1.
Malad City, Idaho
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Malad City is the only city in Oneida County, Idaho, United States. Its population was 2,095 at the 2010 census, down from 2,158 in 2000, the city is named after the nearby Malad River, the name being French for sickly. Malad City is located along Interstate 15 on the east side of the Malad Valley 13 miles from the Utah/Idaho border, Established in 1864, Malad is one of the oldest communities in the state of Idaho. The community received its name from Donald Mackenzie, a Scottish-Canadian trapper, actually, the water had nothing to do with the mens illness, as it was later learned by the second party led by Jim Bridger between 1832 and 1835. The men had most likely eaten some beaver that fed on the roots of Water Hemlock trees that put a naturally occurring cicutoxin into the animals flesh. The beaver would have likely been immune to the poison because of long-term adaptation, Native tribes avoided this outcome by altering food preparation methods to include boiling, which apparently deactivated the poison. Malad began largely as a Welsh Mormon settlement whose settlers brought their Welsh traditions with them, in addition to the Mormon majority, some of the leading families in the community belonged to either the Presbyterian Church or the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. These two denominations each built a place of worship in the town, some of the minutes from early town meetings were taken down in both English and Welsh. The city is proud of its Welsh heritage. Malad lays claim to having more people of Welsh descent per capita than anywhere outside Wales, Malad celebrated its Welsh heritage by holding an annual “eisteddfod”, patterned after the music and poetry contests held in Wales for over 900 years. The eisteddfod was an event with people coming from all over southeastern Idaho. The event featured music, songs and storytelling of Wales, the custom continued until 1916 and the outbreak of World War I. With the goal of renewing the old tradition in Malad, in 2004. In the summer of 1843 John C, fremont and his party of 39 men passed the spot where Malad City now stands. Mormon prophet Brigham Young came through the Malad Valley in 1855, in 1856, at his request, Utahn members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints migrated to the region. This party of 15 families led by Ezra Barnard traveled to the Malad Valley, the following year in 1857, Fort Stuart was renamed Malad City. A post office was set up in 1865. By 1886 Malad City was the fastest growing village in eastern Idaho, the city was an important commercial center between Salt Lake and Butte, Montana
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
States and union territories of India
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India is a federal union comprising twenty-nine states and seven union territories. The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and further into smaller administrative divisions, the Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State. The Indian subcontinent has been ruled by different ethnic groups throughout its history. Between 1947 and 1950, the territories of the states were politically integrated into the Indian Union. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, the new republic was also declared to be a Union of States. The nine Part A states were Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Orissa, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. The eight Part B states were former princely states or groups of states, governed by a rajpramukh, who was usually the ruler of a constituent state. The rajpramukh was appointed by the President of India, the Part B states were Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Rajasthan, Saurashtra, and Travancore-Cochin. The ten Part C states included both the former chief commissioners provinces and some states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The Part C states were Ajmer, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Cutch, Manipur, Tripura, the only Part D state was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government. The Union Territory of Puducherry was created in 1954 comprising the previous French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karaikal, Yanam, Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State. The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states, as a result of this act, Madras State retained its name with Kanyakumari district added to from Travancore-Cochin. Andhra Pradesh was created with the merger of Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in 1956, kerala was created with the merger of Malabar district and the Kasaragod taluk of South Canara districts of Madras State with Travancore-Cochin. The Laccadive Islands which were divided between South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State were united and organised into the territory of Lakshadweep. Bombay State was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra State and Kutch State, Rajasthan and Punjab gained territories from Ajmer and Patiala and East Punjab States Union respectively and certain territories of Bihar was transferred to West Bengal. Bombay State was split into the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act. Nagaland was formed on 1 December 1963, the Punjab Reorganisation Act of 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh. The act also designated Chandigarh as a territory and the shared capital of Punjab
4.
Maharashtra
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Four Maharashtra is a state in the western region of India and is Indias second-most populous state and third-largest state by area. It is the wealthiest Indian state and it is also the worlds second-most populous sub-national entity. It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital, Mumbai, has a population of approximately 18 million, Nagpur is Maharashtras second capital as well as its winter capital. Maharashtras business opportunities along with its potential to offer a standard of living attract migrants from all over India. Ancient and medieval Maharashtra included the empires of the Satavahana dynasty, Rashtrakuta dynasty, Western Chalukyas, Mughals, the major rivers of the state are Godavari, and Krishna. The Narmada and Tapti Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, Maharashtra is the second most urbanised state in India. The state has several popular Hindu places of pilgrimage including Pandharpur, Dehu and Alandi, other places that attract pilgrims from other parts of India and beyond include Hazur Sahib Gurudwara at Nanded, Sai Baba shrine at Shirdi and Dikshabhumi at Nagpur. Maharashtra is the wealthiest and one of the most developed states in India, as of 2011, the state had a per capita income of ₹1.0035 lakh, more than the national average of ₹0.73 lakh. Its GDP per capita crossed the ₹1.20 lakh threshold for the first time in 2013, however, as of 2014, the GDP per capita reduced to ₹1.03 lakh Agriculture and industries are the largest parts of the states economy. Major industries include chemical products, electrical and non-electrical machinery, textiles, petroleum, Jai Maharashtra The modern Marathi language developed from the Maharashtri Prakrit, and the word Mahratta is found in the Jain Maharashtri literature. The terms Maharashtra, Maharashtri, Marathi and Maratha may have derived from the same root, however, their exact etymology is uncertain. But the Marathas as a people do not seem to be mentioned before the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the most widely accepted theory among the linguistic scholars is that the words Maratha and Maharashtra ultimately derived from a combination of Maha and rashtrika. The word rashtrika is a Sanskritized form of Ratta, the name of a tribe or dynasty of petty chiefs ruling in the Deccan region. Another theory is that the term is derived from Maha and ratha / rathi, an alternative theory states that the term derives from the word Maha and Rashtra. However, this theory has not found acceptance among scholars who believe it to be the Sanskritised interpretation of later writers. Maharashtra was ruled by the Maurya Empire in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, around 230 BCE Maharashtra came under the rule of the Satavahana dynasty for 400 years. The greatest ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty was Gautamiputra Satakarni, in 90 CE Vedishri, son of the Satavahana king Satakarni, the Lord of Dakshinapatha, wielder of the unchecked wheel of Sovereignty, made Junnar, thirty miles north of Pune, the capital of his kingdom. The state was ruled by Western Satraps, Gupta Empire, Gurjara-Pratihara, Vakataka, Kadambas, Chalukya Empire, Rashtrakuta Dynasty, and Western Chalukya before finally
5.
Mumbai Suburban district
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Mumbai Suburban District is a district of Maharashtra in Konkan Division. It consists of three subdivisions, Kurla, Andheri, and Borivali. The district along with Mumbai City district and other suburban communities make up the metropolis of Mumbai on Salsette Island, the district occupies an area of 446 km². This is the second smallest district of Maharashtra, and it comes under Konkan Division. The jurisdiction of Mumbai Suburban District is from Bandra to Dahisar, from Kurla to Mulund, Mumbai Suburban District is one of the largest districts in the country by population. The current population is 9,332,481, according to the 2011 census, the Mithi River is the main river in the district. Mumbai Suburban district was created on 1 October 1990 when Greater Mumbai bifurcated into Mumbai City, according to the 2011 census, Mumbai Suburban district has a population of 9,332,481, roughly equal to the nation of Benin or the US state of North Carolina. This gives it a ranking of 5th in India, the district has a population density of 25,291.28 inhabitants per square kilometre. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 8. 01%, Mumbai Suburban has a sex ratio of 857 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 90. 9%. Western Suburbs Eastern Suburbs South Mumbai Mumbai Official website of Mumbai suburban district Maharashtra government
6.
Marathi language
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Marathi is an Indian language spoken predominantly by the Marathi people of Maharashtra. It is the language and co-official language in the Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India, respectively. There were 73 million speakers in 2001, Marathi ranks 19th in the list of most spoken languages in the world, Marathi has the fourth largest number of native speakers in India, after Hindi, Bengali and Telugu in that order. Marathi has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indo-Aryan languages, the major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect. Malvani Konkani has been influenced by Marathi varieties. Marathi has several features that set it aside from most other Indian languages, Marathi distinguishes inclusive and exclusive forms of we and possesses a three-way gender system that features the neuter in addition to the masculine and the feminine. In its phonology it contrasts apico-alveolar with alveopalatal affricates and, in common with Gujarati, Marathi is primarily spoken in Maharashtra and parts of neighbouring states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, union-territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The cities of Baroda, Surat, and Ahmedabad, Belgaum, Karwar, Nipani, Indore, Gwalior, Adoni, Hyderabad, Marathi is also spoken by Maharashtrian emigrants worldwide, especially in the United States, United Kingdom, Israel, Mauritius, and Canada. Marathi is the language of Maharashtra and co-official language in the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra. In Goa, Konkani is the official language, however. Marathi is included among the languages which stand a part of the Eight Schedule of the Constitution of India, the contemporary grammatical rules described by Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad and endorsed by the Government of Maharashtra are supposed to take precedence in standard written Marathi. Traditions of Marathi Linguistics and the rules give special status to tatsamas. This special status expects the rules for tatsamas to be followed as in Sanskrit and this practice provides Marathi with a large treasure of Sanskrit words to cope with demands of new technical words whenever needed. Jawaharlal Nehru University has announced plans to establish a department for Marathi. Marathi Day is celebrated on 27 February, the birthday of poet Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar, Indian languages, including Marathi, that belong to the Indo-Aryan language family are derived from early forms of Prakrit. Marathi is one of languages that further descend from Maharashtri Prakrit. Marathi literature began and grew owing to the rise of the Seuna dynasty of Devgiri, further growth and usage of the language was because of two religious sects – the Mahanubhava and Varkari panthans – who adopted Marathi as the medium for preaching their doctrines of devotion. Marathi had attained a place in court life by the time of the Seuna kings
7.
Postal Index Number
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A Postal Index Number or PIN or Pincode is a code in the post office numbering or post code system used by India Post, the Indian postal administration. The code is six digits long, the PIN Code system was introduced on 15 August 1972 by Shriram Bhikaji Velankar, an additional secretary in the Union Ministry of Communications. The system was introduced to simplify the manual sorting and delivery of mail by eliminating confusion over incorrect addresses, similar place names, there are nine PIN zones in India, including eight regional zones and one functional zone. The first digit of the PIN code indicates the region, the second digit indicates the sub-region, and the third digit indicates the sorting district within the region. The final three digits are assigned to individual post offices, a state may have one or more sorting districts depending on the volumes of mail handled. The fourth digit represents the route on which a Delivery office is located in the sorting district and this is 0 for offices in the core area of the sorting district. The last two represent the delivery office within the sorting district starting from 01 which would be the GPO or HO. The numbering of the office is done chronologically with higher numbers assigned to newer delivery offices. If the volume of mails handled at an office is too large, a new delivery office is created. Thus two delivery offices situated next to each other only have the first four digits in common. Each PIN code is mapped to exactly one delivery post office which receives all the mail to be delivered to one or more lower offices within its jurisdiction, all of which share the same code. The delivery office can either be a General Post Office, a Head Office or Sub Office which are located in urban areas. The post from the office is sorted and routed to other delivery offices for a different PIN or to one of the relevant sub offices or branch offices for the same PIN. Branch offices are located in areas and have limited postal services
8.
Lok Sabha
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The Lok Sabha is the Lower house of Indias bicameral Parliament, with the Upper house being the Rajya Sabha. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi, under the current laws, the strength of Lok Sabha is 545, including the two seats reserved for members of the Anglo-Indian community. The total elective membership is distributed among the states in proportion to their population, a total of 131 seats are reserved for representatives of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The quorum for the House is 10% of the total membership, term of the House The Lok Sabha, unless sooner dissolved, continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and the expiration of the period of five years. An exercise to redraw Lok Sabha constituencies boundaries has been carried out by the Delimitation Commission based on the Indian census of 2001, the 16th Lok Sabha was elected in May 2014 and is the latest to date. The Lok Sabha has its own channel, Lok Sabha TV. A major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1858 to 1947, the Indian Councils Act 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive Council and non-official members. The Indian Councils Act 1892 established legislatures in each of the provinces of British India, although these Acts increased the representation of Indians in the government, their power still remained limited, and the electorate very small. The Indian Councils Act 1909 and the Government of India Act 1919 further expanded the participation of Indians in the administration, the Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate nations, with each new Assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it for the respective dominion. The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950, proclaiming India to be a sovereign, democratic republic. This contained the principles of the law of the land which would govern India in its new form. The Lok Sabha was duly constituted for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952 and he / She should not be less than 25 years of age. He / She possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament, a seat in the Lok Sabha will become vacant in the following circumstances, When the holder of the seat, by writing to the speaker, resigns. When the holder of the seat is absent from 60 consecutive days of proceedings of the House, when the holder of the seat is subject to any disqualifications mentioned in the Constitution or any law enacted by Parliament. A seat may also be vacated when the holder stands disqualified under the Anti-Defection Law, a member both of Parliament and of a House of the Legislature of a State. System of elections in Lok Sabha Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India, for the purpose of holding direct elections to Lok Sabha, each state is divided into territorial constituencies. This provision does not apply for states having a population of less than 6 million, note, The expression population here refers to the population ascertained at the preceding census of which relevant figure have been published. Lok Sabha has certain powers that make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha, motions of no confidence against the government can be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha
9.
Mumbai
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Mumbai is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India and the ninth most populous agglomeration in the world, Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2008, Mumbai was named a world city. It is also the wealthiest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West, Mumbai has the highest number of billionaires and millionaires among all cities in India. The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies, during the mid-18th century, Bombay was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea. Along with construction of roads and railways, the reclamation project, completed in 1845. Bombay in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development, during the early 20th century it became a strong base for the Indian independence movement. Upon Indias independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into Bombay State, in 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital. Mumbai is the financial, commercial and entertainment capital of India and it is also home to some of Indias premier scientific and nuclear institutes like BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR, AERB, AECI, and the Department of Atomic Energy. The city also houses Indias Hindi and Marathi film and television industry, Mumbais business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over India, making the city a melting pot of many communities and cultures. The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja, in 1508, Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia used the name Bombaim, in his Lendas da Índia. This name possibly originated as the Old Portuguese phrase bom baim, meaning good little bay, in 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu, Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi. Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include, Mombayn, Bombay, Bombain, Bombaym, Monbaym, Mombaim, Mombaym, Bambaye, Bombaiim, Bombeye, Boon Bay, and Bon Bahia. After the English gained possession of the city in the 17th century, Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial diwan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the Mirat-i-Ahmedi referred to the city as Manbai. By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in the Indian statewise official languages of Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, Kannada and Sindhi, the Government of India officially changed the English name to Mumbai in November 1995. According to Slate magazine, they argued that Bombay was a corrupted English version of Mumbai, Slate also said The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region. A resident of Mumbai is called mumbaikar in the Marathi language, the term has been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai. Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of seven islands, Bombay Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli and it is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited
10.
Mumbai Suburban Railway
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Mumbai Suburban Railway consists of exclusive inner suburban railway lines augmented by commuter rail on main lines serving outlying suburbs to serve the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Spread over 465 kilometres, the railway operates 2,342 train services and carries more than 7.5 million commuters daily. By annual ridership, the Mumbai Suburban Railway is one of the busiest commuter rail systems in the world, trains run from 04,00 until 01,00, and some trains also run up to 02,30. The Mumbai Suburban Railway is an offshoot of the first railway to be built by the British in India, the first train ran between Bori Bunder and Thane, a distance of 34 km, on 16 April 1853 at 15,35. The 14-coach train took 1.25 h to complete the 34 km journey, since 1991, it has been expanded rapidly. The Bombay Railway History Group has been striving to document railway heritage along this line, the Mumbai Suburban Railway system is operated by Indian Railways two zonal divisions Western Railways and Central Railways. The fast commuter rail corridors on Central Railway as well as Western Railway are shared with long distance and freight trains, WR operates the Western Line and CR operates the Central Line, Harbour Line, Trans-Harbour Line as well as the Vasai Road-Diva-Panvel line. The Western Line follows the Western Railway northwards from Churchgate parallel to the west coast, on 16 April 2013 EMU has extended up to Dahanu Road. MEMUs also operate between Dahanu Road and Panvel via a line from Bhiwandi road-Vasai Road. There are EMU carsheds at Mumbai Central and Kandivali, the largest EMU car shed in Asia is located between Nala Sopara and Virar. A repair shop for EMUs is situated at Mahalaxmi, Western Railways EMU fleet consists of EMUs completely powered by alternating current power. EMUs are 12 car or 15 car formations and are differentiated as slow, Slow trains halt at all stations, while fast ones halt at important stations only and are preferable over longer distances. The Central Line in Mumbai consists of 3 major corridors, which bifurcate as they run into suburban satellite towns and these two corridors constitute the main Central Line. There is also an 18-km corridor between Kurla and Thane stations for use of outstation and cargo trains, the outstation corridor is being extended further from Thane to Kalyan now as a part of the main line, but is halted because of the costs of tunneling the parsik hills. The Central Line has two stations with the Western Line at Parel and Dadar. Rolling stock consists of a fleet of AC as well as dual-powered DC-AC EMUs, the major car sheds on this line are at Kurla and Kalwa. There are fast and slow locals here for suburban service, Slow locals halt at every station, while fast locals halts vary between Byculla, Dadar, Kurla, Ghatkopar, Vikhroli, Bhandup, Mulund, Thane, Dombivali and Kalyan. All services plying beyond Kalyan run as slow service, the Central Line also includes a line connecting Vasai Road-Bhiwandi Road-Diva and Panvel
11.
Kandivali railway station
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Kandivali is a railway station on the Western line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway network. It serves the Kandivali neighbourhood of Mumbai, India, platform 1 caters mostly to Borivali, Bhayandar, Vasai Road, Nalla Sopara and Virar bound slow trains. Platform 2 caters to Andheri, Bandra, Dadar and Churchgate bound slow, platform 3 is very less used and caters to Bhayandar bound slow trains. Platform 4 is also very less used and mostly caters to Churchgate bound semi fast trains and it is also used by a Bhayandar bound fast train which has a halt at Kandivali
12.
Goregaon railway station
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Goregaon is a railway station on the Western line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway network. As a general rule, Virar-bound fast trains skip Goregaon, while Borivali-bound fast trains halt here, what distinguishes Goregaon from Jogeshwari is the four Churchgate-bound fast Goregaon Locals at an interval of approximately 30 minutes during the morning rush-hour. The station currently has three foot-over-bridges, however the southern-most FOB serves passengers exiting the station on the western side only. The middle FOB is connected on the side to a skywalk that leads to Swami Vivekanand Road. On either side of the station BEST has a bus station, a ₹103 crore remodel for Andheri, Jogeshwari, and Goregaon stations was completed in 2014
13.
Orlem
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Orlem is a neighbourhood in Malad, a suburb of Mumbai, India. The name Orlem is often used for the Our Lady of Lourdes parish in Malad. The original name of Orlem in the language of the state is Valnai. The Indian postal zip code 400064 serves the Orlem neighborhood, Orlem was one of the many East Indian villages that existed in Malad. Its inhabitants were engaged in agriculture and fishing. Orlem originally consisted of a population of Roman Catholics. The main ethnic group within the Catholic community were East Indians followed by Goans, Mangloreans, in the 19th century, Orlem was a hamlet of 12 families. The families were the Dlimas, Dsouzas, etc, Joseph Maria Braz de Souza, of the Principal family of Valnai, built a private chapel at his own expense in 1880 dedicated to Our Lady of Lourdes at Orlem. He was a chaplain of military forces at Satara from 1861 to 1886. In 1882, Bishop Leo Meurin declared officially that this chapel, DSouza was part of the Apostolate of Bombay and affiliated to the church of Our Lady of Assumption, Kandivli. DSouza was elevated to the dignity of CAMARIERE SEGREDO EXTRA URBEM to Pius X and he died in December 1912 and was buried in the sanctuary of the chapel that he built. As per the wishes of Msgr, DSouza, in his will, that a priest from his family should be his successor, Fr. Justin DSouza was lent by the Bishop of Daman to the Archdiocese of Bombay and he carried on the good work of Msgr. Elias who bequeathed all his properties to the church, justin built the first school, the St Annes High School, in 1915. Through his efforts, Orlem was constituted a parish, in a decree dated 2 July 1916. Justin extended the church and was assisted in this effort by Mrs. Mary Magdalene DSouza who financed the elevation for the choir, justin also donated all his lands to the Archdiocese and, the Cardinal Gracias Colony later developed on the land that Fr. Justin had donated for the welfare of Orlem, the parish priests that helped to raise Orlem to its present stature include Fr. Herman Mendes, Fr. Frank Noronha, who ventured to start the construction of the new building in 1959
14.
Madh Island
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Madh Island is a group of several quaint fishing villages and farmlands in northern Mumbai. The area is bounded by the Arabian Sea to the west, the area is accessible by bus service or autorickshaw from Malad or a ferry service from Versova. The area is an area inhabited primary by Kolis, Marathi
15.
Bombay Talkies
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Bombay Talkies was a movie studio founded in 1934. During its period of operation the Bombay Talkies produced 40 movies in Malad, the Studio was established in 1934 by Himanshu Rai and the Devika Rani. After Rais death in 1940, Rani took over the Studio, besides the founders, Ashok Kumar was the leading actor of the Studio until 1943, when he founded another studio – Filmistan – with Shashadhar Mukherjee. After Ranis retirement, Kumar and Mukherjee took over Bombay Talkies, the last film produced by the Studio was released in June 1954. For the period in history it represented, the Bombay Talkies was considered to be an innovative. In line with standards, the studios facilities included sound and echo-proof stages, laboratories, editing rooms. The reputation of the Bombay Talkies was further enhanced by employing experienced European technicians, Bombay Talkies acquired a reputation for changing the aesthetic and technology traditionally associated with Indian films. It was also renowned for producing films on topics such as those dealing with love between an untouchable lower caste girl and a high caste Hindu Brahmin boy. Madhubala and Dilip Kumar, who co-starred in four Bombay Talkies films, engaged in a long term, raj Kapoor worked as an assistant to Amiya Chakravarty of Bombay Talkies, before becoming a famous director. Following the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the company faced a number of problems, the most significant change for the studio involved Himanshu Rai, the studios founder, suffering a nervous breakdown which ultimately resulted in his demise. Following the shock caused by his demise, control of the company passed on to Devika Rani who was appointed as the key producer of the Bombay Talkies studios. The most successful Bombay Talkies films produced during this period included Kangan and Bandhan, in 1943, Kismet created a local record for the longest continual showing of the same film. The movie continued to run for more three and half years at the Roxy movie theater in Calcutta, India. Despite Devika Ranis success as the Bombay Talkies head producer, in 1943 a rift arose between her and her managers Sashadhar Mukherjee and Ashok Kumar, negotiations between Devika Rani on the one hand and Sashadhar Mukherjee and Ashok Kumar on the other failed to unite the company. Shashdhar Mukherjee, Ashok Kumar and a few left the company in 1943 to found Filmistan. In 1945, Devika Rani marries the russian painter Svetoslav Roerich, after several tentatives to reunite the studio, it is sold to Tolaram Jalan, a businessman, who decides to cease its operations in 1953. 1934, The Bombay Talkies film company is conceived and established,1935, Jawani ki Hawa, a thriller starring Devika Rani is released. 1936, Jeevan Naiya and Achhut Kanya are released to wide acclaim,1940, Himanshu Rai, a key founder of the Bombay Talkies passes away
16.
Himanshu Rai
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Himanshu Rai, one of the pioneers of Indian cinema, is best known as the founder of the Bombay Talkies studio in 1934, along with Devika Rani. He was associated with a number of movies, including Goddess, The Light of Asia, Siraj, A Throw of Dice and he was married to actress Devika Rani Chaudhuri. Born in a family, he spent several years in Santiniketan for his schooling. After obtaining a law-degree from Kolkata, he went to London to become a barrister, there he met a playwright and screenwriter Niranjan Pal. That association led to making of a film The Light of Asia, Rai was also one of the main actors in this film. While making his film, A Throw of Dice, he met and fell in love with beautiful Devika Rani. Before this film was complete, he married her, at Bombay Talkies studio, Rai partnered with Sashadhar Mukherjee, and Mukherjees brother in law worked as a technician in the studio. Kumar went on to have a career in films. After Rais death, there was a struggle for studio control and his widow Devika Rani was in conflict with Sashadhar Mukherjee. Eventually there was dual control and alternate production of films by the two camps, during this era Mukherjee produced the studios biggest hit Kismet in 1943. Then Mukherjee broke away to form Filmistan Studio in partnership, and Devika Rani, fully in charge of the studio, in 1945 Devika Rani married Svetoslav Roerich and moved away from Bombay and films. Ashok Kumar and Mukherjee made a bid to revive Bombay talkies, eventually the studio shut down and is now a decrepit property in Malad
17.
Devika Rani
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Devika Rani Chaudhuri, usually known as Devika Rani, was an actress in Indian films who was active during the 1930s and 1940s. Widely acknowledged as the first lady of Indian cinema, Devika Rani had a film career that spanned 10 years. Devika Ranis early years were spent in London where she studied architecture. In 1928, she met Himanshu Rai, an Indian film-producer and she assisted in costumes design and art direction for Rais film A Throw of Dice. The two married in 1929, and went to Germany where Devika Rani learned different aspects of film-making in the UFA Studios in Berlin, Rai then cast her in the 1933 talkie Karma in which her performance received critical acclaim. Returning to India, the couple established their production studio Bombay Talkies in 1934 and they produced many women-centric films throughout the decade, with Devika Rani portraying lead roles in most of them. Her on-screen pairing with Ashok Kumar became popular in India, following Rais death in 1940, Devika Rani took over the control of the studio and produced several films. At the peak of her career she retired from films, and in 1945 she married Russian painter Svetoslav Roerich and her persona and roles in films were often considered socially unconventional. Her awards include the Padmashri, Dadasaheb Phalke Award and the Soviet Land Nehru Award, Devika Rani was born into a Bengali family in Waltair near Visakhapatnam in present-day Andhra Pradesh. Her father, Col. Manmatha Nath Chaudhuri, was the first Indian Surgeon-General of Madras Presidency and her paternal uncles were Ashutosh Chaudhuri, Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court, the prominent Kolkata-based barrister Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri and the Bengali writer Pramatha Chaudhuri. Devika Rani was related through both her parents to the poet and Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore, Devikas mother, Leela Devi Chaudhuri, was the daughter of Indumati Devi Chattopadhyay, whose mother Saudamini Devi Gangopadhyay was the eldest sister of the Nobel laureate. Two of her paternal aunts Prativa Devi Choudhurani and Indira Devi Choudharani were the nieces of Rabindra Nath Tagore, Devika Ranis childhood was mostly spent in England, at the age of nine she moved to the country where she was enrolled in a boarding school. After completing her schooling in the early 1920s, she got an admission from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and she followed that with a course in architecture, textile and decor design, and apprenticed under Elizabeth Arden. Upon completion, Devika Rani started her career as textile engineer, in 1928 Devika Rani first met her future husband, Himanshu Rai. Rai, an Indian barrister-turned-film maker, was in London preparing to shoot his forthcoming film A Throw of Dice, Rai was impressed with Devikas exceptional skills and invited her to join the production team of the film, although not as an actress. She readily agreed, and traveled to India with Himanshu Rai for this assignment, assisting him in such as costume designing. The two also traveled to Germany for the work, where she had occasion to observe the film-making techniques of the German film industry, specifically of G. W. Pabst. Inspired by their methods of film-making, she enrolled for a course at Universum Film AG studio in Berlin
18.
Marve Island
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Marve Island was among a group of islands that lay to the west of Salsette island near Mumbai, India. Manori and Gorai on Dharavi Island lay to its north while Erangal, Marve remained separate from the mainland Salsette till as late as 1808, while by the year 1882, access to the island was possible by merely walking across the tidal inlets during low tide. Rapid urbanisation on Salsette island has resulted in the formation of dry land between Marve and Salsette. Marve is now connected to the mainland by a causeway that is part of the Malad - Marve road, the Manori Creek flows into the Arabian sea at the northern tip of Marve. Ferry services to Manori operate from Marve Beach, further south along the western coast lies Aksa Beach. The beach though popular with tourists is not safe for swimming due to the swift currents caused by the creek flowing into the sea resulting in cases of drownings. The Resort, a Five Star hotel, is located at Aksa on the Madh- Marve road, the Indian Navy operates a Logistics Training establishment called INS Hamla on Marve. Access to a section of beach adjoining the naval premises is restricted for civilians, the Defence School Kendriya Vidyalaya at INS Hamla, was established in August 1972
19.
Goregaon
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Goregaon is a suburb in the Mumbai city, in the Mumbai Suburban district, India. It is a station on the Mumbai suburban railway on the Western Line. An extension of the Harbour Line is under construction, to be completed by 2016, bracketed on either side of the railway line by the Western Express Highway and Link Road, Goregaon was primarily a middle-class residential neighbourhood. However, the area is now turning into a wealthy suburb, famous film studios such as Filmistan and Film City are located here. The eastern boundary of the suburb was effectively the Western Express Highway, the housing boom of the 1980s saw expansion in terms of real estate and population density. Besides the above, Goregaon also is home to the developed area known as New Dindoshi consisting of the Nagari Nivara Parishad. There are more than 30,000 people living at NNP, Oberoi Garden City, which has started developing recently, is spread across 80 acres, next to Saibaba Complex. It includes Oberoi Mall, home to the second Starbucks coffee shop opened in Mumbai and also Westin Hotel, many other residential and business towers are also being developed. Goregaon East is the home of Yashodham High School and Gokuldham High School, Goregaon Railway Station is the transport hub of Goregaon. The station, which currently has five platforms, is being expanded as a part of the Harbour Line extension from Andheri, the expansion, involving two additional platforms and an elevated deck with passenger amenities is expected to be complete by 2017. A recently constructed sky walk connects one of the foot-over-bridges to S. V, Road near Citi Centre- a shopping complex near the M. G. Road junction. BEST has bus stations on both western as well as side of the railway station. Goregaon Depot, however, is located away from the station, on the Link Road. Now there is a new bridge at Ram Mandir road connecting Goregaon West and East. Also Oshiwara railway station is expected to be operational by late 2016 or early 2017, what is now known as Goregoan Suburb is a conglomeration of four villages, Pahadi, Goregaon, Aarey and Eksar. Goregaon got the station in 1862. The suburb was one of the four stations between Borivali and Grant Road and was known as Pahadi or Pare. The name of the station was subsequently changed to avoid confusing it with Paradi
20.
Western Express Highway
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The Western Express Highway, shortened to WEH, is a major north-south 8-10 lane arterial road in Mumbai, India, stretching from the suburb of Bandra to Dahisar. The 25.33 km highway begins near the Mahim Creek, beyond the city limits, it continues as the Mumbai-Delhi National Highway 8. The road serves the city of Mumbai to its suburbs, including the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport and this highway has been instrumental in reducing congestion on SV Road in western Part of the city. There are several built along sections Western Express Highway. The Andheri Flyover was one of the flyovers built over the Western Express Highway to avoid traffic lights for vehicles moving towards Vile Parle, Bandra and so on. Recently another project has been undertaken by the MSRDC to construct a bridge from Vile Parle Onwards to avoid regular traffic jams that occur on the Highway. Other flyovers on the highway are the National Park, Dindoshi, Thakur Complex, Times of India, Pathanwadi, Goregaon, JVLR, Centaur, Vakola, motorists can now travel with no traffic signal from Dahisar till Bandra. New reflectors are installed on the Express highway for better visibility of the road during the night, signs showing directions have also been set up at major junctions of the highway. Due to work on the new terminal at BOM and the construction of a new airport flyover, the airport flyover, also known as Sahar Elevated Access Road connects to the WEH using tunnels and bridges. The airport flyover was finished a few days ago and motorists on the WEH are able to access the new terminal with ease. The other alternative to the SEAR, is to turn east on to streets which are relatively narrow, have poor lighting and have lower speed limits. The statue of The Chhtrapati Shivaji is placed near the entrance of the SEAR, Link roads connecting WEH and EEH such as the Jogeshwari – Vikhroli Link Road and Santa Cruz – Chembur Link Road are the major arterial roads of the Mumbai suburban road network. Both the WEH and the EEH run along north to south direction and are parallel in certain sections
21.
Sunder Nagar
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Sunder Nagar is a region in the suburban area of Malad–Goregaon in Mumbai, India. It lies in west of the arterial Swami Vivekanand Road and is mostly a residential neighbourhood and it was built up in the 1970s during the citys population and construction boom. The name Sunder Nagar means beautiful place in Hindi, there was a community called Vijaykar Wadi before 1970 and its name was changed to Sunder Nagar. Wadi means group of trees, there were many Mango and Chikoo trees in the area, to the north lies Mandlik Nagar. The area also encompasses a few parks to the south, the residents are mostly Gujaratis - Hindus as well as Muslims. A small Sikh community is centred on a small Gurudwara, there is a huge Middle-class Gujarati, Marwari community in and around Sunder Nagar. About 75% of the population of Sunder Nagar is Hindu, the rest mainly Muslim, there are several bakeries and Dairy shops. There are three educational institutions - the Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan Vidyalaya, the Umedbhai Patel School and the Dalmia College, Sunder Nagar has buildings named by English alphabet and are merely in alphabetical order. The most populated building is P Unit while the least populated is M unit and this region has a medium-sized ground almost in the center, with having facilities to play cricket, football, badminton as well as athletics. Main road in this area is Sundarnagar Road which is perpendicular to SV Road through the Vadapav seller port Jumboking. Sunder Nagar is an area near to Chincholi Bundar and Bangur Nagar, Sunder Nagar has many Medical, Departmental and foodworks stores like Rajasthan Medical, Swastik Supermarket, Popular Stores, Mafco Farmhouse, Ankur Dairy Shop and Jumboking. Sunder Nagar Garden is known to have a place to walk, jog, play, eat, drink. Children mostly play in garden where there is a facility of seesaw, slides, rest area and food area
22.
Versova, Mumbai
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Versova is an upmarket neighbourhood in the north western Mumbai. It is known for its beach and the Versova Fort and it was part of the Portuguese empire up to 1739, when the Portuguese lost this part of their empire to the Maratha Empire. Versova is originally a fishing village of the Kolis, situated to the north of the old Mumbai city. The original name of the village is Vesave, which derives from the Marathi word for rest, in 1694, a fleet of Arabs from Muscat landed in Versova and massacred every person they could find in the village. The village is mentioned in the writings of Gemelli Careri in 1695, Versova came under the Portuguese rule in the medieval period. The Portuguese constructed the Our Lady of Health Church in Versova, by 1720, it had emerged as a small town, with a small fort and a growing trade in dry fish. In 1739, the Portuguese lost the area to the Marathas, a British force led by Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Keating defeated the Marathas in 1774. In 1800, the British established a facility for artillery. However, the facility was moved to the old Bombay city after an epidemic affected nearly all the cadets. The military establishment was removed in 1818. In 1875-86, the exports from the trade amounted to GB£34,403, the Versova beach faces the Arabian Sea. A large population of Mumbais fishing community, the Kolis, reside at one end of Versova beach, fishing is the main industry in this area. Unlike the Marine Drive, which is guarded by tetrapods, Versova beach uses massive rocks to buffer the buildings from the waves, during high tide, the entire beach goes under water, hence there are no permanent structures on the beach, nor any legal inhabitants. Over the past few years, there have been attempts by local citizens, the Save Versova Beach Association was formed for the purpose, but the beach still lacks basic facilities such as lifeguards, which are critical considering the treacherous waters. The Versova beach has one known as the Rock Beach. It is highly frequented by all age group people, a very clean beach and a great place to see the sun set. Recently, the UNEP led a program to clean plastic litter, and over 43 weeks removed more than 2 million kilograms
23.
EsselWorld
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EsselWorld is an amusement park located in Gorai, Mumbai and established in 1989. The park is owned by Pan India Paryatan Pvt. Ltd, EsselWorld along with its counterparts, Water Kingdom are stretched over 64 acres of land. Together, they are recognised as one of the largest Amusement And Water Park, EsselWorld is one of the largest amusement park in the country, along with Adlabs Imagica. It draws in an estimated 1.8 million visitors annually, EsselWorld is home to a variety of rides appropriate for individuals of all ages. It boasts of fourteen family rides, eleven adrenaline-pumping thrill rides, apart from the conventional features of a theme park such as rollercoasters and rides, EsselWorld is also host to Mumbais first ice skating rink, spanning 3400 square feet. The park maintains the temperature at a constant 4 degrees Celsius. The dance floor is a characteristic of the park that enables visitors to hold parties at the park. It enjoys colored lights, high audio, and a glass dance floor. To maintain its international demeanor the dance hall plays a fusion of Bollywood as well as Western music, additionally, the theme park also comprises a 6-lane bowling alley widely known as Rikis Rocking Alley. The bowling alley consists of an arcade as well as a restaurant, Tandoori One. Other culinary options across EsselWorld include Southern Treat - serving traditional South Indian delicacies, Dominos Pizza, Taipan Chinese restaurant, Mumbai - a taste of the local favorites, Happy Singh Da Dhaba – Punjabi cuisine, Petus and Mother Dairy desserts. Scattered across the park are the faces of the Fab-5, otherwise known as EsselWorld, the Fab-5 Bandwagon is an established merchandise store that provides visitors and customers the option to purchase low-priced souvenirs. It was titled Indias Scariest Ride, the ride is a 6,000 square feet indoor dark ride, with a track and car system. It runs for a total of four minutes through a dark den filled with mist and fog amidst numerous thrills, the ride comprises more than 20 scenes, which are supported by state-of-the-art animatronics and hi-end audio. The ride was designed by renowned international dark attractions manufacturer The Attraction Factory established in Missouri, pictures of Essel World at flickr Official Web Page EsselWorld set World Record Essel World - Asia’s Largest Theme Water Park sets World Record
24.
Aksa Beach
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Aksa Beach is a popular beach and a vacation spot in Aksa village at Malad, Mumbai, India. It is situated close to Malvani and it is a popular weekend destination. It is dotted with many cottages and hotels, some of which are rented out to tourists. This beach has INS Hamla at one end and a beach called Dana Paani. It is accessible from Malad station by select BEST buses from Borivali railway station, en route to Madh Island, the beach is approximately 9 km from Malad station and 12 km from Borivali. It can also be reached from Andheri railway station by BEST buses from Versova bus stop, from Versova village, local buses are available for Madh Island. It is not safe to swim as the currents are strong, the beach gets even more dangerous during Monsoon season, though 15,000 people are visiting the beach during weekends
25.
Madh Fort
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Madh Fort is a small fort in northern Mumbai, India situated at Madh Island. It was built by the Portuguese in Portuguese India and they lost it during the war against Maratha empire when the Maratha Empire captured it in February 1739. The British occupied Salsette Island, Thana Fort, Fort Versova, and it is secluded and difficult to reach, about 15 kilometres from Malad and is the last stop on route 271 of BEST bus service or via Versova by ferry boat. It is situated near Madh village and it is around 1 km walk from Madh bus stop. The fort was built by the Portuguese as a watchtower in the 17th century. It offers a view of the coastline and guards the Marve Creek. Its external façade is intact but internally it is dilapidated and it is under control of the Indian Air Force as it is located close to an Indian Air Force base and permission is needed for accessing it. Madh Island fort is surrounded by local fishermens communities, some Bollywood movies like Love Ke Liye Kuchh Bhi Karega, Shootout at Wadala, and Manmohan Desais 1985 movie Mard, Zamana Deewana, Khalnayak, Shatranj, and Tarazu were shot at this location. Many episodes of the popular serial Chandrakanta and CID have been shot in location also. List of forts in Maharashtra Portuguese structures in Mumbai
26.
Maratha Empire
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The Maratha Empire or the Maratha Confederacy was an Indian power that existed from 1674 to 1818 and ruled over much of the Indian sub-continent. The Marathas are credited to an extent for ending the Mughal rule in India. The Marathas are Hindu warrior group from the western Deccan Plateau that rose to prominence by establishing a Hindavi Swarajya, known for their mobility, the Marathas were able to consolidate their territory during the Mughal–Maratha Wars and later controlled a large part of India. Chhattrapati Shahu, grandson of Shivaji, was released by Mughals after the death of Emperor Aurangzeb, following a brief struggle with his aunt Tarabai, Shahu became ruler and appointed Balaji Vishwanath and later, his descendants, as the peshwas or prime ministers of the empire. Balaji and his descendants played a key role in expansion of Maratha rule, the empire at its peak stretched from Tamil Nadu in the south to Peshawar in the north, and Bengal and Andaman Islands in the east. In 1761, the Maratha Army lost the Third Battle of Panipat to Ahmad Shah Abdali of the Afghan Durrani Empire which halted their imperial expansion into Afghanistan, ten years after Panipat, the young Peshwa Madhavrao Is Maratha Resurrection reinstated Maratha authority over North India. In a bid to manage the large empire, Madhavrao I gave semi-autonomy to the strongest of the knights. They became known as the Gaekwads of Baroda, the Holkars of Indore and Malwa, the Scindias of Gwalior and Ujjain, the Bhonsales of the Nagpur and the Puars of Dhar and Dewas. In 1775, the East India Company intervened in a Peshwa family succession struggle in Pune, the Marathas remained the preeminent power in India until their defeat in the Second and Third Anglo-Maratha Wars which left the East India Company in control of most of India. A large portion of the Maratha empire was coastline, which had secured by the potent Maratha Navy under commanders such as Kanhoji Angre. He was very successful at keeping foreign naval ships, particularly of the Portuguese and British, securing the coastal areas and building land-based fortifications were crucial aspects of the Marathas defensive strategy and regional military history. The Maratha Empire is also referred to as the Maratha Confederacy, the historian Barbara Ramusack says that the former is a designation preferred by Indian nationalists, while the latter was that used by British historians. Maratha power was fragmented among several discrete fragments, although at present, the word Maratha refers to a particular caste of warriors and peasants, in the past the word has been used to describe Marathi people, including Marathas themselves. Shivaji was a Maratha aristocrat of the Bhosle clan who is considered to be the founder of the Maratha empire. Shivaji led a resistance to free the Maratha people from the Sultanate of Bijapur and he created an independent Maratha kingdom with Raigad as its capital and successfully fought against the Mughals to defend his kingdom. He was crowned as Chhatrapati of the new Maratha kingdom in 1674, the state Shivaji founded was a Maratha kingdom comprising about 4. 1% of the subcontinent, but spread over large tracts. At the time of his death is was dotted with about 300 forts, about 40,000 cavalry,50,000 foot soldiers and naval establishments all over the west coast. Over time, the kingdom would increase in size and heterogeneity, Shivaji had two sons, Sambhaji and Rajaram
27.
Portugal
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Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, to the west and south it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east and north by Spain. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 kilometres long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union, the republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments. The territory of modern Portugal has been settled, invaded. The Pre-Celts, Celts, Carthaginians and the Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigothic, in 711 the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the Moors, making Portugal part of Muslim Al Andalus. Portugal was born as result of the Christian Reconquista, and in 1139, Afonso Henriques was proclaimed King of Portugal, in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established the first global empire, becoming one of the worlds major economic, political and military powers. Portugal monopolized the trade during this time, and the Portuguese Empire expanded with military campaigns led in Asia. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories, Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today. Portugal is a country with a high-income advanced economy and a high living standard. It is the 5th most peaceful country in the world, maintaining a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and it has the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. Portugal is a pioneer when it comes to drug decriminalization, as the nation decriminalized the possession of all drugs for use in 2001. The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe, the name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlements, which were found in Alenquer, Coimbra, the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Neanderthals and then by Homo sapiens, who roamed the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula. These were subsistence societies that, although they did not establish prosperous settlements, neolithic Portugal experimented with domestication of herding animals, the raising of some cereal crops and fluvial or marine fishing. Chief among these tribes were the Calaicians or Gallaeci of Northern Portugal, the Lusitanians of central Portugal, the Celtici of Alentejo, a few small, semi-permanent, commercial coastal settlements were also founded in the Algarve region by Phoenicians-Carthaginians. Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC, during the last days of Julius Caesar, almost the entire peninsula had been annexed to the Roman Republic. The Carthaginians, Romes adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies and it suffered a severe setback in 150 BC, when a rebellion began in the north
28.
Gudi Padwa
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Gudhi Padva is a spring-time festival that marks the traditional new year for Marathi Hindus. It is celebrated in and near Maharashtra on the first day of the Chaitra month to mark the beginning of the New year according to the lunisolar Hindu calendar. The word पाडवा or पाडवो or पड्ड्वा/पाड्ड्वो comes from the Sanskrit word प्रतिपद or प्रतिपदा in Sanskrit, the festival is observed with colorful floor decorations called rangoli, a special Gudhi flag, street processions, dancing and festive foods. In south India, first day of the phase of the moon is called pāḍya. Konkani Hindus variously refer to the day as संसर पाडवो or संसर पाड्यॆ, telugu Hindus celebrate the same occasion as Ugadi, while Konkani and Kannada Hindus in Karnataka refer to it as युगादि, ಯುಗಾದಿ. The same new year festival is known by names in different regions of the Indian subcontinent. However, this is not the new year for all Hindus. For some, such as those in and near Gujarat, the new year festivities coincide with the five day Diwali festival, the Sindhi community celebrates this day as Cheti Chand as the new year and observed as the emergence day of Lord Jholelaal. Prayers are offered to Lord Jholelaal and the festival is celebrated by making delicacies like Tehri, Gudi means flag, erect flag on the houses as part of celebration in Maharashtra where its mainly celebrated. A Gudhi is also hoisted on this occasion giving this festival its name, the term padva or padavo is also associated with balipratipad the third day of Diwali which is another celebration that comes at the end of the harvesting season. Gudi Padva signifies the arrival of spring and to the reaping of Rabi crops, the festival is linked to the mythical day on which Hindu god Brahma created time and universe. According to Anne Feldhaus, in rural Maharashtra the festival is linked to Shivas dance, a notable sight during Gudi Padwa are the numerous Gudi arrangements at every household. It is a bright colorful silk scarf-like cloth tied at the top of a long bamboo, on top of it, one or more boughs of neem leaves and mango leaves are attached along with a garland of flowers. This arrangement is capped with a silver, bronze or copper pot signifying victory or achievement, the whole arrangement is hoisted outside each household, typically to the right, or through a window or terrace. Villages or neighborhoods also come together and host a community Gudhi Kavad, some temples are located on the top of hills, and groups work together to help reach the kavad to the top. Some of the attributed to raising a Gudhi are as follows. Gudhi symbolizes the Brahmadhvaj mentioned in the Brahma Purana, because Lord Brahma created the universe on this day, historically, the Gudhi symbolizes Lord Rama’s victory and happiness on returning to Ayodhya after slaying Ravana. Since a symbol of victory is always high, so is the gudhi
29.
Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
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The BMCs annual budget is more than that of some of the small states of India. Established under the Bombay Municipal Corporation Act 1888, it is responsible for the infrastructure and administration of the city. In 2014, Trishna Vishwasrao became the first female corporator to be leader of the Corporations house, the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation is headed by a Municipal Commissioner, an IAS officer. The commissioner wields the power of the house. A quinquennial election is held to elect corporators to power, the corporators are responsible for overseeing that their constituencies have the basic civic infrastructure in place, and that there is no lacuna on the part of the authorities. The Mayor is the head of the house, who is usually from the majority party, as of June 2008, all administrative business in the BMC is conducted in Marathi. As of 2009, the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporations legislature, also known as the Corporation Council, consists of 227 members
30.
Mumbai Metropolitan Region
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Mumbai Metropolitan Region is a metropolitan area in Maharashtra state, consisting of the state capital Mumbai and its satellite towns. Developing over a period of about 20 years, it consists of nine municipal corporations, the MMRDA was formed to address the challenges in planning and development of integrated infrastructure for the metropolitan region. The areas outside of Brihan Mumbai and Navi Mumbai have lacked organised development, Navi Mumbai, developed as one of the largest planned cities in the world, was promoted by a Maharashtra Government-owned company, City and Industrial Development Corporation. The region has had problems related to haphazard and illegal development as a result of rapid urbanisation, villages along the NH3 in Bhiwandi Taluka are examples of haphazard developments in the MMR, with some of the largest warehousing areas in India. Government agencies such as the Town Planner and Collector of Thane have had challenges in addressing unorganised development. The region has an area of 4,355 km² and with a population of 20,748,395, it is among the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. maharashtra. gov. in/who-we-are
31.
South Mumbai
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South Mumbai, or SoBo, is the southernmost precinct of the city of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, comprises the citys main business localities and its adjoining areas. It is the richest urban precinct in India, Property prices in South Mumbai are the highest in India and are among the highest in the world. Notably Cumballa Hill, Malabar Hill, Breach Candy, Altamount Road-Kemps Corner as well as parts of Worli are constantly ranked in the Global Property Index. Mount Pleasant Road of Malabar Hill and Altamount Road of Cumballa Hill are listed yearly in Indias most posh addresses, billionaire Mukesh Ambanis $1.5 billion dollar home Antilia is located here and is now a part of the iconic skyline. Most residents of SoBo belong to old money business, law, trade, living here for generations, many residents see no charm of shifting to Suburban Mumbai, even though its proximity to the airport & BKC is more convenient than that of the South. Film stars and their kin reside in the Suburbs, due to the studios being located there. Geographically, South Mumbai lies at the corner of Salsette Island. Most city residents use the term to refer to the stretch extending from Colaba to Mahim as South Mumbai and this delimitation is also known as Mumbai City or Island City. The area is delimited on the east by Mumbai harbour and on the west by the Arabian Sea, the areas from Bandra and beyond form a part of Suburban Mumbai. Most residents confuse Parel to be a part of the suburbs, residents of this part of the island are known as SoBo-ites. South Mumbai hosts the Reserve Bank of India and the Bombay Stock Exchange and its primary business districts are the Fort, Nariman Point, Ballard Estate and more recently Lower Parel. Many leading Indian and multi-national companies are headquartered here, chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and Churchgate serve as headquarters and starting point for countrys Central and Western Railway lines respectively. In South Mumbai, unlike parts of India, uninterrupted supply of power is available around the clock. A particular feature that distinguishes South Mumbai from the rest of Mumbai is the absence of autorickshaws, only black and yellow taxis are permitted to ply in South Mumbai, along with private taxis more recently. Govt of Maharashtra has selected Parel for smart city initiative. S. C. I, the CCI and MCA are located at Mumbais two cricket stadiums, Brabourne and Wankhede respectively. Although land reclamation has allowed the southernmost tip of the district to double in size since the 1970s, as a result, the real-estate prices are among the top ten world-wide. As a ratio to average per capita income, real-estate prices in the districts remain the most expensive in the world. South Mumbai is also the home to several of the sporting grounds, including Brabourne Stadium, Wankhede Stadium, Cooperage Ground, Azad Maidan Oval Maidan
32.
Byculla
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Byculla is a neighbourhood in South Mumbai. It is also the name of a station on the Mumbai suburban railway on the Central Railway line. Byculla falls under E Ward within the limits of Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation or BMC. During the late 18th century, Byculla was an extension of Mazagaon, the area was low-lying Flats inundated during the high tide through the Great Breach at Mahalaxmi. However, the breach was closed by the Hornby Vellard project in 1784 and this was followed by the construction of the Bellasis Road causeway in 1793. Thereafter the area saw habitation as Europeans living in the Mazagaon area started shifting here, the famous Byculla Club was opened in 1833. Birthplace of Lady Patricia Helen Marie Rodrigues The Byculla railway station was completed by 1857 and this was also the time the first mills came into this area, until then, used only for residential purposes. Byculla used to house many of the textile mills until the mills shut shop. As of today, few mills are operational and even they are on the brink of closure, many of these old mills are now desolate and some are being razed down to make way for newer constructions. The Khatau Mills were situated in Byculla, in the news for the murder of the owner Sunit Khatau in May,1994. Byculla saw some horrible Riots during 1936-37 rose during Temple-Mosque dispute, today, Byculla is an upper-middle class enclave with a mixture of different societies like Marathi, Gujarati, Christian, Muslims, Jains etc. Traditionally, Byculla has been inhabited by Parsis, Christians, Jewish, Marathi, of late, Byculla has also witnessed the increase of population of Dawoodi Bohra and other traditional Muslims, who are primarily a business community like most of the Gujaratis. Zoo, Byculla houses the city zoo called Jijamata Udyaan or Rani Baug, there are talks of shifting the zoo to a more spacious location. Museum, Byculla also houses the Bhau Daji Lad Museum and it was built in 1871 and is a near replica of its namesake in London. It reopened 5 January 2008, following extensive renovations, National Railway Hospital, Byculla also possesses the biggest National Railway Hospital called Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Railway Hospital in front of Veer Jijamata Prani Sangrahalaya. Vegetable Market, The Byculla Vegetable Market is the largest vegetable market in Mumbai and this was one of the oldest fly-overs built in Mumbai. Fire Brigade Headquarters, Mumbai Fire Brigades headquarters are situated just below the Y Bridge, in the front of the Headquarters building stands a memorial built in the memory of the numerous fire fighters who died during the Bombay Explosion of April,1944. Mustafa bazaar, A wholesale timber market is visited by many from the city
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Colaba
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For the fort in Alibaug, see Kolaba fort Colaba is a part of the city of Mumbai, India, and also a Lok Sabha constituency. During Portuguese rule in the 16th century, the island was known as Candil, after the British took over the island in the late 17th century, it was known as Colio. The name Colaba, comes from Kolabhat, a word in the language of Kolis, the area that is now Colaba was originally a region consisting of two islands, Colaba and Little Colaba. The island of Colaba was one of the Seven islands of Bombay ruled by the Portuguese, the Portuguese had acquired these lands from the Sultanate of Cambay by the Treaty of Bassein. The group of islands was given by Portugal to Charles II of England as dowry when he married Catherine of Braganza, angered by the back-tracking, Charles II leased these lands to the British East India Company for a nominal annual rent. Gerald Aungier, second Governor of Bombay, and the president of the English settlement of Surat, took possession of Colaba and this was leased by the Portuguese Government of Goa to the Bishop of Damao, the head of the Padroado party in Bombay, as his residence. After an attempt by the Propaganda Fide party to seize the chapel, in 1743, British Colaba was leased to Richard Broughton at Rs.200 yearly, and the lease was renewed in 1764. By 1796, Colaba had become a cantonment, Colaba was known for the variety of fishes – the bombil, rawas, halwa, turtles, crabs, prawns and lobsters. A Colaba Observatory, an observatory was established in 1826 in the part that was called Upper Colaba. The Colaba Causeway was completed in 1838, and thus, the two islands were joined to the others. Gradually, Colaba became a centre, after the Cotton Exchange was opened at Cotton Green in 1844. The real estate prices in the area went up, the Colaba Causeway was widened in 1861 and 1863. Colaba became a separate municipality ward in 1872, the Sick Bungalows were built in the 19th century. The construction of the Anglican church of St. John the Evangelist began in 1847, the Church was consecrated in 1858, with the work on the steeple being concluded in 1865. The horse-drawn tram-cars were introduced in 1873 by Stearns and Kitteredge, who had their offices on the west side of the Causeway, the Prongs lighthouse was constructed at the southern tip of the island in 1875. The eponymous Sassoon Docks were built by David Sassoon on reclaimed land in the same year, the BB&CI Railways established the Colaba railway station or terminus, the site of which is now occupied by the Badhwar Park layout. The development of Colaba pushed the native kolis to the edges of the island, the Bombay City Improvement Trust reclaimed around 90,000 square yards on the western shore of Colaba. Eminent citizens of Mumbai, such as Sir Pherozeshah Mehta, opposed the work, however, the reclamation work continued and was completed in 1905
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Cuffe Parade
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Cuffe Parade is an upmarket neighbourhood in South Mumbai. It is in the southernmost region of the city just north of Navy Nagar, to the north of Cuffe Parade lies Badhwar Park. Cuffe Parade was named after T. W. Cuffe of the Bombay City Improvement Trust, much of Cuffe Parade was developed on reclaimed land in the 1960s, with many of the buildings over thirty storeys high. To the east is Colaba Causeway and to the west is the Arabian Sea, among the notable residents are members of the Ambani and Husain families. Prominent businessmen living here include Subhash Chandra of Essel Group, the Goenka family, the skyline consists of prominent buildings like Maker Tower and Jolly Maker-1, considered to be the richest housing society in Mumbai. Cuffe Parade Resident Association is a citizen’s organisation looking after the interests of the Cuffe Parade area since 1971 and it is suspected that some of the original attackers in the November Mumbai attacks disembarked from a boat in the area, according to local eyewitnesses. MVRDC World Trade Centre I is located at Cuffe Parade in Mumbai and it is a commercial and shopping complex. Taj President Hotel World Trade Centre BD Somani International School Maker Arcade WIRC of ICAI Cuffe Parade Residents Association
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Dharavi
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Dharavi is a locality in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. With an area of just over 2.1 square kilometres, for this reason, Dharavi is currently a highly multi-religious, multi-ethnic, and diverse settlement. Dharavi has an informal economy in which numerous household enterprises employ many of the slum residents– leather, textiles. The total annual turnover has been estimated at over US$1 billion, Dharavi has suffered from many epidemics and other disasters, including a widespread plague in 1896 which killed over half of the population of Mumbai. In the 18th century, Dharavi was an island with predominantly mangrove swamp, daravi is a historical spelling of the area. It was a populated village before the late 19th century. Dharavi was then referred to as the village of Koliwadas, Mumbai has been one of the centers of Indias urbanization for 200 years. At the middle of the 19th century, after decades of growth under East India Company and British Raj. The urban area then covered mostly the southern extension of Mumbai peninsula, most parts of Mumbai faced an acute shortage of housing and serious problems with the provision of water, sanitation and drainage. Residential areas were segregated in Mumbai between European and native residential quarters, slums were heavily concentrated in areas meant for native Indian population, and it attracted no planning or London-like investment for quality of life of its inhabitants. Unsanitary conditions plagued Mumbai, particularly in the so-called Native Town, in 1869, as with 19th century epidemics in European slums, bubonic plague spread in Mumbai and then across most of India. The epidemic killed nearly 200,000 people in Mumbai and 8 million in India, the most polluting industries were tanneries, and the first tannery moved from peninsular Mumbai into Dharavi in 1887. People who worked with leather, typically a profession of lowest Hindu castes and of Muslim Indians, other early settlers included the Kumbars, a large Gujarati community of potters. The colonial government granted them a 99-year land-lease in 1895, rural migrants looking for jobs poured into Mumbai, and its population soared past 1 million. Other artisans, like the workers from Uttar Pradesh, started the ready-made garments trade. These industries created jobs, labor moved in, but there was no government effort to plan or invest in any infrastructure in or near Dharavi. The living quarters and small scale factories grew haphazardly, without provision for sanitation, drains, safe drinking water, Dharavis first mosque, Badi Masjid, started in 1887 and the oldest Hindu temple, Ganesh Mandir, was built in 1913. A large influx of Tamil migrants came in the 1920s, bombays first Tamil school and Dharavis first school was constructed in 1924
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Nariman Point
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Nariman Point is a business district in Mumbai city. Formerly the prominent business district on Indias west coast, Nariman Point yielded that status to Mumbais Bandra-Kurla Complex in 2010, prior to Nariman Points development, Mumbais business centre was at Ballard Estate, which – like Nariman Point also – was built on land reclaimed from the sea. Prior to 1940, the area was part of the Arabian sea, a popular leader of the Congress, Khurshed Nariman, a Bombay Municipal Corporation corporator, proposed to reclaim the area from the sea near Churchgate. To accomplish this task, the seafront was filled with debris from various parts of the city. Reinforced concrete cement was used, the steel for which had to be purchased on the black market at higher prices due to World War II. The entire cost was estimated to be ₹300,000. Additional reclamations were carried out in the 1970s, a construction boom in that decade also led to the development of commercial high-rises in the area. In 2006, prior to the crisis of 2007–08, Nariman point was the 7th most expensive location in the world for office space. However, by December 2012 Nariman Point had fallen to 25th place while Delhis Connaught Place remained the 5th most expensive location despite many offices moving to Gurgaon, during the same period, Nariman Point also dropped from 7th to 15th most expensive location for office rentals. The reasons for the decline were the prices, lower quality and age of construction. In the first three quarters of 2012, Nariman Point had a rate of almost 25%, compared with 18% in the rest of the city. Air India had its headquarters in the Air India Building for many years, at one time All Nippon Airways maintained its Mumbai sales office in the Oberoi Towers in Nariman Point
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Churchgate
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Churchgate is an area in downtown South Mumbai. During the eighteenth and up to the century, Mumbai was a walled city. The city walls had three gates, and Church Gate, named after St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai was one of the gates, the gate was situated near the present day location of Flora Fountain. In the mid-19th century, the city walls were torn down to aid in the expansion program, churchgate is also a major railway terminus on the Western line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway. Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies H. R College of Commerce & Economics Government Law College, Mumbai K. C College Jai Hind College Siddharth College Sydenham College Elphinstone College
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Marine Lines
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Marine Lines is a locality in South Mumbai. The name Marine Lines is derived from the Marine Battalion Lines, the battalion was later converted to an air force residential quarters, and now lies just south of Metro Adlabs. It is also the name of a station on the Mumbai suburban railway on the Western Railway railway line. Marine Lines was also the name of the road on which Bombay Hospital and it is now known as V Thackersey Marg. Marine Drive is the promenade near the station. Marine Drive has one of the finest Art Deco Residential Buildings facing the sea, near the station there is a Muslim cemetery and a municipal crematorium, Chandanwadi. Adjoining the station is the famous Marine Drive flyover, the link to Marine Drive over the tracks from Princess Street beginning to end. New Marine Lines is the area just south of the station near Churchgate and it is home to a number of offices including the UTI, R. O. C. Customs, Income Tax office and various other Governmental agencies, at Mrs Inverarity’s house in Marine Lines. From Rudyard Kiplings short story, Baa Baa Black Sheep, published 1888, list of city districts by population density
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Walkeshwar
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Walkeshwar is an affluent area in South Mumbai, India, at the north-western end of the Marine Drive loop, and is most famous for Walkeshwar Temple, Banganga Tank and Jain temples. Walkeshwar takes its name after Lord Shiva, one part of the Trinity of Hinduism, legend has it that Hindu god, Ram paused at that spot on his way from Ayodhya to Lanka in pursuit of the demon king, Ravana who had kidnapped his wife, Sita. Then Lord Rama was advised to worship Shiv linga and he is said to have constructed the original linga of sand, after getting tired of waiting for his brother, Lakshman to bring an idol. The name is derived from the Sanskrit word for an idol made of sand -- Valuka Iswar. As the story progresses, later when Ram was thirsty, as there was no fresh water available, he shot an arrow. The water that feeds the tank stems from a spring at that spot. Walkeshwar also includes Malabar Hill, and is in proximity to the Hanging Gardens. It probably has the most expensive real estate in the whole of India and it has a lot of prime residential buildings in the area. The most of the buildings are sea facing and the location has lot of natural character, the sea is very calm here as it is the bay area. There is also a Jain temple, near the Malabar Hill Police Station, Babu Amichand Panalal Adishwarji Jain Temple, Babu Amichand Panalal Adishwarji Jain Temple is one of the most visited Jain temple in Mumbai. This temple was built in 1904 and belongs Shwetambar sect. of Jainism and this Jain temple is famous for there old carving work and beautiful architectures, colors, Paintings etc. This temple is dedicated to Adishwarji, the first tirthankara of Jainism, moolnayak of this temple is a white colored idol of Adishwarji. Idols of other tirthankaras, Jain deities like Goddess Padmavati, Ghantakaran Mahavir are present here, Temple also has an idol of Hindu God Ganesha signifying Jainism and Hinduism unity. Ceiling of the temple has carving of Navgraha, Yaksha and Yakshi, thousand of Jains visit this temple daily. Chandanbala Jain Temple is also present near this temple, Walkeshwar Temple also known as the Baan Ganga Temple, is a temple dedicated to the Hindu god, Shiva. The temple is close to Banganga Tank, the temple and the attached fresh water Banganga Tank were built in 1127 AD. The Hanging Gardens or Pherozeshah Mehta Gardens, are terraced gardens perched at the top of Malabar Hill, on its western side and they provide sunset views over the Arabian Sea and feature numerous hedges carved into the shapes of animals. The park was laid out in 1881 by Ulhas Ghapokar over Bombays main reservoir, Banganga Tank is an ancient water tank which is part of the Walkeshwar Temple Complex in Malabar Hill area of Mumbai in India built in the 1127 AD
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Malabar Hill
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Notable residents include Adi Godrej, the Birla family, Shashi Ruia & family, Pallonji Mistry, Mahesh Jethmalani, the Jindal family, the Lal family, the Thakkar family among many more. The seafarers from Konkan used to land at the south end of the hill for a pilgrimage to the Walkeshwar Temple. Many of them were part of the Maratha Navy were wrongly designated as Pirates from Malabar, hence the landing point became Malabar Point and eventually the hill became Malabar Hill. The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation, has proposed to change the name of Malabar Hill, arguably the citys most exclusive residential enclave, to Ramnagari, Malabar Hill is the location of the Walkeshwar Temple, founded by the Silhara kings. The original temple was destroyed by the Portuguese, but rebuilt again in 1715 by Rama Kamath, mountstuart Elphinstone built the first bungalow in Malabar Hill while he was Governor of Bombay, between 1819 and 1827. Following his example, the place became a posh locality. Houses here are amongst the most expensive in the world, in January 2012 Maheshwari House was sold to industrialist Sajjan Jindal of Jindal Steel for 400 crores or > Rs.92,000 per square foot. This makes it the most expensive ever sold in India. Buses only started serving this area during World War II, the former residence of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, founder of Pakistan is also present here, but is closed to public due to property disputes. Also of note in the Malabar Hill district, there is a ground that sits near the sea which is home to the samadhi shrines of several famous Indian saints. Notably among them is the shrine of the guru of Shri Nisargadatta Maharaj
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Kalbadevi
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Kalbadevi is an old neighbourhood in Mumbai, India. It is named after Goddess Kalbadevi, the Hindu Goddess, Kalbadevi area is one of the busiest areas during peak hours. The area has mostly traders in watches, bicycles, steel utensils, Kalbadevi, is within walking distance from CST, Masjid Bunder and Marine Lines. The traders, buyers and visitors living in suburbs depend on these three stations to reach Kalbadevi. Kalbadevi Road starts near Metro Cinema and continues up to Bhuleshwar Road, there are a number of book shops for old and new books. One of these, the New and Secondhand Bookshop was founded in 1905, an access to the two cloth wholesale markets, Mulji Jetha Market and Mangaldas Market, are the main cloth markets in South Mumbai from Hanuman Galli, which starts at Kalbadevi Road. At the further end of Kalbadevi, near Bhuleshwar Road, is the Cotton Exchange, Hotel Surti is at the intersection of Bhuleshwar Road and Kalbadevi Road. Other restaurants on Kalbadevi include Anand Bhavan and Krishna Murari near the Old Hanuman Lane in the portion along the length of Kalbadevi Road. Towards Metro there are two other restaurants - Raj Mahal and Pushpa Vihar and also Thali restaurant, there is a prominent chain of Hotels or Lodging House in this area named Adarsh Hotel Group. They are having their three hotels in Kalbadevi Road i. e. Adarsh Hotel, Hotel Adarsh Palace, Old Hanuman Lane and Adarsh Baug, a market has also been developed for designer sarees and readymade garments. G. T. Hospital, Cama Hospital and Bombay Hospital are near Kalbadevi Road, being close to a Parsi fire temple, many Parsis live near Metro Cinema in Kalbadevi. Parsi Dairy on Princess Street is an old establishment in the area. It has undergone restructuring to keep up with the modern times, publishers like R. R. Sheth & Co. and Navbharat Sahitya Mandir are on Princess Street in this area. Kalbadevi used to be a residential area, abdul Rehman Street, Princess Street, and Bhuleshwar Road were occupied by families. As the price of real estate went up, more and more people opted to leave the area, the Kalbadevi temple, after which this neighbourhood is named was relocated twice. It is believed that the temple was located in Mahim. After being found, it was installed in this neighbourhood and it was relocated again when the Government decided to widen the road for laying a tramline. The original structure was demolished and the government financed the entire expenditure for the construction of the present structure, the management of the present temple was handed over to Raghunath Joshi after relocation
