1.
Cosmetics
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Cosmetics, also known as make-up, are substances or products used to enhance or alter the appearance or fragrance of the body. Many cosmetics are designed for use of applying to the face and they are generally mixtures of chemical compounds, some being derived from natural sources, and some being synthetics. Common cosmetics include lipstick, mascara, eye shadow, foundation, rouge, skin cleansers and skin lotions, shampoo, hairstyling products, perfume and this broad definition includes any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product. The FDA specifically excludes soap from this category, Egyptian women and men also used makeup. They were very fond of eyeliner and eyeshadows in dark colors including blue, red, Ancient Sumerian men and women were possibly the first to invent and wear lipstick, about 5,000 years ago. They crushed gemstones and used them to decorate their faces, mainly on the lips, also around 3000 BC to 1500 BC, women in the ancient Indus Valley Civilization applied red tinted lipstick to their lips for face decoration. Ancient Egyptians extracted red dye from fucus-algin,0. 01% iodine, and some bromine mannite, lipsticks with shimmering effects were initially made using a pearlescent substance found in fish scales. Six thousand year old relics of the hollowed out tombs of the Ancient Egyptian pharaohs are discovered, according to one source, early major developments include, Kohl used by ancient Egypt as a protective of the eye kohl Castor oil used by ancient Egypt as a protective balm. Skin creams made of beeswax, olive oil, and rose water, vaseline and lanolin in the nineteenth century. The Ancient Greeks also used cosmetics as the Ancient Romans did, Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Testament, such as in 2 Kings 9,30, where Jezebel painted her eyelids—approximately 840 BC—and in the book of Esther, where beauty treatments are described. One of the most popular traditional Chinese medicines is the fungus Tremella fuciformis, used as a beauty product by women in China, the fungus reportedly increases moisture retention in the skin and prevents senile degradation of micro-blood vessels in the skin, reducing wrinkles and smoothing fine lines. Cosmetic use was frowned upon at many points in Western history, for example, in the 19th century, Queen Victoria publicly declared make-up improper, vulgar, and acceptable only for use by actors. During the sixteenth century, the attributes of the women who used make-up created a demand for the product among the upper class. As of 2016, the worlds largest cosmetics company is LOréal, the market was developed in the US during the 1910s by Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and Max Factor. These firms were joined by Revlon just before World War II, during the 18th century, there was a high number of incidences of lead-poisoning because of the fashion for red and white lead makeup and powder. This led to swelling and inflammation of the eyes, attacked tooth enamel, heavy use was known to lead to death. Concealer is commonly used by men, Cosmetics brands release products especially tailored for men, and men are increasingly using them. Cosmetics are intended to be applied externally, a subset of cosmetics is called make-up, refers primarily to products containing color pigments that are intended to alter the users appearance
2.
Prosthetic makeup
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Prosthetic makeup is the process of using prosthetic sculpting, molding and casting techniques to create advanced cosmetic effects. Prosthetic makeup was revolutionized by John Chambers in such films as Planet of the Apes, the process of creating a prosthetic appliance begins with lifecasting, the process of taking a mold of a body part to use as a base for sculpting the prosthetic. Lifecast molds are made from prosthetic alginate or more recently, from skin-safe silicone rubber and this initial mold is relatively weak and flexible. A hard mother mold, typically made of plaster or fiberglass bandages is created overtop the initial mold to provide support, once a negative mold has been created, it is promptly filled with gypsum cement, most commonly a brand called Ultracal-30, to make a positive mold. The form of the prosthetic is sculpted in clay on top of the positive, the edges of the clay should be made as thin as possible, for the clay is a stand-in for what will eventually be the prosthetic piece. Along the edges of the mold, keys or mold points are sculpted or carved into the lifecast, once sculpting is completed, a second mold is made. This gives two or more pieces of a mold - a positive of the face, and one or more negative mold pieces of the face with prosthetic sculpted in, all clay is carefully removed and the prosthetic material is cast into the mold cavity. The prosthetic material can be foam latex, gelatin, silicone or other similar materials, the prosthetic is cured within the two part mold - thus creating the beginning of a makeup effect. One of the hardest parts of prosthetic make-up is keeping the edges as thin as possible and they should be tissue thin so they are easy to blend and cover giving a flawless look. The use of makeup to create wounds or trauma is called moulage and is used by the military and medical schools to educate. Samantha Fox, Race Swap and makeup process, julie Goodyear, Age Swap and makeup application. Tommy Lee Jones, Harvey Dent/Two-Face in Batman Forever, rebecca Loos, Gender Swap and makeup application. James McAvoy among others in The Chronicles of Narnia, The Lion, the Witch, rik Mayall, Drop Dead Fred Larissa Meek, Average Joe Hawaii Melinda Messenger, Celebrity Swap. Jack Nicholson, Jack Napier/The Joker in Batman, ron Perlman, several times in his career, but most notably as Hellboy Brad Pitt, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button Katie Price, Jordan Gets Even and makeup application. Melena Scantlin, The completed makeup and the scene and the makeup process. Arnold Schwarzenegger, as iterations of the Terminator in The Terminator and its sequels Terminator 2, Judgment Day and Terminator 3, carol Smillie, Gender Swap and makeup application. Lea Thompson, A Will Of Their Own, Back To The Future Part II, many actors in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, notably John Rhys Davies and various actors/stuntmen portraying orcs. Make-up artist Special effect Animatronics Facial prosthetic Prosthetic Makeup, truffle Forager and Food Make-Up Artist
3.
Theatre
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The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music, and dance. Elements of art, such as painted scenery and stagecraft such as lighting are used to enhance the physicality, presence, the specific place of the performance is also named by the word theatre as derived from the Ancient Greek θέατρον, itself from θεάομαι. Modern theatre, broadly defined, includes performances of plays and musical theatre, there are connections between theatre and the art forms of ballet, opera and various other forms. The city-state of Athens is where western theatre originated, participation in the city-states many festivals—and mandatory attendance at the City Dionysia as an audience member in particular—was an important part of citizenship. The Greeks also developed the concepts of dramatic criticism and theatre architecture, Actors were either amateur or at best semi-professional. The theatre of ancient Greece consisted of three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play, the origins of theatre in ancient Greece, according to Aristotle, the first theoretician of theatre, are to be found in the festivals that honoured Dionysus. The performances were given in semi-circular auditoria cut into hillsides, capable of seating 10, the stage consisted of a dancing floor, dressing room and scene-building area. Since the words were the most important part, good acoustics, the actors wore masks appropriate to the characters they represented, and each might play several parts. Athenian tragedy—the oldest surviving form of tragedy—is a type of dance-drama that formed an important part of the culture of the city-state. Having emerged sometime during the 6th century BCE, it flowered during the 5th century BCE, no tragedies from the 6th century BCE and only 32 of the more than a thousand that were performed in during the 5th century BCE have survived. We have complete texts extant by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, the origins of tragedy remain obscure, though by the 5th century BCE it was institution alised in competitions held as part of festivities celebrating Dionysus. As contestants in the City Dionysias competition playwrights were required to present a tetralogy of plays, the performance of tragedies at the City Dionysia may have begun as early as 534 BCE, official records begin from 501 BCE, when the satyr play was introduced. More than 130 years later, the philosopher Aristotle analysed 5th-century Athenian tragedy in the oldest surviving work of dramatic theory—his Poetics, Athenian comedy is conventionally divided into three periods, Old Comedy, Middle Comedy, and New Comedy. Old Comedy survives today largely in the form of the surviving plays of Aristophanes. New Comedy is known primarily from the papyrus fragments of Menander. Aristotle defined comedy as a representation of people that involves some kind of blunder or ugliness that does not cause pain or disaster. In addition to the categories of comedy and tragedy at the City Dionysia, finding its origins in rural, agricultural rituals dedicated to Dionysus, the satyr play eventually found its way to Athens in its most well-known form. Satyrs themselves were tied to the god Dionysus as his loyal companions, often engaging in drunken revelry
4.
Television
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Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome, or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a set, a television program. Television is a medium for entertainment, education, news, politics, gossip. Television became available in experimental forms in the late 1920s. After World War II, a form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses. During the 1950s, television was the medium for influencing public opinion. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US, for many reasons, the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity, another development was the move from standard-definition television to high-definition television, which provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats, 1080p, 1080i, in 2013, 79% of the worlds households owned a television set. Most TV sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs, major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and even fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. In the near future, LEDs are gradually expected to be replaced by OLEDs, also, major manufacturers have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s. Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s, Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by cable or optical fiber, satellite systems and. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as analog signals, a standard television set is composed of multiple internal electronic circuits, including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is correctly called a video monitor rather than a television, the word television comes from Ancient Greek τῆλε, meaning far, and Latin visio, meaning sight. The Anglicised version of the term is first attested in 1907 and it was. formed in English or borrowed from French télévision. In the 19th century and early 20th century, other. proposals for the name of a technology for sending pictures over distance were telephote. The abbreviation TV is from 1948, the use of the term to mean a television set dates from 1941
5.
Film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
6.
Emmy Award
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An Emmy Award, or simply Emmy, recognizes excellence in the television industry, and corresponds to the Academy Award, the Tony Award, and the Grammy Award. Because Emmy Awards are given in various sectors of the American television industry, Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year, recognizing excellence in local and statewide television. In addition, International Emmys are awarded for excellence in TV programming produced, each is responsible for administering a particular set of Emmy ceremonies. The Los Angeles-based Academy of Television Arts & Sciences established the Emmy Award as part of an image-building and public relations opportunity. The first Emmy Awards ceremony took place on January 25,1949, at the Hollywood Athletic Club, shirley Dinsdale has the distinction of receiving the very first Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Television Personality, during that first awards ceremony. In the 1950s, the ATAS expanded the Emmys into a national event, in 1955, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences was formed in New York City as a sister organization to serve members on the East Coast, and help to also supervise the Emmys. The NATAS also established regional chapters throughout the United States, with each one developing their own local Emmy awards show for local programming, the ATAS still however maintained its separate regional ceremony honoring local programming in the Los Angeles Area. Originally there was only one Emmy Awards ceremony held per year to honor shows nationally broadcast in the United States, in 1974, the first Daytime Emmy Awards ceremony was held to specifically honor achievement in national daytime programming. Other area-specific Emmy Awards ceremonies soon followed, also, the International Emmy Awards, honoring television programs produced and initially aired outside the U. S. was established in the early 1970s. Meanwhile, all Emmys awarded prior to the emergence of these separate, in 1977, due to various conflicts, the ATAS and the NATAS agreed to split ties. However, they agreed to share ownership of the Emmy statue and trademark. With the rise of television in the 1980s, cable programs first became eligible for the Primetime Emmys in 1988. The ATAS also began accepting original online-only web television programs in 2013, the Emmy statuette, depicting a winged woman holding an atom, was designed by television engineer Louis McManus, who used his wife as the model. The TV Academy rejected a total of forty-seven proposals before settling on McManus design in 1948. The statuette has become the symbol of the TV Academys goal of supporting and uplifting the art and science of television, The wings represent the muse of art. When deciding a name for the award, Academy founder Syd Cassyd originally suggested Ike, however, Ike was also the popular nickname of World War II hero and future U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the Academy members wanted something unique. Finally, television engineer and the third president, Harry Lubcke, suggested the name Immy. After Immy was chosen, it was feminized to Emmy to match their female statuette
7.
Golden Globe Award
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Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a part of the film industrys awards season. The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film, the 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, was held in January 1944, at the 20th Century-Fox studios. Subsequent ceremonies were held at venues throughout the next decade, including the Beverly Hills Hotel. In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish an honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as a figure within the entertainment industry. The official name of the award became the Cecil B. In 1963, the Miss Golden Globe concept was introduced, in its inaugural year, two Miss Golden Globes were named, one for film and one for television. The two Miss Golden Globes named that year were Eva Six and Donna Douglas, respectively, in 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned. It was unveiled at a conference at the Beverly Hilton prior to the show. The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards, telecast to 167 countries worldwide, generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars, gervais returned to host the 68th and 69th Golden Globe Awards the next two years. Tina Fey and Amy Poehler hosted the 70th, 71st and 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015, the Golden Globe Awards theme song, which debuted in 2012, was written by Japanese musician and songwriter Yoshiki Hayashi. On January 7,2008, it was announced due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. The ceremony was faced with a threat by striking writers to picket the event, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association was forced to adopt another approach for the broadcast. In acting categories, Meryl Streep holds the record for the most competitive Golden Globe wins with eight, however, including honorary awards, such as the Henrietta Award, World Film Favorite Actor/Actress Award, or Cecil B. DeMille Award, Barbra Streisand leads with nine, additionally, Streisand won for composing the song Evergreen, producing the Best Picture, and directing Yentl in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each, behind them are Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins. Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty, at the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred, a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama
8.
Avant-garde
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The avant-garde are people or works that are experimental, radical, or unorthodox, with respect to art, culture, and society. It may be characterized by nontraditional, aesthetic innovation and initial unacceptability, the avant-garde pushes the boundaries of what is accepted as the norm or the status quo, primarily in the cultural realm. The avant-garde is considered by some to be a hallmark of modernism, the avant-garde also promotes radical social reforms. Several writers have attempted, with limited success, to map the parameters of avant-garde activity, the Italian essayist Renato Poggioli provides one of the best-known analyses of vanguardism as a cultural phenomenon in his 1962 book Teoria dellarte davanguardia. Other authors have attempted both to clarify and to extend Poggiolis study, bürgers essay also greatly influenced the work of contemporary American art-historians such as the German Benjamin H. D. Buchloh. Buchloh, in the collection of essays Neo-avantgarde and Culture Industry critically argues for an approach to these positions. Subsequent criticism theorized the limitations of these approaches, noting their circumscribed areas of analysis, including Eurocentric, chauvinist, and genre-specific definitions. The concept of avant-garde refers primarily to artists, writers, composers and thinkers whose work is opposed to cultural values. For Greenberg, these forms were therefore kitsch, phony, faked or mechanical culture, for instance, during the 1930s the advertising industry was quick to take visual mannerisms from surrealism, but this does not mean that 1930s advertising photographs are truly surreal. In this way the autonomous artistic merit so dear to the vanguardist was abandoned and sales became the measure. It has become common to describe successful rock musicians and celebrated film-makers as avant-garde, nevertheless, an incisive critique of vanguardism as against the views of mainstream society was offered by the New York critic Harold Rosenberg in the late 1960s. Since then it has been flanked by what he called avant-garde ghosts to the one side, and this has seen culture become, in his words, a profession one of whose aspects is the pretense of overthrowing it. Avant-garde in music can refer to any form of working within traditional structures while seeking to breach boundaries in some manner. The term is used loosely to describe the work of any musicians who radically depart from tradition altogether, although most avant-garde composers have been men, this is not exclusively the case. Women avant-gardists include Pauline Oliveros, Diamanda Galás, Meredith Monk, there are movements in theatre history that are characterized by their contributions to the avant-garde traditions in both the United States and Europe. Among these are Fluxus, Happenings, and Neo-Dada, Avant-garde – Wikipedia book Barron, Stephanie, and Maurice Tuchman. The Avant-garde in Russia, 1910–1930, New Perspectives, Los Angeles County Museum of Art Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Los Angeles, CA, Los Angeles County Museum of Art ISBN 0-87587-095-3, Cambridge, MA, ISBN 0-671-20422-X Berg, Hubert van den, and Walter Fähnders
9.
Theatrical blood
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Theatrical blood or stage blood is anything used as a substitute for blood in a theatrical or cinematic performance. For example, in the effects industry, when a director needs to simulate an actor being shot or cut. The most common is red food coloring, often inside small balloons coupled with explosive devices called squibs, however, Alfred Hitchcock used Bosco Chocolate Syrup as fake blood in his 1960 thriller Psycho. Since the film was in black and white, the color was less important than the consistency, tomato ketchup is also a common alternative. There are many reasons for substituting for real blood in the industry, such as ethical and sanitary concerns. Kensington Gore was a trademark for fake blood used in films and it was manufactured by a retired British pharmacist, John Tinegate, during the 1960s and 1970s, in the village of Abbotsbury, Dorset. Many varieties of blood, having various degrees of viscosity, shades and textures were available, since Tinegates death, the name Kensington Gore has become a generic term for stage blood. Kensington Gore was used in the film The Shining, Theatrical blood has many other applications apart from its use in the film industry. The crime scene investigation science of pattern analysis uses stage blood or sometimes cows blood in mock-up crime scenes when training new investigators. The art of Moulage uses theatrical blood in applying mock injuries for the purpose of training Emergency Response Teams and other medical, Theatrical blood is also popularly used in Halloween costumes. Bodily mutilation in film#Blood Blood substitute Blood squirt Moulage Theatrical makeup Blood Recipes
10.
Airbrush
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An airbrush is a small, air-operated tool that sprays various media, most often paint but also ink and dye, by a process of nebulization. Spray painting developed from the airbrush and is considered to employ a type of airbrush, the first airbrush, depending on the definition, was patented in 1876 by Francis Edgar Stanley of Newton, Massachusetts. Stanley and his brother later invented a process for continuously coating photographic plates but are perhaps best known for their Stanley Steamer. No artistic images that used this paint distributor / atomiser exist or are as yet known, the first instrument to be named the paint distributor was developed by Abner Peeler for the painting of watercolors and other artistic purposes and used a hand-operated compressor. It was rather crude, being based on a number of parts in a jewellers workshop such as old screwdrivers. It took 4 years of development before a working prototype was developed by Liberty Walkup of Mt. Morris, Illinois. Walkup repatented the work under the name of air-brush, a name his wife Mimi Walkup came up with and his wife would later go on to be the founder of the Illinois Art School where airbrushing was taught to students from all over the world. In that same rented 4 story building Rockford Air-Brush would be established under Liberty Walkup, the Walkups taught airbrush technique to American Impressionist master Wilson Irvine at the Air Brush School in Rockford, Illinois. The first certain atomising type airbrush was invented by Charles Burdick in 1893, Burdick founded the Fountain Brush Company in the US, and launched the first series of airbrushes onto the market. This device was essentially the same as an airbrush, resembling a pen. Aerograph, Burdicks original company, still makes and sells airbrushes in England, Thayer and Chandler were acquired by Badger Air-Brush Co. in 2000. Badger Air-Brush continues the Thayer and Chandler tradition of manufacturing quality airbrush guns, tools and compressors out of Franklin Park, for more a detailed academic study, the University of Wales Library holds a detailed PhD on airbrush history. The Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, the Public Library in Rockford Illinois and this was authored by Dr. Andy Penaluna, now Professor of Creative Entrepreneurship at Swansea Metropolitan University. The high velocity of the air atomizes the paint into very tiny droplets as it blows past a very fine paint-metering component, the paint is carried onto paper or other surfaces. The operator controls the amount of paint using a trigger which opens more or less a very fine tapered needle that is the control element of the paint-metering component. An extremely fine degree of atomization is what allows an artist to create such smooth blending effects using the airbrush, the technique allows for the blending of two or more colors in a seamless way, with one color slowly becoming another color. Freehand airbrushed images, without the aid of stencils or friskets, have a floating quality, a skilled airbrush artist can produce paintings of photographic realism or can simulate almost any painting medium. Painting at this level involves supplementary tools, such as masks and friskets
11.
Bollywood
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Bollywood is the sobriquet for Indias Hindi language film industry, based in the city of Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is more formally referred to as Hindi cinema, Bollywood is also one of the largest centers of film production in the world. Furthermore, Bollywood is one of the biggest film industries in the world in terms of the number of people employed, according to Matusitz, J. & Payano, P. In 2011, over 3.5 billion tickets were sold across the globe which in comparison is 900,000 tickets more than Hollywood, Bollywood produced 252 films in 2014 out of a total of 1969 films produced in Indian cinema. The name Bollywood is a derived from Bombay, India, and Hollywood, California. Bollywood does not exist as a physical place, some deplore the name, arguing that it makes the industry look like a poor cousin to Hollywood. The naming scheme for Bollywood was inspired by Tollywood, the name that was used to refer to the cinema of West Bengal and it was this chance juxtaposition of two pairs of rhyming syllables, Holly and Tolly, that led to the portmanteau name Tollywood being coined. However, Tollywood is now used popularly to refer to the Telugu Film Industry in Telangana & Andhra Pradesh, the term Bollywood itself has origins in the 1970s, when India overtook America as the worlds largest film producer. Credit for the term has been claimed by different people, including the lyricist, filmmaker and scholar Amit Khanna. Raja Harishchandra, by Dadasaheb Phalke, is known as the first silent feature film made in India, by the 1930s, the industry was producing over 200 films per annum. The first Indian sound film, Ardeshir Iranis Alam Ara, was a commercial success. There was clearly a huge market for talkies and musicals, Bollywood, the 1930s and 1940s were tumultuous times, India was buffeted by the Great Depression, World War II, the Indian independence movement, and the violence of the Partition. Most Bollywood films were unabashedly escapist, but there were also a number of filmmakers who tackled tough social issues, in 1937, Ardeshir Irani, of Alam Ara fame, made the first colour film in Hindi, Kisan Kanya. The next year, he made another film, a version of Mother India. However, colour did not become a feature until the late 1950s. At this time, lavish romantic musicals and melodramas were the fare at the cinema. Following Indias independence, the period from the late 1940s to the 1960s is regarded by historians as the Golden Age of Hindi cinema. Some of the most critically acclaimed Hindi films of all time were produced during this period, examples include the Guru Dutt films Pyaasa and Kaagaz Ke Phool and the Raj Kapoor films Awaara, Shree 420 and Dilip Kumars Aan
12.
Supreme Court of India
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The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India, the highest constitutional court, with the power of constitutional review. Consisting of the Chief Justice of India and 30 other judges, it has extensive powers in the form of original, appellate and advisory jurisdictions. As the final court of appeal of the country, it takes up appeals primarily against verdicts of the High Courts of various states of the Union and other courts and it safeguards fundamental rights of citizens and settles disputes between various governments in the country. As an advisory court, it matters which may specifically be referred to it under the Constitution by the President of India. It also may take cognisance of matters on its own, without anyone drawing its attention to them, the law declared by the Supreme Court becomes binding on all courts within India. These new High Courts had the distinction of being the highest Courts for all cases till the creation of Federal Court of India under the Government of India Act 1935. The Federal Court had jurisdiction to solve disputes between provinces and federal states and hear appeal against judgements of the High Courts, the Supreme Court of India came into being on 28 January 1950. It replaced both the Federal Court of India and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council which were then at the apex of the Indian court system. Supreme Court initially had its seat at Chamber of Princes in the Parliament building where the previous Federal Court of India sat from 1937 to 1950, the first Chief Justice of India was Sir H J Kania. In 1958, the Supreme Court moved to its present premises, originally, Constitution of India envisaged a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and seven Judges, leaving it to Parliament to increase this number. In formative years, the Supreme Court met from 10 to 12 in the morning, the Right Wing of the structure has the bar - room, the offices of the Attorney General of India and other law officers and the library of the court. The Left Wing has the offices of the court, in all there are 15 court rooms in the various wings of the building. The foundation stone of the courts building was laid on 29 October 1954 by Rajendra Prasad. The Court moved into the building in 1958, in 1979, two new wings - the East Wing and the West Wing - were added to the complex. On 20 February 1980, a bronze sculpture of 210 centimeter height was installed in lawn of the Supreme Court. On the book, a balance is shown, which represents dispensation of justice to all. The sculpture was made by the renowned artist Chintamoni Kar The design of the Courts seal is reproduced from the wheel that appears on the abacus of the Sarnath Lion capital of Asoka with 24 spokes, the inscription in Sanskrit yatodharmastato jayah means whence law, thence victory. It is also referred to - as the wheel of righteousness, encompassing truth, goodness, Supreme Court Rules,2013 entitle only those advocates who are registered with the supreme court, called Advocates-on-Record to appear, act and plead for a party in the court
13.
Bang Bang!
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Bang Bang. is a 2014 Indian action comedy film directed by Siddharth Anand and produced by Fox Star Studios. The main antagonist of the film is Danny Denzongpa, the film was distributed and marketed by Fox Star Studios in collaboration with Fox International Productions worldwide. The film opens in UK where Colonel Viren Nanda goes to meet a wanted terrorist Omar Zafar in his holding cell, soon after, a man named Rajveer Nanda steals it, and when Zaffars men are informed of the theft, they travel to Rajveer for the deal. Although they initially travel with the $5 million reward, Rajveer informs them that he now wants $20 million for the deal, following the disdain of the comment made by Rajveer, a fight breaks out between Rajveer and Zaffars men after which Rajveer flies away. After Rajveer escapes, a CCTV footage of him is captured, following Rajveers escape, he sees Harleen sitting in a restaurant, who is there waiting for her internet date, Vickie, to show up. Rajveer enters the restaurant posing as Vickie and woos her over and he convinces Harleen to use the bathroom and while she is in there, Rajveer fights the remaining men and leaves the restaurant, much to the dismay of Harleen. As she drives home, Harleen accidentally runs over Rajveer, who asks her to stitch up a wound sustained during the fight. The next day, the government officials with Zorawar visit Harleen at her bank and they tell her that if she does not accompany them, then they will reveal everything to her colleagues. Harleen decides to go with them to the police station, in the car, Zorawar tells her that they are not going to the station but they are taking her to a safe place instead. Harleen remembers about the gun that Rajveer had told her of and she engages the other official in small talk and finds the gun. She threatens both the officers to stop the car and let her go, at the same time, Rajveer appears on a bike and a chase sequence ensues. Both Rajveer and Harleen find a car and escape, when Rajveer goes out to shoot the goons, Harleen escapes and then bumps into her boss, Karan. She tells him about Rajveer and how people are firing at her. Karan tries to protect Harleen from Rajveer and he annoys Rajveer and gets shot by him in the leg. Harleen is exasperated but leaves with Rajveer again lest he shoots any more people, in the car, Harleen and Rajveer get into an argument. Harleen states that she wants to go home and that she did a mistake by trusting him. Rajveer angrily decides to let Harleen go and hands over the car keys to her and he tells her that he has no other motive than protecting her. She feels guilty and decides to stick to him and they begin to drive again in silence
14.
Katrina Kaif
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Katrina Kaif is a British film actress and model. Primarily known for her work in Hindi films, Kaif has also appeared in Telugu, in addition to being one of Bollywoods highest-paid actresses, she is considered one of Indias most attractive celebrities by media. Born in Hong Kong, Kaif and her family lived in several countries before she moved to London and she received her first modelling assignment as a teenager and later pursued a career as a fashion model. At a fashion show in London, filmmaker Kaizad Gustad spotted Kaif and decided to cast her in Boom, while filming in India, Kaif received modelling assignments and established a successful modelling career. However, filmmakers were hesitant to cast her due to her command of Hindi. After appearing in the Telugu film, Malliswari, Kaif earned commercial success in Bollywood with the romantic comedies Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya. and she followed with a series of box-office hits, but was criticised for her acting, repetitive roles and inclination to male-dominated films. Kaifs performance in the 2009 terrorism drama New York was better received, after roles in Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani, Raajneeti and Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara, she received her second Filmfare nomination for her performance in Mere Brother Ki Dulhan. Kaif featured in the thrillers Ek Tha Tiger and Dhoom 3, despite receiving mixed reviews from critics for her acting prowess, she has established herself as a commercially successful actress of Hindi cinema. In addition to acting, Kaif is involved with her mothers charity and she is guarded about her personal life, which is a subject of media scrutiny, as is her background. Katrina Kaif was born in Hong Kong with her mothers surname Turquotte, according to the actress, her father is a British businessman of Kashmiri descent and her mother is an English lawyer and charity worker. She has seven siblings, three sisters, three younger sisters and an elder brother, Michael. Isabel Kaif is also a model and actress, Kaifs parents divorced when she was a child, and her father moved to the United States. She said her father had no influence on Kaif or her siblings while they were growing up, and they were raised by their mother. On her fathers absence in her life, Kaif stated, When I see friends who have wonderful fathers who are like pillars of support for their families, I say, but instead of complaining, I should be grateful for all the other things I have. In a 2009 interview with The Indian Express, she said she was not in touch with her father, after France, Switzerland—and Im cutting out many East European countries where we were for only a few months each—then Poland in Kraków. After that we went to Belgium, then to Hawaii, which was a short time, due to their frequent relocation, Kaif and her siblings were home-schooled by a series of tutors. Although she is thought to have grown up in London, she lived there for three years before moving to India. According to Kaif, she changed her surname to her fathers because she thought it would be easier to pronounce
15.
Rick Baker
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Richard A. Rick Baker is an American special make-up effects creator, make-up artist, and special effects supervisor, mostly known for his creature effects, he was also a creature designer. Baker won the Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling a record seven times from a record eleven nominations, Baker was born in Binghamton, New York, to Doris and Ralph B. He is married and has two daughters, as a teen, Baker began creating artificial body parts in his own kitchen. He also appeared briefly in the fan production The Night Turkey, bakers first professional job was as an assistant to prosthetic makeup effects veteran Dick Smith on the film The Exorcist. Baker received the inaugural Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling for his work on An American Werewolf in London and he also created the werecat creature Michael Jackson transforms into in the music video Thriller. Subsequently, Baker has been nominated for the Best Makeup Oscar ten more times, winning on seven occasions and he was married to Elaine Melba Parkyn for ten years. Baker claims that his work on Harry and the Hendersons is one of his proudest achievements, on October 3,2009, he received the Jack Pierce – Lifetime Achievement Award title of the Chiller-Eyegore Awards. He was awarded a Doctorate of Humane Letters from the Academy of Art University San Francisco in 2008 and he also contributes commentaries to the web series Trailers From Hell for trailers about horror and science fiction films. Baker received the 2485th star of the Hollywood Walk of Fame on November 30,2012, the star is located in front of the Guinness World Records Museum. Baker announced his retirement on May 28,2015, First of all and its also starting to take away the makeup part. The time is right, I am 64 years old, I like to do things right, and they wanted cheap and fast. That is not what I want to do, so I just decided it is time to get out. I would consider designing and consulting on something, but I don’t think I will have a working studio anymore. Baker played the role in the 1976 remake of King Kong. In the 2005 remake, he had a cameo as the pilot and gunner who shot down Kong. A
16.
Bobbi Brown
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Bobbi Brown is an American professional makeup artist and the founder and ex-CCO of Bobbi Brown Cosmetics. Brown has written eight books about makeup and beauty and she is the Contributing Beauty & Lifestyle Editor of Health magazine and Beauty & Lifestyle editor of the Elvis Duran and the Morning Show radio broadcast. Born to a Jewish family in Chicago, Illinois, Brown has 5 siblings including her step siblings. Brown graduated from Emerson College in Boston with a degree in theatrical makeup, in 1980, she moved to New York City to work as a professional makeup artist. Brown became known for a style that included moderate and natural tones. In 1991, she and a chemist released a line of new lipsticks under the brand Bobbi Brown Essentials, the success of her makeup line led Estée Lauder to buy the company in 1995. Her work has since featured on the covers of magazines such as Elle, Vogue, Self. Brown was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame as part of the Class of 2013, Brown served as Yahoo Beautys Editor-in-Chief from February 2014 to February 2016. In 1990, Brown worked with a chemist to come up with ten natural lipstick shades, in 1991, the ten shades debuted under the name Bobbi Brown Essentials at Bergdorf Goodman. The following year, she released yellow-toned foundation sticks, Estée Lauder Companies Inc. bought Bobbi Brown Essentials in 1995, Brown retained complete creative control of the makeup line. In 2007, the first freestanding Bobbi Brown Cosmetics retail store opened in Montclair, in 2012, Bobbi Brown’s cosmetics were estimated to represent approximately ten percent of Estée Lauder Companies’ total sales. As of January 2014, there were approximately thirty free-standing Bobbi Brown cosmetics stores, Bobbi Browns cosmetic stores also offer makeup lessons for anyone who is interested in pursuing a career in the makeup industry. Today, Bobbi Brown Cosmetics is the #1 makeup artist brand founded by a woman. Template, in December 2016, it was announced that Brown would step down from the company by the end of the year. Bobbi Brown has a collection of six fragrances named Bobbi, Beach, Bath, Almost Bare, Bobbi’s Party, in 2013, she collaborated with Safilo Group S. p. A. to produce an eyewear line, Bobbi Brown Eyewear. Pretty Powerful supports organizations that seek to empower women through job training programs. Beneficiaries to date include Dress for Success, the Broome Street Academy High School, Brown is married to Steven Plofker, has three sons, and lives in New Jersey. She spends her summers in Bay Head on the Jersey Shore, Bobbi Brown Cosmetics Bobbis blog Bobbi Brown at the Internet Movie Database
17.
John Chambers (make-up artist)
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John Chambers was an American make-up artist and prosthetic makeup expert in both television and film. He was a recipient of an Academy Honorary Award by The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and he is best known for creating the pointy ears of the character Spock on the television series Star Trek, and for his make-up work on the Planet of the Apes film franchise. Chambers was born in Chicago, Illinois, to an Irish-American family and his father Michael emigrated from Newport in Ireland. Chambers trained as a commercial artist and started his career designing jewelry and he also trained under Ben Nye, then head of make-up at 20th Century Fox. In 1953, Chambers joined the NBC television network as a make-up artist for live shows, after working on his first film Around the World in Eighty Days in 1956, he then joined Universal Pictures. Chambers also worked on The Munsters and The Outer Limits TV series, Chambers became known worldwide for his work on the Planet of the Apes film franchise, which began with the eponymous 1968 film. During its production, he held training sessions at the 20th Century Fox studios to mentor the other 78 artists working on the film. He won an honorary Oscar at the 41st Academy Awards in 1969 for his work on film and he was the first motion picture makeup artist to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Chambers worked on the episode of Mission Impossible and created the pointed ears worn by Leonard Nimoys Spock in the original Star Trek television series. Some of his creations, including Cornelius and Dr. Zaius from the Planet of the Apes series, are on display at The Science Fiction Museum in Seattle. Chambers served as president of the Society of Makeup Artists as well, in the late 1970s, Chambers worked as a contractor for the CIA, creating “disguise kits” for CIA personnel stationed in other countries. Some of his work can be seen at the International Spy Museum in Washington D. C, Chambers set up a fake movie and production company as a cover story of a film crew planning to shoot a science fiction film, titled Argo, in Iran. To make the cover believable, Chambers used actor Michael Douglass former office during the filming of The China Syndrome at Sunset Gower Studios. Chambers and Mendez printed fake business cards, held a press party at a nightclub in Los Angeles. Fellow make-up artist Robert Sidell and his wife Andi assisted in the hoax, the rescue effort was ultimately successful, and Chambers was awarded CIAs Intelligence Medal of Merit, but he was required to keep his involvement a secret, until the story was declassified in 1997. In the 2012 Academy Award for Best Picture-winning film Argo, Chambers was portrayed by John Goodman and he retired from the industry in 1982 and lived in a retirement community, the Motion Picture Country Home, in Woodland Hills, California. In 1998, a documentary, A Tribute to John Chambers and that same year, he was named 94th in the list of 100 most influential people in the history of the movies. Chambers was also given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7006 Hollywood Boulevard and he died on August 25,2001 in a California hospital, at age 78
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Joanne Gair
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She is considered the worlds leading trompe-lœil body painter and make-up artist, and she became famous with a Vanity Fair Demis Birthday Suit cover of Demi Moore in a body painting in 1992. Her Disappearing Model was featured on the highest rated episode of Ripleys Believe It or Not and she is the daughter of George Gair. She is also considered a fashion and art trendsetter, and for a time she was associated with Madonna. In 2001, she had her first retrospective and in 2005, at the peak of her pop culture fame after the Vanity Fair cover, she was seriously considered for an Absolut Vodka Absolute Gair ad campaign. She has done editorial work, and in 2005, she became a photographer of her own body paintings in both books and magazines. Gair, who is New Zealand-born and was raised in Auckland, in 1977, she began teaching dance at a New Zealand primary school. She moved from New Zealand at the age of 21 and had a variety of stops on her way to Los Angeles. Most of the time was spent in Australia and Amsterdam, until she ventured to Los Angeles at the time of the 1984 Summer Olympics, with the help of the Cloutier Agency she obtained a work permit. She then approached the Chanel and Gaultier beauty salons to offer her already well-respected make-up artist services and her early work in the music industry included album cover and music video work for David Lee Roth, Tina Turner, Grace Jones, Annie Lennox, and Mick Jagger. One of her early successes was being employed to do Roths 1986 Eat Em and these experiences led to work with Madonna, which started with music videos for Express Yourself and Vogue. She has also work on music videos for Aerosmith and Nine Inch Nails. Her work on the 1997 Nine Inch Nails video for The Perfect Drug won her the makeup portion of the best hair/makeup in a video at the Music Video Production Awards. She had also won awards for Madonnas Frozen, among the other notable musicians she has worked with is Gwen Stefani, who won Most Stylish Video at the 1999 VH1/Vogue Fashion Awards working with Gair on the video for No Doubts song New. Gair also worked on ad campaigns and for features in efforts to exhibit the artistic visions of others. Eventually she expanded beyond make-up artistry to body painting to express her own artistic vision, exactly one year later, she returned to the cover of the same magazine nude as a product of Gair and Leibovitz in a nearly equally as shocking body painting, Demis Birthday Suit. Gair was the primary body painter of art and the magazine cover art propelled Gair to fame. Fifteen years later, it continues to be considered the most well-known example of body painting. The 1992 cover that entailed a thirteen-hour sitting for Gair and her team of artists was a commemoration of the August 1991 photo
19.
Jack Pierce (makeup artist)
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After immigrating to the United States from his native Greece as a teenager, Pierce tried his hand at several careers, including a stint as an amateur baseball player. In the 1920s, Pierce embarked on a series of jobs in cinema—cinema manager, stuntman, actor, the small-statured Pierce was never a leading man-type, and he put his performing career aside to specialize in make-up for other performers. In 1915 he was hired to work on crews for the studios productions, on the 1926 set of The Monkey Talks, Jack Pierce created the makeup for actor Jacques Lernier who was playing a simian with the ability to communicate. The head of Universal, Carl Laemmle, was won over with the creative outcome, next came the rictus-grin face of Conrad Veidt in The Man Who Laughs, a silent picture. Pierce was then hired full-time by Universal Pictures motion picture studio, universals first talkie horror film, Dracula, eschewed elaborate horror make-up. Pierce designed a special color greasepaint for Bela Lugosi for his vampire character, for all film appearances of the character thereafter, Pierce instituted a different look entirely, recasting Dracula as a man with graying hair and a mustache. The most significant creation during Pierces time at the studio was Frankenstein, when James Whale replaced Florey as director, the concept was radically changed. Pierce came up with a design which was horrific as well as logical in the context of the story, how much input director James Whale had into the initial concept remains controversial. Universal loaned out Pierce for the Lugosi film White Zombie, Lugosi had collaborated with Pierce on the look of his devilish character in the film. Pierce had a reputation for being bad-tempered, or at least extremely stern and they both cooperated on the design of the now iconic make-up, with Karloff removing a dental plate to create an indentation on one side of the Monsters face. He also endured four hours of make-up under Pierces hand each day, during which time his head was built up with cotton, collodion and gum, the finished product was universally acclaimed, and has since become the commonly accepted visual representation of Mary Shelleys creation. The Mummy, produced the year, combines the plot of Dracula with the make-up tricks of Frankenstein. Again, Pierce and Karloffs collaboration was critically acclaimed and impressed audiences, interestingly, that same year, Pierce designed the Satanic make-up for Lugosi in White Zombie, although this was an independent film, rather than a Universal production. On November 20,1957, Ralph Edwards got Jack Pierce reunited with a smiling Boris Karloff on the celebrity biography program This is Your Life, on that nights program, Jack unveiled some memories of working together with Karloff on the Universal film lot. Karloff, the special guest of the night, was surprised to see Jack Pierce once again. Utilizing his out-of-the-kit techniques, Pierces make-ups were often very grueling, Pierce was always reluctant to use latex appliances, favoring his technique of building facial features out of cotton and collodion, or nose putty. Pierce was not especially liked around Universal, which in part led to his demise at the studio and his most notorious relationship being with Lon Chaney, Jr. Both worked on four Wolf Man films and three Mummy films at Universal, Chaney claimed that Pierce compounded difficulties in the long, uncomfortable process with the adding on of sticky appliances
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Lon Chaney
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Leonidas Frank Lon Chaney, sometimes known as Lon Chaney Sr, was an American stage and film actor, make-up artist, director and screenwriter. Chaney was known for his roles in such silent horror films as The Hunchback of Notre Dame. His ability to transform himself using techniques he developed earned him the nickname The Man of a Thousand Faces. Leonidas Frank Chaney was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado to Frank H. Chaney and his father was of English and French ancestry, and his mother was of Scottish, English, and Irish descent. Chaneys maternal grandfather, Jonathan Ralston Kennedy, founded the Colorado School for the Education of Mutes in 1874, both of Chaneys parents were deaf, and as a child of deaf adults Chaney became skilled in pantomime. He entered a career in 1902, and began traveling with popular Vaudeville. In 1905, Chaney, then 22, met and married 16-year-old singer Cleva Creighton and in 1906, their only child, the Chaneys continued touring, settling in California in 1910. The suicide attempt failed but it ruined her career as a result. The time spent there is not clearly known, but between the years 1912 and 1917, Chaney worked under contract for Universal Studios doing bit or character parts and his skill with makeup gained him many parts in the highly competitive casting atmosphere. Chaney married one of his colleagues in the Kolb and Dill company tour. Little is known of Hazel, except that her marriage to Chaney was solid, upon marrying, the new couple gained custody of Chaneys 10-year-old son Creighton, who had resided in various homes and boarding schools since Chaneys divorce from Cleva in 1913. By 1917 Chaney was a prominent actor in the studio, when Chaney asked for a raise, studio executive William Sistrom replied, Youll never be worth more than one hundred dollars a week. After leaving the studio, Chaney struggled for the first year as a character actor and it was not until 1918 when playing a substantial role in William S. Harts picture Riddle Gawne that Chaneys talents as a character actor were truly recognized by the industry. In 1917 Universal presented Chaney, Dorothy Phillips, and William Stowell as a team in The Pipers Price, in succeeding films, the men alternated playing lover, villain, or other man to the beautiful Phillips. They would occasionally be joined by Claire DuBrey nearly making the trio a quartet of recurring actors from film to film, so successful were the films starring this group that Universal produced fourteen films from 1917 to 1919 with Chaney, Stowell, and Phillips. The films were directed by Joe De Grasse or his wife Ida May Park. When Chaney was away branching out on such as Riddle Gawne and The Kaiser, Beast of Berlin, Stowell. Stowell and Phillips made The Heart of Humanity, bringing in Erich von Stroheim for a part as the villain that could easily have played by Chaney
