Maine

State of Maine
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): "The Pine Tree State" "Vacationland"[1]
Motto(s): "Dirigo" (Latin for "I lead", "I guide", or "I direct")
State song(s): "State of Maine Song"
Official language	None[nb 1]
Spoken languages	English: 92% French: 5% Other: ≤ 3%
Demonym	Mainer
Capital	Augusta
Largest city	Portland
Largest metro	Greater Portland
Area	Ranked 39th
• Total	35,385 sq mi (91,646 km2)
• Width	210 miles (338 km)
• Length	320 miles (515 km)
• % water	13.5
• Latitude	42° 58′ N to 47° 28′ N
• Longitude	66° 57′ W to 71° 5′ W
Population	Ranked 42nd
• Total	1,335,907 (2017 est.)[8]
• Density	43.0/sq mi  (16.6/km2) Ranked 38th
• Median household income	$50,756[9] (40th)
Elevation
• Highest point	Mount Katahdin[10][11][12] 5,270 ft (1606.4 m)
• Mean	600 ft  (180 m)
• Lowest point	Atlantic Ocean[11] Sea level
Before statehood	District of Maine (Massachusetts)
Admission to Union	March 15, 1820 (23rd)
Governor	Paul LePage (R)
President of the Senate	Michael Thibodeau (R)[13]
Legislature	Maine Legislature
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Representatives
U.S. Senators	Susan Collins (R) Angus King (I)
U.S. House delegation	Chellie Pingree (D) Bruce Poliquin (R) (list)
Time zone	Eastern: UTC −5/−4
ISO 3166	US-ME
Abbreviations	ME, Me.
Website	www.maine.gov

Maine state symbols
The Flag of Maine
The Seal of Maine
Living insignia
Bird	Chickadee
Fish	Landlocked Atlantic salmon
Flower	White pine cone
Insect	Honey bee
Mammal	Moose
Tree	Eastern white pine
Inanimate insignia
Beverage	Moxie[14]
Food	Blueberry pie
Fossil	Pertica quadrifaria
Gemstone	Tourmaline
Soil	Chesuncook soil series
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 2003
Lists of United States state symbols

Maine (/meɪn/ ( listen)) is a U.S. state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Maine is the 12th smallest by area, the 9th least populous, and the 38th most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states. It is bordered by New Hampshire to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the northeast and northwest respectively. Maine is the easternmost state in the contiguous United States, and the northernmost east of the Great Lakes. It is known for its jagged, rocky coastline; low, rolling mountains; heavily forested interior; and picturesque waterways, as well as its seafood cuisine, especially lobster and clams. There is a humid continental climate throughout the state, even in coastal areas such as its most populous city of Portland.^[15] The capital is Augusta.

For thousands of years, indigenous peoples were the only inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine, several Algonquian-speaking peoples inhabited the area. The first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony, established by the Plymouth Company in 1607. A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s, although the rugged climate, deprivations, and conflict with the local peoples caused many to fail over the years.

As Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements had survived. Loyalist and Patriot forces contended for Maine's territory during the American Revolution and the War of 1812. At the close of the War of 1812, it was occupied by British forces, but the territory of Maine was returned to the United States as part of a peace treaty that was to include dedicated land on the Michigan peninsula for Native American peoples. Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts to become a separate state. On March 15, 1820, under the Missouri Compromise, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state.

Etymology[edit]

There is no definitive explanation for the origin of the name "Maine", but the most likely origin is that the name was given by early explorers after the former province of Maine in France. Whatever the origin, the name was fixed for English settlers in 1665 when the English King's Commissioners ordered that the "Province of Maine" be entered from then on in official records.^[16] The state legislature in 2001 adopted a resolution establishing Franco-American Day, which stated that the state was named after the former French province of Maine.^[17]

Other theories mention earlier places with similar names, or claim it is a nautical reference to the mainland.^[18] Attempts to uncover the history of the name of Maine began with James Sullivan's 1795 "History of the District of Maine". He made the unsubstantiated claim that the Province of Maine was a compliment to the queen of Charles I, Henrietta Maria, who once "owned" the Province of Maine in France. This was quoted by Maine historians until the 1845 biography of that queen by Agnes Strickland^[19] established that she had no connection to the province; further, King Charles I married Henrietta Maria in 1625, three years after the name Maine first appeared on the charter.^[20] A new theory, put forward by Carol B. Smith Fisher in 2002, is that Sir Ferdinando Gorges chose the name in 1622 to honor the village where his ancestors first lived in England, rather than the province in France. "MAINE" appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 in reference to the county of Dorset, which is today Broadmayne, just southeast of Dorchester.^[20][21]

The view generally held among British place name scholars is that Mayne in Dorset is Brythonic, corresponding to modern Welsh "maen", plural "main" or "meini".^{[citation needed]} Some early spellings are: MAINE 1086, MEINE 1200, MEINES 1204, MAYNE 1236.^{[citation needed]} Today the village is known as Broadmayne, which is primitive Welsh or Brythonic, "main" meaning rock or stone, considered a reference to the many large sarsen stones still present around Little Mayne farm, half a mile northeast of Broadmayne village.^[22][23]

The first known record of the name appears in an August 10, 1622 land charter to Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason, English Royal Navy veterans, who were granted a large tract in present-day Maine that Mason and Gorges "intend to name the Province of Maine". Mason had served with the Royal Navy in the Orkney Islands, where the chief island is called Mainland, a possible name derivation for these English sailors.^[16] In 1623, the English naval captain Christopher Levett, exploring the New England coast, wrote: "The first place I set my foote upon in New England was the Isle of Shoals, being Ilands [sic] in the sea, above two Leagues from the Mayne."^[24] Initially, several tracts along the coast of New England were referred to as Main or Maine (cf. the Spanish Main). A reconfirmed and enhanced April 3, 1639, charter, from England's King Charles I, gave Sir Ferdinando Gorges increased powers over his new province and stated that it "shall forever hereafter, be called and named the PROVINCE OR COUNTIE OF MAINE, and not by any other name or names whatsoever..."^[20][25] Maine is the only U.S. state whose name has exactly one syllable.^[26][27]

History[edit]

The original inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine were Algonquian-speaking Wabanaki peoples, including the Passamaquoddy, Maliseet, Penobscot, Androscoggin and Kennebec. During the later King Phillip's War, many of these peoples would merge in one form or another to become the Wabanaki Confederacy, aiding the Wampanoag of Massachusetts & the Mahican of New York. Afterwards, many of these people were driven from their natural territories, but most of the tribes of Maine continued, unchanged, until the American Revolution. Before this point, however, most of these people were considered separate nations. Many had adapted to living in permanent, Iroquois-inspired settlements, while those along the coast tended to be semi-nomadic—traveling from settlement to settlement on a yearly cycle. They would usually winter inland & head to the coasts by summer.^[28][29]

European contact with what is now called Maine started around 1200 CE when Norwegians interacted with the native Penobscot in present-day Hancock County, most likely through trade. About 200 years earlier, from the settlements in Iceland and Greenland, Norwegians had first identified America and attempted to settle areas such as Newfoundland, but failed to establish a permanent settlement there. Archeological evidence suggests that Norwegians in Greenland returned to North America for several centuries after the initial discovery to collect timber and to trade, with the most relevant evidence being the Maine Penny, an 11th-century Norwegian coin found at a Native American dig site in 1954.^[30]

The first European settlement in Maine was in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, led by French explorer Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons; his party included Samuel de Champlain, noted as an explorer. The French named the entire area Acadia, including the portion that later became the state of Maine. The first English settlement in Maine was established by the Plymouth Company at the Popham Colony in 1607, the same year as the settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. The Popham colonists returned to Britain after 14 months.^[31]

The French established two Jesuit missions: one on Penobscot Bay in 1609, and the other on Mount Desert Island in 1613. The same year, Castine was established by Claude de La Tour. In 1625, Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour erected Fort Pentagouet to protect Castine. The coastal areas of western Maine first became the Province of Maine in a 1622 land patent. The part of Eastern Maine north of the Kennebec River was more sparsely settled, and was known in the 17th century as the Territory of Sagadahock. A second settlement was attempted in 1623 by English explorer and naval Captain Christopher Levett at a place called York, where he had been granted 6,000 acres (24 km²) by King Charles I of England.^[32] It also failed.

Central Maine was formerly inhabited by people of the Androscoggin tribe of the Abenaki nation, also known as Arosaguntacook. They were driven out of the area in 1690 during King William's War. They were relocated at St. Francis, Canada, which was destroyed by Rogers' Rangers in 1759, and is now Odanak. The other Abenaki tribes suffered several severe defeats, particularly during Dummer's War, with the capture of Norridgewock in 1724 and the defeat of the Pequawket in 1725, which greatly reduced their numbers. They finally withdrew to Canada, where they were settled at Bécancour and Sillery, and later at St. Francis, along with other refugee tribes from the south.^[33]

The province within its current boundaries became part of Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1652. Maine was much fought over by the French, English, and allied natives during the 17th and early 18th centuries, who conducted raids against each other, taking captives for ransom or, in some cases, adoption by Native American tribes. A notable example was the early 1692 Abenaki raid on York, where about 100 English settlers were killed and another estimated 80 taken hostage.^[34] The Abenaki took captives taken during raids of Massachusetts in Queen Anne's War of the early 1700s to Kahnewake, a Catholic Mohawk village near Montreal, where some were adopted and others ransomed.^[35][36]

After the British defeated the French in Acadia in the 1740s, the territory from the Penobscot River east fell under the nominal authority of the Province of Nova Scotia, and together with present-day New Brunswick formed the Nova Scotia county of Sunbury, with its court of general sessions at Campobello. American and British forces contended for Maine's territory during the American Revolution and the War of 1812, with the British occupying eastern Maine in both conflicts.^[37] The territory of Maine was confirmed as part of Massachusetts when the United States was formed following the Treaty of Paris ending the revolution, although the final border with British North America was not established until the Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842.

Maine was physically separate from the rest of Massachusetts. Long-standing disagreements over land speculation and settlements led to Maine residents and their allies in Massachusetts proper forcing an 1807 vote in the Massachusetts Assembly on permitting Maine to secede; the vote failed. Secessionist sentiment in Maine was stoked during the War of 1812 when Massachusetts pro-British merchants opposed the war and refused to defend Maine from British invaders. In 1819, Massachusetts agreed to permit secession, sanctioned by voters of the rapidly growing region the following year. Formal secession and formation of the state of Maine as the 23rd state occurred on March 15, 1820, as part of the Missouri Compromise, which geographically limited the spread of slavery and enabled the admission to statehood of Missouri the following year, keeping a balance between slave and free states.^[38][39][40]

Maine's original state capital was Portland, Maine's largest city, until it was moved to the more central Augusta in 1832. The principal office of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court remains in Portland.

The 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, under the command of Colonel Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, prevented the Union Army from being flanked at Little Round Top by the Confederate Army during the Battle of Gettysburg.

Four U.S. Navy ships have been named USS Maine, most famously the armored cruiser USS Maine (ACR-1), whose sinking by an explosion on 15 February 1898 precipitated the Spanish–American War.

Geography[edit]

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To the south and east is the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and northeast is New Brunswick, a province of Canada. The Canadian province of Quebec is to the northwest. Maine is both the northernmost state in New England and the largest, accounting for almost half the region's entire land area. Maine is the only state to border exactly one other state (New Hampshire to the west).

Maine is the easternmost state in the United States in both its extreme points and its geographic center. The municipalities of Eastport and Lubec are, respectively, the easternmost city and town in the United States. Estcourt Station is Maine's northernmost point, as well as the northernmost point in New England. (For more information see extreme points of the United States.)

Maine's Moosehead Lake is the largest lake wholly in New England, as Lake Champlain is located between Vermont, New York and Quebec. A number of other Maine lakes, such as South Twin Lake, are described by Thoreau in The Maine Woods (1864). Mount Katahdin is both the northern terminus of the Appalachian Trail, which extends southerly to Springer Mountain, Georgia, and the southern terminus of the new International Appalachian Trail which, when complete, will run to Belle Isle, Newfoundland and Labrador.

Maine has several unique geographical features. Machias Seal Island and North Rock, off its easternmost point, are claimed by both the U.S. and Canada and are within one of four areas between the two countries whose sovereignty is still in dispute, but it is the only one of the disputed areas containing land. Also in this easternmost area in the Bay of Fundy is the Old Sow, the largest tidal whirlpool in the Western Hemisphere.

Maine is the least densely populated U.S. state east of the Mississippi River. It is called the Pine Tree State; about 83% of its land is forested,^[41] the most forest cover of any U.S. state. In the forested areas of the interior lies much uninhabited land, some of which does not have formal political organization into local units (a rarity in New England). The Northwest Aroostook, Maine unorganized territory in the northern part of the state, for example, has an area of 2,668 square miles (6,910 km²) and a population of 10, or one person for every 267 square miles (690 km²).

Maine is in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome. The land near the southern and central Atlantic coast is covered by the mixed oaks of the Northeastern coastal forests. The remainder of the state, including the North Woods, is covered by the New England-Acadian forests.^[42]

Maine has almost 230 miles (400 km) of coastline (and 3,500 miles (5,600 km) of tidal coastline).^[43][44] West Quoddy Head, in Lubec, Maine, is the easternmost point of land in the 48 contiguous states. Along the famous rock-bound coast of Maine are lighthouses, beaches, fishing villages, and thousands of offshore islands, including the Isles of Shoals which straddle the New Hampshire border. There are jagged rocks and cliffs and many bays and inlets. Inland are lakes, rivers, forests, and mountains. This visual contrast of forested slopes sweeping down to the sea has been summed up by American poet Edna St. Vincent Millay of Rockland and Camden, Maine, in "Renascence":

All I could see from where I stood

Was three long mountains and a wood;

I turned and looked the other way,

And saw three islands in a bay.

Geologists describe this type of landscape as a "drowned coast", where a rising sea level has invaded former land features, creating bays out of valleys and islands out of mountain tops.^[45] A rise in the elevation of the land due to the melting of heavy glacier ice caused a slight rebounding effect of underlying rock; this land rise, however, was not enough to eliminate all the effect of the rising sea level and its invasion of former land features.

Much of Maine's geomorphology was created by extended glacial activity at the end of the last ice age. Prominent glacial features include Somes Sound and Bubble Rock, both part of Acadia National Park on Mount Desert Island. Carved by glaciers, Somes Sound is considered to be the only fjord on the eastern seaboard and reaches depths of 175 feet (50 m). The extreme depth and steep drop-off allow large ships to navigate almost the entire length of the sound. These features also have made it attractive for boat builders, such as the prestigious Hinckley Yachts.

Bubble Rock, a glacial erratic, is a large boulder perched on the edge of Bubble Mountain in Acadia National Park. By analyzing the type of granite, geologists were able to discover that glaciers carried Bubble Rock to its present location from near Lucerne – 30 miles (48 km) away. The Iapetus Suture runs through the north and west of the state, being underlain by the ancient Laurentian terrane, and the south and east underlain by the Avalonian terrane.

Acadia National Park is the only national park in New England. Areas under the protection and management of the National Park Service include:^[46]

• Acadia National Park near Bar Harbor
• Appalachian National Scenic Trail
• Maine Acadian Culture in St. John Valley
• Roosevelt Campobello International Park on Campobello Island in New Brunswick, Canada, operated by both the US and Canada, just across the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Bridge from Lubec.
• Saint Croix Island International Historic Site at Calais
• Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument
• Maine State Parks
• Maine Wildlife Management Areas (WMA)

Climate[edit]

Maine has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb), with warm (although generally not hot), humid summers. Winters are cold and snowy throughout the state, and are especially severe in the northern parts of Maine. Coastal areas are moderated somewhat by the Atlantic Ocean, resulting in milder winters and cooler summers in immediate coastal areas. Daytime highs are generally in the 75–80 °F (24–27 °C) range throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the high 50s °F (around 15 °C). January temperatures range from highs near 32 °F (0 °C) on the southern coast to overnight lows averaging below 0 °F (−18 °C) in the far north.^[47]

The state's record high temperature is 105 °F (41 °C), set in July 1911, at North Bridgton.^[48] Precipitation in Maine is evenly distributed year-round, but with a slight summer maximum in northern/northwestern Maine and a slight late-fall or early-winter maximum along the coast due to "nor'easters" or intense cold-season storms. In coastal Maine, the late spring and summer months are usually driest – a rarity across the Eastern United States. Maine has fewer days of thunderstorms than any other state east of the Rockies, with most of the state averaging less than 20 days of thunderstorms a year. Tornadoes are rare in Maine, with the state averaging fewer than two per year, mostly occurring in the southern part of the state.^[49] Maine rarely sees tropical cyclones.

In January 2009, a new record low temperature for the state was set at Big Black River of −50 °F (−46 °C), tying the New England record.^[47]

Annual precipitation varies from 909 mm (35.8 in) in Presque Isle, to 1,441 mm (56.7 in) in Acadia National Park.^[50]

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Maine^[51]

Location	July (°F)	July (°C)	January (°F)	January (°C)
Portland	78/59	26/15	31/13	−0/−10
Lewiston	81/61	27/16	29/11	−2/−12
Bangor	79/57	26/14	27/6	−2/−14
Augusta	79/60	26/15	27/11	−2/−11
Presque Isle	77/55	25/13	20/1	−6/−17

Demographics[edit]

Historical population
Census	Pop.		%±
1790	96,540		—
1800	151,719		57.2%
1810	228,705		50.7%
1820	298,335		30.4%
1830	399,455		33.9%
1840	501,793		25.6%
1850	583,169		16.2%
1860	628,279		7.7%
1870	626,915		−0.2%
1880	648,936		3.5%
1890	661,086		1.9%
1900	694,466		5.0%
1910	742,371		6.9%
1920	768,014		3.5%
1930	797,423		3.8%
1940	847,226		6.2%
1950	913,774		7.9%
1960	969,265		6.1%
1970	992,048		2.4%
1980	1,124,660		13.4%
1990	1,227,928		9.2%
2000	1,274,923		3.8%
2010	1,328,361		4.2%
Est. 2018	1,341,582		1.0%
Source: 1910–2010[52] 2015 estimate[53]

The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Maine was 1,329,328 on July 1, 2015, a 0.07% increase since the 2010 United States Census.^[53] The population density of the state is 41.3 people per square mile, making it the least densely populated state in New England, the American northeast, the eastern seaboard, of all of the states with an Atlantic coastline and of all of the states east of the Mississippi River.

The mean population center of Maine is located in Kennebec County, just east of Augusta.^[54] The Greater Portland metropolitan area is the most densely populated with nearly 40% of Maine's population.^[55] Portland's estimated population in 2016 was 66,937.^[56] As explained in detail under "Geography", there are large tracts of uninhabited land in some remote parts of the interior.

Maine has experienced a very slow rate of population growth since the 1990 census; its rate of growth (0.57%) since the 2010 census ranks 45th of the 50 states.^[57] The modest population growth in the state has been concentrated in the southern coastal counties; the northern, more rural areas of the state have experienced a significant decline in population in recent years.^[58]

Race, ancestry and language[edit]

At the 2010 Census, 94.4% of the population was non-Hispanic White, 1.1% non-Hispanic Black or African American, 0.6% American Indian and Alaska Native, 1.0% Asian, 0.1% from some other race and 1.4% of two or more races. 1.3% of Maine's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin.^[59]

Maine population by race

Racial composition	1990[60]	2000[61]	2010[62]
White	98.4%	96.9%	95.2%
Black	0.4%	0.5%	1.2%
Asian	0.5%	0.7%	1.0%
Native	0.5%	0.6%	0.6%
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander	–	–	–
Other race	0.1%	0.2%	0.3%
Two or more races	–	1.0%	1.6%

Largest ancestries (2011) [63]	Percent
English	21.6%
Irish	17.8%
French	16.3%
American	9.4%
German	8.5%
French Canadian	7.6%
Italian	5.8%
Scottish	5.5%
Polish	2.1%
Swedish	1.8%

People citing that they are American are of overwhelmingly English descent, but have ancestry that has been in the region for so long (often since the 1600s) that they choose to identify simply as Americans.^{[64][65][66][67][68][69][70]}

Maine has the highest percentage of French Americans among American states. It also has the highest percentage of non-Hispanic whites of any state, at 94.4% of the total population, according to the 2010 Census. In 2011, 89.0% of all births in the state were to non-Hispanic white parents.^[71] The state also has the highest percentage of French-speakers of any state. Most of the French in Maine are of Canadian origin, but in some cases have been living there since prior to the American Revolutionary War. There are particularly high concentrations of French in the northern part of Maine in Aroostook County, which is part of a cultural region known as Acadia that goes over the border into New Brunswick. Along with the Acadian population in the north, many French came from Quebec as immigrants between 1840 and 1930. Census figures show that Maine has the highest percentage of people speaking French at home of any state: 5.28% of Maine households are French-speaking, compared with 4.68% in Louisiana, which is the second highest state.^[72] French-speakers are the state's chief linguistic minority; the 2000 Census reported 92.25% of Maine residents aged five and older spoke only English at home. Maine does not have an official language,^[2] but the most widely spoken language in the state is English. Spanish is the third-most-spoken language in Maine, after English and French.^[73]

The upper Saint John River valley area was once part of the so-called Republic of Madawaska, before the frontier was decided in the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842. Over one quarter of the population of Lewiston, Waterville, and Biddeford are Franco-American. Most of the residents of the Mid Coast and Down East sections are chiefly of British heritage. Smaller numbers of various other groups, including Irish, Italian and Polish, have settled throughout the state since the late 19th and early 20th century immigration waves.

Birth data[edit]

Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother

Race	2013[74]	2014[75]	2015[76]	2016[77]
White:	11,950 (93.5%)	11,842 (93.2%)	11,805 (93.6%)	...
> Non-Hispanic White	11,774 (92.1%)	11,654 (91.8%)	11,563 (91.7%)	11,484 (90.4%)
Black	455 (3.6%)	450 (3.5%)	473 (3.7%)	411 (3.2%)
Asian	253 (2.0%)	248 (1.9%)	186 (1.5%)	192 (1.5%)
American Indian	118 (0.9%)	158 (1.2%)	143 (1.1%)	97 (0.7%)
Hispanic (of any race)	172 (1.3%)	200 (1.6%)	251 (2.0%)	238 (1.9%)
Total Maine	12,776 (100%)	12,698 (100%)	12,607 (100%)	12,705 (100%)

• Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Religion[edit]

According to the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA),^[79] the religious affiliations of Maine in 2010 were:

• Protestant – 37%
  • Evangelical Protestant – 4%
• Catholic Church – 28%
• Other religions – 1.7%
• Non-Christian religions include Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism and Bahá'í.

The Catholic Church was the largest religious institution with 202,106 members, the United Methodist Church had 28,329 members, the United Church of Christ had 22,747 members

In 2010, a study named Maine as the least religious state in the United States.^[80]

Economy[edit]

The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that Maine's total gross state product for 2010 was $52 billion.^[81] Its per capita personal income for 2007 was US$33,991, 34th in the nation. As of May 2018, Maine's unemployment rate is 3.0%^[82]

Maine's agricultural outputs include poultry, eggs, dairy products, cattle, wild blueberries, apples, maple syrup, and maple sugar. Aroostook County is known for its potato crops. Commercial fishing, once a mainstay of the state's economy, maintains a presence, particularly lobstering and groundfishing. Western Maine aquifers and springs are a major source of bottled water.

Maine's industrial outputs consist chiefly of paper, lumber and wood products, electronic equipment, leather products, food products, textiles, and bio-technology. Naval shipbuilding and construction remain key as well, with Bath Iron Works in Bath and Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery.

Brunswick Landing, formerly Naval Air Station Brunswick, is also in Maine. Formerly a large support base for the U.S. Navy, the BRAC campaign initiated the Naval Air Station's closing, despite a government-funded effort to upgrade its facilities. The former base has since been changed into a civilian business park, as well as a new satellite campus for Southern Maine Community College.^[83]

Maine is the number one US producer of low-bush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium). Preliminary data from the USDA for 2012 also indicate Maine was the largest blueberry producer of the major blueberry producing states in the US, with 91,100,000 lbs.^[84] This data includes both low (wild), and high-bush (cultivated) blueberries: Vaccinium corymbosum. The largest toothpick manufacturing plant in the United States used to be located in Strong, Maine. The Strong Wood Products plant produced 20 million toothpicks a day. It closed in May 2003.

Tourism and outdoor recreation play a major and increasingly important role in Maine's economy. The state is a popular destination for sport hunting (particularly deer, moose and bear), sport fishing, snowmobiling, skiing, boating, camping and hiking, among other activities.

Historically, Maine ports played a key role in national transportation. Beginning around 1880, Portland's rail link and ice-free port made it Canada's principal winter port, until the aggressive development of Halifax, Nova Scotia, in the mid-1900s. In 2013, 12,039,600 short tons passed into and out of Portland by sea,^[85] which places it 45th of US water ports.^[86] Portland Maine's Portland International Jetport was recently expanded, providing the state with increased air traffic from carriers such as JetBlue and Southwest Airlines.

Maine has very few large companies that maintain headquarters in the state, and that number has fallen due to consolidations and mergers, particularly in the pulp and paper industry. Some of the larger companies that do maintain headquarters in Maine include Fairchild Semiconductor in South Portland; IDEXX Laboratories, in Westbrook; Hannaford Bros. Co. in Scarborough; Unum in Portland; TD Bank in Portland; L.L.Bean in Freeport; and Cole Haan in Yarmouth. Maine is also the home of The Jackson Laboratory, the world's largest non-profit mammalian genetic research facility and the world's largest supplier of genetically purebred mice.

Taxation[edit]

Maine has an income tax structure containing two brackets, 6.5% to 7.95% of personal income.^[87] Before July 2013 Maine had four brackets: 2%, 4.5%, 7%, and 8.5%.^[88] Maine's general sales tax rate is 5.5%. The state also levies charges of 9% on lodging and prepared food and 10% on short-term auto rentals.^[89] Commercial sellers of blueberries, a Maine staple, must keep records of their transactions and pay the state 1.5 cents per pound ($1.50 per 100 pounds) of the fruit sold each season. All real and tangible personal property located in the state of Maine is taxable unless specifically exempted by statute. The administration of property taxes is handled by the local assessor in incorporated cities and towns, while property taxes in the unorganized territories are handled by the State Tax Assessor.

Shipbuilding[edit]

Maine has a long-standing tradition of being home to many shipbuilding companies. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Maine was home to many shipyards that produced wooden sailing ships. The main function of these ships was to transport either cargos or passengers overseas. One of these yards was located in Pennellville Historic District in what is now Brunswick, Maine. This yard, owned by the Pennell family, was typical of the many family-owned shipbuilding companies of the time period. Other such examples of shipbuilding families were the Skolfields and the Morses. During the 18th and 19th centuries, wooden shipbuilding of this sort made up a sizable portion of the economy.

Transportation[edit]

Airports[edit]

Maine receives passenger jet service at its two largest airports, the Portland International Jetport in Portland, and the Bangor International Airport in Bangor. Both are served daily by many major airlines to destinations such as New York, Atlanta, and Orlando. Essential Air Service also subsidizes service to a number of smaller airports in Maine, bringing small turboprop aircraft to regional airports such as the Augusta State Airport, Hancock County-Bar Harbor Airport, Knox County Regional Airport, and the Northern Maine Regional Airport at Presque Isle. These airports are served by Cape Air with Cessna 402s and Penair with Saab 340s.

Many smaller airports are scattered throughout Maine, only serving general aviation traffic. The Eastport Municipal Airport, for example, is a city-owned public-use airport with 1,200 general aviation aircraft operations each year from single-engine and ultralight aircraft.^[90]

Highways[edit]

Interstate 95 (I-95) travels through Maine, as well as its easterly branch I-295 and spurs 195, 395 and the unsigned I-495. In addition, U.S. Route 1 (US 1) starts in Fort Kent and travels to Florida. The eastern terminus of the eastern section of US 2 starts in Houlton, near the New Brunswick, Canada border to Rouses Point, New York, at US 11. US 2A connects Old Town and Orono, primarily serving the University of Maine campus. US 201 and US 202 flow through the state. US 2, Maine State Route 6 (Route 6), and Route 9 are often used by truckers and other motorists of the Maritime Provinces en route to other destinations in the United States or as a short cut to Central Canada.

Rail[edit]

Passenger[edit]

The Downeaster passenger train, operated by Amtrak, provides passenger service between Brunswick and Boston's North Station, with stops in Freeport, Portland, Old Orchard Beach, Saco, and Wells. The Downeaster makes five daily trips, three of which continue past Portland to Brunswick.^[91]

Freight[edit]

Freight service throughout the state is provided by a handful of regional and shortline carriers: Pan Am Railways (formerly known as Guilford Rail System), which operates the former Boston & Maine and Maine Central railroads; St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad; Maine Eastern Railroad; Central Maine and Quebec Railway; and New Brunswick Southern Railway.

Law and government[edit]

The Maine Constitution structures Maine's state government, composed of three co-equal branches—the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The state of Maine also has three Constitutional Officers (the Secretary of State, the State Treasurer, and the State Attorney General) and one Statutory Officer (the State Auditor).

The legislative branch is the Maine Legislature, a bicameral body composed of the Maine House of Representatives, with 151 members, and the Maine Senate, with 35 members. The Legislature is charged with introducing and passing laws.

The executive branch is responsible for the execution of the laws created by the Legislature and is headed by the Governor of Maine (currently Paul LePage). The Governor is elected every four years; no individual may serve more than two consecutive terms in this office. The current attorney general of Maine is Janet T. Mills. As with other state legislatures, the Maine Legislature can by a two-thirds majority vote from both the House and Senate override a gubernatorial veto. Maine is one of seven states that do not have a lieutenant governor.

The judicial branch is responsible for interpreting state laws. The highest court of the state is the Maine Supreme Judicial Court. The lower courts are the District Court, Superior Court and Probate Court. All judges except for probate judges serve full-time, are nominated by the Governor and confirmed by the Legislature for terms of seven years. Probate judges serve part-time and are elected by the voters of each county for four-year terms.

Counties[edit]

Maine is divided into political jurisdictions designated as counties. Since 1860 there have been 16 counties in the state, ranging in size from 370 to 6,829 square miles (958 to 17,700 km²).

Maine counties

County name	County seat	Year founded	2010 population[92]	Percent of total	Area (sq. mi.)	Percent of total
Androscoggin	Auburn	1854	107,702	8.11%	497	1.44%
Aroostook	Houlton	1839	71,870	5.41%	6,829	19.76%
Cumberland	Portland	1760	281,674	21.20%	1,217	3.52%
Franklin	Farmington	1838	30,768	2.32%	1,744	5.05%
Hancock	Ellsworth	1789	54,418	4.10%	1,522	4.40%
Kennebec	Augusta	1799	122,151	9.20%	951	2.75%
Knox	Rockland	1860	39,736	2.99%	1,142	3.30%
Lincoln	Wiscasset	1760	34,457	2.59%	700	2.03%
Oxford	Paris	1805	57,833	4.35%	2,175	6.29%
Penobscot	Bangor	1816	153,923	11.59%	3,556	10.29%
Piscataquis	Dover-Foxcroft	1838	17,535	1.32%	4,377	12.67%
Sagadahoc	Bath	1854	35,293	2.66%	370	1.07%
Somerset	Skowhegan	1809	52,228	3.93%	4,095	11.85%
Waldo	Belfast	1827	38,786	2.92%	853	2.47%
Washington	Machias	1790	32,856	2.47%	3,255	9.42%
York	Alfred	1636	197,131	14.84%	1,271	3.68%
Total counties: 16			Total 2010 population: 1,328,361		Total state area: 34,554 square miles (89,494 km2)

State and local politics[edit]

Gubernatorial election results^[93]

Year	Democratic	Republican
1956	59.2% 180,254	40.8% 124,395
1958	52.0% 145,673	48.0% 134,572
1960	47.3% 197,447	52.7% 219,768
1962	49.9% 146,121	50.1% 146,604
1966	53.1% 172,036	46.9% 151,802
1970	50.1% 163,138	49.9% 162,248
1974	36.8% 132,219	23.5% 84,176
1978	47.8% 176,493	34.4% 126,862
1982	61.9% 281,066	38.1% 172,949
1986	30.2% 128,744	39.9% 170,312
1990	44.1% 230,038	46.7% 243,766
1994	33.8% 172,951	23.1% 117,990
1998	12.0% 50,506	18.9% 79,716
2002	47.2% 238,179	41.5% 209,496
2006	38.1% 209,927	30.2% 166,425
2010	18.8% 109,387	37.6% 218,065
2014	43.4% 265,125	48.2% 294,533

Presidential election results^[93]

Year	Democratic	Republican
1952	33.8% 118,806	66.1% 232,353
1956	29.1% 102,468	70.9% 249,238
1960	43.0% 181,159	57.1% 240,608
1964	68.8% 262,264	31.1% 118,701
1968	55.3% 217,312	43.1% 169,254
1972	38.5% 160,584	61.5% 256,458
1976	48.1% 232,279	48.9% 236,320
1980	42.3% 220,974	45.6% 238,522
1984	38.8% 214,515	60.8% 336,500
1988	43.9% 243,569	55.3% 307,131
1992	38.8% 263,420	30.4% 206,504
1996	51.6% 312,788	30.8% 186,378
2000	49.1% 319,951	44.0% 286,616
2004	53.6% 396,842	44.6% 330,201
2008	57.7% 421,923	40.4% 295,273
2012	56.3% 401,306	41.0% 292,276
2016	47.8% 357,735	44.9% 335,593

In state general elections, Maine voters tend to accept independent and third-party candidates more frequently than most states. Maine has had two independent governors recently (James B. Longley, 1975–1979 and current U.S. Senator Angus King, 1995–2003). Maine state politicians, Democrats and Republicans alike, are noted for having more moderate views than many in the national wings of their respective parties.

Maine is an alcoholic beverage control state.

On May 6, 2009, Maine became the fifth state to legalize same-sex marriage; however, the law was repealed by voters on November 3, 2009. On November 6, 2012, Maine, along with Maryland and Washington, became the first state to legalize same-sex marriage at the ballot box.^[94]

Federal politics[edit]

In the 1930s, Maine was one of very few states which retained Republican sentiments. In the 1936 presidential election, Franklin D. Roosevelt received the electoral votes of every state other than Maine and Vermont; these were the only two states in the nation that never voted for Roosevelt in any of his presidential campaigns, though Maine was closely fought in 1940 and 1944. In the 1960s, Maine began to lean toward the Democrats, especially in presidential elections. In 1968, Hubert Humphrey became just the second Democrat in half a century to carry Maine, perhaps because of the presence of his running mate, Maine Senator Edmund Muskie, although the state voted Republican in every presidential election in the 1970s and 1980s.

Since 1969, two of Maine's four electoral votes have been awarded based on the winner of the statewide election; the other two go to the highest vote-getter in each of the state's two congressional districts. Every other state except Nebraska gives all its electoral votes to the candidate who wins the popular vote in the state at large, without regard to performance within districts. Maine split its electoral vote for the first time in 2016, with Donald Trump's strong showing in the more rural central and northern Maine allowing him to capture one of the state's four votes in the Electoral College.^[95]

Ross Perot achieved a great deal of success in Maine in the presidential elections of 1992 and 1996. In 1992, as an independent candidate, Perot came in second to Democrat Bill Clinton, despite the long-time presence of the Bush family summer home in Kennebunkport. In 1996, as the nominee of the Reform Party, Perot did better in Maine than in any other state.

Maine has voted for Democratic Bill Clinton twice, Al Gore in 2000, John Kerry in 2004, and Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012. In 2016, Republican Donald Trump won one of Maine's electoral votes with Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton winning the other three. Although Democrats have mostly carried the state in presidential elections in recent years, Republicans have largely maintained their control of the state's U.S. Senate seats, with Edmund Muskie, William Hathaway and George J. Mitchell being the only Maine Democrats serving in the U.S. Senate in the past fifty years.

In the 2010 midterm elections, Republicans made major gains in Maine. They captured the governor's office as well as majorities in both chambers of the state legislature for the first time since the early 1970s. However, in the 2012 elections Democrats managed to recapture both houses of Maine Legislature.

Maine's U.S. senators are Republican Susan Collins and Independent Angus King. The governor is Republican Paul LePage. The state's two members of the United States House of Representatives are Democrat Chellie Pingree and Republican Bruce Poliquin.

Municipalities[edit]

Organized municipalities[edit]

An organized municipality has a form of elected local government which administers and provides local services, keeps records, collects licensing fees, and can pass locally binding ordinances, among other responsibilities of self-government. The governmental format of most organized towns and plantations is the town meeting, while the format of most cities is the council-manager form. As of 2013 the organized municipalities of Maine consist of 23 cities, 431 towns, and 34 plantations. Collectively these 488 organized municipalities cover less than half of the state's territory. Maine also has 3 Reservations: Indian Island, Indian Township Reservation, and Pleasant Point Indian Reservation.^[96]

• The largest municipality in Maine, by population, is the city of Portland (pop. 66,318).
• The smallest city by population is Eastport (pop. 1,331).
• The largest town by population is Brunswick (pop. 20,278).
• The smallest town by population is Frye Island, a resort town which reported zero year-round population in the 2000 Census; one plantation, Glenwood Plantation, Maine, also reported a permanent population of zero.
• In the 2000 census, the smallest town aside from Frye Island was Centerville with a population of 26, but since that census, Centerville voted to disincorporate and therefore is no longer a town. The next smallest town with a population listed in that census is Beddington (pop. 50 at the 2010 census).
• The largest municipality by land area is the town of Allagash, at 128 square miles (332 km²).
• The smallest municipality by land area is the plantation of Monhegan Island, at 0.86 square miles (2.2 km²). The smallest municipality by area that is not an island is Randolph, at 2.23 square miles (6 km²).

Unorganized territory[edit]

Unorganized territory has no local government. Administration, services, licensing, and ordinances are handled by the state government. The unorganized territory of Maine consists of over 400 townships (towns are incorporated, townships are unincorporated), plus many coastal islands that do not lie within any municipal bounds. The UT land area is slightly over one half the entire area of the State of Maine. Year-round residents in the UT number approximately 9,000, about 1.3% of the state's total population, with many more people residing only seasonally within the UT. Only four of Maine's sixteen counties (Androscoggin, Cumberland, Waldo and York) are entirely incorporated, although a few others are nearly so, and most of the unincorporated area is in the vast and sparsely populated Great North Woods of Maine.^[97]

Most populous cities and towns[edit]

QuickFacts US Census Maine Portland:

The 49 most populous cities and towns at the 2010 US Census

Portland (66,194)	Lewiston (36,592)	Bangor (33,039)	Auburn (25,055)	South Portland (24,002)	Biddeford (21,277)	Sanford (20,798)
Brunswick (20,278)	Augusta (19,136)	Scarborough (18,919)	Saco (18,482)	Westbrook (17,494)	Windham (17,001)	Gorham (16,381)
Waterville (15,722)	York (12,529)	Falmouth (11,185)	Kennebunk (10,798)	Orono (10,362)	Standish (9,874)	Presque Isle (9,692)
Wells (9,589)	Kittery (9,490)	Brewer (9,482)	Buxton (9,093)	Cape Elizabeth (9,015)	Lisbon (9,009)	Topsham (8,794)
Old Orchard Beach (8,624)	Skowhegan (8,589)	Bath (8,514)	Yarmouth (8,349)	Caribou (8,189)	Freeport (7,879)	Old Town (7,840)
Winslow (7,794)	Gray (7,761)	Farmington (7,760)	Ellsworth (7,741)	Waterboro (7,693)	Rockland (7,297)	Hampden (7,257)
Berwick (7,246)	South Berwick (7,220)	Cumberland (7,211)	Fairfield (6,735)	Belfast (6,668)	Oakland (6,240)	Eliot (6,204)

• 

  Augusta

• 

  Bangor

• 

  Bath

• 

  Biddeford

• 

  Brunswick

• 

  Lewiston

• 

  Old Town

• 

  Portland

• 

  Saco

Throughout Maine, many municipalities, although each separate governmental entities, nevertheless form portions of a much larger population base. There are many such population clusters throughout Maine, but some examples from the municipalities appearing in the above listing are:

• Portland, South Portland, Cape Elizabeth, Westbrook, Scarborough, and Falmouth
• Lewiston and Auburn
• Bangor, Orono, Brewer, Old Town, and Hampden
• Biddeford, Saco and Old Orchard Beach
• Brunswick and Topsham
• Waterville, Winslow, Fairfield, and Oakland
• Presque Isle and Caribou^[98]

Education[edit]

There are thirty institutions of higher learning in Maine.^[99] These institutions include the University of Maine, which is the oldest, largest and only research university in the state. UMaine was founded in 1865 and is the state's only land grant and sea grant college. The University of Maine is located in the town of Orono and is the flagship of Maine. There are also branch campuses in Augusta, Farmington, Fort Kent, Machias, and Presque Isle.^[100]

Bowdoin College is a liberal arts college founded in 1794 in Brunswick, making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the state. Colby College in Waterville was founded in 1813 making it the second oldest college in Maine.^[101] Bates College in Lewiston was founded in 1855 making it the third oldest institution in the state and the oldest coeducational college in New England.^[102] The three colleges collectively form the Colby-Bates-Bowdoin Consortium and are ranked among the best colleges in the United States; often placing in the top 10% of all liberal arts colleges.^{[103][104][105]}

Maine's per-student public expenditure for elementary and secondary schools was 21st in the nation in 2012, at $12,344.^[106]

The collegiate system of Maine also includes numerous baccalaureate colleges such as: the Maine Maritime Academy (MMA), Unity College, and Thomas College. There is only one medical school in the state, (University of New England's College of Osteopathic Medicine) and only one law school (The University of Maine School of Law).

Private schools in Maine are funded independently of the state and its furthered domains. Private schools are less common than public schools. A large number of private elementary schools with under 20 students exist, but most private high schools in Maine can be described as "semi-private".

Culture[edit]

Sports teams[edit]

Professional[edit]

• Maine Red Claws, basketball, NBA G League
• Portland Sea Dogs, minor league baseball, Eastern League (U.S. baseball)
• Maine Mariners, ice hockey, ECHL
• Maine Mammoths, arena football, NAL

Non-professional[edit]

• Portland Phoenix FC, soccer, Premier Developmental League
• Maine Roller Derby, roller derby, Women's Flat Track Derby Association

NCAA[edit]

• Maine Black Bears

State symbols[edit]

Adapted from the Maine facts site.^[107]

• State berry: Wild blueberry^[108]
• State bird: Black-capped chickadee
• State cat: Maine Coon
• State dessert: Blueberry pie made with wild Maine blueberries
• State fish: Land-locked salmon
• State flower: White Pinecone and Tassel
• State fossil: Pertica quadrifaria
• State gemstone: Tourmaline
• State herb: Wintergreen^[109]
• State insect: European honey bee
• State mammal: Moose
• State soft drink: Moxie
• State soil: Chesuncook soil series
• State song: "State of Maine Song"
• State treat: Whoopie pie^[110]
• State tree: Eastern White Pine
• State vessel: Arctic exploration schooner Bowdoin
• State motto: Dirigo ("I lead")

In popular culture[edit]

Notable people[edit]

A citizen of Maine is known as a "Mainer",^[111] though the term is often reserved for those whose roots in Maine go back at least three generations.^[112] The term "Downeaster" may be applied to residents of the northeast coast of the state. The term "Mainiac" is considered by some to be derogatory, but embraced with pride by others,^[113] and is used for a variety of organizations and for events such as the YMCA Mainiac Sprint Triathlon & Duathlon.^[114]

See also[edit]

• Index of Maine-related articles
• Outline of Maine

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Citations[edit]

External links[edit]

State government

• Maine government
• Maine Office of Tourism Search for tourism-related businesses
• Visit Maine (agriculture) Maine fairs, festivals, etc. – Agricultural Dept.

U.S. government

• Maine State Guide, from the Library of Congress
• U.S. EIA Energy Profile for Maine – economic, environmental and energy data
• U.S. Geological Survey Real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Maine
• U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Maine State Facts – agricultural
• U.S. Census Bureau Quick facts on Maine
• Portland Magazine Editorial on Maine news, events, and people

Information

• Maine at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
• Maine Historical Society
• Old USGS maps of Maine.
• 1860 Map of Maine by Mitchell.
• 1876 Panoramic Birdseye View of Portland by Warner at LOC.,
• Portland Stage Company
• Comprehensive compilation of media sources in Maine.
• Geographic data related to Maine at OpenStreetMap

Preceded by Alabama

List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union Admitted on March 15, 1820 (23rd)

Succeeded by Missouri

Coordinates: 45°30′N 69°00′W / 45.5°N 69°W / 45.5; -69