1.
NJ Transit
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NJT also acts as a purchasing agency for many private operators in New Jersey, with numerous private operators receiving equipment from NJT for route service within the state not controlled by NJT. NJT was founded on July 17,1979, an offspring of the New Jersey Department of Transportation and it came into being with the passage of the Public Transportation Act of 1979 to acquire, operate, and contract for transportation service in the public interest. NJT originally acquired and managed a number of bus services, one of the largest being those operated by the states largest electric company. It gradually acquired most of the bus services. In northern New Jersey, many of the bus routes are arranged in a web, in southern New Jersey, most routes are arranged in a spoke-and-hub fashion, with routes emanating from Trenton, Camden, and Atlantic City. Since inception, rail ridership has quadrupled, in the 1990s the rail system expanded, with new Midtown Direct service to New York City and new equipment. On October 21,2001, it opened a new station at Newark Liberty International Airport, on October 31,2005, NJT took over Clocker service from Amtrak. Four new trains were added to the schedule, but cut back to Trenton, during Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, the rail operations center of NJ Transit was flooded by 8 feet of water and an emergency generator submerged. Floodwater damaged at least 65 locomotive engines and 257 rail cars, the Governor of New Jersey appoints a seven-member Board of Directors, four members from the general public and three State officials. The Governor has veto power on decisions made by the board, for buses around Trenton, and NJ Transit Rail Operations, Inc. for commuter rail. NJT operates 871 bus routes using 2,477 buses and the Newark Light Rail with 20 light rail vehicles, the bus fleet includes buses purchased for other New Jersey operators above the 2,477. The fleet consists of 52 Kinki Sharyo electric light rail vehicles owned by NJT, Newark Light Rail – two segments serving Newark and the surrounding area. The Newark City Subway has 12 stops, is 4.3 miles long, connecting Newark Penn Station to North Newark, the Broad Street Extension has five stops, is 1.0 mile long, and connects Newark Penn Station to Newark Broad Street Station. The fleet consists of 21 Kinki Sharyo electric light rail vehicles owned and operated by the Central Division of NJT Bus Operations. River Line – a 21-stop 34 miles line from Trenton to Camden along the Delaware River, mostly along the Bordentown Secondary line formerly owned by Conrail, the fleet consists of 20 Stadler GTW diesel light rail vehicles owned by NJT and operated under contract by Bombardier Transportation. NJT operates over 100 diesel locomotives, of which 11 are supplied by Metro-North Railroad as part of an agreement for the Port Jervis Line. It has over 650 push-pull cars, of which 65 are supplied by Metro-North, the New Jersey Transit Police Department is the transit police force for NJT. It is a police agency with statewide jurisdiction with the primary focus on policing the numerous bus depots, rail
2.
NJ Transit Rail Operations
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NJ Transit Rail Operations is the rail division of NJ Transit. It provides commuter service in New Jersey, with most service centered on transportation to and from New York City, Hoboken. NJ Transit also operates service in Orange and Rockland counties in New York under contract to Metro-North Railroad. This does not include NJ Transits light rail operations, as of 2012, NJ Transits commuter rail network consists of 11 lines and 164 stations, primarily concentrated in northern New Jersey, with one line running between Atlantic City and Philadelphia. The former Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines Atlantic City Line is also included in the Newark Division, Conrail, CSX, Norfolk Southern and several short lines currently have trackage rights contracts to operate freight service on NJ Transit lines. The Morristown & Erie Railway can only use NJT trackage to get between its owned trackage, it cannot serve customers on NJ Transit trackage, a similar situation exists for Conrail on the Atlantic City Line. These lines were purchased by the New Jersey Department of Transportation in the late 1970s for railbanking purposes, other major yard facilities are located at Hoboken Terminal. Amtraks Sunnyside Yard in Queens, New York serves as a facility for trains to New York Penn Station. Additional yards are located at outlying points along the lines, there are eight non-revenue work diesels used for these purposes. Equipment owned by Metro-North carries AAR reporting marks MNCW without exception and these locomotives carry NJTR reporting marks for revenue service. Not included are the EMU cars, which are technically locomotives, ONLY active revenue locomotives are listed, retired equipment is unlisted. All non-revenue locomotives are diesel-powered and legally carry the same NJTR AAR reporting marks as all other equipment without exception, as these locomotives lack HEP, they do not haul trains in passenger service unless performing a rescue. NJ Transit has a fleet of over 1,000 passenger cars, the fleet and examples are described below. Except for the Comet IIM, all examples shown are cab cars leading or on the end of trains. Car groupings are, except for the Arrow III MUs, arranged in the order, cab cars, trailers with lavatories, and trailers without lavatories. Single Arrow III MUs are GE Model MA-1J, married pairs are GE Model MA-1H, NJ Transit provides passenger service on 12 lines at total of 165 stations, some operated conjunction with Amtrak and Metro North. NJ Transit NJ Transit Rail Draft 2012 State Rail Plan
3.
Hoboken Terminal
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Hoboken Terminal is one of the New York metropolitan areas major transportation hubs. The commuter-oriented intermodal facility is in Hoboken, Hudson County, New Jersey, Hoboken Terminal is wheelchair accessible, with high-level platforms for light rail and PATH services and portable lifts for commuter rail services. The site of the terminal has been used since colonial times to link Manhattan Island and it was long a ferry landing accessible via turnpike roads, and later plank roads. In 1811, the first steam-powered ferries began service under John Stevens, the coming of the railroads brought more and more travelers to the west bank of the Hudson River. At the peak, five passenger terminals were operated by competing railroad companies along the Hudson Waterfront, of these, Hoboken Terminal is the only one still in active use. Cuts and tunnels were constructed through Bergen Hill to the terminals on the west bank of the river, one of the Bergen Hill Tunnels under Jersey City Heights was opened in 1876 by the Morris and Essex Railroad. A parallel tunnel was added in 1908 by Delaware, Lackawanna, both are still used by NJ Transit. It resumed in 1989 on the side of the terminal. The Phoebe Snow was a passenger train that departed daily from the station. In 1956, four years before its merger with the DL&W to form the Erie Lackawanna Railway, the Erie Railroad began shifting its trains from its Jersey City terminal to Hoboken. In October 1965, on former Erie routes, there were five trains ran to Midvale. All those trains were dropped in 1966, trains to Chicago and Buffalo were discontinued on January 5,1970. Numerous streetcar lines, including the Hoboken Inclined Cable Railway, originated/terminated at the station until bustitution was completed on August 7,1949, the station was badly damaged during Hurricane Sandy on October 29,2012, with a 5 feet storm surge inundating the facility. The waiting room reopened in January 2013, while repairs were still in progress. On the morning of September 29,2016, an NJ Transit train crashed through a block and into the concourse of the station, killing one person. In 1930, Thomas Edison was at the controls for the first departure of an electric multiple unit train from Hoboken Terminal to Montclair. One of the first installations of central air-conditioning in a space was at the station. PATH trains provide 24-hour service on three routes from an underground station located north of the surface platforms
4.
Erie Railroad
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It expanded west to Chicago with its 1941 merger with the former Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, also known as the New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad. Its mainline route proved influential in the development and economic growth of the Southern Tier, including such as Binghamton, Elmira. The Erie Railroad repair shops were located in Hornell, and were Hornells largest employer, Hornell was also where Eries main line split into two routes, one north to Buffalo and the other west to Cleveland. On October 17,1960, the Erie merged with the former rival Delaware, the Hornell repair shops were closed, and repair operations moved to the Lackawannas Scranton facility, this had a devastating effect on Hornell from which it has never recovered. Most of the former Erie line between Hornell and Binghamton was destroyed in 1972 by the floods of Hurricane Agnes, what was left of the Erie Lackawanna became part of Conrail in 1976. In 1983, Erie remnants became part of New Jersey Transit rail operations, today, most of the surviving Erie Railroad routes are operated by the Norfolk Southern Railway. The New York and Erie Rail Road was chartered April 24,1832 by Governor of New York, Enos T. Throop to connect the Hudson River at Piermont, north of New York City, west to Lake Erie at Dunkirk. On February 16,1841 the railroad was authorized to cross into the northeast corner of Pennsylvania on the west side of the Delaware River, construction began in 1836, and it opened from Piermont to Goshen on September 23,1841. After some financial problems, construction resumed in August 1846, further extensions opened to Binghamton December 27,1848, Owego January 1,1849, and the full length to Dunkirk May 19,1851. At Dunkirk steamboats continued across Lake Erie to Detroit, Michigan, the line was built as 6 ft wide gauge, this was believed to be a superior technology to standard gauge, providing more stability. In 1848 the railroad built the Starrucca Viaduct, a railroad bridge over Starrucca Creek in Lanesboro. The viaduct is 1,040 feet long,100 feet high and 25 feet wide at the top and it is the oldest stone rail bridge in Pennsylvania still in use. The Eries charter was amended April 8,1845 to allow the building of the Newburgh Branch, running from the line near Harriman north-northeast to Newburgh. The branch opened January 8,1850 and it was later used as a connection to the New York and New England Railroad via a car float operation across the river to Beacon, New York. Through ticketing began in 1851, with a change of cars at Ramapo due to the gauge break. In 1852 the Buffalo and Rochester Railroad, part of the New York Central Railroad system, the alignment from Buffalo to Attica was sold to the Eries Buffalo and New York City Railroad, a reorganization of the Attica and Hornellsville Railroad, and converted to the Eries wide gauge. The extension from Attica southeast to Hornellsville opened on November 17,1852, giving the Erie access to Buffalo, the Erie began operating the Chemung Railroad in 1850, this provided a branch from Horseheads north to Watkins. The Canandaigua and Elmira Railroad opened in 1851 as an extension from Watkins to Canandaigua and was operated by the Erie until 1853
5.
Dearborn Station
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Dearborn Station was the oldest of the six intercity train stations serving downtown Chicago, Illinois. It currently serves as office and retail space, located at Dearborn and Polk Streets, the station was owned by the Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad, which itself was owned by the companies operating over its line. The Romanesque Revival structure, designed by Cyrus L. W. Eidlitz, the three-story buildings exterior walls and twelve-story clock tower were composed of pink granite and red pressed brick topped by a number of steeply-pitched roofs. Modifications to the following a fire in 1922 included eliminating the original pitched roof profile. Behind the head house were the platforms, shielded by a large train shed. Inside the station were ticket counters, waiting rooms, and Fred Harvey Company restaurants, amtrak chose to consolidate its Chicago operations at the Union Station. The final intercity passenger train to depart Dearborn Station was the Grand Trunk Western Railroads International Limited, the arrival of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railways San Francisco Chief and Grand Canyon from California on May 2 brought intercity operations at Dearborn to a close. The Norfolk & Western Railways Orland Park commuter service, the Orland Park Cannonball, by 1976, Dearborn Stations train shed was demolished and tracks were removed, the head house building was retained. The train station stood abandoned into the mid-1980s when it was converted to retail, the former rail yards were converted for use as Dearborn Park. As of 1920 the Dearborn Station served as a terminal for 25 railroads, although the Santa Fe by far operated the greatest number of trains from the station, it was only a tenant. From July 31,1904 to August 1,1913, Chicago & Eastern Illinois trains used LaSalle Street Station, Chicago, Indianapolis and Louisville Railway — Hoosier and Tippecanoe to Indianapolis, Indiana, Thoroughbred to Louisville, Kentucky. Erie Railroad — Phoebe Snow and Lake Cities to Hoboken, or Jersey City, Grand Trunk Western Railroad — Maple Leaf, Inter-city Limited and International Limited to Toronto, Ontario and Montreal, Quebec. Wabash Railroad — Blue Bird and Banner Blue to St. Louis, the following commuter rail services also operated from the station, Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad — operated from Dearborn Station to Crete, Illinois. Metra is planning to revive the route as its SouthEast Service, Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad — operated between Dearborn Station and Dolton, Illinois serving mostly local stops within Chicagos far south side. Chicago and Erie Railroad — operated from Dearborn Station to Rochester, Grand Trunk Western Railroad — operated from Dearborn Station to Valparaiso, Indiana. Wabash Railroad — used a track west of the station until 1976, in blues musician Henry Thomas 1927 song Railroadin Some, the Polk Street Depot is the next to last stop on a journey that begins in Fort Worth, Texas, and ends in Chicago. He calls the station master from South Korea to get the restaurants name, Dearborn Station is a song by the rock band Fortune that was released in 1985. IL-6, Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad, Dearborn Station Trainshed Property Valuation Map of Dearborn Station in 1953
6.
Pavonia Terminal
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Pavonia Terminal was the Erie Railroad terminal on the Hudson River situated on the landfilled Harsimus Cove in Jersey City, New Jersey. The station opened in 1887 and closed in 1958 when the Erie Railroad moved its services to nearby Hoboken Terminal. The New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway also ran trains from the terminal and various street cars, ferries. The Erie began developing the waterfront site in 1856 and it has been described as a brightly colored Victorian eclectic three story terminal located at the foot of Pavonia Avenue to serve a twelve track station. It was designed by George E. Archer, the end of track was at about 40.7266 N74.0304 W. Besides the railroad, the complex was served by ferries, streetcars, the terminal was also used by New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway trains. Long distance and suburban passenger trains reached the terminal by travelling through Bergen Hill via the Long Dock Tunnel, Eries Northern Branch trains moved to Hoboken in 1959, the New York, Susquehanna and Western operated to the terminal until it pulled back to Susquehanna Transfer in 1961. The terminal was razed by 1961, the Erie Railroads Main Line ran from Jersey City to Chicago via Binghamton and Youngstown, with a line to Buffalo, and a line to Akron with a spur to Cleveland. The name and a portion of the route exists in the form of the New Jersey Transit Main Line to Suffern, New York and, under contract for Metro North, all the way to Port Jervis. Parts of the contemporary Bergen County Line and Pascack Valley Line were also Erie operated, the Northern Branch of the Northern Railroad of New Jersey is another line from the Erie era along which freight is transported and that may be revived as light rail service. The last train to leave the station, the #1205 at 6,35 p. m. on Friday, the Newark Branch and the Orange Branch were also parts of its suburban network. The timetable for 17 August 1947 shows 96 weekday departures,48 to the main line, the Pavonia Ferry began running in 1851, along a route that had been established some decades earlier as Budds Ferry. It was taken over by the Erie and sold to the Pavonia Ferry Company of Jersey City for what was considered a low price of $9,050, at New York City Hall, in February 1854. In February 1859 Nathaniel Marsh of the Erie Railroad Company purchased the lease on behalf of the Pavonia Ferry Company and he started a ferry which ran from Chambers Street to the foot Pavonia Avenue on the other side of the Hudson River. Legal problems had prevented the Pavonia Ferry Company from establishing a ferry along this route, the New York and Erie Railroad paid an annual rent of $9,050 to transport passengers back and forth. Eventually the railroad constructed its Pavonia Terminal on the land-filled Harsimus Cove, suburban and long distance travelers would transfer from trains to boats for the passage across the river. Its final two routes from the terminal across the Hudson to Lower Manhattan, one to 23rd Street, many streetcar systems began at the Manhattan side of the many ferries that at landed there. The Metropolitan Street Railway system began after the merger of the Chambers Street & Grand Street Ferry Railway, the roads were capitalized for $800,000 and $250,000 respectively, totaling a combined capital of $1,050,000
7.
Train station
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A train station, railway station, railroad station, or depot is a railway facility where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers or freight. It generally consists of at least one platform and a station building providing such ancillary services as ticket sales. If a station is on a line, it often has a passing loop to facilitate traffic movements. The smallest stations are most often referred to as stops or, in parts of the world. Stations may be at level, underground, or elevated. Connections may be available to intersecting rail lines or other modes such as buses. In British usage, the station is commonly understood to mean a railway station unless otherwise qualified. In the United States, the most common term in contemporary usage is train station, Railway station and railroad station are less frequent. Outside North America, a depot is place where buses, trains, or other vehicles are housed and maintained and from which they are dispatched for service. The two-storey Mount Clare station in Baltimore, Maryland, which survives as a museum, first saw service as the terminus of the horse-drawn Baltimore. The oldest terminal station in the world was Crown Street railway station in Liverpool, built in 1830, as the first train on the Liverpool-Manchester line left Liverpool, the station is slightly older than the Manchester terminal at Liverpool Road. The station was the first to incorporate a train shed, the station was demolished in 1836 as the Liverpool terminal station moved to Lime Street railway station. Crown Street station was converted to a goods station terminal, the first stations had little in the way of buildings or amenities. The first stations in the modern sense were on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, manchesters Liverpool Road Station, the second oldest terminal station in the world, is preserved as part of the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. It resembles a row of Georgian houses, dual-purpose stations can sometimes still be found today, though in many cases goods facilities are restricted to major stations. In rural and remote communities across Canada and the United States, such stations were known as flag stops or flag stations. Many stations date from the 19th century and reflect the architecture of the time. Countries where railways arrived later may still have such architecture, as later stations often imitated 19th-century styles, various forms of architecture have been used in the construction of stations, from those boasting grand, intricate, Baroque- or Gothic-style edifices, to plainer utilitarian or modernist styles
8.
Mahwah, New Jersey
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Mahwah is a township in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 25,890. The population increased by 1,828 from the 24,062 counted in the 2000 Census, the name Mahwah is derived from the Lenape word mawewi which means Meeting Place or Place Where Paths Meet. The area that is now Mahwah was originally formed as Hohokus Township on April 9,1849, while known as Hohokus Township, territory was taken to form Orvil Township, Allendale, Upper Saddle River and Ramsey. On November 7,1944, the area was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature as the Township of Mahwah, based on the results of a referendum held that day, replacing Hohokus Township. New Jersey Monthly magazine ranked Mahwah as its 9th best place to live in its 2008 rankings of the Best Places To Live in New Jersey, the Lenape and ancestral indigenous peoples were the original inhabitants of Mahwah and surrounding area. Their descendants have combined with other Native Americans and ethnicities and were recognized in 1980 by the state as the Ramapough Mountain Indians and they number approximately 5,000 people living around the Ramapo Mountains of northern New Jersey and southern New York. The tribe is recognized by New Jersey, but does not have federal recognition. Their tribal office is located on Stag Hill Road in Mahwah, the 75-room, three-story Darlington, aka the Crocker Mansion, was built in 1901 for George Crocker, son of railroad magnate Charles Crocker. The estate, located at Crocker Mansion Drive, is one of New Jerseys historical landmarks, Ford Motor Company operated the Mahwah Assembly plant from 1955, producing 6 million cars in the 25 years it operated before the last car rolled off the line on June 20,1980. At the time of its completion, it was the largest motor vehicle assembly plant in the United States. The Ford plant, along with businesses such as American Brake Shoe and Foundry Company, helped contribute to the economic development of the town. The Mahwah town sports teams remain named Thunderbirds in honor of the Ford plant, in 2006, some 600 Ramapough Indians filed a mass tort claim against Ford for damages. Mahwah, and the closure of the Ford plant, is mentioned in the line of the 1982 Bruce Springsteen song Johnny 99. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had an area of 26.191 square miles. It is the largest municipality in Bergen County by area, more than 2½ times larger than the next-largest municipality, Paramus, Mahwah is near the Ramapo Mountains and the Ramapo River. Interstate 287 passes through Mahwah, but the point of access is at the New Jersey–New York border. U. S. Route 202 runs through Mahwah from Oakland to Suffern, several state and county parks are located in Mahwah, including Campgaw Mountain Reservation, Darlington County Park and Ramapo Valley County Reservation, all operated by Bergen County
9.
Port Jervis Line
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The Port Jervis Line is a predominantly single-track commuter rail line running between Suffern and Port Jervis, in the U. S. state of New York. At Suffern, the line south into New Jersey as NJ Transits Main Line. Train service is provided by New Jersey Transit Rail Operations under an agreement with Metro-North Railroad. Service includes 13 Hoboken-bound and 12 Port Jervis-bound trains plus 2 Middletown-bound trains on weekdays, Norfolk Southern Railway shares use of this track for local freight operations between Suffern and Port Jervis. The New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway operates over the line between Hudson Junction and Port Jervis, and onward to Binghamton over the former Eries Delaware Division. The tracks have been owned by NS since the 1999 split of Conrail, Metro-North leased the entire line from NS in 2003, with the possibility of outright purchase after 2006. Since 2003, MNRR immediately began a track and signal improvement program in order to provide more reliable and comfortable service for $183 million. The Port Jervis line runs through some of the most remote and rural country found on the Metro-North system, and includes both its longest bridge and longest tunnel. The portions of the line from Suffern to Harriman and from Otisville to Port Jervis were built as the line of the New York and Erie Rail Road. The route south of Suffern is slightly younger, the main line ran east from Suffern to Piermont. The portion from Harriman to Otisville was built in 1904–1908 as a freight bypass named the Graham Line. This portion of the line bypasses the original Erie main line through Monroe, Chester, Goshen, additional through trains to Chicago were the Pacific Limited, and its east-bound counterpart, the Atlantic Limited. The Lake Cities and the Pacific Limited were night-time departures, the Erie Limited was discontinued in 1963. Other routes west were eliminated throughout the course of the 1960s, the last train west of Port Jervis, #21/#22, a daily train to Binghamton, had its final run on November 27,1966. On November 14,1973, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority agreed to subsidize existing Erie Lackawanna Railway service on the Port Jervis, New Jersey Transit subsidized the service within in New Jersey. The MTA was only responsible for paying for Conrails operation and maintenance of the line, to ensure that service was not terminated, the MTA created a wholly owned subsidiary, the Metro-North Commuter Railroad. This included service west of the Hudson River, where rail lines do not connect directly with New York City, the MTA initially equipped the lines with second-hand equipment. In 1984, the Main Line between Harriman and Middletown was abandoned, and service was moved to the longer Graham Line, officially, the first day of regular service on the Graham Line was April 18,1983
10.
Hudson County, New Jersey
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Hudson County, a county in the U. S. state of New Jersey, lies west of the lower Hudson River, which was named for Henry Hudson, the sea captain who explored the area in 1609. Hudson County is the fourth-most populous county in the state, there are 12 municipalities in Hudson County, listed with area in square miles and 2010 Census data for population and housing. North Hudson and West Hudson each comprise municipalities in their distinct areas, according to the 2010 Census, the county had a total area of 62.31 square miles, including 46.19 square miles of land and 16.12 square miles of water. Based on land area, it is the smallest of New Jerseys 21 counties, less than half the size of the next smallest, Hudson is located in the heart of New York metropolitan area in northeastern New Jersey. The topography is marked by the New Jersey Palisades in the north with cliffs overlooking the Hudson to the east and less severe cuesta, or slope and they gradually level off to the southern peninsula, which is coastal and flat. The western region, around the Hackensack and Passaic is part of the New Jersey Meadowlands, much of the land along the countys extensive shoreline and littoral zone was created by land reclamation. The highest point, at 260 feet above sea level, is in West New York, North Bergen is the city with the second most hills per square mile in the United States behind San Francisco. Ellis Island and Liberty Island, opposite Liberty State Park, lie entirely within Hudson Countys waters, Liberty Island is wholly part of New York. Largely created through land reclamation, Ellis Island covers a area of 27.5 acres, with the 2. 74-acre natural island. Shooters Island, in the Kill van Kull, is shared with New York. Robbins Reef Light sits atop a reef which runs parallel the Bayonne and these boundaries and the topography-including many hills and inlets-create very distinct neighborhoods. Kennedy Boulevard runs the length of the peninsula. Numerous cuts for rail and vehicular traffic cross Bergen Hill, given its proximity to Manhattan, it is sometimes referred to as New York Citys sixth borough. At the time of European contact in the 17th century, Hudson County was the territory of the Lenape, namely the bands known as the Hackensack, the Tappan, the Raritan, and the Manhattan. They were a seasonally migrational people who practiced small-scale agriculture augmented by hunting and gathering which likely, given the topography of the area and these groups had early and frequent trading contact with Europeans. The west bank of the North River and the cliffs, hills, in 1630, Michael Pauw received a land patent, or patroonship and purchased the land between the Hudson and Hackensack Rivers, giving it the Latin-ized form of his name, Pavonia. He failed to settle the area and was forced to return his holdings to the Dutch West India Company, homesteads were established at Communipaw, Harsimus, Paulus Hook and Hoebuck. A series of raids and reprisals across the province lasted two years, and ended in an uneasy truce, other homesteads were established at Constable Hook, Awiehaken, and other lands at Achter Col on Bergen Neck
11.
PATH (rail system)
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The PATH is operated by, and named after, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. PATH trains run 24 hours a day and 7 days a week, the system has a route length of 13.8 miles, not including any route overlap. As of October 2016, PATH had a weekday ridership of 276,417. PATH trains only use tunnels in Manhattan, Hoboken and downtown Jersey City, the tracks cross the Hudson River through century-old cast iron tubes that rest on the river bottom under a thin layer of silt. PATHs route from Grove Street in Jersey City west to Newark runs in open cuts, at grade level, PATH does accept the same pay-per-ride MetroCard used by the New York City Transit system, but it does not accept unlimited ride, reduced fare, or EasyPay MetroCards. The history of PATH predates the New York City Subways first underground line, PATH was originally known as the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad. Although the railroad was first planned in 1874, existing technologies could not safely tunnel under the Hudson River, construction began on the existing tunnels in 1890, but stopped shortly thereafter when funding ran out. Construction resumed in 1900 under the direction of William Gibbs McAdoo, McAdoo later became president of what was known, for many years, as the H&M, Hudson Tubes or McAdoo Tunnels. Haskins plan was to excavate the tunnel, then fill it with compressed air to expel the water and to hold the iron plate lining in place. When the New York & Jersey Tunnel Company resumed construction on the tunnels in 1902, an enormous mechanical shield was pushed through the silt at the bottom of the river. The displaced mud was placed into a chamber, where it was later shoveled into small cars that hauled it to the surface. In some cases, the silt was baked with kerosene torches to facilitate removal of the mud. The southern tunnel of the pair was constructed using the tubular cast iron method. Construction of the tunnels was completed in 1906. A second pair of tunnels was built about 1 1⁄4 miles south of the first pair, construction began in 1906 and was completed in 1909, also using the tubular cast iron method. Each track enjoys its own tunnel, which enables a better ventilation via the piston effect. By contrast, the ends of the tunnels, located underneath Manhattan, employed cut. On July 19,1909, service began between the Hudson Terminal in Lower Manhattan and Exchange Place in Jersey City, through the downtown tubes, the connection between Exchange Place and the junction near Hoboken Terminal opened on August 2,1909
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