-North carries AAR reporting marks MNCW without exception and these locomotives carry NJTR reporting marks for revenue service. Not included are the EMU cars, which are technically locomotives, ONLY active revenue locomotives are listed, retired equipment is unlisted. All non-revenue locomotives are diesel-powered and legally carry the same NJTR AAR reporting marks as all other equipment without exception, as these locomotives lack HEP, they do not haul trains in passenger service unless performing a rescue. NJ Transit has a fleet of over 1,000 passenger cars, the fleet and examples are described below. Except for the Comet IIM, all examples shown are cab cars leading or on the end of trains. Car groupings are, except for the Arrow III MUs, arranged in the order, cab cars, trailers with lavatories, and trailers without lavatories. Single Arrow III MUs are GE Model MA-1J, married pairs are GE Model MA-1H, NJ Transit provides passenger service on 12 lines at total of 165 stations, some operated conjunction with Amtrak and Metro North. NJ Transit NJ Transit Rail Draft 2012 State Rail Plan
8.
Suffern station
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Suffern is a train station in Suffern, New York, United States, controlled by New Jersey Transit and also used by the Metro-North Railroad. Metro-Norths Port Jervis Line joins New Jersey Transits Main Line at this station and these two lines offer service from Port Jervis to Hoboken, New Jersey and New York City via Secaucus Junction. The same is true of trains coming back in the evening rush-hour, the current station was built in 1941 by the Erie Railroad and replaced an older station near the site of the current New York State Thruway overpass. That older station, built in 1887, was demolished in 1941 when the new station was built, a Wells Fargo Express Mail depot built in 1908 occupies the site and is now a museum. Suffern is the station used by New Jersey Transit in New York that does not have Metro North-styled signage trackside, instead employing NJTs black. Media related to Suffern at Wikimedia Commons Metro-North Railroad - Suffern Suffern Railroad Station Chestnut Street entrance from Google Maps Street View Station from Google Maps Street View
9.
Hoboken Terminal
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Hoboken Terminal is one of the New York metropolitan areas major transportation hubs. The commuter-oriented intermodal facility is in Hoboken, Hudson County, New Jersey, Hoboken Terminal is wheelchair accessible, with high-level platforms for light rail and PATH services and portable lifts for commuter rail services. The site of the terminal has been used since colonial times to link Manhattan Island and it was long a ferry landing accessible via turnpike roads, and later plank roads. In 1811, the first steam-powered ferries began service under John Stevens, the coming of the railroads brought more and more travelers to the west bank of the Hudson River. At the peak, five passenger terminals were operated by competing railroad companies along the Hudson Waterfront, of these, Hoboken Terminal is the only one still in active use. Cuts and tunnels were constructed through Bergen Hill to the terminals on the west bank of the river, one of the Bergen Hill Tunnels under Jersey City Heights was opened in 1876 by the Morris and Essex Railroad. A parallel tunnel was added in 1908 by Delaware, Lackawanna, both are still used by NJ Transit. It resumed in 1989 on the side of the terminal. The Phoebe Snow was a passenger train that departed daily from the station. In 1956, four years before its merger with the DL&W to form the Erie Lackawanna Railway, the Erie Railroad began shifting its trains from its Jersey City terminal to Hoboken. In October 1965, on former Erie routes, there were five trains ran to Midvale. All those trains were dropped in 1966, trains to Chicago and Buffalo were discontinued on January 5,1970. Numerous streetcar lines, including the Hoboken Inclined Cable Railway, originated/terminated at the station until bustitution was completed on August 7,1949, the station was badly damaged during Hurricane Sandy on October 29,2012, with a 5 feet storm surge inundating the facility. The waiting room reopened in January 2013, while repairs were still in progress. On the morning of September 29,2016, an NJ Transit train crashed through a block and into the concourse of the station, killing one person. In 1930, Thomas Edison was at the controls for the first departure of an electric multiple unit train from Hoboken Terminal to Montclair. One of the first installations of central air-conditioning in a space was at the station. PATH trains provide 24-hour service on three routes from an underground station located north of the surface platforms
Media related to Mahwah (NJT station) at Wikimedia Commons