Mallorca

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"Majorca" redirects here. For other uses, see Majorca (disambiguation).
Mallorca
Flag of Mallorca.svg
Flag of Mallorca
Mallorca is located in Spain
Mallorca
Mallorca

Localització de Mallorca respecte les Illes Balears.svg Location in the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands
Geography
Location Mediterranean
Coordinates Coordinates: 39°37′N 2°59′E / 39.617°N 2.983°E / 39.617; 2.983
Archipelago Balearic Islands
Total islands 5
Major islands Balearic Islands
Area 3,640.11 km2 (1,405.45 sq mi)
Highest elevation 1,445 m (4,741 ft)
Highest point Puig Major
Administration
 Spain
Province Balearic Islands
Capital and largest city Palma (pop. 404,681)
Demographics
Population 859,289[1] (2015)
Pop. density 240.45 /km2 (622.76 /sq mi)

Mallorca ([maˈʎoɾka]), or Majorca (/məˈjɔːrkə/[2]),[3] is the largest island in the Balearic Islands, which are part of Spain and located in the Mediterranean. The native language, as on the rest of the Balearic Islands, is Catalan, which is co-official with Spanish.

The capital of the island, Palma, is also the capital of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands. The Balearic Islands have been an autonomous region of Spain since 1983.[4] There are two small islands off the coast of Majorca: Cabrera (southeast of Palma) and Dragonera (west of Palma). The anthem of Majorca is "La Balanguera".

Like the other Balearic Islands of Menorca, Ibiza and Formentera, the island is an extremely popular holiday destination, particularly for tourists from Germany and the United Kingdom. The international airport, Palma de Mallorca Airport, is one of the busiest in Spain; it was used by 26.3 million passengers in 2016.[5]

The name derives from Classical Latin insula maior, "larger island". Later, in Medieval Latin, this became Maiorica, "the larger one", in comparison to Menorca, "the smaller one".

History[edit]

Prehistoric settlements[edit]

Example of prehistoric talaiot in Majorca
Archeological evidence indicates the presence of the porc negre (black pig) in pre-Roman settlements.[6]

Little is recorded of the earliest inhabitants of the island. Burial chambers and traces of habitation from the Neolithic period (6000–4000 BC) have been discovered, particularly the prehistoric settlements called talaiots, or talayots. They raised Bronze Age megaliths as part of their Talaiotic culture.[7] A non-exhaustive list is the following:

Phoenicians, Romans, and Late Antiquity[edit]

Ruins of the Roman city of Pollentia

The Phoenicians, a seafaring people from the Levant, arrived around the eighth century BC and established numerous colonies.[8][better source needed] The island eventually came under the control of Carthage in North Africa, which had become the principal Phoenician city. After the Second Punic War, Carthage lost all of its overseas possessions and the Romans took over.[citation needed]

The island was occupied by the Romans in 123 BC under Quintus Caecilius Metellus Balearicus. It flourished under Roman rule, during which time the towns of Pollentia (Alcúdia), and Palmaria (Palma) were founded. In addition, the northern town of Bocchoris, dating back to pre-Roman times, was a federated city to Rome.[9] The local economy was largely driven by olive cultivation, viticulture, and salt mining. Majorcan soldiers were valued within the Roman legions for their skill with the sling.[10]

In 427, Gunderic and the Vandals captured the island. Geiseric, son of Gunderic, governed Majorca and used it as his base to loot and plunder settlements around the Mediterranean,[11][better source needed] until Roman rule was restored in 465.

Middle Age and Modern History[edit]

Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages[edit]

In 534, Majorca was recaptured by the Eastern Roman Empire, led by Apollinarius. Under Roman rule, Christianity thrived and numerous churches were built.

From 707, the island was increasingly attacked by Muslim raiders from North Africa. Recurrent invasions led the islanders to ask Charlemagne for help.[11][better source needed]

Moorish Majorca[edit]

Arab Baths in Palma

In 902, Issam al-Khawlani(es)(ca) (Arabic: عصام الخولاني‎) conquered the Balearic Islands, ushering in a new period of prosperity under the Emirate of Córdoba. The town of Palma was reshaped and expanded, and became known as Medina Mayurqa. Later on, with the Caliphate of Córdoba at its height, the Moors improved agriculture with irrigation and developed local industries.

The caliphate was dismembered in 1015. Majorca came under rule by the Taifa of Dénia, and from 1087 to 1114, was an independent Taifa. During that period, the island was visited by Ibn Hazm. However, an expedition of Pisans and Catalans in 1114–15, led by Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, overran the island, laying siege to Palma for eight months. After the city fell, the invaders retreated due to problems in their own lands. They were replaced by the Almoravides from North Africa, who ruled until 1176. The Almoravides were replaced by the Almohad dynasty until 1229. Abú Yahya was the last Moorish leader of Majorca.[12][better source needed]

Medieval Majorca[edit]

Main article: Conquest of Majorca

In the ensuing confusion and unrest, King James I of Aragon, also known as James the Conqueror, launched an invasion which landed at Santa Ponça, Majorca, on 8–9 September 1229 with 15,000 men and 1,500 horses. His forces entered the city of Medina Mayurqa on 31 December 1229. In 1230 he annexed the island to his Crown of Aragon under the name Regnum Maioricae.[citation needed]

Modern era[edit]

A 1683 map of Mallorca, by Vicente Mut

From 1479, the Crown of Aragon was in dynastic union with that of Castile. The Barbary corsairs of North Africa often attacked the Balearic Islands, and in response, the people built coastal watchtowers and fortified churches. In 1570, King Philip II of Spain and his advisors were considering complete evacuation of the Balearic islands.[13]

In the early 18th century, the War of the Spanish Succession resulted in the replacement of that dynastic union with a unified Spanish monarchy under the rule of the new Bourbon Dynasty. The last episode of the War of Spanish Succession was the conquest of the island of Mallorca. It took place on 2 July 1715 when the island capitulated to the arrival of a Bourbon fleet. In 1716, the Nueva Planta decrees made Majorca part of the Spanish province of Baleares, roughly the same to present-day Illes Balears province and autonomous community.[citation needed]

20th century and today[edit]

A Nationalist stronghold at the start of the Spanish Civil War, Majorca was subjected to an amphibious landing, on 16 August 1936, aimed at driving the Nationalists from Majorca and reclaiming the island for the Republic. Although the Republicans heavily outnumbered their opponents and managed to push 12 km (7.5 mi) inland, superior Nationalist air power, provided mainly by Fascist Italy as part of the Italian occupation of Majorca, forced the Republicans to retreat and to leave the island completely by 12 September. Those events became known as the Battle of Majorca.[14]

Since the 1950s, the advent of mass tourism has transformed the island into a destination for foreign visitors and attracted many service workers from mainland Spain. The boom in tourism caused Palma to grow significantly.

In the 21st century, urban redevelopment, under the so‑called Pla Mirall (English "Mirror Plan"), attracted groups of immigrant workers from outside the European Union, especially from Africa and South America.[15]

Palma[edit]

Main article: Palma de Mallorca

The capital of Majorca, Palma, was founded as a Roman camp called Palmaria upon the remains of a Talaiotic settlement. The turbulent history of the city had it subject to several Vandal sackings during the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It was later reconquered by the Byzantines, established by the Moors (who called it Medina Mayurqa), and finally occupied by James I of Aragon. In 1983, Palma became the capital of the autonomous region of the Balearic Islands.

Climate[edit]

The climate of Majorca is a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa), with mild and stormy winters and hot, bright, dry summers.[citation needed] Precipitation in the Serra de Tramuntana is markedly higher. Summers are hot in the plains, and winters mild, getting colder in the Tramuntana range, where brief episodes of snow during the winter are not unusual.[citation needed]

Climate data for Palma de Mallorca, Port (1981–2010) (Satellite view)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 15.4
(59.7) 		15.5
(59.9) 		17.2
(63) 		19.2
(66.6) 		22.5
(72.5) 		26.5
(79.7) 		29.4
(84.9) 		29.8
(85.6) 		27.1
(80.8) 		23.7
(74.7) 		19.3
(66.7) 		16.5
(61.7) 		21.8
(71.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.9
(53.4) 		11.9
(53.4) 		13.4
(56.1) 		15.5
(59.9) 		18.8
(65.8) 		22.7
(72.9) 		25.7
(78.3) 		26.2
(79.2) 		23.5
(74.3) 		20.2
(68.4) 		15.8
(60.4) 		13.1
(55.6) 		18.2
(64.8)
Average low °C (°F) 8.3
(46.9) 		8.4
(47.1) 		9.6
(49.3) 		11.7
(53.1) 		15.1
(59.2) 		18.9
(66) 		21.9
(71.4) 		22.5
(72.5) 		19.9
(67.8) 		16.6
(61.9) 		12.3
(54.1) 		9.7
(49.5) 		14.6
(58.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 43
(1.69) 		37
(1.46) 		28
(1.1) 		39
(1.54) 		36
(1.42) 		11
(0.43) 		6
(0.24) 		22
(0.87) 		52
(2.05) 		69
(2.72) 		59
(2.32) 		48
(1.89) 		449
(17.68)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 6 6 5 5 4 2 1 2 5 7 6 7 53
Mean monthly sunshine hours 167 170 205 237 284 315 346 316 227 205 161 151 2,779
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[16]

Geography[edit]

Regions[edit]

Satellite image
Topography

Majorca is the largest island of Spain by area and second most populated (after Tenerife in the Canary Islands).[17][18] Majorca has two mountainous regions, the Serra de Tramuntana and Serres de Llevant. Each are about 70 km (43 mi) in length and occupy the northwestern and eastern parts of the island respectively.

The highest peak on Majorca is Puig Major at 1,445 m (4,741 ft) in the Serra de Tramuntana.[19] As this is a military zone, the neighbouring peak at Puig de Massanella is the highest accessible peak at 1,364 m (4,475 ft). The northeast coast comprises two bays: the Badia de Pollença and the larger Badia d'Alcúdia.

The northern coast is rugged and has many cliffs. The central zone, extending from Palma, is a generally flat, fertile plain known as Es Pla. The island has a variety of caves both above and below sea – two of the caves, the above sea level Coves dels Hams and the Coves del Drach, also contain underground lakes and are open to tours. Both are located near the eastern coastal town of Porto Cristo. Small uninhabited islands lie off the southern and western coasts; the Cabrera Archipelago is administratively grouped with Majorca (in the municipality of Palma), while Dragonara is administratively included in the municipality of Andratx. Other notable areas include the Alfabia Mountains, Es Cornadors and Cap de Formentor.

World Heritage Site[edit]

The Cultural Landscape of the Serra de Tramuntana was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011.[20]

Municipalities[edit]

Municipalities of Majorca

The island is administratively divided into 53 municipalities. The areas and populations of the municipalities (according to the Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Spain) are:

Municipality Area
(km2) 		Census Population
1 November 2001 		Census Population
1 November 2011 		Estimated Population
1 January 2017
Alaró 45.7 4,050 5,273 5,389
Alcúdia 60.0 12,500 18,914 19,395
Algaida 89.8 3,749 5,272 5,430
Andratx 81.5 7,753 11,234 10,930
Ariany 23.1 766 892 854
Artà 139.8 6,176 7,562 7,541
Banyalbufar 18.1 517 559 495
Binissalem 29.8 5,166 7,640 8,143
Búger 8.29 950 1,014 1,046
Bunyola 84.7 5,029 6,270 6,636
Calvià 145.0 35,977 49,807 49,063
Campanet 34.6 2,309 2,536 2,512
Campos 149.7 6,360 9,712 10,418
Capdepera 54.9 8,239 11,281 11,267
Consell 13.7 2,407 3,778 3,962
Costitx 15.4 924 1,113 1,247
Deià 15.2 654 684 637
Escorca 139.4 257 258 217
Esporles 35.3 4,066 4,845 4,942
Estellencs 13.4 347 363 305
Felanitx 169.8 14,882 18,045 17,333
Fornalutx 19.5 618 695 663
Inca 58.3 23,029 30,359 31,255
Lloret de Vistalegre 17.4 981 1,308 1,277
Lloseta 12.1 4,760 5,690 5,799
Llubí 34.9 1,806 2,235 2,206
Llucmajor 327.3 24,277 35,995 35,513
Manacor 260.3 31,255 40,348 41,095
Mancor de la Vall 19.9 892 1,321 1,449
Maria de la Salut 30.5 1,972 2,122 2,159
Marratxí 54.2 23,410 34,538 36,383
Montuïri 41.1 2,344 2,856 2,836
Muro 58.6 6,107 7,010 6,829
Palma 208.7 333,801 402,044 406,492
Petra 70.0 1,911 2,876 2,794
Pollença 151.7 13,808 16,057 16,157
Porreres 86.9 4,069 5,459 5,256
Puigpunyent 42.3 1,250 1,878 1,997
Santa Eugènia 20.3 1,224 1,686 1,653
Santa Margalida 86.5 7,800 11,725 11,801
Santa María del Camí 37.6 4,959 6,443 7,062
Santanyí 124.9 8,875 12,427 11,348
Sant Joan 38.5 1,634 2,029 2,064
Sant Llorenç des Cardassar 82.1 6,503 8,490 8,328
Sa Pobla 48.6 10,388 12,999 12,793
Selva 48.8 2,927 3,699 3,869
Sencelles 52.9 2,146 3,113 3,154
Ses Salines 39.1 3,389 5,007 4,860
Sineu 47.7 2,736 3,696 3,641
Sóller 42.8 10,961 13,882 13,936
Son Servera 42.6 9,432 11,915 11,265
Valldemossa 42.9 1,708 1,990 1,950
Vilafranca de Bonany 24.0 2,466 2,984 3,047

Culture[edit]

Archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria[edit]

A sculpture of Ludwig Salvator, in Majorca

Archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria (Catalan: Arxiduc Lluís Salvador) was the architect of tourism in the Balearic Islands. He first arrived on the island in 1867, travelling under his title "Count of Neuendorf". He later settled on Majorca, buying up wild areas of land in order to preserve and enjoy them. Nowadays, a number of trekking routes are named after him.[21]

Ludwig Salvator loved the island of Majorca. He became fluent in Catalan, carried out research into the island's flora and fauna, history, and culture to produce his main work, Die Balearen, an extremely comprehensive collection of books about the Balearic Islands, consisting of 7 volumes. It took him 22 years to complete.[22]

Chopin in Majorca[edit]

Chopin's piano in Valldemossa, Majorca

The Polish composer and pianist Frédéric Chopin, together with French writer Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin (pseudonym: George Sand), resided in Valldemossa in the winter of 1838–39. Apparently, Chopin's health had already deteriorated and his doctor recommended that he go to the Balearic Islands to recuperate, where he still spent a rather miserable winter.[23][24]

Nonetheless, his time in Majorca was a productive period for Chopin. He managed to finish the Preludes, Op. 28, that he started writing in 1835. He was also able to undertake work on his Ballade No. 2, Op. 38; two Polonaises, Op. 40; and the Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39.[25]

Literature and painting[edit]

French writer Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin (pseudonym: George Sand), at that time in a relationship with Chopin, described her stay in Majorca in A Winter in Majorca, published in 1855. Other famous writers used Majorca as the setting for their works: While on the island, the Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío started writing the novel El oro de Mallorca, and wrote several poems, such as La isla de oro.[26] Many of the works of Baltasar Porcel take place in Majorca. Ira Levin set part of his dystopian novel This Perfect Day in Majorca, making the island a centre of resistance in a world otherwise dominated by a computer.

Agatha Christie visited the island in the early 20th century and stayed in Palma and Port de Pollença.[27] She would later write the book Problem at Pollensa Bay and Other Stories, a collection of short stories, of which the first one takes place in Port de Pollença, starring Parker Pyne.

Jorge Luis Borges visited Majorca twice, accompanied by his family.[28] He published his poems La estrella (1920) and Catedral (1921) in the regional magazine Baleares.[29] The latter poem shows his admiration for the monumental Cathedral of Palma.[30]

Nobel prize winner Camilo José Cela came to Majorca in 1954, visiting Pollença, and then moving to Palma, where he settled permanently.[31] In 1956, Cela founded the magazine Papeles de Son Armadans.[32] He is also credited as founder of Alfaguara.

Music and dance[edit]

The Ball dels Cossiers is the island's traditional dance. It is believed to have been imported from Catalonia in the 13th or 14th century, after the Argonian conquest of the island under King Jaime I.[33] In the dance, three pairs of dancers, who are typically male, defend a "Lady," who is played by a man or a woman, from a demon or devil. Another Majorcan dance is Correfoc, an elaborate festival of dance and pyrotechnics that is also of Catalan origin. The island's folk music strongly resembles that of Catalonia, and is centered around traditional instruments like the xeremia (bagpipes) and guitarra de canya (a reed or bone xylophone-like instrument suspended from the neck).[34] While folk music is still played and enjoyed by many on the island, a number of other musical traditions have become popular in Majorca in the 21st century, including electronic dance music, classical music, and jazz, all of which have annual festivals on the island.[35]

Art[edit]

Joan Miró, a Spanish painter, sculptor, and ceramicist, had close ties to the island throughout his life, he married Pilar Juncosa in Palma in 1929 and settled permanently in Majorca in 1954.[36] The Fundació Pilar i Joan Miró in Majorca has a collection of his works. Es Baluard in Palma is a museum of modern and contemporary art which exhibits the work of Balearic artists and artists related to the Balearic Islands.

Film[edit]

The Evolution Mallorca International Film Festival is the fastest growing Mediterranean film festival and has occurred annually every November since 2011, attracting filmmakers, producers, and directors globally. It is hosted at the Teatro Principal in Palma de Mallorca[37][better source needed]

Majorcan cartographic school[edit]

Main article: Majorcan cartographic school
Map of Majorca and Menorca by the Ottoman admiral Piri Reis

Majorca has a long history of seafaring. The Majorcan cartographic school or the "Catalan school" refers to a collection of cartographers, cosmographers, and navigational instrument makers that flourished in Majorca and partly in mainland Catalonia in the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries. Majorcan cosmographers and cartographers developed breakthroughs in cartographic techniques, namely the "normal portolan chart", which was fine-tuned for navigational use and the plotting by compass of navigational routes, prerequisites for the discovery of the New World.

Cuisine[edit]

Ensaïmades, a type of Majorcan pastry product

In 2005, there were over 2,400 restaurants on the island of Majorca according to the Majorcan Tourist Board, ranging from small bars to full restaurants.[citation needed] Olives and almonds are typical of the Majorcan diet. Among the foods that are typical from Majorca are sobrassada, arròs brut (saffron rice cooked with chicken, pork and vegetables), and the sweet pastry ensaïmada.

Herbs de Majorca is a herbal liqueur.

Language[edit]

The main language spoken on the island is Catalan.[38] The two official languages of Majorca are Catalan and Spanish.[38] The local dialect of Catalan spoken in the island is mallorquí, with slightly different variants in most villages. The education is bilingual in Catalan and Spanish, with some knowledge of English.[citation needed]

In 2012, the then-governing People's Party announced its intention to end preferential treatment for Catalan in the island's schools to bring parity to the two languages of the island. It was said that this could lead Majorcan Catalan to become extinct in the fairly near future, as it was being used in a situation of diglossia in favour of the Spanish language.[39] As of 2016, with the most recent election in May 2015 sweeping a pro-Catalan party and president into power, the Popular Party's policy of trilingualism has been dismantled,[40] making this outcome unlikely.

Economy[edit]

The beaches in the southeast of Mallorca are tourist attractions.

Since the 1950s, Majorca has become a major tourist destination, and the tourism business has become the main source of revenue for the island.[41] In 2001, the island received millions of tourists, and the boom in the tourism industry has provided significant growth in the economy of the country.[citation needed]

The island's popularity as a tourist destination has steadily grown since the 1950s, with many artists and academics choosing to visit and live on the island. Visitors to Majorca continued to increase with holiday makers in the 1970s approaching 3 million a year. In 2010 over 6 million visitors came to Majorca. In 2013, Majorca was visited by nearly 9.5 million tourists, and the Balearic Islands as a whole reached 13 million tourists.[42]

Majorca has been jokingly referred to as the 17th Federal State of Germany, due to the high number of German tourists.[43][44]

With thousands of rooms available Majorca's economy is largely dependent on its tourism industry. Holiday makers are attracted by the large number of beaches, warm weather, and high-quality tourist amenities.

Attempts to build illegally caused a scandal in 2006 in Port Andratx that the newspaper El País named "caso Andratx".[45] A main reason for illegal building permits, corruption and black market construction is that communities have few ways to finance themselves other than through permits.[46] The former mayor was incarcerated since 2009 after being prosecuted for taking bribes to permit illegal housebuilding.[47][48]

Top 10 arrivals by nationality[edit]

Data from Institute of Statistics of Balearic Islands[49]

Rank Country or territory 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010
1  Germany 3,237,745 3,731,458 3,710,313 3,450,687 3,308,604 2,224,709
2  United Kingdom 1,985,311 2,165,774 2,105,981 1,986,354 1,898,838 1,324,294
3  Spain 1,059,612 1,088,973 985,557 1,192,033 1,195,822 759,825
4 Nordic Countries 641,920 758,940 758,637 668,328 572,041 387,875
5  Benelux 345,837 366,130 363,911 360,973 368,930 284,845
6   Switzerland 325,241 334,871 312,491 292,226 280,401 188,826
7  France 323,241 328,681 337,891 349,712 316,124 187,589
8  Italy 203,520 165,473 154,227 173,680 200,851 135,535
9  Austria 163,477 175,530 160,890 138,287 181,993 107,991
10  Ireland 104,556 100,059 104,827 115,164 158,646 68,456

Politics and government[edit]

Emblem of the Majorca Insular Council

Regional government[edit]

The Balearic Islands, of which Majorca forms part, are one of the autonomous communities of Spain. As a whole, they are currently governed by the Balearic Islands Socialist Party (PSIB-PSOE), with Francina Armengol as their President.

The autonomous government for the island, called Consell Insular de Mallorca (Majorca Insular Council), is responsible for culture, roads, railways (see Serveis Ferroviaris de Mallorca) and municipal administration. The current president (as of June 2015) is Miquel Ensenyat, of More for Mallorca.

Spanish Royal Family[edit]

The members of the Spanish Royal Family spend their summer holidays[50] in Majorca where the Marivent Palace is located.[51] The Marivent Palace is the royal family's summer residence. While most royal residences are administered by Patrimonio Nacional, the Marivent Palace, in Palma de Mallorca, one of many Spanish royal sites, is under the care of Government of the Balearic Islands. As a private residence it is rarely used for official business. Typically, the whole family meets there and on the Fortuna yacht, where they take part in sailing competitions.[52] The Marivent Palace is used for some unofficial business, as when President Hugo Chávez of Venezuela visited King Juan Carlos in 2008[53] to mend their relationship and normalize diplomatic relations after the King famously[54] said to him, "Why don't you shut up?" during the Ibero-American Summit in November 2007.[55]

Majorcans[edit]

Ars magna, by Ramon Llull

Some of the earliest famous Majorcans lived on the island before its reconquest from the Moors. Famous Majorcans include:

Notable residents, alive in modern times[edit]

Transport[edit]

Gallery[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "III". Otras Disposiciones (PDF). Boletín Oficial Del Estado (Report). 17 December 2015. Datos oficiales del Instituto Nacional de Estadística, ver 1 January 2015 
  2. ^ "Majorca: definition". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 16 October 2010. 
  3. ^ Keenan, Steve (6 July 2009). "Mallorca v Majorca: which is correct?". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 6 June 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2013. 
  4. ^ Tisdall, Nigel (2003). Mallorca. Reference to Balearic Islands autonomy. Thomas Cook Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 9781841573274. 
  5. ^ "Presentación". AENA Aeropuerto de Palma de Mallorca (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 September 2017. 
  6. ^ "The Mallorca Black pig: Production system, conservation and breeding strategies", J. Jaume, M. Gispert, M.A. Oliver, E. Fàbrega, N. Trilla, and J. Tibau. Institut Balear de Biologia Animal. 2008. Retrieved 24 February 2017
  7. ^ Tisdall, Nigel (2003). Mallorca. Reference to Talayot Culture on the island. Thomas Cook Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 9781841573274. 
  8. ^ "Spain". dlthede.net. Retrieved 2017-12-15. 
  9. ^ Oppidum Bocchoritanum. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites .
  10. ^ History of Mallorca. North South Guides.
  11. ^ a b The Dark Ages in Mallorca mallorcaincognita.com, not dated
  12. ^ Moorish Mallorca mallorcaincognita.com, not dated.
  13. ^ The Pillage People[permanent dead link], Contemporary Balears.
  14. ^ The Spanish Civil War, Hugh Thomas (2001)
  15. ^ "Large rise in number of foreign nationals". The Mallorca. 15 January 2009.
  16. ^ a b "Guía resumida del clima en España (1981–2010)". Archived from the original on 18 November 2012. 
  17. ^ Cifra de población referida al 1 January 2009 según el Instituto Nacional de Estadística
  18. ^ "The Largest Islands Of Spain By Size". worldatlas.com. Retrieved 8 January 2017. 
  19. ^ Tisdall, Nigel (2003). Mallorca. Reference to Puig Major and its height above sea level. Thomas Cook Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 9781841573274. 
  20. ^ "Cultural Landscape of the Serra de Tramuntana – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Whc.unesco.org. 27 June 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2013. 
  21. ^ "Camí de l'Arxiduc" [Path of the Archduke]. Mallorca Aventura (in Catalan). Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2017. 
  22. ^ "Die Balearen in Wort und Bild" [The Balearic Islands in words and pictures] (in German). Retrieved 29 December 2014. 
  23. ^ By Nigel Tisdall (29 December 2009). "Majorca: sun, sand and Chopin". Travel. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved 29 December 2014. 
  24. ^ Mary Ann Sieghart (5 February 2011). "George Sand's Mallorca". Independent. Retrieved 29 December 2014. 
  25. ^ Zamoyski (2010), p. 168 (loc. 2646).
  26. ^ "Rubén Darío en Mallorca" (PDF). Centro Virtual Cervantes (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 December 2014. 
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External links[edit]

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