1.
Artist
–
An artist is a person engaged in one or more of any of a broad spectrum of activities related to creating art, practicing the arts or demonstrating an art. The common usage in everyday speech and academic discourse is a practitioner in the visual arts only. The term is used in the entertainment business, especially in a business context, for musicians. Artiste is a variant used in English only in this context, use of the term to describe writers, for example, is valid, but less common, and mostly restricted to contexts like criticism. Wiktionary defines the noun artist as follows, A person who creates art, a person who makes and creates art as an occupation. A person who is skilled at some activity, a person whose trade or profession requires a knowledge of design, drawing, painting, etc. The adjectival Latin form of the word, technicus, became the source of the English words technique, technology, in ancient Greece sculptors and painters were held in low regard, somewhere between freemen and slaves, their work regarded as mere manual labour. The word art derives from the Latin ars, which, although literally defined, means skill method or technique, and conveys a connotation of beauty. During the Middle Ages the word artist already existed in countries such as Italy. An artist was able to do a work better than others, so the skilled excellency was underlined. In this period some artisanal products were more precious and expensive than paintings or sculptures. With the Academies in Europe the gap between fine and applied arts was definitely set, Artist is a descriptive term applied to a person who engages in an activity deemed to be an art. An artist also may be defined unofficially as a person who expresses him- or herself through a medium, the word is also used in a qualitative sense of, a person creative in, innovative in, or adept at, an artistic practice. Art historians and critics define artists as those who produce art within a recognized or recognizable discipline, contrasting terms for highly skilled workers in media in the applied arts or decorative arts include artisan, craftsman, and specialized terms such as potter, goldsmith or glassblower. The term may also be used loosely or metaphorically to denote highly skilled people in any activities, as well— law, medicine, mechanics, or mathematics. Often, discussions on the focus on the differences among artist and technician, entertainer and artisan, fine art and applied art, or what constitutes art. The French word artiste has been imported into the English language where it means a performer, use of the word artiste can also be a pejorative term. The English word artiste has thus a range of meaning than the word artiste in French
Artist
–
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German artist known for his works of poetry, drama, prose, philosophy, visual arts, and science.
2.
Photorealist
–
Photorealists use a photograph or several photographs to gather the information to create their paintings and it can be argued that the use of a camera and photographs is an acceptance of Modernism. By the time the Photorealists began producing their bodies of work the photograph had become the means of reproducing reality. Though Photorealists share some aspects of American realists, such as Edward Hopper, Photorealists were much more influenced by the work of Pop artists and were reacting against Abstract Expressionism. However, whereas the Pop artists were primarily pointing out the absurdity of much of the imagery, the association of Photorealism to Trompe Loeil is a wrongly attributed comparison, an error in observation or interpretation made by many critics of the 1970s and 1980s. Trompe Loeil paintings attempt to fool the eye and make the viewer think he is seeing an actual object, when observing a Photorealist painting, the viewer is always aware that they are looking at a painting. The word Photorealism was coined by Louis K. Meisel in 1969 and it is also sometimes labeled as Super-Realism, New Realism, Sharp Focus Realism, or Hyper-Realism. The definition for the ORIGINATORS was as follows, The Photo-Realist uses the camera, the Photo-Realist uses a mechanical or semimechanical means to transfer the information to the canvas. The Photo-Realist must have the ability to make the finished work appear photographic. The artist must have exhibited work as a Photo-Realist by 1972 to be considered one of the central Photo-Realists, the artist must have devoted at least five years to the development and exhibition of Photo-Realist work. Photorealist painting cannot exist without the photograph, in Photorealism, change and movement must be frozen in time which must then be accurately represented by the artist. Photorealists gather their imagery and information with the camera and photograph, once the photograph is developed the artist will systematically transfer the image from the photographic slide onto canvases. Usually this is either by projecting the slide onto the canvas or by using traditional grid techniques. The resulting images are often direct copies of the photograph but are usually larger than the original photograph or slide. In the UK, photorealist approaches were favoured by artists including Mike Gorman. The introduction of these European painters to a wider US audience was brought about through the 1982 Superhumanism exhibition at the Arnold Katzen Gallery, though the height of Photorealism was in the 1970s the movement continues and includes several of the original photorealists as well as many of their contemporaries. According to Meisel and Chases Photorealism at the Millennium, only eight of the original photorealists were still creating photorealist work in 2002, ten including John Baeder, newer Photorealists are building upon the foundations set by the original photorealists. Examples would be the influence of Richard Estes in works by Anthony Brunelli or the influence of Ralph Goings, however, this has led many to move on from the strict definition of photorealism as the emulation of the photograph. Photorealism is also no longer simply an American art movement, with new technology in cameras and digital equipment, artists are able to be far more precision-oriented
Photorealist
–
John's Diner with John's Chevelle, 2007
John Baeder, oil on canvas, 30×48 inches.
Photorealist
–
Ralph's Diner (1981-1982), Oil on canvas. Example of photorealist
Ralph Goings ' work
Photorealist
–
Dream of Love (2005), Oil on canvas. Example of Photorealist
Glennray Tutor 's work
3.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
–
Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
–
The name London may derive from the
River Thames
4.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
World War II
–
Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
World War II
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
World War II
–
Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
World War II
–
Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
5.
Wormwood Scrubs
–
Wormwood Scrubs, known locally as The Scrubs, is an open space located in the north-eastern corner of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham in west London. It is the largest open space in the Borough, at 80 ha, the eastern part, known as Little Wormwood Scrubs, is cut off by Scrubs Lane and the West London Line railway. It has been a public space since the Wormwood Scrubs Act of 1879. The southern edge of the Scrubs is the site of two important buildings. At the western end is HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs, built between 1875 and 1891 by convict labour, to the east of the prison is the Hammersmith Hospital campus, which includes the relocated Queen Charlottes and Chelsea Hospital. Within the area are several facilities, including the Linford Christie stadium, tens of football pitches. Queens Park Rangers Football Club played on The Scrubs between 1893 and 1896, in the early 19th century the whole district was open fields, and included several areas of common land. In 1812 an area of 190 acres known as Wormholt Scrubs was leased by the War Office from the Manor of Fulham. This was in order to exercise cavalry horses which until that point had been hacked out in Hyde Park, Belgrave Square and this common land became known as Wormwood Scrubs,135 acres of which was bought by the War Office in 1878. Under this act, the military were able to expel civilians from the Scrubs whenever they were training, the Scrubs became recognised as the duelling ground of London, with several duels having been fought there. In 1908, the route for the Olympic Marathon went across the Scrubs on the stages of the race from Windsor Castle to the Olympic Stadium at White City. The airship shed was used to train RNAS armoured car crews and it remained as an emergency landing ground until the 1930s. Until 1940 it was served by St. Quintin Park and Wormwood Scrubs and it was closed after heavy bombing damage during the Second World War. The prison is located just yards from the scene of the Massacre of Braybrook Street in 1966, holloway and his campaign petitioned the House of Lords, supported by the then MP for Fulham Nick Raynsford, and won concessions. The existing nature reserve includes an area known as Lesters Embankment, the campaign attracted considerable national publicity in 1987, and even a musical. On 10 March 2009 the prison was listed as a Grade II building, the Scrubs, one of the largest open spaces close to central London, is always under threat of development. Other sources of income from the space include the rental of sports fields, advertising billboards, the accounting for costs and revenues of the Charity have been a matter of debate between the Council, currently sole Trustee of the Trust, and the Friends of Wormwood Scrubs. Areas of Wormwood Scrubs, mainly the next to the boundary, are a Local Nature Reserve and these areas include Braybrook Woods, Martin Bells Wood and the Central Woodland Copse
Wormwood Scrubs
–
Looking east from the south-western edge of the Scrubs
Wormwood Scrubs
–
Essex Skipper (Thymelicus lineola) in Wormwood Scrubs
Wormwood Scrubs
–
Royal parks
6.
Prison
–
Besides their use for punishing crimes, jails and prisons are frequently used by authoritarian regimes against perceived opponents. Prisons often have facilities that are designed with long term confinement in mind in comparison to jails. In times of war, prisoners of war or detainees may be detained in prisons or prisoner of war camps. The use of prisons can be traced back to the rise of the state as a form of social organization, corresponding with the advent of the state was the development of written language, which enabled the creation of formalized legal codes as official guidelines for society. The best known of early legal codes is the Code of Hammurabi. Some Ancient Greek philosophers, such as Plato, began to develop ideas of using punishment to reform instead of simply using it as retribution. Imprisonment as a penalty was used initially for those who could not afford to pay their fines, eventually, since impoverished Athenians could not pay their fines, leading to indefinite periods of imprisonment, time limits were set instead. The prison in Ancient Athens was known as the desmoterion, the Romans were among the first to use prisons as a form of punishment, rather than simply for detention. A variety of existing structures were used to house prisoners, such as cages, basements of public buildings. One of the most notable Roman prisons was the Mamertine Prison, the Mamertine Prison was located within a sewer system beneath ancient Rome and contained a large network of dungeons where prisoners were held in squalid conditions, contaminated with human waste. Forced labor on public projects was also a common form of punishment. In many cases, citizens were sentenced to slavery, often in ergastula, during the Middle Ages in Europe, castles, fortresses, and the basements of public buildings were often used as makeshift prisons. Another common punishment was sentencing people to slavery, which involved chaining prisoners together in the bottoms of ships. However, the concept of the modern prison largely remained unknown until the early 19th-century, Punishment usually consisted of physical forms of punishment, including capital punishment, mutilation, flagellation, branding, and non-physical punishments, such as public shaming rituals. However, an important innovation at the time was the Bridewell House of Corrections, located at Bridewell Palace in London and these houses held mostly petty offenders, vagrants, and the disorderly local poor. In these facilities, inmates were given jobs, and through prison labor they were taught how to work for a living, by the end of the 17th century, houses of correction were absorbed into local prison facilities under the control of the local justice of the peace. From the late 17th century and during the 18th century, popular resistance to public execution, rulers began looking for means to punish and control their subjects in a way that did not cause people to associate them with spectacles of tyrannical and sadistic violence. They developed systems of mass incarceration, often with hard labor, the prison reform movement that arose at this time was heavily influenced by two somewhat contradictory philosophies
Prison
–
Cell block in
Baghdad Central Prison (
Abu Ghraib,
Iraq)
Prison
–
Criminology and
penology
Prison
–
A common punishment in
Early Modern Europe was to be made a
galley slave. The galley pictured here belonged to the Mediterranean fleet of
Louis XIV, c. 1694.
Prison
–
Women in England mourning their lovers who are soon to be transported to
Botany Bay, 1792.
7.
Camberwell College of Arts
–
Camberwell College of Arts is a constituent college of the University of the Arts London, and is regarded as one of the UKs foremost art and design institutions. It is located in Camberwell in South London, England, with two sites, located in Peckham Road and Wilson Road and it offers further and higher education programmes, including postgraduate and PhD awards. The College has retained single degree options within Fine Art, offering specialist Bachelor of Arts courses in painting, sculpture, photography and drawing. The College also runs graduate and postgraduate courses in art conservation and fine art as well as courses such as Graphic Design, Illustration. The Colleges history is intertwined with that of the South London Gallery. Manager of the South London Working Mens College in 1868, William Rossiter, the resulting Gallery opened in 1891, followed by the Technical Institute, the schools first guise in 1898. The philanthropist, John Passmore Edwards, gave a sum of money for the erection of the building in memory of Lord Leighton. The school and gallery were the fruition of a movement in Camberwell, supported by Edward Burne-Jones, Lord Leighton, Walter Crane. The school aimed to give the best artistic and technical education to all classes in the district, originally, the school offered classes in specific trades, such as architecture, cabinet design, embroidery, wood carving, wood block and stencil cutting. By 1920, a Fine Art Department had been created, during World War II, Victor Pasmore was appointed head of the schools Painting Department. He brought in William Coldstream, who in turn brought in Joe Dixon from the RCA and these three eminent Euston Road School painters, whose own work was figurative, initiated an exciting period for the School. Many well-known artists, including Frank Auerbach, Lawrence Gowing and Edward Ardizzone taught at Camberwell during this period, the prominent painter Robert Medley was Head of Painting in the early 1960s. Ron Kitaj, Kenneth Martin, Patrick Procktor, Euan Uglow, Frank Bowling, during this period, the School had a thriving art history department, headed by Conal Shields, that employed painters such as Harold Cohen and academics, including T. J. Clark. In 1973, the School expanded into a modern purpose-built block next to the existing premises, both of them are now Listed Buildings. The College is currently undergoing a major £62 million redevelopment, working with Stephen Marshall Architects, in the 1980s, Wendy Smith became the head of Fine Art and employed Noel Forster, John Hilliard, Cornelia Parker, Phyllida Barlow, Gavin Jantjes and Ian McKeever. Tony Messenger and Eileen Hogan took charge of the department, Eileen Hogan established and ran The Camberwell Press. The school was renamed Camberwell College of Arts in 1989, in 2014 the American academic Hal Foster was appointed as Practitioner in Residence within the Fine Art Department, In 2016 Griselda Pollock assumed this title. Camberwell also has a number of prominent artists acting as researchers and lecturers such as the painters Humphrey Ocean and John Keane, with strong links to the local community, Camberwell has a purpose built community art and exhibition space, Peckham Space designed by PENSON in Peckham Square
Camberwell College of Arts
–
Camberwell College of Arts
Camberwell College of Arts
–
Colleges and subdivisions
8.
Royal College of Art
–
The Royal College of Art or RCA is a public research university in London, in the United Kingdom. This was the third year that QS had awarded it the number 1 position for Art & Design. The RCA was founded in Somerset House in 1837 as the Government School of Design or Metropolitan School of Design, richard Burchett became head of the school in 1852. In 1853 it was expanded and moved to Marlborough House, and then, in 1853 or 1857 and it was renamed the Normal Training School of Art in 1857 and the National Art Training School in 1863. During the later 19th century it was primarily a training college, pupils during this period included George Clausen, Christopher Dresser, Luke Fildes, Kate Greenaway. In 1896 or 1897 the school received the name Royal College of Art, teaching of graphic design, industrial design and product design began in the mid-twentieth century. The school expanded further in the 1960s, and in 1967 it received a Royal Charter which gave it the status of an independent university with the power to grant its own degrees, the RCA has two campuses, in South Kensington and in Battersea. The Darwin Building in Kensington Gore dates from the 1960s and is a Grade II listed building and it was designed by a team of RCA staff members, H. T. Cadbury-Brown, Hugh Casson and Robert Goodden. In 1991 the sculpture department moved to a converted factory across the river Thames in Battersea, in the early 2000s the college conceived a substantial second campus being created on the site, with a minibus service linking it to Kensington. Thus, after a redevelopment of the premises by Wright & Wright. A masterplan was commissioned by Haworth Tompkins and phase 1 of their three phase design was completed with the opening of the Sackler Building on 19 November 2009 and its name commemorates a major gift by The Dr Mortimer and Theresa Sackler Foundation. The Dyson Building, named in honour of James Dyson, whose educational charity donated £5m to the development, was opened on 24 September 2012 and it is the home for printmaking and photography, and contains an innovation wing where start-up designers can launch their businesses. The Woo Building was opened on 30 September 2015, completing the Battersea project and it is named in honour of Sir Po-Shing and Lady Helen Woo, who have funded scholarships at the RCA since the 1990s. It accommodates the Ceramics & Glass and Jewellery & Metal programmes, the buildings anodised aluminium gates were designed by alumnus Max Lamb. The RCA offers MA, MPhil and PhD degrees in twenty-four subject areas, divided into six schools, architecture, communication, design, fine art, humanities, and materials. In April 2011 the RCA was ranked first on a list of UK graduate art schools compiled by Modern Painters magazine from a survey of professionals in the art world. In August 2015 it was ranked first on a list of courses in fashion by Business of Fashion. In 2015 the RCA placed first in the art and design subject area in the QS World University Rankings published by Quacquarelli Symonds, in 2016 and 2017 it held onto the position, increasing its overall score from 96. 0/100 to 98. 4/100
Royal College of Art
–
The Darwin Building in
Kensington Gore
Royal College of Art
–
Royal College of Art
9.
Peter Blake (artist)
–
Sir Peter Thomas Blake, CBE, RDI, RA is an English pop artist, best known for co-creating the sleeve design for the Beatles album Sgt. His other best known include the cover of the Band Aid single Do They Know Its Christmas. And the Live Aid concert poster, Blake also designed the 2012 Brit Award statuette. One of the best known British pop artists, Blake is considered to be a prominent figure in the pop art movement, central to his paintings are his interest in images from popular culture which have infused his collages. In 2002 he was knighted at Buckingham Palace for his services to art, born in Dartford,25 June 1932, Kent, he was educated at the Gravesend Technical College school of Art, and the Royal College of Art. During the late 1950s, Blake became one of the best known British pop artists and his paintings from this time included imagery from advertisements, music hall entertainment, and wrestlers, often including collaged elements. Blake was included in exhibitions at the Institute of Contemporary Arts and had his first solo exhibition in 1960. In the Young Contemporaries exhibition of 1961 in which he exhibited alongside David Hockney and R. B. Kitaj, Blake won the John Moores junior award for Self Portrait with Badges. From 1963 Blake was represented by Robert Fraser placing him at the centre of swinging London and his Captain Webb Matchbox piece is another of his works in the pop art movement. On the Balcony is a significant early work remains an iconic piece of British Pop Art. The work, which appears to be a collage but is painted, shows, among other things. It was inspired by a painting by Honoré Sharrer depicting workers holding famous paintings, Workers, Blake has referred to the work of other artists many times. Another example, The First Real Target a standard archery target with the title written across the top is a play on paintings of targets by Kenneth Noland and he designed the sleeve for Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band with his wife Jann Haworth, the American-born artist whom he married in 1963, peppers sleeve has become an iconic work of pop art, much imitated and Blakes best-known work. Producing the collage necessitated the construction of a set with photographs and objects, such as flowers. Blake has subsequently complained about the fee he received for the design. Blake made sleeves for the Band Aid single, Do They Know Its Christmas, Paul Wellers Stanley Road and the Ian Dury tribute album Brand New Boots and Panties. He designed the sleeves for Pentangles Sweet Child and The Whos Face Dances, in 1969, Blake left London to live near Bath
Peter Blake (artist)
–
The First Real Target, 1961,
Tate Gallery
Peter Blake (artist)
–
On the Balcony, 1955–1957,
Tate Gallery
10.
Frank Auerbach
–
Frank Helmut Auerbach is a German-British painter. Born in Germany, he has been a naturalised British citizen since 1947, Auerbach was born in Berlin, the son of Max Auerbach, a patent lawyer, and Charlotte Nora Burchardt, who had trained as an artist. Aged seven, Auerbach left Germany via Hamburg on 4 April 1939, left behind in Germany, Auerbachs parents later died in a concentration camp in 1942. In Britain, Auerbach became a pupil at Bunce Court School, near Faversham in Kent, indeed, he almost became an actor, even taking a small role in Peter Ustinovs play House of Regrets at the Unity Theatre in St Pancras, at the age of 17. But his interest in art proved a stronger draw and he began studying in London, first at St Martins School of Art from 1948 to 1952, and at the Royal College of Art from 1952 to 1955. From 1955, he began teaching in schools, but quickly moved into the visiting tutor circuit at numerous art schools, including Ravensbourne, Ealing, Sidcup. However, he was most frequently to be teaching at Camberwell School of Art. This show then toured, with additional works, to the Museum Folkwang, Essen. Exhibitions were also held at the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam, in 1989, the Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, in 1991, and the National Gallery, London, in 1995. Auerbach was the subject of a film entitled Frank Auerbach, To the Studio, directed by Hannah Rothschild. This was first broadcast on the arts programme Omnibus on 10 November 2001, david Bowie bought and owned Auerbachs Head of Gerda Boehm as part of his private collection. After Bowies death in 2016, this piece was among many put up for auction in November 2016, Auerbach is a figurative painter, who focuses on portraits and city scenes in and around the area of London in which he lives, Camden Town. Although sometimes described as expressionistic, Auerbach is not an expressionist painter, in this the experience of the world is seen as essentially chaotic with the role of the artist being to impose an order upon that chaos and record that order in the painting. This ambition with the results in Auerbach developing intense relationships with particular subjects, particularly the people he paints. Speaking on this in 2001 he stated, If you pass something every day and it has a little character, it begins to intrigue you. This simple statement belies the intensity of the relationship develops between Auerbach and his subjects, which results in an astonishing desire to produce an image the artist considers right. It is in fact applied in a short space of time. Again a similar obsession with specific subjects, and a desire to return to them to try again is discernable in this use of the same models, a strong emphasis in Auerbachs work is its relationship to the history of art
Frank Auerbach
–
Frank Auerbach
Frank Auerbach
–
Head of E.O.W. IV, 1961,
National Gallery of Scotland.
Frank Auerbach
–
Portrait of Julia, c. 1960
11.
Tate Gallery
–
Tate is an institution that houses the United Kingdoms national collection of British art, and international modern and contemporary art. It is a network of four art museums, Tate Britain, London, Tate Liverpool, Tate St Ives, Cornwall and Tate Modern, London, Tate is not a government institution, but its main sponsor is the UK Department for Culture, Media and Sport. The name Tate is used also as the name for the corporate body. The gallery was founded in 1897, as the National Gallery of British Art, the Tate Gallery was housed in the current building occupied by Tate Britain, which is situated in Millbank, London. Tate Liverpool has the purpose as Tate Modern but on a smaller scale. All four museums share the Tate Collection, one of the Tates most publicised art events is the awarding of the annual Turner Prize, which takes place at Tate Britain. The original Tate was called the National Gallery of British Art, situated on Millbank, Pimlico, the idea of a National Gallery of British Art was first proposed in the 1820s by Sir John Leicester, Baron de Tabley. It took a step nearer when Robert Vernon gave his collection to the National Gallery in 1847, a decade later John Sheepshanks gave his collection to the South Kensington Museum, known for years as the National Gallery of Art. Henry Tate also donated his own collection to the gallery and it was initially a collection solely of modern British art, concentrating on the works of modern—that is Victorian era—painters. It was controlled by the National Gallery until 1954, in 1926 and 1937, the art dealer and patron Joseph Duveen paid for two major expansions of the gallery building. His father had paid for an extension to house the major part of the Turner Bequest. Henry Courtauld also endowed Tate with a purchase fund, by the mid 20th century, it was fulfilling a dual function of showing the history of British art as well as international modern art. In 1954, the Tate Gallery was finally separated from the National Gallery, later, the Tate began organising its own temporary exhibition programme. In 1979 with funding from a Japanese bank a large extension was opened that would also house larger income generating exhibitions. In 1987, the Clore Wing opened to house the major part of the Turner bequest, in 1988, an outpost in north west England opened as Tate Liverpool. This shows various works of art from the Tate collection as well as mounting its own temporary exhibitions. In 2007, Tate Liverpool hosted the Turner Prize, the first time this has been held outside London and this was an overture to Liverpools being the European Capital of Culture 2008. In 1993, another offshoot opened, Tate St Ives and it exhibits work by modern British artists, particularly those of the St Ives School
Tate Gallery
–
The original Tate Gallery, now renamed
Tate Britain
Tate Gallery
–
The logo of Tate, used in several similar versions and colours, was designed by
Wolff Olins in 2000.
Tate Gallery
–
Tate Liverpool opened in 1988.
Tate Gallery
–
Tate St Ives opened in 1993.
12.
Painting
–
Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface. The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, Painting is a mode of creative expression, and the forms are numerous. Drawing, gesture, composition, narration, or abstraction, among other aesthetic modes, may serve to manifest the expressive, Paintings can be naturalistic and representational, photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolistic, emotive, or political in nature. A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by motifs and ideas. In art, the term painting describes both the act and the result of the action, the term painting is also used outside of art as a common trade among craftsmen and builders. What enables painting is the perception and representation of intensity, every point in space has different intensity, which can be represented in painting by black and white and all the gray shades between. In practice, painters can articulate shapes by juxtaposing surfaces of different intensity, thus, the basic means of painting are distinct from ideological means, such as geometrical figures, various points of view and organization, and symbols. In technical drawing, thickness of line is ideal, demarcating ideal outlines of an object within a perceptual frame different from the one used by painters. Color and tone are the essence of painting as pitch and rhythm are the essence of music, color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, some painters, theoreticians, writers and scientists, including Goethe, Kandinsky, and Newton, have written their own color theory. Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction for a color equivalent, the word red, for example, can cover a wide range of variations from the pure red of the visible spectrum of light. There is not a register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic, painters deal practically with pigments, so blue for a painter can be any of the blues, phthalocyanine blue, Prussian blue, indigo, cobalt, ultramarine, and so on. Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not, strictly speaking, colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music is analogous to light in painting, shades to dynamics and these elements do not necessarily form a melody of themselves, rather, they can add different contexts to it. Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, as one example, collage, some modern painters incorporate different materials such as sand, cement, straw or wood for their texture. Examples of this are the works of Jean Dubuffet and Anselm Kiefer, there is a growing community of artists who use computers to paint color onto a digital canvas using programs such as Adobe Photoshop, Corel Painter, and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required, rhythm is important in painting as it is in music
Painting
–
The
Mona Lisa, by
Leonardo da Vinci, is one of the most recognizable paintings in the world.
Painting
–
Chen Hongshou (1598–1652), Leaf album painting (
Ming Dynasty)
Painting
–
Circus Sideshow (
French: Parade de cirque),
Georges Seurat, 1887–88
Painting
–
Cave painting of aurochs, (
French: Bos primigenius primigenius),
Lascaux,
France,
prehistoric art
13.
Abstract expressionist
–
Abstract Expressionism is a post–World War II art movement in American painting, developed in New York in the 1940s. It was the first specifically American movement to achieve international influence and put New York City at the center of the art world. In the United States, Alfred Barr was the first to use this term in 1929 in relation to works by Wassily Kandinsky, technically, an important predecessor is surrealism, with its emphasis on spontaneous, automatic, or subconscious creation. Jackson Pollocks dripping paint onto a canvas laid on the floor is a technique that has its roots in the work of André Masson, Max Ernst, and David Alfaro Siqueiros. His long essay Totem Art had considerable influence on artists as Martha Graham, Isamu Noguchi, Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko. Around 1944 Barnett Newman tried to explain Americas newest art movement, paalen is mentioned twice, other artists mentioned are Gottlieb, Rothko, Pollock, Hofmann, Baziotes, Gorky and others. Motherwell is mentioned with a question mark, additionally, it has an image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some feel, nihilistic. In practice, the term is applied to any number of working in New York who had quite different styles. Yet all four artists are classified as abstract expressionists, Abstract expressionism has many stylistic similarities to the Russian artists of the early 20th century such as Wassily Kandinsky. Why this style gained mainstream acceptance in the 1950s is a matter of debate, American social realism had been the mainstream in the 1930s. It had been influenced not only by the Great Depression, but also by the muralists of Mexico such as David Alfaro Siqueiros, the political climate after World War II did not long tolerate the social protests of these painters. Abstract expressionism arose during World War II and began to be showcased during the early forties at galleries in New York such as The Art of This Century Gallery. The McCarthy era after World War II was a time of censorship in the United States, but if the subject matter were totally abstract then it would be seen as apolitical. Or if the art was political, the message was largely for the insiders, many of the sculptors listed participated in the Ninth Street Show, a famous exhibition curated by Leo Castelli on East Ninth Street in New York City in 1951. Although the abstract expressionist school spread throughout the United States, the major centers of this style were New York City. At a certain moment the canvas began to appear to one American painter after another as an arena in which to act, what was to go on the canvas was not a picture but an event. In the 1940s there were not only few galleries but also few critics who were willing to follow the work of the New York Vanguard, there were also a few artists with a literary background, among them Robert Motherwell and Barnett Newman, who functioned as critics as well. Hess, the editor of ARTnews, championed Willem de Kooning
Abstract expressionist
–
Jackson Pollock,
No. 5, 1948, oil on
fiberboard, 244 × 122 cm. (96 × 48 in.), private collection
Abstract expressionist
–
David Smith,
Cubi VI (1963),
Israel Museum,
Jerusalem. David Smith was one of the most influential American sculptors of the 20th century.
Abstract expressionist
–
Mark Tobey, Canticle, 1954. Tobey, like Pollock, was known for his calligraphic style of allover compositions.
Abstract expressionist
–
Willem de Kooning, Woman V, 1952–1953. De Kooning's series of Woman paintings in the early 1950s caused a stir in the
New York City avant-garde circle.
14.
Ohio State University
–
The Ohio State University, commonly referred to as Ohio State or OSU, is a large, primarily residential, public university in Columbus, Ohio. Founded in 1870 as a land-grant university and ninth university in Ohio with the Morrill Act of 1862, Hayes, and in 1878 the Ohio General Assembly passed a law changing the name to The Ohio State University. It has since grown into the third-largest university campus in the United States, along with its main campus in Columbus, Ohio State also operates a regional campus system with regional campuses in Lima, Mansfield, Marion, Newark, and Wooster. Ohio State athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Ohio State Buckeyes, athletes from Ohio State have won 100 Olympic medals. The university is a member of the Big Ten Conference for the majority of sports, the Ohio State mens ice hockey program competes in the Big Ten Conference, while its womens hockey program competes in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association. In addition, the OSU mens volleyball team is a member of the Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association, OSU is one of only 14 universities that plays Division I FBS football and Division I ice hockey. As of August 2015, the university had awarded a total of 714,512 degrees, alumni and former students have gone on to prominent careers in government, business, science, medicine, education, sports, and entertainment. Championed by the Republican stalwart Governor Rutherford B, Hayes, the Ohio State University was founded in 1870 as a land-grant university under the Morrill Act of 1862 as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College. The school was originally within a community on the northern edge of Columbus. The university opened its doors to 24 students on September 17,1873, in 1878, the first class of six men graduated. The first woman graduated the following year, also in 1878, in light of its expanded focus, the Ohio legislature changed the name to the now-familiar The Ohio State University, with The as part of its official name. Ohio State began accepting students in the 1880s, and in 1891. It would later acquire colleges of medicine, dentistry, optometry, veterinary medicine, commerce, in 1916, Ohio State was elected into membership in the Association of American Universities. Michael V. Drake, former chancellor of the University of California, Irvine, in an attack against the campus on November 28,2016, an unrelated fluorine leak was called in for Watts Hall, resulting in the evacuation of the building to an outside courtyard. As firetrucks began to depart, Abdul Razak Ali Artan drove into the crowd, then emerged, the attack was stopped in under two minutes by OSU Police Officer Alan Horujko, who witnessed the attack after responding to the reported gas leak, and who shot and killed Artan. The universitys Buckeye Alert system was triggered and the campus was placed on lockdown, Ten were transported to local hospitals and one suspect was killed according to multiple sources. Local law enforcement and the FBI launched an investigation, according to authorities, Artan was inspired by terrorist propaganda from the Islamic State and radical Muslim cleric Anwar al-Awlaki. Ohio States 1, 764-acre main campus is about 2.5 miles north of the citys downtown, the historical center of campus is the Oval, quad of about 11 acres
Ohio State University
–
The East Atrium at the William Oxley Thompson Memorial Library
Ohio State University
–
The Ohio State University
Ohio State University
–
Detail of the Wexner Center
Ohio State University
–
Scott Laboratory, housing the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering department. This facility is a joint effort between BHDP Architecture and Polshek Partnership Architects.
15.
School of Visual Arts
–
School of Visual Arts is a for-profit art and design college located in Manhattan, New York, founded in 1947. The college is a member of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design, SVA was established by co-founders Silas H. Rhodes and Burne Hogarth in 1947, as the Cartoonists and Illustrators School. The school began with three teachers and 35 students, most of whom were World War II veterans who had a part of their tuition underwritten by U. S. governments G. I. The college was renamed the School of Visual Arts in 1956 and it offered its first degrees in 1972. In 1983, the college introduced its first graduate offering, a Master of Fine Arts in painting, drawing, today the school has a faculty of more than 1,000 and a student body of over 3,000. The BFA interior design program is accredited by the Council for Interior Design Accreditation, the MPS art therapy program is approved by the American Art Therapy Association, and the MA art education program is accredited by the Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation. The colleges logo, seen on its banners, publications and merchandise, was created in 1997 by designer George Tscherny for SVAs 50th anniversary, SVA Arts Abroad offers short-term study abroad programs in various creative fields. In 2014, LinkedIn named SVA #2 in its best schools for designers list, payScale included the college in its Top 10 Art & Design Schools by Salary Potential list for 2013 -2014. SVA is ranked 18th among the art schools in U. S. News & World Report, with its MFA Photography, Video. Since 2012, SVA has been included on the Military Friendly Schools list, SVA operates out of several buildings located in the Gramercy Park neighborhood, on Manhattans east side, and in the Chelsea neighborhood, on the citys west side. Additionally, the college maintains a hall on Ludlow Street. From 1994 to 1997, the also had a branch campus in Savannah. However, the campus was closed following a lawsuit from the Savannah College of Art, the colleges 209 East 23rd Street building, located between Second Avenue and Third Avenue, features classrooms, administrative offices, a cafeteria and an amphitheater. The upper floors are designated for the film, video, graphic design, advertising, illustration. The building also houses the SVA Gramercy Gallery, on the ground floor, both archives are available to the public via appointment. This building is where classrooms and studios used for undergraduate and graduate photography classes are located, as well as the radio station, WSVA. It also features classrooms and studios for classes in interior design, printmaking, the building also houses the SVA Flatiron Gallery, on the ground floor, and a cafeteria on the lower level. The building at 132 West 21st Street houses the Visible Futures Lab, a workshop featuring traditional and emerging fabrication technology, located at 335 West 16th Street, this building houses the BFA Fine Arts Department, including sculpture studios and digital lab
School of Visual Arts
–
SVA's 209 East 23rd Street building
School of Visual Arts
–
Close-up of 209 East 23rd Street
School of Visual Arts
–
SVA's 214 East 21st Street building
School of Visual Arts
–
SVA's West 21st Street buildings
16.
Bellport, New York
–
Bellport is a village in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 2,084 at the 2010 census, the village is named after the Bell family, early settlers of the area. The public education system in Bellport makes up the South Country Central School District consisting of six schools, Long Intermediate School, Bellport Middle School and Bellport High School. Bellport is in the town of Brookhaven and is on the South Shore of Long Island, the village is officially known as the Incorporated Village of Bellport. The village is governed by four trustees and a mayor, each trustee is elected to a two-year term, with two trustees up for election every year. The mayor is elected to a term as well. The current trustees are, Leslie OConnor, David McGrath, Michael Ferrigno, the mayor of the village is Ray Fell. Bellport is responsible for local services such as snow removal, road maintenance. These services are paid for by taxes on property within the boundaries of the village, however, taxes are collected by the Brookhaven Receiver of Taxes. There are many businesses such as antique shops, artist galleries, restaurants. These family run businesses get community support through the Bellport Chamber of Commerce, Bellport is also home to the Gateway Playhouse, a professional summer theater in operation since 1950. Bellport was founded by Captains Thomas and John Bell during the early 19th century as a seaport, on July 4,1980, the Bellport Academy and Bellport Village Historic District were listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Ho Hum Beach is located on Fire Island,2.2 miles across the Great South Bay from the Bellport Village Marina, Village residents and their guests are welcome to visit the beach. Surfers, sunbathers, and fishermen especially enjoy the privateness of Ho Hum Beach, Ho Hum Beach offers a bathing area, a screened in snack shack and showers on the bay side of the beach. The Whalehouse Point ferry leaves from the Bellport Village Marina, running from late May until early September, round-trip tickets for the ferry can be purchased by village residents. Guests of village residents may ride the ferry for an increased fare price, Village residents are also welcome to ride their own boats over. Boat slips for non residents are available at a cost of $65 per day. White, author of Charlottes Web and New Yorker magazine editor P. G. Wodehouse, English comic writer The village of Bellport is located at 40°45′25″N 72°56′30″W
Bellport, New York
–
The Four Corners in Bellport
Bellport, New York
–
Bathing at Bellport by
William Glackens
17.
Parrish Art Museum
–
The Parrish Art Museum is an art museum designed by Herzog & de Meuron Architects and located in Water Mill, New York, whereto it moved in 2012 from Southampton Village. The museum focuses extensively on work by artists from the artist colony of the South Shore, the Parrish Art Museum was founded in 1897. The museums current director is Terrie Sultan, who has several publications related to noted artists. Designed by noted architect Grosvenor Atterbury and constructed in 1897 in downtown Southampton at 25 Jobs Lane, one of the impetus for founding the museum in an artist colony where William Merritt Chase founded the Shinnecock Hills Summer School of Art. The original building was expanded twice, in 1902 and 1913, after his death in 1932, the collection and building were bequeathed to the Village of Southampton but, without Parrish’s guiding vision, the Museum ceased to thrive. It wasn’t until the 1950s, under the direction of the elected president of the board of trustees, Rebecca Bolling Littlejohn. Durand, John H. Twachtman, John Sloan, and a collection of thirty-one paintings by American Impressionist William Merritt Chase. The museum had long had a significant amount of its collection in storage and it 2000 it acquired the neighboring Rogers Memorial Library for an annex after the library moved to a new building on the edge of town. The library was acquired for $1.1 million from more than $3 million donated by Carroll Petrie for the acquisition, the buildings were still considered too small for the collection. In 2012 as part of the move to Water Mill the library was sold for $2.875 to Ajax Holding LLC. which has plans to convert the commercial space. The original Parrish structure is to undergo renovations designed by architect David Rockwell to become the new Southampton Center, the museum encountered opposition to its plans to modernize and enlarge its historic Jobs Lane complex. Following extensive research of more than 65 architect candidates, Pritzker Prize winners Herzog & de Meuron were engaged to develop a new building for the site, construction costs were estimated at $80 million. The original plan Herzog plan called for an $80 million village 62,974 square foot museum consisting of 30 modest, low-slung buildings, however, in the Financial crisis of 2007–2008 and the museum dramatically downsized to be less than a third of the original budget. The new structure is designed as a gigantic barn 615 feet long and 95 feet wide, the buildings footprint is 34,000 square feet. It has a 6,000 square foot porch as well as educational, there are seven galleries, totaling 7,600 square feet, for the permanent collection, and three for temporary exhibitions. All of the galleries are illuminated by daylight that shifts gradually throughout the day, the first temporary exhibit was by Malcolm Morley who has a home in Bellport, New York. Chase to be the first teacher, fairfield Porter was one of the most important American realist painters from 1949 until his death in 1975. Porter was both a painter and an accomplished writer who produced some of the most lucid art criticism and commentary of the time
Parrish Art Museum
–
Parrish Art Museum
Parrish Art Museum
–
Parrish Art Museum at 25 Jobs Lane in December 2012
18.
Watermill, New York
–
Water Mill is a hamlet of the Town of Southampton and census-designated place in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population of the CDP was 1,559 at the 2010 census, as of 2010, Water Mill was listed as the fourteenth most expensive ZIP code in the United States by Forbes. The median home price was $2,965,097, in 1644, England gave Edward Howell 40 acres of land near the new settlement of Southampton to build a mill for settlers to grind their grain into meal. It became a landmark, and people began referring to other settlements that popped up as east or west of the watermill, by the 1800s, the area was known as Water Mills and was later changed to Water Mill. Howells Water Mill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, today, the hamlet boasts its status as the only settlement on the South Fork of Long Island with both a functioning watermill and windmill. Today Water Mill is a community of beautiful beaches, farms. Celebrities and public figures such as Richard Gere, Jennifer Lopez, Matt Lauer, Senator Frank Lautenberg, Steven Schwartzman, louise Fitzhughs young adult novel The Long Secret takes place in Water Mill. Water Mill is located at 40°550 North, 72°2050 West. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 12.0 square miles, of which 10.5 square miles is land and 1.5 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,724 people,722 households, the population density was 156.8 per square mile. There were 1,461 housing units at a density of 132. 9/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 95. 42% White,2. 49% African American,0. 70% Asian,0. 93% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 31% of the population. 25. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.85. In the CDP, the population was out with 20. 1% under the age of 18,4. 6% from 18 to 24,24. 0% from 25 to 44,31. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 46 years, for every 100 females there were 100.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.7 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $84,400, and the median income for a family was $84,272. Males had an income of $60,357 versus $39,167 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $59,987, about 4. 9% of families and 8. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4. 0% of those under age 18 and 2. 4% of those age 65 or over
Watermill, New York
–
Water Mill derives its name from a claim that the first
watermill in New York was built there in 1644.
Watermill, New York
–
The U.S. post office in Water Mill
Watermill, New York
–
Old Wind Mill on the town green across from the Villa Maria convent
19.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
–
The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
20.
Jackson Pollock
–
Paul Jackson Pollock, known professionally as Jackson Pollock, was an American painter and a major figure in the abstract expressionist movement. He was well known for his style of drip painting. During his lifetime, Pollock enjoyed considerable fame and notoriety, he was a major artist of his generation, regarded as reclusive, he had a volatile personality, and struggled with alcoholism for most of his life. In 1945, he married the artist Lee Krasner, who became an important influence on his career, Pollock died at the age of 44 in an alcohol-related single-car accident when he was driving. In December 1956, four months after his death, Pollock was given a retrospective exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. A larger, more comprehensive exhibition of his work was held there in 1967, in 1998 and 1999, his work was honored with large-scale retrospective exhibitions at MoMA and at The Tate in London. Pollock was born in Cody, Wyoming, in 1912, the youngest of five sons and his parents, Stella May and LeRoy Pollock, were born and grew up in Tingley, Iowa and were educated at Tingley High School. Pollocks mother is interred at Tingley Cemetery, Ringgold County, Iowa and his father had been born with the surname McCoy, but took the surname of his adoptive parents, neighbors who adopted him after his own parents had died within a year of each other. Stella and LeRoy Pollock were Presbyterian, they were of Irish and Scots-Irish descent, LeRoy Pollock was a farmer and later a land surveyor for the government, moving for different jobs. Stella, proud of her familys heritage as weavers, made, in November 1912, Stella took her sons to San Diego, Jackson was just 10 months old and would never return to Cody. He subsequently grew up in Arizona and Chico, California, while living in Echo Park, California, he enrolled at Los Angeles Manual Arts High School, from which he was expelled. He had already been expelled in 1928 from another high school, during his early life, Pollock explored Native American culture while on surveying trips with his father. In 1930, following his older brother Charles Pollock, he moved to New York City, bentons rural American subject matter had little influence on Pollocks work, but his rhythmic use of paint and his fierce independence were more lasting. In the early 1930s, Pollock spent a summer touring the Western United States together with Glen Rounds, an art student. Pollock was introduced to the use of paint in 1936 at an experimental workshop in New York City by the Mexican muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros. He later used paint pouring as one of techniques on canvases of the early 1940s, such as Male and Female. After his move to Springs, he began painting with his canvases laid out on the studio floor, from 1938 to 1942 Pollock worked for the WPA Federal Art Project. Henderson engaged him through his art, encouraging Pollock to make drawings, jungian concepts and archetypes were expressed in his paintings
Jackson Pollock
–
Photographer
Hans Namuth extensively documented Pollock's unique painting techniques.
Jackson Pollock
–
No. 5, 1948
Jackson Pollock
–
Pollock's studio in
Springs, New York
Jackson Pollock
–
Jackson Pollock's grave in the rear with Lee Krasner's grave in front in the
Green River Cemetery
21.
Balthus
–
Balthasar Klossowski de Rola, known as Balthus, was a Polish-French modern artist. Throughout his career, Balthus rejected the conventions of the art world. He insisted that his paintings should be seen and not read about, a telegram sent to the Tate Gallery as it prepared for its 1968 retrospective of his works read, NO BIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS. BEGIN, BALTHUS IS A PAINTER OF WHOM NOTHING IS KNOWN, NOW LET US LOOK AT THE PICTURES. Born in Paris, in his formative years his art was sponsored by Rainer Maria Rilke, Maurice Denis, Pierre Bonnard and Pierre Matisse. His father, Erich Klossowski, an art historian who wrote a monograph on Daumier. Balthuss older brother, Pierre Klossowski, was a philosopher and writer influenced by theology, among the visitors and friends of the Klossowskis were famous writers such as André Gide and Jean Cocteau, who found some inspiration for his novel Les Enfants Terribles in his visits to the family. In 1921 Mitsou, a book which included forty drawings by Balthus, was published and it depicted the story of a young boy and his cat, with a preface by Balthuss mentor, the Bohemian-Austrian poet Rainer Maria Rilke who at the time was his mothers lover. The theme of the story foreshadowed his lifelong fascination with cats, from 1930 to 1932 he lived in Morocco, was drafted into the Moroccan infantry in Kenitra and Fes, worked as a secretary, and sketched his painting La Caserne. Moving in 1933 into his first Paris studio at the Rue de Furstemberg and later another at the Cour de Rohan and his paintings often depicted pubescent young girls in erotic and voyeuristic poses. Other important works from the exhibition included La Rue, La Toilette de Cathy. In 1937 he married Antoinette de Watteville, who was from an old and he had met her as early as 1924, and she was the model for the aforementioned La Toilette and for a series of portraits. Balthus had two children from marriage, Thaddeus and Stanislas Klossowski, who recently published books on their father. Early on his work was admired by writers and fellow painters, especially by André Breton, in 1948, another friend, Albert Camus, asked him to design the sets and costumes for his play LÉtat de Siège. Balthus also designed the sets and costumes for Artauds adaptation for Percy Bysshe Shelleys The Cenci, Ugo Bettis Delitto allisola delle capre and Barraults adaptation of Julius Caesar. Balthus returned to France in 1946 and a year later traveled with André Masson to Southern France, meeting such as Picasso and Jacques Lacan. With Adolphe Mouron Cassandre in 1950, Balthus designed stage decor for a production of Mozarts opera Così fan tutte in Aix-en-Provence. As international fame grew with exhibitions in the gallery of Pierre Matisse, in 1964, he moved to Rome where he presided over the Villa de Medici as director of the French Academy in Rome, and became a friend of the filmmaker Federico Fellini and the painter Renato Guttuso
Balthus
–
Balthus by
Damian Pettigrew (1996)
Balthus
–
Balthus, Guitar Lesson, 1934, oil on canvas
Balthus
–
Nude with arms raised, oil on canvas, 1951 by Balthus
22.
Barnett Newman
–
Barnett Newman was an American artist. He is seen as one of the figures in abstract expressionism. His paintings are existential in tone and content, explicitly composed with the intention of communicating a sense of locality, presence, Newman was born in New York City, the son of Jewish immigrants from Poland. He studied philosophy at the City College of New York and worked in his fathers business manufacturing clothing and he later made a living as a teacher, writer and critic. From the 1930s on he made paintings, said to be in an expressionist style, Newman met art teacher Annalee Greenhouse in 1934, they were married on June 30,1936. What is the explanation of the seemingly insane drive of man to be painter and poet if it is not an act of defiance against mans fall, for the artists are the first men. Newman wrote catalogue forewords and reviews and also organized exhibitions before becoming a member of the Uptown Group and having his first solo show at the Betty Parsons Gallery in 1948. Soon after his first exhibition, Newman remarked in one of the Artists Session at Studio 35, We are in the process of making the world, to a certain extent, in our own image. Utilizing his writing skills, Newman fought to reinforce his newly established image as an artist, an example is his letter on April 9,1955, Letter to Sidney Janis. it is true that Rothko talks the fighter. He fights, however, to submit to the philistine world and my struggle against bourgeois society has involved the total rejection of it. Throughout the 1940s he worked in a surrealist vein before developing his mature style and this is characterised by areas of color separated by thin vertical lines, or zips as Newman called them. In the first works featuring zips, the fields are variegated. Newman himself thought that he reached his fully mature style with the Onement series, the zips define the spatial structure of the painting, while simultaneously dividing and uniting the composition. Already 1944 Barnett Newman tried to explain Americas newest art movement, ex-Surrealists, like Matta are mentioned, Wolfgang Paalen Paalen is mentioned twice together with Gottlieb, Rothko, Pollock, Hofmann, Baziotes, Gorky and others. Motherwell is mentioned with a question mark, the zip remained a constant feature of Newmans work throughout his life. In some paintings of the 1950s, such as The Wild, which is eight feet tall by one and a half inches wide, Newman also made a few sculptures which are essentially three-dimensional zips. The Stations of the Cross series of black and white paintings, the series is subtitled Lema sabachthani - why have you forsaken me - the last words spoken by Jesus on the cross, according to the New Testament. Newman saw these words as having universal significance in his own time, the series has also been seen as a memorial to the victims of the holocaust
Barnett Newman
–
Onement 1, 1948.
Museum of Modern Art, New York. The first example of Newman using the so-called "zip" to define the spatial structure of his paintings
Barnett Newman
–
Who's Afraid of Red, Yellow and Blue?, 1966. Typical of Newman's later work, with the use of pure and vibrant color.
Barnett Newman
–
Broken Obelisk in the
University of Washington 's
Red Square
Barnett Newman
–
Broken Obelisk,
Menil Collection,
Houston, Texas
23.
Andy Warhol
–
Andy Warhol was an American artist who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. Born and raised in Pittsburgh, Warhol initially pursued a career as a commercial illustrator. After exhibiting his work in galleries in the late 1950s. He promoted a collection of known as Warhol superstars, and is credited with coining the widely used expression 15 minutes of fame. In the late 1960s, he managed and produced the rock band The Velvet Underground. He authored numerous books, including The Philosophy of Andy Warhol and Popism and he is also notable as a gay man who lived openly as such before the gay liberation movement. Warhol has been the subject of retrospective exhibitions, books. The Andy Warhol Museum in his city of Pittsburgh, which holds an extensive permanent collection of art. Many of his creations are very collectible and highly valuable, the highest price ever paid for a Warhol painting is US$105 million for a 1963 canvas titled Silver Car Crash, his works include some of the most expensive paintings ever sold. A2009 article in The Economist described Warhol as the bellwether of the art market, Warhol was born on August 6,1928 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was the child of Ondrej Warhola and Julia, whose first child was born in their homeland. His parents were working-class Lemko emigrants from Mikó, located in todays northeastern Slovakia, Warhols father emigrated to the United States in 1914, and his mother joined him in 1921, after the death of Warhols grandparents. Warhols father worked in a coal mine, the family lived at 55 Beelen Street and later at 3252 Dawson Street in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh. The family was Byzantine Catholic and attended St. John Chrysostom Byzantine Catholic Church, Andy Warhol had two older brothers—Pavol, the oldest, was born before the family emigrated, Ján was born in Pittsburgh. Pavols son, James Warhola, became a childrens book illustrator. He became a hypochondriac, developing a fear of hospitals and doctors, often bedridden as a child, he became an outcast at school and bonded with his mother. At times when he was confined to bed, he drew, listened to the radio, Warhol later described this period as very important in the development of his personality, skill-set and preferences. When Warhol was 13, his father died in an accident, as a teenager, Warhol graduated from Schenley High School in 1945
Andy Warhol
–
Warhol in 1975
Andy Warhol
–
Warhol's childhood home. 3252 Dawson Street,
South Oakland neighborhood of
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Andy Warhol
–
Warhol (left) and
Tennessee Williams (right) talking on the
SS France, 1967; in the background:
Paul Morrissey.
Andy Warhol
–
Campbell's Soup I (1968)
24.
Roy Lichtenstein
–
Roy Fox Lichtenstein was an American pop artist. During the 1960s, along with Andy Warhol, Jasper Johns and his work defined the premise of pop art through parody. Inspired by the strip, Lichtenstein produced precise compositions that documented while they parodied. His work was influenced by advertising and the comic book style. He described pop art as not American painting but actually industrial painting and his paintings were exhibited at the Leo Castelli Gallery in New York City. Whaam. and Drowning Girl are generally regarded as Lichtensteins most famous works, with Oh, Jeff. I Love You, Drowning Girl, Whaam. and Look Mickey are regarded as his most influential works. Woman with Flowered Hat has held the record for highest Lichtenstein auction price since May 15,2013 although that was beaten in 2015 by Nurse. Roy Lichtenstein was born in New York, into an upper-middle-class Jewish family and his father, Milton, was a real estate broker, his mother, Beatrice, a homemaker. He was raised on the Upper West Side and attended school until the age of twelve. He then attended New Yorks Dwight School, graduating there in 1940. Lichtenstein first became interested in art and design as a hobby and he was an avid jazz fan, often attending concerts at the Apollo Theater in Harlem. He frequently drew portraits of the musicians playing their instruments, in his last year of high school,1939, Lichtenstein enrolled in summer classes at the Art Students League of New York, where he worked under the tutelage of Reginald Marsh. Lichtenstein then left New York to study at the Ohio State University, which offered studio courses and his studies were interrupted by a three-year stint in the army during and after World War II between 1943 and 1946. After being in training programs for languages, engineering, and pilot training, all of which were cancelled, he served as an orderly, draftsman, Lichtenstein returned home to visit his dying father and was discharged from the army with eligibility for the G. I. He returned to studies in Ohio under the supervision of one of his teachers, Hoyt L. Sherman, Lichtenstein entered the graduate program at Ohio State and was hired as an art instructor, a post he held on and off for the next ten years. In 1949 Lichtenstein received a Master of Fine Arts degree from the Ohio State University, in 1951 Lichtenstein had his first solo exhibition at the Carlebach Gallery in New York. He moved to Cleveland in the year, where he remained for six years. During this time he undertook jobs as varied as a draftsman to a window decorator in between periods of painting and his work at this time fluctuated between Cubism and Expressionism
Roy Lichtenstein
–
Roy Lichtenstein, 1967
Roy Lichtenstein
–
Cap de Barcelona, sculpture, mixed media,
Barcelona
Roy Lichtenstein
–
Drowning Girl (1963). On display at the
Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Roy Lichtenstein
–
Whaam!, 1963,
Tate Modern
25.
Photography
–
Typically, a lens is used to focus the light reflected or emitted from objects into a real image on the light-sensitive surface inside a camera during a timed exposure. With an electronic sensor, this produces an electrical charge at each pixel. A negative image on film is used to photographically create a positive image on a paper base, known as a print. The word photography was created from the Greek roots φωτός, genitive of φῶς, light and γραφή representation by means of lines or drawing, several people may have coined the same new term from these roots independently. Johann von Maedler, a Berlin astronomer, is credited in a 1932 German history of photography as having used it in an article published on 25 February 1839 in the German newspaper Vossische Zeitung. Both of these claims are now widely reported but apparently neither has ever been confirmed as beyond reasonable doubt. Credit has traditionally given to Sir John Herschel both for coining the word and for introducing it to the public. Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries, later Greek mathematicians Aristotle and Euclid also independently described a pinhole camera in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. Daniele Barbaro described a diaphragm in 1566, wilhelm Homberg described how light darkened some chemicals in 1694. The fiction book Giphantie, published in 1760, by French author Tiphaigne de la Roche, the discovery of the camera obscura that provides an image of a scene dates back to ancient China. Leonardo da Vinci mentions natural camera obscura that are formed by dark caves on the edge of a sunlit valley, a hole in the cave wall will act as a pinhole camera and project a laterally reversed, upside down image on a piece of paper. So the birth of photography was primarily concerned with inventing means to capture, renaissance painters used the camera obscura which, in fact, gives the optical rendering in color that dominates Western Art. The camera obscura literally means dark chamber in Latin and it is a box with a hole in it which allows light to go through and create an image onto the piece of paper. Around the year 1800, British inventor Thomas Wedgwood made the first known attempt to capture the image in a camera obscura by means of a light-sensitive substance and he used paper or white leather treated with silver nitrate. The shadow images eventually darkened all over, the first permanent photoetching was an image produced in 1822 by the French inventor Nicéphore Niépce, but it was destroyed in a later attempt to make prints from it. Niépce was successful again in 1825, in 1826 or 1827, he made the View from the Window at Le Gras, the earliest surviving photograph from nature. Because Niépces camera photographs required a long exposure, he sought to greatly improve his bitumen process or replace it with one that was more practical. With an eye to eventual commercial exploitation, the partners opted for total secrecy, Daguerres efforts culminated in what would later be named the daguerreotype process
Photography
–
Lens and mounting of a large-format camera
Photography
–
A camera obscura used for drawing images
Photography
–
Earliest known surviving heliographic engraving, 1825, printed from a metal plate made by
Nicéphore Niépce. The plate was exposed under an ordinary engraving and copied it by photographic means. This was a step towards the first permanent photograph taken with a camera.
Photography
–
World's earliest surviving camera photograph, 1826 or 1827:
View from the Window at Le Gras
26.
Ship
–
Historically, a ship was a sailing vessel with at least three square-rigged masts and a full bowsprit. Ships are generally distinguished from boats, based on size, shape, Ships have been important contributors to human migration and commerce. They have supported the spread of colonization and the trade, but have also served scientific, cultural. After the 16th century, new crops that had come from, Ship transport is responsible for the largest portion of world commerce. As of 2016, there were more than 49,000 merchant ships, of these 28% were oil tankers, 43% were bulk carriers, and 13% were container ships. Military forces operate vessels for naval warfare and to transport and support forces ashore, the top 50 navies had a median fleet of 88 surface vessels each, according to various sources. There is no definition of what distinguishes a ship from a boat. Ships can usually be distinguished from boats based on size and the ability to operate independently for extended periods. A legal definition of ship from Indian case law is a vessel that carries goods by sea, a common notion is that a ship can carry a boat, but not vice versa. American and British 19th Century maritime law distinguished vessels from other craft, ships and boats fall in one legal category, a number of large vessels are usually referred to as boats. Other types of vessel which are traditionally called boats are Great Lakes freighters, riverboats. Though large enough to carry their own boats and heavy cargoes, in most maritime traditions ships have individual names, and modern ships may belong to a ship class often named after its first ship. The first known vessels date back about 10,000 years ago, the first navigators began to use animal skins or woven fabrics as sails. Affixed to the top of a pole set upright in a boat and this allowed men to explore widely, allowing for the settlement of Oceania for example. By around 3000 BC, Ancient Egyptians knew how to assemble wooden planks into a hull and they used woven straps to lash the planks together, and reeds or grass stuffed between the planks helped to seal the seams. Sneferus ancient cedar wood ship Praise of the Two Lands is the first reference recorded to a ship being referred to by name, the ancient Egyptians were perfectly at ease building sailboats. A remarkable example of their skills was the Khufu ship. Aksum was known by the Greeks for having seaports for ships from Greece, a panel found at Mohenjodaro depicted a sailing craft
Ship
–
Italian full-rigged ship Amerigo Vespucci in
New York Harbor, 1976
Ship
–
A
raft is among the simplest boat designs.
Ship
–
Roman
trireme mosaic from Carthage,
Bardo Museum,
Tunis.
Ship
–
A Japanese
atakebune from the 16th century
27.
Calendar
–
A calendar is a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial or administrative purposes. This is done by giving names to periods of time, typically days, weeks, months, a date is the designation of a single, specific day within such a system. A calendar is also a record of such a system. A calendar can also mean a list of planned events, such as a calendar or a partly or fully chronological list of documents. Periods in a calendar are usually, though not necessarily, synchronized with the cycle of the sun or the moon. The most common type of calendar was the lunisolar calendar. Latin calendarium meant account book, register, the Latin term was adopted in Old French as calendier and from there in Middle English as calender by the 13th century. The course of the Sun and the Moon are the most evident forms of timekeeping, nevertheless, the Roman calendar contained very ancient remnants of a pre-Etruscan 10-month solar year. The first recorded calendars date to the Bronze Age, dependent on the development of writing in the Ancient Near East, a larger number of calendar systems of the Ancient Near East becomes accessible in the Iron Age, based on the Babylonian calendar. This includes the calendar of the Persian Empire, which in turn gave rise to the Zoroastrian calendar as well as the Hebrew calendar, calendars in antiquity were lunisolar, depending on the introduction of intercalary months to align the solar and the lunar years. This was mostly based on observation, but there may have been attempts to model the pattern of intercalation algorithmically. The Roman calendar was reformed by Julius Caesar in 45 BC, the Julian calendar was no longer dependent on the observation of the new moon but simply followed an algorithm of introducing a leap day every four years. This created a dissociation of the month from the lunation. The Islamic calendar is based on the prohibition of intercalation by Muhammad and this resulted in an observationally based lunar calendar that shifts relative to the seasons of the solar year. The first calendar reform of the modern era was the Gregorian calendar. Such ideas are mooted from time to time but have failed to gain traction because of the loss of continuity, massive upheaval in implementation, a full calendar system has a different calendar date for every day. Thus the week cycle is by not a full calendar system. The simplest calendar system just counts time periods from a reference date and this applies for the Julian day or Unix Time
Calendar
–
Sun and
Moon, Schedel's Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493
Calendar
–
Calendar of the
Qahal, 5591 (1831)
Calendar
–
A Hindu
almanac (pancanga) for the year 1871/2 from
Rajasthan (Library of Congress, Asian Division)
Calendar
–
The Payment of the Tithes (The tax-collector), also known as Village Lawyer. Signed
.P.BREVGHEL
28.
Canvas
–
Canvas is an extremely durable plain-woven fabric used for making sails, tents, marquees, backpacks, and other items for which sturdiness is required. It is also used by artists as a painting surface. It is also used in such objects as handbags, electronic device cases. The word canvas is derived from the 13th century Anglo-French canevaz, both may be derivatives of the Vulgar Latin cannapaceus for made of hemp, originating from the Greek κάνναβις. Modern canvas is made of cotton or linen, although. It differs from other cotton fabrics, such as denim. Canvas comes in two types, plain and duck. The threads in duck canvas are more tightly woven, the term duck comes from the Dutch word for cloth, doek. In the United States, canvas is classified in two ways, by weight and by a number system. The numbers run in reverse of the weight so a number 10 canvas is lighter than number 4, canvas has become the most common support medium for oil painting, replacing wooden panels. One of the earliest surviving oils on canvas is a French Madonna with angels from around 1410 in the Gemäldegalerie, however, panel painting remained more common until the 16th century in Italy and the 17th century in Northern Europe. Mantegna and Venetian artists were among those leading the change, Venetian sail canvas was readily available, as lead-based paint is poisonous, care has to be taken in using it. Early canvas was made of linen, a sturdy brownish fabric of considerable strength, linen is particularly suitable for the use of oil paint. In the early 20th century, cotton canvas, often referred to as cotton duck, linen is composed of higher quality material, and remains popular with many professional artists, especially those who work with oil paint. Cotton duck, which stretches more fully and has an even, mechanical weave, the advent of acrylic paint has greatly increased the popularity and use of cotton duck canvas. Linen and cotton derive from two different plants, the flax plant and the cotton plant, respectively. Gessoed canvases on stretchers are also available and they are available in a variety of weights, light-weight is about 4 oz or 5 oz, medium-weight is about 7 oz or 8 oz, heavy-weight is about 10 oz or 12 oz. They are prepared with two or three coats of gesso and are ready for use straight away, artists desiring greater control of their painting surface may add a coat or two of their preferred gesso
Canvas
–
Canvas stretched on wooden frame
Canvas
–
Canvas on
stretcher bar
Canvas
–
One of
Poland 's largest canvas paintings, the
Battle of Grunwald by
Jan Matejko (426 cm × 987 cm (168 in × 389 in)), displayed in the
National Museum in
Warsaw.
Canvas
–
Canada Post canvas bags
29.
Expressionism
–
Expressionism was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, Expressionist artists sought to express the meaning of emotional experience rather than physical reality. Expressionism was developed as an avant-garde style before the First World War and it remained popular during the Weimar Republic, particularly in Berlin. The style extended to a range of the arts, including expressionist architecture, painting, literature, theatre, dance, film. The term is sometimes suggestive of angst, in a general sense, painters such as Matthias Grünewald and El Greco are sometimes termed expressionist, though in practice the term is applied mainly to 20th-century works. The Expressionist emphasis on individual perspective has been characterized as a reaction to positivism, though an alternate view is that the term was coined by the Czech art historian Antonin Matějček in 1910, as the opposite of impressionism, An Expressionist wishes, above all, to express himself. Immediate perception and builds on more complex psychic structures, in 1905, a group of four German artists, led by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, formed Die Brücke in the city of Dresden. This was arguably the founding organization for the German Expressionist movement, a few years later, in 1911, a like-minded group of young artists formed Der Blaue Reiter in Munich. The name came from Wassily Kandinskys Der Blaue Reiter painting of 1903, among their members were Kandinsky, Franz Marc, Paul Klee, and Auguste Macke. However, the term Expressionism did not firmly establish itself until 1913, though mainly a German artistic movement initially and most predominant in painting, poetry and the theatre between 1910–30, most precursors of the movement were not German. Expressionism is notoriously difficult to define, in part because it overlapped with other major isms of the modernist period, with Futurism, Vorticism, Cubism, Surrealism, more explicitly, that the expressionists rejected the ideology of realism. The term refers to a style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions. It is arguable that all artists are expressive but there are examples of art production in Europe from the 15th century onward which emphasize extreme emotion. Expressionism has been likened to Baroque by critics such as art historian Michel Ragon, according to Alberto Arbasino, a difference between the two is that Expressionism doesnt shun the violently unpleasant effect, while Baroque does. Expressionism throws some terrific fuck yous, Baroque doesnt, brazil, Anita Malfatti, Cândido Portinari, Di Cavalcanti, Iberê Camargo and Lasar Segall. Estonia, Konrad Mägi, Eduard Wiiralt Finland, Tyko Sallinen, Alvar Cawén, Juho Mäkelä, there were a number of groups of expressionist painters, including Der Blaue Reiter and Die Brücke. Der Blaue Reiter was based in Munich and Die Brücke was based originally in Dresden, Die Brücke was active for a longer period than Der Blaue Reiter, which was only together for a year. The Expressionists had many influences, among them Edvard Munch, Vincent van Gogh and they were also aware of the work being done by the Fauves in Paris, who influenced Expressionisms tendency toward arbitrary colours and jarring compositions
Expressionism
–
The Scream by
Edvard Munch (1893), which inspired 20th-century Expressionists
Expressionism
–
Portrait of Eduard Kosmack by
Egon Schiele
Expressionism
–
"View of Toledo" by
El Greco, 1595/1610 has been indicated to have a particularly striking resemblance to 20th-century expressionism. Historically however it is an example of
Mannerism. [
citation needed]
Expressionism
–
Wassily Kandinsky, On White II, 1923
30.
Collage
–
Collage is a technique of an art production, primarily used in the visual arts, where the artwork is made from an assemblage of different forms, thus creating a new whole. The origins of collage can be traced back hundreds of years, the term collage was coined by both Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso in the beginning of the 20th century when collage became a distinctive part of modern art. Techniques of collage were first used at the time of the invention of paper in China, around 200 BC. The use of collage, however, wasnt used by many people until the 10th century in Japan, when began to apply glued paper, using texts on surfaces. The technique of collage appeared in medieval Europe during the 13th century, gold leaf panels started to be applied in Gothic cathedrals around the 15th and 16th centuries. Gemstones and other metals were applied to religious images, icons. An 18th-century example of art can be found in the work of Mary Delany. In the 19th century, collage methods also were used among hobbyists for memorabilia, the exhibition later traveled to The Metropolitan Museum of Art and The Art Gallery of Ontario. For example, the Tate Gallerys online art glossary states that collage was first used as a technique in the twentieth century. The glued-on patches which Braque and Picasso added to their canvases offered a new perspective on painting when the patches collided with the plane of the painting. Collage in the modernist sense began with Cubist painters Georges Braque, according to some sources, Picasso was the first to use the collage technique in oil paintings. According to the Guggenheim Museums online article about collage, Braque took up the concept of collage itself before Picasso, applying it to charcoal drawings. Picasso adopted collage immediately after, It was Braque who purchased a roll of simulated oak-grain wallpaper and began cutting out pieces of the paper, Picasso immediately began to make his own experiments in the new medium. In 1912 for his Still Life with Chair Caning, Picasso pasted a patch of oilcloth with a design onto the canvas of the piece. Surrealist artists have made use of collage. Cubomania is a made by cutting an image into squares which are then reassembled automatically or at random. Collages produced using a similar, or perhaps identical, method are called etrécissements by Marcel Mariën from a method first explored by Mariën, surrealist games such as parallel collage use collective techniques of collage making. Many of these artists used techniques in their work
Collage
–
Kurt Schwitters, Das Undbild, 1919, Staatsgalerie Stuttgart
Collage
–
Hannah Höch, Cut with the Dada Kitchen Knife through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany, 1919, collage of pasted papers, 90x144 cm, Staatliche Museum,
Berlin.
Collage
–
Pablo Picasso, 1913-14, Head (Tête), cut and pasted colored paper, gouache and charcoal on paperboard, 43.5 x 33 cm,
Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, Edinburgh
Collage
–
What may be called wood collage is the dominant feature in this 1964
mixed media painting by
Jane Frank (1918–1986)
