1.
Malden High School
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Malden High School is a public high school located in Malden, Massachusetts. Accredited by New England Association of Schools and Colleges, it awards high school diplomas and it is a part of Malden Public Schools. The school was founded in 1857, in a 2013 study found by the National Center for Education Statistics, Malden High was found to be the most diverse public high school in Massachusetts. The Malden High School was established in 1857 by the committee after a vote in favor for the establishment. However, the first Salem Street building, after only a few years already became as overcrowded as the old school, the school was not designed for the future rapid enrollment as the school grew well into the hundreds. By 1892, three rooms of the Centre School Building were reopened to serve the students as the Salem building became too overcrowded. After some debate, to accommodate the growing size, another new building was built. The 1872 building continued as a training school until 1937 where the land was used for an addition to the high school that opened in 1940. In 1958, the school saw 54% of its class to continue on to college to 45 schools. This was especially impressive for a class town in the late fifties. The Malden High School entered into a decline in the subsequent years during the 1970s. The schools College Board scores declined steadily over the decade, becoming well-below the national average in 1979, with the declining scores, the percentage of college-bound graduates dropped to 42% for the class of 1975. Some students recognized the problem and asked the committee to be allowed to take a heavier workload by taking more than five courses to be able to compete for college admission better. In addition, the building began to show its age and marred the school with disruptive. One of the new buildings was nearly torn down to start after the contractor ignored an error that one of the foundation footings were misaligned nine inches the correct line. After it reached completion in 1980, problems continued to persist well after construction including leaking roofs and even falling concrete. Adding to the decline, school vandalism reached extreme levels in the late 1970s with trashed bathrooms, ransacked classrooms, damage to the new school pool, and fires during the early 1980s. Teachers and the city began openly talking about the decline of the student body and disciple with rampant truancy, drugs, finally cutbacks from funding forced layoffs and cutbacks to many of the school offerings
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
4.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
5.
Middlesex County, Massachusetts
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Middlesex County is a county in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, in the United States. As of 2014, the population was 1,570,315, making it the twenty-third most populous county in the United States. For administrative purposes the county held two regions, Middlesex-North with its county seat in Lowell, and Middlesex-South with its county seat in Cambridge, Middlesex County is included in the Boston–Cambridge–Newton, MA–NH Metropolitan Statistical Area. Massachusetts counties also define locations for National Weather Service weather alerts, in 2010, the center of population of Massachusetts was located in Middlesex County, in the town of Natick. The county was created by the Massachusetts General Court on May 10,1643, Middlesex initially contained Charlestown, Cambridge, Watertown, Sudbury, Concord, Woburn, Medford, Wayland, and Reading. On April 19th,1775, it became the site of the first armed conflict of the American Revolutionary War, on July 11,1997, the Massachusetts State Legislature abolished Middlesex County as a governmental entity due primarily to the countys insolvency. Middlesex County continues to exist as a geographic boundary, Middlesex County owned and operated the Superior Courthouses in Cambridge and Lowell and the Middlesex County Hospital in Waltham. Budgets proposed by the County Commissioners were approved by a County Advisory Board that consisted of a representative of each of the 54 cities. The votes of the members of the Advisory Board were weighted based on the overall valuation of property in their respective communities. Additionally, all county maintenance and security employees were absorbed into the corresponding staffs of the Massachusetts Trial Court, the legislation also transferred ownership of the two Superior Courthouses to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Finally, the office of County Commissioner was immediately abolished and the office of County Treasurer was abolished as of December 31,2002. Besides the Sheriff and the two Registers of Deeds, the Middlesex District Attorney, the Middlesex Register of Probate and the Middlesex Clerk of Courts are all elected countywide to six-year terms, records of land ownership in Middlesex County are maintained at the two Registries of Deeds. The first Middlesex County Registry of Deeds was created in 1649 in Cambridge, in 1855, the Massachusetts State Legislature created a Registry of Deeds for the Northern District of Middlesex County in Lowell. The Northern District consists the city of Lowell and the towns of Billerica, Carlisle, Chelmsford, Dracut, Dunstable, Tewksbury, Tyngsborough, Westford, the remaining 44 cities and towns of Middlesex County are in the Southern District which remained in Cambridge. Even after the abolition of county government in Middlesex, communities are now granted the right to form their own regional compacts for sharing services. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 847 square miles. It is the third-largest county in Massachusetts by land area and it is bounded southeast by the Charles River, and drained by the Merrimack, Nashua, and Concord rivers, and other streams. The MetroWest region comprises much of the portion of the county
6.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
7.
Demonym
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A demonym is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, which is derived from the name of that particular place. It is a neologism, previously gentilic was recorded in English dictionaries, e. g. the Oxford English Dictionary, thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand, of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a member of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms, for example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Brit, or a Briton. In some languages, when a parallel demonym does not exist, in English, demonyms are capitalized and are often the same as the adjectival form of the place, e. g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. Significant exceptions exist, for instance the adjectival form of Spain is Spanish, English widely includes country-level demonyms such as Ethiopian or Guatemalan and more local demonyms such as Seoulite, Wisconsinite, Chicagoan, Michigander, Fluminense, and Paulista. Some places lack a commonly used and accepted demonym and this poses a particular challenge to those toponymists who research demonyms. The word gentilic comes from the Latin gentilis and the English suffix -ic, the word demonym was derived from the Greek word meaning populace with the suffix for name. National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990 and it was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals. However, in What Do You Call a Person From, a Dictionary of Resident Names attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names Names, A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon, which is apparently where the term first appears. Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language, the most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. Cairo → Cairene Cyrenaica → Cyrene Damascus → Damascene Greece → Greek Nazareth → Nazarene Slovenia → Slovene Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations. Kingston-upon-Hull → Hullensian Leeds → Leodensian Spain → Spaniard Savoy → Savoyard -ese is usually considered proper only as an adjective, thus, a Chinese person is used rather than a Chinese. Monaco → Monégasque Menton → Mentonasque Basque Country → Basque Often used for French locations, mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of an ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti and these demonyms are usually more informal and colloquial. In the United States such informal demonyms frequently become associated with mascots of the sports teams of the state university system. In other countries the origins are often disputed and these will typically be formed using the standard models above
8.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
9.
UTC-5
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
10.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
11.
Area code 339
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Area code 781 covers most of the Boston suburbs roughly along Route 128 and about two-thirds of the South Shore. It was created as a split from area code 617 on September 1,1997, use of 781 became mandatory February 1,1998. Area code 339 has been sharing the area since May 2,2001. Since then,10 digit local dialing is mandatory, some mobile phone numbers from the 1990s assigned to rate centers in 781 and 339 kept the 617 area code just on those mobile lines after it was split. Portions of the counties are covered, Essex Middlesex Norfolk Plymouth Suffolk Eastcentral Mass
12.
Area codes 781 and 339
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Area code 781 covers most of the Boston suburbs roughly along Route 128 and about two-thirds of the South Shore. It was created as a split from area code 617 on September 1,1997, use of 781 became mandatory February 1,1998. Area code 339 has been sharing the area since May 2,2001. Since then,10 digit local dialing is mandatory, some mobile phone numbers from the 1990s assigned to rate centers in 781 and 339 kept the 617 area code just on those mobile lines after it was split. Portions of the counties are covered, Essex Middlesex Norfolk Plymouth Suffolk Eastcentral Mass
13.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
14.
Bloomberg Businessweek
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Bloomberg Businessweek is an American weekly business magazine published by Bloomberg L. P. Businessweek was founded in 1929, the magazine was created to provide information and interpretation about what was happening in the business world and it is headquartered in New York City. Megan Murphy was appointed editor of the magazine in November 2016, Businessweek was first published in September 1929, weeks before the stock market crash of 1929. The magazine provided information and opinions on what was happening in the world at the time. Businessweek was originally published to be a resource for business managers, however, in the 1970s, the magazine shifted its strategy and added consumers outside of the business world. Since 1975, Businessweek has carried more annual advertising pages than any magazine in the United States. Stephen B. Shepard served as editor-in-chief from 1984 until 2005 when he was chosen to be the dean of the CUNY Graduate School of Journalism. Under Shepard, Businessweeks readership grew to more than six million in the late 1980s and he was succeeded by Stephen J. Adler of The Wall Street Journal. Businessweek suffered a decline during the recession as advertising revenues fell one-third by the start of 2009. In July 2009, it was reported that McGraw-Hill was trying to sell Businessweek and had hired Evercore Partners to conduct the sale. Because of the liabilities, it was suggested that it might change hands for the nominal price of $1 to an investor who was willing to incur losses turning the magazine around. In late 2009, Bloomberg L. P. bought the magazine—for a reported price between $2 million to $5 million plus assumption of liabilities—and renamed it Bloomberg BusinessWeek. It is now believed McGraw-Hill received the high end of the price, at $5 million. Currently, the magazine still loses $30 million per year, about half of the $60 million it was reported losing in 2009, Adler resigned as editor-in-chief and was replaced by Josh Tyrangiel, who had been deputy managing editor of Time magazine. In early 2010, the title was restyled Bloomberg Businessweek as part of a redesign. Megan Murphy is the editor of the magazine in the eight years of Bloomberg ownership. The magazine is losing between $20-$30 million a year. The magazine is to undergo changes in the second quarter of 2017
15.
Mystic River
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The Mystic River is a 7. 0-mile-long river in Massachusetts, in the United States. Its name derives from the Wampanoag word muhs-uhtuq, which translates to big river, in an Algonquian language, Missi-Tuk means a great river whose waters are driven by waves, alluding to the original tidal nature of the Mystic. It lies to the north of and flows parallel to the lower portions of the Charles River. The Mystic River has a history of industrial use and a continuing water quality problem. The river joins the Charles River to form inner Boston Harbor and its watershed contains 44 lakes and ponds, the largest of which is Spot Pond in the Middlesex Fells, with an area of 307 acres. Before recorded history, Native Americans and then later colonists used weirs to catch alewives, in 1631, after the arrival of the English, the first ship built by Europeans in Massachusetts, the Blessing of the Bay, was launched from the rivers shores. A few years later the first bridge was built, neighboring towns squabbled about the costs for more than a hundred years. In 1775, the Battle of Chelsea Creek took place in the watershed in May. In 1805 the Middlesex Canal linked the Charles and Mystic Rivers to the Merrimack River in Lowell, shipbuilding peaked in the 1840s as schooners and sloops transported timber and molasses for rum distilleries between Medford and the West Indies. By 1865, overfishing and pollution all but eliminated commercial fishing, extensive salt marshes lined the banks of the Mystic until 1909, when the first dam was built across the river, converting salt marsh to freshwater marsh and enabling development. A dam named for Amelia Earhart, was built in 1966 and it has three locks to allow the passage of boats, and is equipped with pumps to push fresh water out to the harbor even during high tide. Dam operators leave the open at times to allow the passage of fish. There is a ladder, but it has never been functional. The dam is closed to the public, in 1950, construction was completed on the Maurice J. Tobin Bridge which spans the Mystic River, joining Charlestown and Chelsea. Although most of species still live in the Mystic River, pollution. Pollution came from various mills and a ship building yard in the past. The main source of pollution in the 20th century and into the present is from drainage from cities, many of the records of nearby drainage pipes have been lost, or have undocumented changes and diversions. Once described as having so many herring that one could cross the river on their backs, pollution has raised bacteria levels and turbidity, making it unfavorable for fish to live in
16.
Puritans
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Puritanism in this sense was founded as an activist movement within the Church of England. The founders, clergy exiled under Mary I, returned to England shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1558, Puritanism played a significant role in English history during the first half of the 17th century. One of the most effective stokers of anti-Catholic feeling was John Pym, Puritans were blocked from changing the established church from within and were severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion. They took on distinctive beliefs about clerical dress and in opposition to the episcopal system and they largely adopted Sabbatarianism in the 17th century, and were influenced by millennialism. Consequently, they became a political force in England and came to power as a result of the First English Civil War. Almost all Puritan clergy left the Church of England after the Restoration of 1660, the nature of the movement in England changed radically, although it retained its character for a much longer period in New England. Puritans by definition were dissatisfied with the extent of the English Reformation. They formed and identified with various groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine, as well as personal. Puritans adopted a Reformed theology and, in sense, were Calvinists. In church polity, some advocated separation from all other established Christian denominations in favor of autonomous gathered churches. The Puritans were never a formally defined sect or religious division within Protestantism, the Congregationalist tradition, widely considered to be a part of the Reformed tradition, claims descent from the Puritans. Historically, the word Puritan was considered a term that characterized Protestant groups as extremists. According to Thomas Fuller in his Church History, the dates to 1564. Archbishop Matthew Parker of that used it and precisian with the sense of the modern stickler. In modern times, the word puritan is often used to mean against pleasure, in this sense, the term Puritan was coined in the 1560s, when it first appeared as a term of abuse for those who found the Elizabethan Religious Settlement of 1559 inadequate. The term Puritan, therefore, was not intended to refer to strict morality, a common modern misunderstanding, the word Puritan was applied unevenly to a number of Protestant churches from the late 16th century onwards. Puritans did not originally use the term for themselves, the practitioners knew themselves as members of particular churches or movements, and not by a single term. Precise men and Precisians were other early derogatory terms for Puritans, seventeenth century English Puritan preacher Thomas Watson used the godly to describe Puritans in the title of one of his more famous works The Godly Mans Picture
17.
Pennacook
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They are also sometimes called the Pawtucket people or the Merrimack people. This relationship was both linguistic and cultural, but, during the time of early Anglo-European settlement, the Pennacook were a large confederacy, politically distinct and at odds with their northern Abenaki neighbors. One of the first tribes to encounter European colonists, the Pennacook were decimated by infectious diseases carried by the newcomers. Suffering high mortality, they were in a state and subject to raids by Mohawk of the Iroquois Confederacy from the west, and Micmac tribes from the north. Chief Passaconaway had an advantage over the New England colonists. They were caught up in King Philips War, however, although Wonalancet, the chief who succeeded Passaconaway, tried to maintain neutrality in the war, bands in western Massachusetts did not. The Pennacook fled north with their enemies, or west with other tribes. Those that survived, joined other scattered tribespeople at Schaghticoke, present-day New York and those who fled northward eventually merged with other displaced New England tribes and Abenaki. Although no longer a tribe, many bands of Abenaki in New Hampshire, Vermont. The Pennacook women cultivated varieties of maize, corn, and squash along fertile river beds, processing them for food, the men hunted in the wooded, less fertile areas. The name Pennacook roughly translates as at the bottom of the hill, William James Sidis hypothesized in his book The Tribes and the States that the Pennacook tribes greatly influenced the democratic ideals which European settlers instituted in New England. But English settlers already had a tradition to draw from. The name Pennacook has been adopted by the Boy Scouts of Americas Spirit of Adventure Council for their Order of Arrow lodge, Passaconaway Penacook, New Hampshire Plausawa Wonalancet Johnson, M. and Hook, R. The Native Tribes of North America, Compendium Publishing,1992, ISBN 1-872004-03-2 Pennacook History Sidis, William
18.
Charlestown, Boston
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Charlestown is the oldest neighborhood in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Originally called Mishawum by the Massachusett, it is located on a north of the Charles River, across from downtown Boston. Charlestown was laid out in 1629 by engineer Thomas Graves, one of its early settlers and it was originally a separate town and the first capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Charlestown became a city in 1848 and was annexed by Boston on January 5,1874, with that, it also switched from Middlesex County, to which it had belonged since 1643, to Suffolk County. It has had a substantial Irish American population since the migration of Irish people during the Great Irish Famine of the 1840s, since the late 1980s the neighborhood has changed dramatically because of its proximity to downtown and its colonial architecture. In the 21st century, Charlestowns diversity has expanded dramatically, along with growing rates of the very poor, today Charlestown is a largely residential neighborhood, with much housing near the waterfront, overlooking the Boston skyline. Charlestown is home to historic sites, hospitals and organizations. Thomas and Jane Walford were the original English settlers of the peninsula between the Charles and the Mystic and they were given a grant by Sir Robert Gorges, with whom they had settled at Wessagusset in September 1623 and arrived at what they called Mishawaum in 1624. John Endicott, first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, sent William, Richard, Thomas Walford, acting as an interpreter with the Massachusetts Indians, negotiated with the local sachem Wonohaquaham for Endicott and his people to settle there. John Winthrops company stopped here for time in 1630, before deciding to settle across the Charles River at Boston. The territory of Charlestown was initially quite large, from it, Woburn was separated in 1642, Melrose and Malden in 1649, Stoneham in 1725, and Somerville in 1842. Everett, Burlington, Medford, Arlington and Cambridge also acquired areas originally allocated to Charlestown, on June 17,1775, the Charlestown Peninsula was the site of the Battle of Bunker Hill, named for a hill at the northwest end of the peninsula near Charlestown Neck. British troops unloaded at Moulton’s Point and much of the battle took place on Breeds Hill, the town, including its wharves and dockyards, was almost completely destroyed during the battle by the British. The town was not appreciably rebuilt until the end of hostilities but, in 1786, an 87-acre Navy Yard was established in 1800, Charlestown State Prison opened in 1805. The Bunker Hill Monument was erected between 1827 and 1843 using Quincy granite brought to the site by a combination of purpose-built railway, notable businesses included the Bunker Hill Breweries and Schraffts candy company. Around the 1860s an influx of Irish immigrants arrived in Charlestown, following the war, the city commissioned Martin Milmore to construct its civil war memorial, dedicated in 1872 and still standing in the communitys Training Field. Out of its 32,040 residents,2240 voted in support of the merger and 1947 opposed, Boston residents also approved the question,5, 960–1,868. Charlestowns separate city government was dissolved the next year, during the early 1960s, the city initiated plans to demolish and redevelop sixty percent of the housing in Charlestown
19.
Maldon, Essex
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Maldon is a town on the Blackwater estuary in Essex, England. It is the seat of the Maldon District and starting point of the Chelmer and Blackwater Navigation and it is most renowned for Maldon Sea Salt which is produced in the area. The place-name Maldon is first attested in 913 in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, maldons name comes from Mael meaning monument or cross and dun meaning hill, so translates as monument on the hill. East Saxons settled the area in the 5th century and the area to the south is known as the Dengie Peninsula after the Dæningas. It became a significant Saxon port with a hythe or quayside, evidence of imported pottery from this period has been found in archaeological digs. From 958 there was a royal mint issuing coins for the late Anglo-Saxon and it was one of the only two towns in Essex, and King Edward the Elder is thought to have lived here while combating the Danish settlers who had overrun North Essex and parts of East Anglia. A Viking raid was beaten off in 924, but in another raid in 991 the defenders were defeated in the Battle of Maldon and it became the subject of the celebrated Old English poem The Battle of Maldon. The battle is commemorated by a window in St Marys Church, according to the Domesday Book there were 54 households and an estimated 180 townsmen in 1086. The town still had the mint and supplied a warhorse and warship for the service in return for its privileges of self-government. The town was awarded a charter by Henry II in 1171, stating the rights of the town as well as defining its borders, the towns All Saints Church, unique in England in having a triangular tower, dates from around this period. While the precise building date is unknown, the church existed by 1180, a Charter of Richard I of December 1189 confirms certain grants to Beeleigh Abbey, including the Church of Blessed Peter in Maldon and the Church of All Saints in the same town. St Marys Church, on the Hythe Quay has a grade 1 listed Norman nave from 1130, there were strong urban traditions, with two members elected to the Commons and three guilds which hosted lavish religious plays until they were suppressed by Puritans in 1576. Then, until 1630, professional actors were invited to perform plays, from 1570 to about 1800 a rival tradition of inviting prominent clergy to visit the town also existed. In 1629 a series of riots took place, led by the wife of a local butcher. The Plume Library is to be found at St Peters Church, only the original tower survives, the rest of the building having been rebuilt by Thomas Plume to house his library and what was Maldon Grammar School. Maldon was chosen as one of the sites of a planned French invasion of Britain in 1744. However, the French invasion fleet was wrecked in storms, in the church of All Saints is a memorial window to George Washington, whose great-great grandfather, Lawrence Washington, is buried here. Unveiled by an American diplomat on 5 July 1928, the window displays Saint Nicholas with the Mayflower, Saint George, at the top are the arms of the Washington family, and the arms of the USA, England, Scotland and Wales
20.
Melrose, Massachusetts
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Melrose is a city located in the Greater Boston metropolitan area in Middlesex County, Massachusetts. Its population as per the 2010 United States Census is 26,983 and it is a suburb located approximately seven miles north of Boston and is situated in the center of the triangle created by Interstates 93,95 and US Route 1. The land that comprises Melrose was first discovered in 1628 and was part of Charlestown. It became the Town of Melrose in 1850 and then the City of Melrose in 1900, Melrose was originally called Ponde Fielde for its abundance of ponds and streams or Mystic Side because of its location in a valley north of the Mystic River. The area was first explored by Richard and Ralph Sprague in 1628, in 1649, the neighborhood of Charlestown known as Malden was incorporated as a separate town, the new town of Malden included most of present-day Melrose within its borders. North Malden largely remained a lightly populated farming community, in 1845, the Boston and Maine Railroad built three stops. Boston workers in search of a country atmosphere moved to the area, the population of North Malden began growing, and in 1850 North Malden split from Malden proper and was incorporated as the town of Melrose. Melrose annexed the highlands from neighboring Stoneham in 1853, creating the current borders. The population of Melrose continued to grow throughout the half of the nineteenth century. Farmland was increasingly partitioned into parcels for residences and businesses. The fire department and the school district were founded and town hall was built in 1873. In 1899, the City of Melrose became the 33rd incorporated city in Massachusetts, levi S. Gould became the city’s first mayor on January 1,1900. The population of Melrose peaked at 33,180 in 1970 before beginning a slow decline continuing through 2010, on April 1,1982, downtown Melrose was added to the National Register of Historic Places, the public library was similarly added to the register in 1988. The name Melrose comes from the burgh of Melrose, Scotland and it was a reference to the hills of Melrose, Scotland which the new town resembled. The name was suggested and advocated for by William Bogle, a Scotland native, Melrose is located at 42°27′33″N 71°3′44″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 4.8 square miles, of which 4.7 square miles is land and 0.1 square miles. The citys largest body of water is Ell Pond, situated near the center of the city, while other bodies are Swains Pond and Towners Pond. Melrose is approximately 7 miles north of Boston, Massachusetts and it borders four cities and towns, Malden, Saugus, Stoneham, and Wakefield
21.
Everett, Massachusetts
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Everett is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States,4 miles north of Boston. The population was 41,668 at the time of the 2010 United States Census, Everett was the last city in the United States to have a bicameral legislature, which was composed of a seven-member Board of Aldermen and an eighteen-member Common Council. The new City Council was elected during the 2013 City Election, Everett was originally part of Charlestown, and later Malden. It separated from Malden in 1870, in 1892, Everett changed from a town to a city. On December 13,1892, Alonzo H. Evans defeated George E. Smith to become Everetts first Mayor. The city was named after Edward Everett, who served as U. S. Representative, U. S. Senator, the 15th Governor of Massachusetts, Minister to Great Britain and he also served as President of Harvard University. 1971, Distrigas of Massachusetts begins importing liquefied natural gas at its Everett Marine Terminal in the Island End section of Everett and this terminal was the first of its kind in the country. Everetts business district is focused on Broadway, with many businesses, Everett Square is a small bus-hub with bus routes 104,109,110,112 and 97, all served by MBTA. Everett Stadium is also near the Square, Route 16 is just south of the Square, allowing quick access to a major highway. Besides Everett Square, Gateway Center just off Route 16 in Everett is a major retail-shopping district, with big stores like Target, The Home Depot, Costco, the Wynn Casino and Resort of Boston in Everett construction is expected to be underway or complete by 2020. Everett has an increasing population as people are seeking new households near Boston while not having to pay the prices of living in Boston, Cambridge. Everett is bordered by Malden on the north, Revere on the east, Chelsea on the southeast, Somerville and Medford on the west, Boston, Everett is major part of the Port of Boston. Some of Everetts neighborhoods are Glendale, Woodlawn, West Everett, Glendale Park is the citys largest park. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.7 square miles. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 41,667 people,15,435 households, the population density was 11,241.1 people per square mile. There were 15,908 housing units at a density of 4,701.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 53. 6% Non-Hispanic Whites,14. 3% African American,4. 8% Asian,0. 4% Pacific Islander, 2% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 21. 1% of the population. The city also has a number of people of Brazilian and Italian descent
22.
American Revolution
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The British responded by imposing punitive laws on Massachusetts in 1774 known as the Coercive Acts, following which Patriots in the other colonies rallied behind Massachusetts. Tensions escalated to the outbreak of fighting between Patriot militia and British regulars at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, the conflict then developed into a global war, during which the Patriots fought the British and Loyalists in what became known as the American Revolutionary War. The Continental Congress determined King George IIIs rule to be tyrannical and infringing the rights as Englishmen. The Patriot leadership professed the political philosophies of liberalism and republicanism to reject monarchy and aristocracy, Congress rejected British proposals requiring allegiance to the monarchy and abandonment of independence. The British were forced out of Boston in 1776, but then captured and they blockaded the ports and captured other cities for brief periods, but failed to defeat Washingtons forces. After a failed Patriot invasion of Canada, a British army was captured at the Battle of Saratoga in late 1777, a combined American–French force captured a second British army at Yorktown in 1781, effectively ending the war in the United States. The Treaty of Paris in 1783 formally ended the conflict, confirming the new nations complete separation from the British Empire. The United States took possession of all the territory east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes, with the British retaining control of Canada. Among the significant results of the revolution was the creation of a new Constitution of the United States. Historians typically begin their histories of the American Revolution with the British victory in the French and Indian War in 1763, the lands west of Quebec and west of a line running along the crest of the Allegheny mountains became Indian territory, temporarily barred to settlement. For the prior history, see Thirteen Colonies, in 1764, Parliament passed the Currency Act to restrain the use of paper money which British merchants saw as a means to evade debt payments. Parliament also passed the Sugar Act, imposing customs duties on a number of articles, none did and Parliament passed the Stamp Act in March 1765 which imposed direct taxes on the colonies for the first time. All official documents, newspapers, almanacs, and pamphlets—even decks of playing cards—were required to have the stamps, the colonists did not object that the taxes were high, but because they had no representation in the Parliament. Benjamin Franklin testified in Parliament in 1766 that Americans already contributed heavily to the defense of the Empire, stationing a standing army in Great Britain during peacetime was politically unacceptable. London had to deal with 1,500 politically well-connected British officers who became redundant, in 1765, the Sons of Liberty formed. They used public demonstrations, boycott, violence, and threats of violence to ensure that the British tax laws were unenforceable, in Boston, the Sons of Liberty burned the records of the vice admiralty court and looted the home of chief justice Thomas Hutchinson. Several legislatures called for united action, and nine colonies sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress in New York City in October 1765, moderates led by John Dickinson drew up a Declaration of Rights and Grievances stating that taxes passed without representation violated their rights as Englishmen. Colonists emphasized their determination by boycotting imports of British merchandise, the Parliament at Westminster saw itself as the supreme lawmaking authority throughout all British possessions and thus entitled to levy any tax without colonial approval
23.
British Empire
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The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It originated with the possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23% of the population at the time. As a result, its political, legal, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread, during the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France, the independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies. British attention soon turned towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific, after the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century. In the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain, the British Empire expanded to include India, large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world. In Britain, political attitudes favoured free trade and laissez-faire policies, during the 19th Century, Britains population increased at a dramatic rate, accompanied by rapid urbanisation, which caused significant social and economic stresses. To seek new markets and sources of raw materials, the Conservative Party under Benjamin Disraeli launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt, South Africa, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand became self-governing dominions. By the start of the 20th century, Germany and the United States had begun to challenge Britains economic lead, subsequent military and economic tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the First World War, during which Britain relied heavily upon its empire. The conflict placed enormous strain on the military, financial and manpower resources of Britain, although the British Empire achieved its largest territorial extent immediately after World War I, Britain was no longer the worlds pre-eminent industrial or military power. In the Second World War, Britains colonies in Southeast Asia were occupied by Imperial Japan, despite the final victory of Britain and its allies, the damage to British prestige helped to accelerate the decline of the empire. India, Britains most valuable and populous possession, achieved independence as part of a larger movement in which Britain granted independence to most territories of the empire. The transfer of Hong Kong to China in 1997 marked for many the end of the British Empire, fourteen overseas territories remain under British sovereignty. After independence, many former British colonies joined the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Kingdom is now one of 16 Commonwealth nations, a grouping known informally as the Commonwealth realms, that share a monarch, Queen Elizabeth II. The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. In 1496, King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was ever heard of his ships again
24.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
25.
Stoneham, Massachusetts
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Stoneham is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, nine miles north of downtown Boston. The town is the birthplace of Olympic figure-skating medalist Nancy Kerrigan, Emmy-winning writer Josh Gondelman, the earliest documented mention of the territory now called Stoneham dates to the year 1632, when on February 7 Governor Winthrop and his party came upon this area. They found Spot Pond and ate their lunch on a place they called Cheese Rock, Stoneham was first settled in 1634 and was originally a part of Charlestown. The original settlers of the area were Whigs, in 1678, there were six settlers with their families, all in the northeast part of the town, probably because of its proximity to the settlement in Reading. For this reason, Captain Benjamin Geary and fifty-three other residents of the area petitioned Charlestown to allow them to be separated. The towns first meeting-house was erected in 1726, and the first church was organized in 1729, with members being released from the congregations in Reading and Melrose to form it. In that same year, the town voted to raise ₤9 for the building of a school, Stoneham remained a small town during the colonial era, traces of its colonial history are still to be seen in the Spot Pond Archeological District of the Middlesex Fells Reservation. During the Industrial Revolution, Stoneham prospered as a major shoe-manufacturing center, Stoneham is part of the Massachusettss 5th congressional district and is represented by Katherine Clark. The United States Senators are Ed Markey and Elizabeth Warren, part of the 31st Middlesex District, Mike Day represents the district in the Massachusetts House of Representatives. He replaced Jason Lewis who now represents Stoneham in the Massachusetts Senate for the 5th Middlesex Senate district, Stoneham is located at 42°28′48″N 71°5′54″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 6.7 square miles, of which 6.2 square miles is land and 0.6 square miles. Stoneham has two exits off Interstate 93, Route 28 and Winchester Highlands, Stoneham borders the following cities or towns, Woburn, Winchester, Medford, Melrose, Wakefield, Reading, and Malden. As of the census of 2000, there were 22,219 people,9,050 households, the population density was 3,614.1 people per square mile. There were 9,289 housing units at a density of 1,510.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 95. 01% White,2. 61% Asian,0. 89% Black or African American,0. 05% Native American,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 59% from other races, and 0. 90% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 79% of the population,30. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the family size was 3.07. In the town, the population was out with 21. 0% under the age of 18,5. 9% from 18 to 24,30. 4% from 25 to 44,24. 3% from 45 to 64
26.
Medford, Massachusetts
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Medford is a city 3.2 miles northwest of downtown Boston on the Mystic River in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. In the 2010 U. S. Census, Medfords population was 56,173 and it is home to Tufts University. Medford was settled in 1630 as part of Charlestown, the area was originally called Mistick by Thomas Dudley, which his party renamed Meadford. In 1637, the first bridge across the Mystic River was built at the site of the present-day Cradock Bridge and it would be the only bridge across the Mystic until 1787, and as such became a major route for traffic coming into Boston from the north. The bridge would be rebuilt in 1880 and 1909, until 1656, all of northern Medford was owned by Cradock, his heirs, or Edward Collins. Medford was governed as a peculiar or private plantation, as the land began to be divided among several people from different families, the new owners began to meet and make decisions locally and increasingly independently from the Charlestown town meeting. In 1674, a Board of Selectmen was elected, in 1684, the legislature granted the ability to raise money independently, and in 1689. The town got its own meeting room in 1690. The land south of the Mystic River was known as Mistick Field and it was transferred from Charlestown to Medford in 1754. This grant also included the Charlestown Wood Lots, and part of what was at the time Woburn, parts of Medford were transferred to Charlestown in 1811, Winchester in 1850, and Malden in 1879. Additional land was transferred to Medford from Malden, Everett, the population of Medford went from 230 in 1700 to 1,114 in 1800. After 1880, the population expanded, reaching 18,244 by 1900. Farmland was divided into lots and sold to residential and commercial buildings, starting in the 1840s and 1850s, government services expanded with the population. Tufts University was chartered in 1852 and the Crane Theological School at Tufts opened in 1869, during the 17th century, a handful of major public roads served the population, but the road network started a long-term expansion in the 18th century. The Medford Turnpike Company was incorporated in 1803, but turned what is now Mystic Avenue over to the city in 1866, the Andover Turnpike Company was incorporated in 1805, but turned what is now Forest Street and Fellsway West over to Medford in 1830. A horse-powered street railway running to Somerville and Charlestown in 1860. The street railway network expanded in the hands of private companies, and went electric in the late 1890s. Streetcars were converted to buses in the 20th century, interstate 93 was constructed between 1956 and 1963
27.
Revere, Massachusetts
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Revere is a city in Suffolk County, Massachusetts, United States, located approximately 5 miles from downtown Boston. It is named after the American Revolutionary War patriot Paul Revere, as of the 2010 United States Census, the city has a population of 51,755 inhabitants. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 10 square miles. Revere’s first inhabitants were Native Americans who belonged to the Pawtucket tribe and were known as the Rumney Marsh Indians, the leader, or sachem, of the Pawtuckets was Nanepashemet of Lynn. In 1616, an epidemic, probably smallpox, swept the region, Nanepashemet retired to the Mystic River, in what is now Medford, but was found murdered in 1619 at his fort on the brow of Rock Hill overlooking the river. Three sons succeeded him in his reign, one of them, Wonohaquaham, also called Sagamore John, had jurisdiction over the Native Americans at Winnisemmit and Rumney Marsh. The Native Americans, with their knowledge of the vast, yet unexplored wilderness. During King Philips War, the local friendly Native Americans were placed on what is now Deer Island, some of them on the island were enlisted to help the colonists defeat the other warring tribes. Rumney Marsh was originally divided and allotted to twenty-one of Bostons most prominent citizens, by 1639, the original allotments had been consolidated into seven great farms. Farming was the industry of Winnisemmet, and Rumney Marsh in particular. On September 25,1634, Rumney Marsh was annexed to Boston, Winnisemmet and Pullen Poynt were also annexed to Boston. The first county road in North America stretched across Rumney Marsh from the Winnisemmet Ferry to Olde Salem in 1641, in 1739, Rumney Marsh, Winnisemmet and Pullen Poynt were set off from Boston and established as the town of Chelsea. The largest of the three settlements, Rumney Marsh was selected as the Town Center, in 1775, the area played a role in the American Revolution as the site of the first naval battle, at Rumney Marsh, and other locations. In 1852, Pullen Poynt seceded from North Chelsea and was established as the town of Winthrop and that same year, Chelsea became its own city. In 1871, North Chelsea changed its name in honor of the great American patriot, Paul Revere, damaged cars, power outages, downed lines and downed trees were reported all around Revere, Chelsea, Winthrop and Boston. It was the first tornado to hit Suffolk County since the National Weather Service began keeping records in 1950, as of the 2010 United States Census, there were 51,755 people residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 62. 4% White,4. 9% Black,5. 6% Asian,0. 4% Native American,0. 025% Pacific Islander,11. 7% from other races, and 3. 3% were multiracial. Hispanic or Latino persons were 24. 4% of the population, as of the same census, there were 47,283 people,19,463 households, and 11,872 families residing in the city
28.
Saugus, Massachusetts
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Saugus is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States, in the Greater Boston area. The population was 26,628 at the 2010 census, Saugus was first settled in 1629. Saugus is an Native American name believed to mean great or extended, in 1637, the territory known as Saugus was renamed Lin or Lynn, after Kings Lynn in Norfolk, England. In 1646, the Saugus Iron Works, then called Hammersmith and it was the first integrated iron works in North America as well as one of the most technologically advanced in the world. The Iron Works produced over one ton of iron a day, in September 1687, Major Samuel Appleton was said to have given a speech from a rocky cliff near the Iron Works denouncing the tyranny of Colonial Governor Sir Edmund Andros. The place where he is said to have delivered the speech became known as Appletons Pulpit, nearly 100 men from Saugus fought in the American Revolutionary War. Saugus preacher, Parson Joseph Roby, worked to strengthen the spirit of independence in Saugus and was instrumental in seeing that Saugus sent a contingent to fight in the war. The nineteenth century ice began in Saugus when in 1804 Frederic Tudor cut ice from a pond on the family farm. In 1805 the Newburyport Turnpike was built, about four miles of this road was built in Saugus. At first the turnpike was considered a mistake, as it was built over hills and swamps, from 1840 to 1846, the tolls were discontinued and it became a public highway. The invention of the resulted in an increase of traffic on the Turnpike. In 1933 the road was widened and an overpass was added to separate the traffic on Route 1, in the 1950s new businesses began moving to Route 1. Today the businesses along Route 1 generate millions in dollars for Saugus, the Lynn territory was shortened beginning in 1814 with the incorporation of Lynnfield. On February 17,1815, present-day Saugus was officially incorporated as a town, the first town meeting was held on March 13,1815 in the parish church. At the time of its incorporation, Saugus population was 784, during the Industrial Revolution, many new industries moved to Saugus. Shoes and woolen goods were made in Saugus Center, and tobacco was manufactured in Cliftondale, Saugus first post office was established in 1832 in East Saugus. In 1858 two more were established - one in Saugus Center and one in Cliftondale, now only the Cliftondale post office remains in Saugus. The first town hall was built in 1837 and it was built with $2,000 of the United States revenue surplus distributed by President Andrew Jackson
29.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
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Middlesex Fells Reservation
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Middlesex Fells Reservation, often referred to simply as the Fells, is a public recreation area covering more than 2,200 acres in Malden, Medford, Melrose, Stoneham, and Winchester, Massachusetts. The state park surrounds two inactive reservoirs, Spot Pond and the Fells Reservoir, and the three active reservoirs supplying the town of Winchester, Spot Pond and the Fells Reservoir are part of the Wachusett water system, one of six primary water systems that feed metropolitan Bostons waterworks. The park is managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation and is part of the Metropolitan Park System of Greater Boston, the area around Middlesex Fells is known to have been explored by John Winthrop, Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, in 1632. The reservations lands have been used for the production of timber, granite, abundant water power meant that many mills, including one that manufactured some of the first vulcanized rubber products, were located here. Remnants of early works are visible in the Spot Pond Archeological District, located in the Virginia Woods section. The property was donated to the Metropolitan District Commission in 1923. In 1893, the state took the property over and began managing it as a state park, at some point in the 1800s or earlier, a stone tablet was erected on Great Island, which reads WHERE SHUTE FELL. There are several contradictory stories explaining the significance of this phrase, Boston Regional Medical Center was located within the Reservation along Woodland Road in Stoneham, until it closed in February 1999. In addition to being a park, portions of the park. The parks visitor center on Woodland Road in Stoneham is in the historic John Botume House, historically important archaeological sites in the park are listed as part of the Spot Pond Archeological District. The reservation has over 100 miles of trails for hiking, mountain biking, cross-country skiing, trailheads are accessible from Interstate 93 at exits 33 and 34, and 35 Southbound. Fishing is offered on Dark Hollow Pond, other facilities include picnicking areas, an observation tower, and a tot lot. A concessionaire offers sailing lessons and rentals of kayaks, canoes, pedal boats, rock climbing is also popular in the Fells. Middlesex Fells Reservation Department of Conservation and Recreation Middlesex Fells Reservation Map Department of Conservation and Recreation Friends of the Fells
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Malden River
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The Malden River is a 2. 3-mile-long river in Malden, Medford, and Everett, Massachusetts. It is roughly 675 feet wide at its widest point and is narrow at its smallest point. Its banks are largely occupied by business, and the river is scarcely used or even mentioned. Its water quality is worse than most local waters, including the Mystic River, most agree that the river is under-utilized. Projects like Rivers Edge hope to promote use of the rivers banks. Currently, crew teams, including the Malden High School and the Mystic Valley Regional Charter School, also, a state-of-the-art boat house is located on the Malden-Everett line on the west bank of the river, used by the Tufts University rowing team. The above-ground portion of the Malden River starts behind Canal Street in the southwest corner of Malden and it then flows southward for about 2 miles, forming the border between Medford and Everett before emptying into the Mystic River. Like the Mystic River, its waters were once brackish and influenced by the tides, the construction of the Amelia Earhart Dam in 1966 has converted it to freshwater and maintained a fairly constant depth. The Malden River is very polluted, not only is it exceedingly turbid, water quality is further reduced by the use of combined sewer overflow systems, in which storm water and raw sewage share pipes. Thus, in times of water, raw sewage is fed directly into the river. The dam was more sophisticated than the iron gates of the Craddock Locks. It is a permanent concrete structure with three passages to allow boats to pass through, there is a tower where workers observe incoming boats and open the lock accordingly. The dam is equipped with a pump, and is able to pump freshwater downstream even during high tide to prevent flooding, the river flows backwards at times depending on the dam. It was modeled after the Charles River Dam, which is similar in structure. Fish passage has been a problem, as there is no working fish ladder there, there is no pedestrian access to the dam. There are also a set of controlling the first canal that leads underground at the beginning of the river. Nothing more than metal barriers lowered by turning a knob, these prevent water flooding the underground streams in Malden. These locks are very rarely closed, there is a set at the beginning of the canal, and a set at the end, right before the water disappears underground
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1790 United States Census
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The United States Census of 1790 was the first census of the whole United States. It recorded the population of the United States as of Census Day, August 2,1790, as mandated by Article I, Section 2 of the United States Constitution and applicable laws. In the first census, the population of the United States was enumerated to be 3,929,214. The law required that every household be visited, that completed census schedules be posted in two of the most public places within, there to remain for the inspection of all concerned. And that the amount of each description of persons for every district be transmitted to the president. Although the Census was proved statistically factual, based on data collected, almost one third of the original census data have been lost or destroyed since their original documentation. Under the direction of the current Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, marshals collected data from all thirteen states, the census was not conducted in Vermont until 1791, after that states admission to the Union as the 14th state on March 4 of that year. Both Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and President George Washington expressed skepticism over the results, if there was indeed an undercount, possible explanations for it include dispersed population, poor transportation links, limitations of contemporary technology, and individual refusal to participate. Historic US Census data 1790 Census of Population and Housing official reports Population of 24 Urban Places,1790
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1860 United States Census
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The United States Census of 1860 was the eighth Census conducted in the United States starting June 1,1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,321, the total population included 3,953,761 slaves, representing 12. 6% of the total population. By the time the 1860 census returns were ready for tabulation, as a result, Census Superintendent Joseph C. G. Kennedy and his staff produced only an abbreviated set of public reports, without graphic or cartographic representations. The statistics did allow the Census staff to produce a display, including preparing maps of Southern states. These maps displayed militarily vital topics, including population, slave population, predominant agricultural products. The 1860 census Schedule 1 was one of two schedules that counted the population of the United States, the other was Schedule 2, aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System. National data reveals that farmers made up nearly 10% of utilized occupations, farm laborers represent the next highest percent with 3. 2%, followed by general laborers at 3. 0%. More localized data shows that other occupations were common, in the town of Essex, Massachusetts, a large section of the women in the labor force were devoted to shoe-binding, while for men the common occupations were farming and shoe-making. IPUMS data also notes that the share of the population that had enrolled in school or marked as Student stood at 0. 2%. The census of 1860 was the last in which much of Southern wealth was held as slaves—still legally considered property, G. G. Kennedy U. S. Federal Cens us Mortality Schedules 1850-1880 Adam Goodheart, The Census of Doom, NY Times
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