1.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
2.
Universities in the United Kingdom
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Universities in the United Kingdom have generally been instituted by Royal Charter, Papal Bull, Act of Parliament or an instrument of government under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. For new public universities, approval is required from the Privy Council, the exact criteria for University title vary between the four countries of the United Kingdom. These include a number of institutions that feature regularly in the tables of the worlds top universities, such as UCL. The central co-ordinating bodies for universities in the United Kingdom is Universities UK, Universities in Britain date back to the dawn of mediaeval studium generale, with Oxford and Cambridge taking their place among the worlds oldest universities. No other universities were founded in England during this period, opposition from Oxford and Cambridge blocked attempts to establish universities in Northampton. Medical schools in London, though not a university in its own right, were among the first to provide medical teachings in England, in Scotland, St Andrews, Glasgow and Kings College, Aberdeen were founded by Papal Bull. Post-Reformation, these were joined by Edinburgh, Marischal College, Aberdeen, gresham College was, however, established in London in the late 16th century, despite concerns expressed by Cambridge. In Ireland, Trinity College Dublin was founded as the mother of a University by a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth, the 18th century saw the establishment of medical schools at Edinburgh and Glasgow universities and at hospitals in London. A number of dissenting academies were also established, but the next attempt to found a university did not come until the Andersonian Institute was established in Glasgow in 1798. The French Revolution and the ensuing Napoleonic wars led to over 40% of universities in Europe closing, from 153 universities in 1789, numbers fell to only 83 in 1815. The next quarter century saw a rebound, with 15 new universities founded, by then, the higher education revolution was well under way. This would, however, have required government support, the opinion of Robert Peel – cabinet minister and MP for Oxford University – was sought, and he advised against proceeding. This period also saw the establishment of Mechanics Institutes in a number of cities, many others would eventually become polytechnics and then, in 1992, universities. Very soon after news of the York scheme broke, Thomas Campbell wrote to The Times proposing a university be founded in London and this would become UCL, founded in 1826 as a joint stock company under the name of London University. This became Kings College London, granted a charter in 1829 –. Neither of the Colleges was residential – a break from the two ancient English universities, although non-residential universities were the norm in Scotland, Cambridge voted to petition the King not to allow the awarding of degrees with the same name as theirs or Oxfords. Then, later in 1831, a plan was announced to found a university in Durham, greys government supported the bill to establish the university, despite it limiting its degrees to Anglicans. Thus the University of Durham was established by Act of Parliament in 1832, in 1836 it pioneered the system of external examiners for its final degree examinations, bringing in Oxford academics to ensure the same standards
3.
Financial endowment
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A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
4.
Peter Mandelson
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Peter Benjamin Mandelson, Baron Mandelson PC is a British Labour politician, president of international think tank Policy Network and Chairman of strategic advisory firm Global Counsel. He served as Member of Parliament for Hartlepool from 1992 to 2004 and he was also the European Commissioner for Trade between 2004 and 2008. Mandelson was one of several responsible for the rebranding of the Labour Party as New Labour before its subsequent victory in the 1997 election. He resigned twice from the Cabinet before leaving Parliament to take up an appointment as a European Commissioner and he later rejoined the Cabinet for a third time after being created a Life Peer, sitting on the Labour benches in the House of Lords. Peter Mandelson was born in Hampstead Garden Suburb, Middlesex, on 21 October 1953 and his fathers family was Jewish, his grandfather had founded the Harrow United Synagogue. His father was the manager of The Jewish Chronicle who was commissioned as an officer in the Royal Dragoons in World War II. On his mothers side Peter is the grandson of Herbert Morrison, Mandelson attended Garden Suburb Primary School and between 1965 and 1972 Hendon County Grammar School. In 1966 he appeared on stage with the amateur theatre group. From 1973 to 1976 he read Philosophy, Politics and Economics at St Catherines College, in his teenage years, he was a member of the Young Communist League, but later became a member of the Oxford University Labour Club. In the late 1970s he became Chairman of the British Youth Council and he was elected to Lambeth Borough Council in September 1979 but stood down in 1982, disillusioned with the state of Labour politics. Mandelson then worked for some time as a producer at London Weekend Television on Weekend World. In 1985, Labour leader Neil Kinnock appointed him as Labours director of communications, as Director, he was one of the first people in Britain to whom the term spin doctor was applied, he was thus called the Prince of Darkness. In 1986 Mandelson ran the campaign at the Fulham by-election in which Labour defeated the Conservative Party, tagged Kinnock – the Movie, it led to the party leaders approval rating being raised by 16% or 19% in polls and was even repeated in another PPB slot. Opponents termed the Labour Partys election campaign a successful election defeat. He ceased being a Labour Party official in 1990 when he was selected as Labour candidate for the seat of Hartlepool. Mandelson was first elected to the House of Commons at the 1992 general election and this created antagonism between Mandelson and Brown, though they were considered allies in the Labour Party. In 1994 Kate Garvey suggested that Mandelson, should adopt a nom de guerre throughout Blairs leadership bid, Mandelson agreed to be called Bobby for the duration and was thanked by Blair using this name in his victory speech. After becoming an ally and trusted adviser to Tony Blair, Mandelson was Labours election campaign director for the 1997 general election
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Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
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Manchester
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Manchester is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 514,414 as of 2013. It lies within the United Kingdoms second-most populous urban area, with a population of 2.55 million, Manchester is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation. The local authority is Manchester City Council and it was historically a part of Lancashire, although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated during the 20th century. Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a township but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century. Manchesters unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution, Manchester achieved city status in 1853. The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894, creating the Port of Manchester and its fortunes declined after the Second World War, owing to deindustrialisation. The city centre was devastated in a bombing in 1996, but it led to extensive investment, in 2014, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranked Manchester as a beta world city, the highest-ranked British city apart from London. Manchester is the third-most visited city in the UK and it is notable for its architecture, culture, musical exports, media links, scientific and engineering output, social impact, sports clubs and transport connections. Manchester Liverpool Road railway station was the worlds first inter-city passenger railway station and in the city scientists first split the atom, the name Manchester originates from the Latin name Mamucium or its variant Mancunium and the citizens are still referred to as Mancunians. These are generally thought to represent a Latinisation of an original Brittonic name, both meanings are preserved in languages derived from Common Brittonic, mam meaning breast in Irish and mother in Welsh. The suffix -chester is a survival of Old English ceaster and their territory extended across the fertile lowland of what is now Salford and Stretford. Central Manchester has been settled since this time. A stabilised fragment of foundations of the version of the Roman fort is visible in Castlefield. After the Roman withdrawal and Saxon conquest, the focus of settlement shifted to the confluence of the Irwell, much of the wider area was laid waste in the subsequent Harrying of the North. Thomas de la Warre, lord of the manor, founded and constructed a church for the parish in 1421. The church is now Manchester Cathedral, the premises of the college house Chethams School of Music. The library, which opened in 1653 and is open to the public today, is the oldest free public reference library in the United Kingdom. Manchester is mentioned as having a market in 1282, around the 14th century, Manchester received an influx of Flemish weavers, sometimes credited as the foundation of the regions textile industry
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Hulme
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Hulme is an inner city area and electoral ward of Manchester, England, immediately south of Manchester city centre. It has a significant industrial heritage, Hulme derives its name from the Old Norse holmr, holmi, through Old Danish hulm or hulme meaning small islands or land surrounded by streams, fen or marsh. The area may have fitted this description at the time of the Scandinavian invasion, ouerholm and Noranholm were recorded in 1226 and Norholm in 1227. These are thought to be variations of Overhulm and Netherhulm, although recorded earlier, the surname de Hulm is known from records of 1246,1273,1277,1285,1332 and 1339 and del Hulme from 1284. There are other early Hulms/Holms from which they might have received their surnames, in 1310 there is a mention of the manor of Hulm with the appurtenances, near Mamcestre. Or, in a version, Geoffrey de Hulme holds one ploughland in Hulme by the service of 5s. Yearly at the 4 terms for all, and John le Ware holds one ploughland in Hulme by the service of 5s. In 1324 there is a record of, farm of the land of Geoffrey de Hulme in Hulme which Jordan the dean formerly held in Overhulm and Netherhulm 5s. Hulme was evidenced as a community south of the River Medlock from Manchester in 15th century map prints. Christopher Saxton included Holme in his map of Lancashire of 1577 on the banks of the Medlock. Trafford was placed on the bank of the Irwell to the south-west, Wordsall across the Irwell to the north-west. Hulme Hall was close to the River Irwell on a site near where St Georges Church was later built, until the 18th century the area remained agricultural, and pictures from the time show an idyllic scene of crops, sunshine and country life. It was this supply of coal from the Dukes mines at Worsley that allowed the textile industry of Manchester to grow. The Industrial Revolution brought development to the area, and jobs to the poor, carrying coal from the starvationers, many cotton mills and a railway link to Hulme soon followed, and thousands of people came to work in the rapidly expanding mills in the city. The number of living in Hulme multiplied 50-fold during the first half of the 19th century. Housing had to be built rapidly, and space was limited, which resulted in low-quality housing interspersed with the smoking chimneys of the mills. Added to the lack of sanitation and rampant spread of disease, reports of the time suggest that at times the air quality became so poor that poisonous fumes and smoke literally blocked out the sun for long periods. Hulme Hall was demolished in 1840 with the construction of the Bridgewater Canal, by 1844, the situation had grown so serious that Manchester Borough Council had to pass a law banning further building
8.
Crewe
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Crewe /kruː/ is a railway town and civil parish within the borough of Cheshire East and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. The area has a population of 72,863, from 1946 until 2002 it was also the home of Rolls-Royce motor car production. The Pyms Lane factory on the west of the town now produces Bentley motor cars exclusively, Crewe is 158 miles north of London and 35 miles south of Manchester. Crewe was thus named after the station, rather than the other way round. The name derives from an Old Welsh word criu, meaning weir, Crewe was founded in the township of Monks Coppenhall which, with the township of Church Coppenhall, formed the ancient parish of Coppenhall. The railway station was named after the township of Crewe in which it was located, eventually, the township of Crewe became a civil parish in its own right also named, rather confusingly, Crewe. This civil parish changed its name to Crewe Green in 1974 to avoid confusion with the adjacent town, the railway station remained part of the civil parish of Crewe, outside the boundary of the municipal borough until 1936. An old, local riddle describes the unusual states of affairs, The place which is Crewe is not Crewe. Until the Grand Junction Railway company chose Crewe as the site for its works and railway station in the late 1830s. Winsford,7 miles to the north, had rejected an earlier proposal, Crewe railway station was built in fields near to Crewe Hall and was completed in 1837. A new town grew up, in the parishes of Monks Coppenhall and Church Coppenhall, alongside the increasingly busy station, GJR chief engineer Joseph Locke helped lay out the town. The town has a park, Queens Park, the land for which was donated by the London and North Western Railway. It has been suggested that their motivation was to prevent the rival Great Western Railway building a station on the site, the railway provided an endowment towards the building and upkeep of Christ Church. Until 1897 its vicar, non-conformist ministers and schoolteachers received concessionary passes, the company provided a doctors surgery with a scheme of health insurance. A gasworks was built and the water supply was adapted to provide drinking water. The railway also opened a market in 1854 and a clothing factory for John Compton who provided the company uniforms. During World War II the strategic presence of the railways and Rolls-Royce engineering works made Crewe a target for air raids. The borough lost 35 civilians to these, the worst raid was on 29 August 1940 when some 50 houses were destroyed, Crewe crater on Mars is named after the town of Crewe
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University Alliance
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University Alliance is an association of British universities which was formed in 2006 as the Alliance of Non-Aligned Universities, adopting its current name in 2007. Alliance institutions educate more than a quarter of students in the UK, including 27% of those on STEM courses and they deliver 40% of the UK’s sandwich degrees and maintain links with 19,000 businesses, including 13,000 SMEs. It is the only UK university association or grouping which is above benchmark on both access and retention of students, a large proportion of courses offered by Alliance universities are accredited by professional bodies. In 2015, University Alliance launched the Doctoral Training Alliance, the UKs largest multi-partner doctoral training programme building on its members research strengths, the initial programme in applied biosciences for health was followed in 2016 with a second programme, focused on energy. University Alliance has put forward proposals on lifelong learning, calling on the government to take steps to ensure people can benefit from opportunities at all stages of life. Its policy work has focused on the role of universities in supporting the UK’s industrial strategy and nurturing arts, culture. The association is headed by the Chair, Deputy Chair and the Treasurer who are elected, operational running on a daily business is overseen by the Chief Executive
10.
Association of Commonwealth Universities
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The Association of Commonwealth Universities represents 535 universities from 37 Commonwealth countries. It is the worlds first and oldest international university network, established in 1913, a UK-registered charity, the ACU has over 500 member institutions in developed and developing countries across the Commonwealth. Drawing on the experience and expertise, the ACU seeks to address issues in international higher education through a range of projects, networks. The Association of Commonwealth Universities is governed by its member institutions through an elected Council, as the ACU is a UK-registered charity, Council members also act as its Trustees. The ACU Council comprises up to 23 members,20 elected Council members, in 1912, the University of London took the initiative to assemble 53 representatives of universities in London to hold a Congress of Universities of the Empire. They decided they needed a bureau of information and its affairs would be handled by a committee representing universities at home and abroad. In 1913 the office opened as the Universities Bureau of the British Empire, in 1948 the name was changed to Association of Universities of the British Commonwealth, and in 1963 it changed to its current name. Dr Anastasios Christodoulou was the Secretary General of the Association of Commonwealth Universities from 1980 to 1996, in 1986, Queen Elizabeth II became patron of the Association of Commonwealth Universities. Currently 37 countries from the Commonwealth are represented in the Association
11.
Association of MBAs
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The Association of MBAs is a global organisation founded in 1967 which focuses primarily on international business school accreditation and membership. Based in London, AMBA is one of the three main global accreditation bodies in business education and styles itself as the worlds authority on postgraduate management education. It differs from AACSB in the US and EQUIS in Brussels as it accredits a schools portfolio of postgraduate management programmes but does not accredit undergraduate programmes, all MBA students and alumni of the 245 accredited member schools join AMBA as individual members free of charge. AMBA also accredits generalist MBM programmes and DBA programmes, and admits as members students, AMBAs long-serving president is Sir Paul Judge, the founding benefactor of Cambridge Judge Business School. AMBAs current Chief Executive is Andrew Main Wilson, who joined the organisation from the Institute of Directors in 2013, len Jones was elected Chairman of the AMBA Board of Trustees in 2014. The founders saw a lack of awareness in Europe of the value of the MBA degree and they decided to form a lobby and membership group to promote the benefits of postgraduate business education, under the name of Business Graduates Association. The Associations first Director General was Vice-Admiral David Clutterbuck who assumed this position in 1969, in 1983 BGA began to accredit the growing number of MBA programmes, while preserving its functions as a membership organization. BGA was renamed Association of MBAs in 1987, the Associations current president is Sir Paul Judge, who helped establish Cambridge Judge Business School in 1990 and whose name the school continues to carry. The Association of MBAs accredits MBA, MBM and DBA degree programmes, the Associations process of accrediting a schools MBA programmes portfolio includes reviewing compliance AMBAs MBA criteria, most of them qualitative rather than quantitative. AMBA holds three annual conferences for business school deans and directors, a Global Conference, an Asia Pacific Conference. Participation is open to both accredited and non-accredited schools, AMBA also hosts an annual Gala Dinner in London, which is open only to accredited schools. AMBA also organizes webinars, lectures and networking events on a regular basis catering to MBA alumni, current MBA students, prospective MBA students and these on-campus events are held at accredited business schools and often feature distinguished speakers and practitioners in fields such as leadership, entrepreneurship and innovation
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Mechanics' Institute, Manchester
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It has been a Grade II* listed building since 11 May 1972. The institute was established in Manchester on 7 April 1824 at the Bridgewater Arms hotel by a group of wealthy manufacturers, the purpose of the institution was to provide facilities for working men to learn the principles of science through part-time study. In 1825 the first building in England expressly designed for use as an institute was erected for its use in Cooper Street, off Princess Street. This was demolished in the early 1970s and this institute organised the first City exhibition in 1837 and this led to a large number of similar exhibitions in English industrial towns and cities. This institutes base was in Cooper Street and it moved to the current building in 1855, the building was designed by J. E. Gregan in an Italian palazzo style and was Gregans last work. It consists of three storeys with a basement and blind attic storey and is constructed of brick with stone dressings. It set a standard for the scale of the commercial warehouses which were to follow, the inaugural meeting of the Trades Union Congress was held in the building, 2–6 June 1868. In 1882 it was decided to establish a school, the Technical School and Mechanics Institution. This was the beginning of the later known as UMIST. As of 2002 the building now contained archives from the National Labour Museum, mary Louisa Armitt who founded the Armitt Library was educated here
13.
Manchester School of Art
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Manchester School of Art in Manchester, England, was established in 1838 as the Manchester School of Design. It is the second oldest art school in the United Kingdom after the Royal College of Art which was founded the same year, the school opened in the basement of the Manchester Royal Institution on Mosley Street. It became the School of Art in 1853 and moved to Cavendish Street in 1880 and it was subsequently named the Municipal School of Art. In 1880, the school admitted students, at the time the only higher education available to women. The school was extended in 1897, the school became part of Manchester Polytechnic in 1970 and is now a faculty of the Manchester Metropolitan University. Its 175th anniversary in 2013 was marked by the opening of a new building, the Manchester Municipal School of Art was built in Cavendish Street in 1880–81 to the designs of G. T. Redmayne. On a rectangular plan it was constructed in ashlar with buff terracotta dressings. It is two storeys high above a basement and has slate roofs with glazed skylights and its symmetrical facade, built in the Neo-Gothic style, has large gabled wings with pinnacles at either side of its buttressed and blind arcaded main range. In the centre is a doorway with a moulded arched head and carved spandrels above which is a canted oriel window with a steep roof against a gable with pinnacles. The building is Grade II listed, the 1897 extension designed by Joseph Gibbon Sankey, at the rear of the building, was built in red brick and terracotta with Art Nouveau decoration. Calico printers Edmund Potter and James Thomson were involved in the schools foundation, the first head from 1838 was John Zephaniah Bell, who pursued a fine art curriculum until 1843. Walter Crane was the Director of Design from 1893 to 1898, adolphe Valette was a teacher there from 1906 to 1920. Lowry, Eugene Halliday, Margo Ingham, Liam Spencer, Ossie Clark, Martin Parr, Malcolm Garrett, Peter Saville, Thomas Heatherwick, sylvia Pankhurst was a student at the school. Susan Dacre and Annie Swynnerton formed the Society of Women Painters, John Mayall enrolled at the School of Art in the 1950s. Other notable musicians to attend the school include Mick Hucknall, who studied Fine Art in the 1980s, notes Bibliography 1878 – Manchester School of Art, Lancashire
14.
Manchester Metropolitan University
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Manchester Metropolitan University is a public university located in Manchester, England. It was established in 1970 as Manchester Polytechnic and gained university status in 1992 and its headquarters and central campus are in the city of Manchester, and there are additional facilities in Cheshire. The university has its roots in the Manchester Mechanics Institution and the Manchester School of Design, Manchester Metropolitan University receives approximately 52,000 applications every year, making it the second most applied-to university in the UK after the University of Manchester. It is the fifth largest university in the UK in terms of student numbers, the university is home to the Manchester School of Art and the Manchester School of Theatre. The university developed from mergers of various colleges with various specialisms, including Technology, Art and Design, i. e. Manchester Mechanics Institution and Manchester School of Design. Later, Schools of Commerce, Education and Domestic Science were added along with colleges at Didsbury, Crewe, Alsager and the former Domestic and Trades College, latterly Hollings College. The painter L. S. Lowry attended Manchester School of Art in the years after the First World War where he was taught by the noted impressionist Adolphe Valette and it became Manchester Polytechnic in 1970. On 1 January 1977, the merged with the Didsbury College of Education and Hollings College. In 1987 the institution became a member of the Northern Consortium. Having previously been a local authority institution, the became a corporate body on 1 April 1989. It was granted university status as Manchester Metropolitan University by the Privy Council on 15 September 1992 under the provisions of the Further and Higher Education Act 1992, the university absorbed Crewe and Alsager College of Higher Education on 1 October 1992 and the Manchester School of Physiotherapy in 2004. Manchester School of Physiotherapy, The Manchester School of Physiotherapy was an education institution based in Manchester. It provided undergraduate and postgraduate degree programmes within Physiotherapy and additionally offered NVQ level qualifications for unqualified Physiotherapy Support Workers, the School of Physiotherapy was affiliated to the Victoria University of Manchester and all degree level courses were validated and conferred by this institution. The School was officially formed in 1991, through the amalgamation of the Manchester Royal Infirmary, from these two institutions it can date its history back to 1911 and during the 1980s via its M. R. I. Routes, became the first NHS School of Physiotherapy to offer an undergraduate honours degree programme. The academic building consisted of two large raked lecture theatres, a number of rooms, a gymnasium, seminar rooms, a library, office facilities. In 2004 the Manchester School of Physiotherapy officially joined the Manchester Metropolitan University and it was at this point the last NHS School of Physiotherapy to join a UK higher education institution. It subsequently became the Department of Health Professions and is based at the Birley Fields Campus of MMU in Hulme
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Cheshire
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Cheshire is a county in North West England, bordering Merseyside and Greater Manchester to the north, Derbyshire to the east, Staffordshire and Shropshire to the south and Wales to the west. Cheshires county town is Chester, the largest town is Warrington, other major towns include Congleton, Crewe, Ellesmere Port, Macclesfield, Northwich, Runcorn, Widnes, Wilmslow, and Winsford. The county covers 905 square miles and has a population of around 1 million and it is mostly rural, with a number of small towns and villages supporting the agricultural and other industries which produce Cheshire cheese, salt, chemicals and silk. Cheshires name was derived from an early name for Chester. Although the name first appears in 980, it is thought that the county was created by Edward the Elder around 920, in the Domesday Book, Chester was recorded as having the name Cestrescir, derived from the name for Chester at the time. A series of changes occurred as English itself changed, together with some simplifications and elision, resulted in the name Cheshire. Because of the close links with the land bordering Cheshire to the west. The Domesday Book records Cheshire as having two complete Hundreds that later became the part of Flintshire. Additionally, another portion of the Duddestan Hundred later became known as Maelor Saesneg when it was transferred to North Wales. For this and other reasons, the Welsh name for Cheshire is sometimes used within Wales, after the Norman conquest of 1066 by William I, dissent and resistance continued for many years after the invasion. In 1069 local resistance in Cheshire was finally put down using draconian measures as part of the Harrying of the North, the ferocity of the campaign against the English populace was enough to end all future resistance. Examples were made of major landowners such as Earl Edwin of Mercia, William I made Cheshire a county palatine and gave Gerbod the Fleming the new title of Earl of Chester. When Gerbod returned to Normandy in about 1070, the king used his absence to declare the earldom forfeit, due to Cheshires strategic location on Welsh Marches, the Earl had complete autonomous powers to rule on behalf of the king in the county palatine. Cheshire in the Domesday Book is recorded as a larger county than it is today. It included two hundreds, Atiscross and Exestan, that became part of North Wales. At the time of the Domesday Book, it included as part of Duddestan Hundred the area of land later known as English Maelor in Wales. The area between the Mersey and Ribble formed part of the returns for Cheshire, an example is the barony of Halton. One of Hugh dAvranches barons has been identified as Robert Nicholls, Baron of Halton, in 1182 the land north of the Mersey became administered as part of the new county of Lancashire, thus resolving any uncertainty about the county in which the land Inter Ripam et Mersam was
16.
University of Manchester
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The University of Manchester is a red brick university, a product of the civic university movement of the late-19th century. The main campus is south of Manchester city centre on Oxford Road, in 2015/16, the university had 39,700 students and 10,400 staff, making it the second largest university in the UK, and the largest single-site university. The university had an income of £987.2 million in 2015–16 and it has the third largest endowment of any university in England, after the universities of Cambridge and Oxford. It is a member of the worldwide Universities Research Association, the Russell Group of British research universities, the University of Manchester is ranked 29th in the world by QS World University Rankings 2016. In the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities, Manchester was ranked 35th in the world, the Global Employability University Ranking conducted by THE places Manchester at 27th worldwide and 10th in Europe, ahead of academic powerhouses such as Cornell, UPenn and LSE. It is ranked joint 55th in the world and 8th in the UK in the 2016 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, Manchester came fifth in terms of research power and seventeenth for grade point average quality when including specialist institutions. More students try to gain entry than to any university in the country. According to the 2015 High Fliers Report, Manchester is the most targeted university by the largest number of leading graduate employers in the UK. The university owns and operates major cultural assets such as the Manchester Museum, Whitworth Art Gallery, John Rylands Library and Jodrell Bank Observatory and its Grade I listed Lovell Telescope. The University of Manchester has 25 Nobel laureates among its past and present students and staff, four Nobel laureates are currently among its staff – more than any other British university. The University of Manchester traces its roots to the formation of the Mechanics Institute in 1824, the English chemist John Dalton, together with Manchester businessmen and industrialists, established the Mechanics Institute to ensure that workers could learn the basic principles of science. John Owens, a merchant, left a bequest of £96,942 in 1846 to found a college to educate men on non-sectarian lines. He also campaigned and helped fund the chair, the first applied science department in the north of England. He left the college the equivalent of £10 million in his will in 1876, Beyer funded the total cost of construction of the Beyer building to house the biology and geology departments. His will also funded Engineering chairs and the Beyer Professor of Applied mathematics, the university has a rich German heritage. The Owens College Extension Movement based their plans after a tour of mainly German universities, Manchester mill owner, Thomas Ashton, chairman of the extension movement had studied at Heidelberg University. Sir Henry Roscoe also studied at Heidelberg under Robert Bunsen and they collaborated for many years on research projects, Roscoe promoted the German style of research led teaching that became the role model for the redbrick universities. Charles Beyer studied at Dresden Academy Polytechnic, there were many Germans on the staff, including Carl Schorlemmer, Britains first chair in organic chemistry, and Arthur Schuster, professor of Physics
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Manchester School of Theatre
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The Manchester School of Theatre is a drama school, situated in the city of Manchester, UK. According to The Complete University Guide, the school has a ratio of over 50,1 applicants for each place on the BA Acting course, the September 2012 intake of twenty-eight students were chosen from over seventeen hundred people who auditioned for a place on the course. It is part of The Manchester Metropolitan University, the school trains students to become professional actors in the stage, television and radio industry. The course offered is BA Acting, which three years. Students who complete the three year BA are eligible for Equity status, third year productions are open to the public, tickets can be booked through the Capitol Theatre website. All third year take part in an annual showcase which takes place both at Capitol Theatre, and the Soho Theatre in London in the spring term. Notable graduates from the school of theatre include, Capitol Theatre website Official website
18.
L. S. Lowry
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Laurence Stephen Lowry RBA RA was an English artist. Many of his drawings and paintings depict Pendlebury, Lancashire, where he lived and worked for more than 40 years, Lowry is famous for painting scenes of life in the industrial districts of North West England in the mid-20th century. He developed a style of painting and is best known for his urban landscapes peopled with human figures often referred to as matchstick men. He painted mysterious unpopulated landscapes, brooding portraits and the unpublished marionette works, a large collection of Lowrys work is on permanent public display in The Lowry, a purpose-built art gallery on Salford Quays named in his honour. Lowry rejected five honours during his life, including a knighthood in 1968, on 26 June 2013 a major retrospective opened at the Tate Britain in London, his first at the Tate, and in 2014 his first solo exhibition outside the UK was held in Nanjing, China. Lowry was born on 1 November 1887 at 8 Barrett Street and it was a difficult birth, and his mother Elizabeth, who hoped for a girl, was uncomfortable even looking at him at first. Later she expressed envy of her sister Mary, who had three splendid daughters instead of one clumsy boy, Lowrys father Robert, who was of northern Irish descent, worked as a clerk for the Jacob Earnshaw and Son Property Company and was a withdrawn and introverted man. Lowry once described him as a fish and realised he had a life to live. After Lowrys birth, his mothers health was too poor for her to continue teaching and she is reported to have been talented and respected, with aspirations of becoming a concert pianist. She was an irritable, nervous woman brought up to high standards by her stern father. Like him, she was controlling and intolerant of failure and she used illness as a means of securing the attention and obedience of her mild and affectionate husband and she dominated her son in the same way. Lowry maintained, in interviews conducted later in his life, that he had an unhappy childhood, although his mother demonstrated no appreciation of her sons gifts as an artist, a number of books Lowry received as Christmas presents from his parents are inscribed to Our dearest Laurie. At school he made few friends and showed no academic aptitude and his father was affectionate towards him but was, by all accounts, a quiet man who was at his most comfortable fading into the background as an unobtrusive presence. Here the landscape comprised textile mills and factory chimneys rather than trees, Lowry later recalled, At first I detested it, and then, after years I got pretty interested in it, then obsessed by it. One day I missed a train from Pendlebury - I had ignored for seven years —, the huge black framework of rows of yellow-lit windows standing up against the sad, damp charged afternoon sky. I watched this scene — which Id looked at times without seeing — with rapture. After leaving school, Lowry began a career working for the Pall Mall Company and he would spend some time in his lunch hour at Buile Hill Park and in the evenings took private art lessons in antique and freehand drawing. In 1905, he secured a place at the Manchester School of Art, in 1915 he moved on to the Royal Technical Institute, Salford where his studies continued until 1925 There he developed an interest in industrial landscapes and began to establish his own style
19.
Pierre Adolphe Valette
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Pierre Adolphe Valette was a French Impressionist painter. His most acclaimed paintings are landscapes of Manchester, now in the collection of Manchester Art Gallery. Today, he is remembered as L. S. Lowrys tutor. Born in Saint-Étienne in eastern central France, on 13 October 1876, Valette arrived in England for unknown reasons in 1904 and studied at the Birkbeck Institute, now part of the University of London. In 1905 he travelled to the North West of England where he designed greetings cards and he attended evening classes at Manchester Municipal School of Art and in 1907 he was invited to join the staff as a teacher. His French teaching style, painting by demonstration, was new to the United Kingdom. Salford painter, L. S. Lowry became a pupil of Valette, expressed admiration for his tutor. He called him a real teacher, in 1920 Valette resigned from the Institute owing to ill health. He stayed in Lancashire for eight years, teaching privately and painting in Manchester. In 1928 he returned to Paris, and subsequently moved to Blacé en Beaujolais where he died in 1942, valettes paintings are Impressionist, a style that suited the damp fogginess of Manchester. The Lowry hosted an exhibition of about 100 works by Valette, alongside works by Lowry and it included paintings of Manchester from Manchester Art Gallery and loans from private owners
20.
Didsbury Campus
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The Didsbury School of Education, Wilmslow Road, Didsbury, Manchester, England, is a former campus of Manchester Metropolitan University. It was originally built as a house around 1785. The main college building was designated a Grade II* listed building on 25 February 1952, the site is currently undergoing redevelopment as a residential area. The new site at Didsbury was selected to replace temporary training facilities at Hoxton Square, another Wesleyan college was founded at around the same time in Richmond, Surrey. A handsome house of circa 1785 already stood on the Didsbury site, the Wesleyan Theological Institute opened on 22 September 1842 with a special service. The first president of the Institute was Jabez Bunting, and John Hannah was among the first tutors, science lecturers who taught at the college included William Sturgeon and William Crawford Williamson. In 1877, a new church was built to serve the college, the Methodist Church transferred the facilities to Didsbury College, Bristol in 1946. The Manchester site re-opened as the Didsbury School of Education, the site is currently being redeveloped as a residential area, with the listed buildings being retained. Noted alumni of the Wesleyan College Archives for the former Wesleyan College are held today at the Methodist Archives, the original red brick house which stood on the site was extended and re-clad in ashlar stone in a Neo-Grecian style by the Wesleyans. The substantial Grecian frame comprises eleven bays and four pilasters decorated with carved lotus leaf capitals and acanthus bases, the building has sandstone ashlar facades, with rear and courtyard walls of red brick in Flemish bond with sandstone dressings. The original brick house can still be seen today from the courtyard at the back of the college, the interior contains a fine entrance hall with screen of reeded columns elliptical open-well staircase with wrought-iron balustrade. Hartwell, Clare, Hyde, Matthew, Pevsner, Nikolaus, lancashire, Manchester and the South East. New Haven, CT, London, Yale University Press, archived from the original on 18 May 2016. — report containing ariel shots of the Didsbury College in the 1940s
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Education Reform Act 1988
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The Education Reform Act 1988 is widely regarded as the most important single piece of education legislation in England, Wales and Northern Ireland since the Butler Education Act 1944. The main provisions of the Education Reform Act are as follows, an element of choice was introduced, where parents could specify which school was their preferred choice. This part of the Act allowed new more autonomous schools to be out of the direct financial control of Local Authorities. Financial control would be handed to the teacher and governors of a school. There was also a requirement for private funding. There were only 15 schools that were set up. The successor to this programme was the establishment of Academies, controls on the use of the word degree were introduced with respect to UK bodies. Primary and secondary schools could, under this provision, remove themselves fully from their local education authorities. Secondary schools also had limited selection powers at the age of 11, key Stages were introduced in schools. At each key stage a number of objectives were to be achieved. Local Management of Schools was introduced and this part of the Act allowed all schools to be taken out of the direct financial control of local authorities. Financial control would be handed to the teacher and governors of a school. This restriction is then removed in respect of qualifications from bodies on a list maintained by Statutory Instrument, the act required broadly Christian acts of worship in schools. The National Muslim Education Council objected that the wording to be changed to the worship of the one supreme God and this requirement was built upon in the School Standards and Framework Act 1998
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Manchester Royal Infirmary
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The Manchester Royal Infirmary is a hospital in Manchester, England, founded by Charles White in 1752. It is now part of Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, sharing buildings, the Infirmary itself specialises in cardiology, in renal medicine and surgery, and in kidney and pancreas transplants. Its A&E department deals with around 145,000 patients every year, the transplant team carried out 317 transplants in 2015, the most of any centre in the UK. The first premises was a house in Garden Street, off Withy Grove, Manchester, government of the institution was in the hands of the trustees. Any subscriber who paid 2 guineas a year was a trustee and those who donated 20 guineas became a trustee for life. The trustees appointed physicians and surgeons by voting, in 1835900 trustees assembled to vote in the Town Hall. Joseph Jordan was elected, having secured 466 votes and he had spent £690, mostly on hiring vehicles to bring his supporters in to vote. By 1855 the subscription was 3 guineas, or a donation of 30 guineas, there were initially three physicians and three surgeons, Charles White being one. White co-founded the Infirmary with local industrialist Joseph Bancroft in 1752, one patient, John Boardman, suffering from Scrofula was treated. The first inpatient was admitted on 3 August, Benjamin Dooley, aged 12, suffering from sordid ulcers in the leg In 1753 it was decided to purchase surgical instruments and to establish a dispensary. It was decided to build a new hospital in 1753 on land leased from Sir Oswald Mosley, Lord of the Manor, who granted a 999 year lease at an annual rent of £6. The site had previously called the Daub Holes, these pits,615 feet long, had filled with water. The new premises had space for eighty beds and were on Levers Row in the now known as Piccadilly Gardens. The new building was opened on 9 June 1755 and it had three stories and cellars. The first student, John Daniel, was taken on as an apprentice to the apothecary, by 1756 it was already necessary to add a new wing to the north to house a laundry and wash house. In 1764 there were 85 inpatients, the building of the Manchester Lunatic Asylum on the same site as the main hospital was completed in 1765. In 1846 it was removed to Cheadle, Cheshire, in 1779 Public Baths were built on the site. Cold baths were 6d, a Buxton bath 1/-, a warm bath 1/-, and it was also possible to pay an annual fee
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Withington Community Hospital
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Withington Community Hospital was a hospital in south Manchester, England. Originally known as the Chorlton Barlow Moor Work House, the hospital was purpose-built in 1854–55 as a workhouse for the poor of the Chorlton Poor Law Union, in 1859 it had as inmates 458 adults and 195 children. In the 1880s conditions were improved at the instigation of Dr John Milson Rhodes one of the board members, in 1864-66, it was converted into a hospital for the poor with the notable British nurse, Florence Nightingale, quoted as saying. Your hospital plan will be one of the best, if not the best, the hospital also provided support for the military just after the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 and German prisoners of war were kept there. At this time it was known as simply Withington Hospital, being named that after a change in 1910. The frontage of 1854–55 is showy and the chapel is Italianate in style, in the later years all the old buildings were taken over by the hospital and a new smaller workhouse was built on the opposite side of Nell Lane, this closed in 1928. It was occupied by the military for some time before reverting to civilian patients, the National Health Service form was introduced in 1948 under Aneurin Bevan. It had developed considerably since that period until the 1990s, when the hospital faced closure, when this occurred, the trust operating the then defunct hospital relocated units across the city. Three of the buildings are Grade II listed. In July 2008, the developers of the older buildings of the hospital announced that the plans to build 360 homes had been shelved. The structures were to be considered for a full refurbishment into 116 apartments,231 flats,14 houses and it was confirmed this action was a result of the economic downturn affecting potential buyers. Healthcare in Greater Manchester List of hospitals in England Sim, R. & Kitchen, H
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Victoria University of Manchester
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The former Victoria University of Manchester, now the University of Manchester, was founded in 1851 as Owens College. In 1880, the joined the federal Victoria University, gaining an independent university charter in 1904 as the Victoria University of Manchester after the collapse of the federal university. The university was founded in 1851 as Owens College, named after John Owens, a textile merchant and its first accommodation was at Cobden House on Quay Street, Manchester, in a house which had been the residence of Richard Cobden. In 1859, Owens College was approved as an examination centre for matriculation candidates of the University of London. As the college progressed it became inadequate so a move to Chorlton on Medlock was planned in 1871, alfred Waterhouse was the architect of the new college building, west of Oxford Road, which was opened in 1873. Owens College became the first affiliate college of the federal Victoria University in 1880, in 1884, University College Liverpool also joined the Victoria University, followed in 1887 by the Yorkshire College in Leeds. In 1903 University College Liverpool left the Victoria University to become the independent University of Liverpool, the new Victoria University of Manchester was established by royal charter on 15 July 1903, the university and Owens College were merged by Act of Parliament on 24 June 1904. In the mid-1960s the university and the city corporation commissioned Hugh Wilson, the Precinct Centre building included the oldest part of the Manchester Business School, Devonshire House and Crawford House and the St Peters House, the University Chaplaincy. It stood on Booth Street East and Booth Street West and Oxford Road ran through it at ground level, the architects were Wilson & Womersley, in association with the universitys planning officer, H. Thomas, for St Peters House the architects were Cruickshank & Seward. The new university was inaugurated on 1 October 2004, the university had more than 18,000 full-time students by the time it merged with UMIST. It was regarded as one of the top universities in the country, see also Category, Vice-Chancellors of the Victoria University of Manchester The chief officers of the university were the vice-chancellor, the registrar, the bursar and the librarian. In the early decades of Owens College, a few outstanding faculty members set high standards for the new institution and these included statistician Stanley Jevons, jurist James Bryce, and particularly Henry Enfield Roscoe Professor of Chemistry and Principal of the college. Since the later 1800s many notable people have worked and studied at the Victoria University of Manchester, the motto of the university was Arduus ad solem, meaning striving towards the sun. It is a metaphor for aspiring to enlightenment and it is quoted from Virgils Aeneid book II, and the archives do not record the reasons for its choice. The original verse refers to a serpent and the sun, both of which featured in the university coat of arms, the serpent is traditionally associated with wisdom. The arms were granted in October 1871 to Owens College while the Victoria University had arms of its own which fell into abeyance from 1904 upon the merger of the College with the University. According to Norman Marlow, the motto Arduus ad solem - taken from Aeneid II - was a play on words, Victoria University The University of Manchester List of modern universities in Europe Charlton, H. B. Manchester, Manchester University Press Fiddes, Edward Chapters in the History of Owens College and of Manchester University, Manchester, Manchester University Press Hartog, P. J. editor The Owens College, Manchester, a brief history of the college and description of its various departments
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John Dalton
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John Dalton FRS was an English chemist, physicist, and meteorologist. He is best known for his work in the development of modern atomic theory and his research into colour blindness. John Dalton was born into a Quaker family in Eaglesfield, near Cockermouth and he received his early education from his father and from Quaker John Fletcher, who ran a private school in the nearby village of Pardshaw Hall. With his family too poor to support him for long, he began to earn his living at the age of ten in the service of a wealthy local Quaker, Elihu Robinson. It is said he began teaching at a school at age 12. He joined his older brother Jonathan at age 15 in running a Quaker school in Kendal, around age 23 Dalton may have considered studying law or medicine, but his relatives did not encourage him, perhaps because being a Dissenter, he was barred from attending English universities. He acquired much scientific knowledge from informal instruction by John Gough, at age 27 he was appointed teacher of mathematics and natural philosophy at the New College in Manchester, a dissenting academy. He remained there until age 34, when the colleges worsening financial situation led him to resign his post and begin a new career as a tutor for mathematics. During his years in Kendal, Dalton contributed solutions of problems and questions on subjects to The Ladies Diary. In 1787 at age 21 he began to keep a diary in which, during the succeeding 57 years. He also rediscovered George Hadleys theory of atmospheric circulation around this time, Daltons first publication was Meteorological Observations and Essays at age 27 in 1793, which contained the seeds of several of his later discoveries. However, in spite of the originality of his treatment, little attention was paid to them by other scholars, a second work by Dalton, Elements of English Grammar, was published at age 35 in 1801. In fact, a shortage of colour perception in people had not even been formally described or officially noticed until Dalton wrote about his own. Since both he and his brother were colour blind, he recognized that this condition must be hereditary, examination of his preserved eyeball in 1995 demonstrated that Dalton actually had a less common kind of colour blindness, deuteroanopia, in which medium wavelength sensitive cones are missing. The altitude achieved was estimated using a barometer and this meant that, until the Ordnance Survey started publishing their maps for the Lake District in the 1860s, Dalton was one of the few sources of such information. Dalton was often accompanied by Jonathan Otley, who was one of the few other authorities on the heights of the Lake District mountains and he became both an assistant and a friend. These four essays were presented between 2 and 30 October 1801 and published in the Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester in 1802. It seems, therefore, that general laws respecting the absolute quantity and he thus enunciated Gay-Lussacs law, published in 1802 at age 36 by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
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William Theed
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William Theed, also known as William Theed, the younger was an English sculptor, the son of the sculptor and painter William Theed the elder. Although versatile and eclectic in his works, he specialised in portraiture, Theed was born in Trentham, Staffordshire. Initially trained by his father, Theed the younger worked for years in the studio of EH Baily the sculptor. In Rome, Theed is believed to have studied under Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen and Italian Pietro Tenerani, as well as John Gibson, here he worked in marble creating statues and busts, including those for the Duke of Lucca and the Prince and Princess of Capua. In 1844-5, after nearly 20 years in Rome, he received a commission from Prince Albert, then the prince consort, two designs by Theed were accepted, Narcissus at the Fountain and Psyche Lamenting the Loss of Cupid both in marble. Theed returned to London in 1848 and soon established a successful professional practice. He is known to have married, assumed to be around this time, in 1851 he displayed three pieces at the Great Exhibition, the most notable a marble of The Prodigals Return, a life-size piece, elaborately carved. From London he made pieces for the prince consort, including a series of mythological reliefs for the reception rooms of Buckingham Palace. The major aspect of Theeds production, however, was portraiture, most notably are, Sir Isaac Newton, a bronze which is at St. He also executed a sculpture of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, of which a copy is in the National Portrait Gallery, the descriptive label beside the copy in the National Portrait Gallery reads, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in Anglo-Saxon Dress. Plaster cast from the marble executed 1863-7, / And, as a bird each fond endearment tries / To tempt its new-fledgd offspring to the skies, / He tried each art, reprovd each dull delay, / ALLURED TO BRIGHTER WORLDS, AND LED THE WAY. Martin Greenwoods biographical article mentions that this sculpture, which had completed for the Queen, is also known as The Parting. Theed had shown more than eighty works at the Royal Academy between 1824 and 1885, and from the 1840s had enjoyed the patronage of the English royal family. He died of old age on 9 September 1891, at his home, Campden Lodge, Campden Hill, Kensington, London,1820 Society of Arts Silver Palette - for a figure of Hercules1822 Royal Academy Schools Silver Medal1822 Society of Arts Silver Isis Medal Greenwood, Martin. The first edition of text is available as an article on Wikisource, Theed. Images of sculptures by William Theed Images of 25, busts and other, sculptures by William Theed in Royal Collection, signed & dated - earliest 1845, latest 1881
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Laura Seddon Greeting Card Collection
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Laura Seddon Greeting Card Collection is a collection of greeting cards now in the Manchester Metropolitan University, in the Sir Kenneth Green Library, on the All Saints Campus. The collection consists of a section of 32,000 Victorian and Edwardian greeting cards by major publishers of the day. It includes cards printed by hand like those produced by Sockl and Nathan and also mass-produced cards like those produced by Marcus Ward & Co, some of the cards hold special significance, like Britains first commercially produced Christmas card dating from 1843. The collection is catalogued in Laura Seddons book A Gallery of Greetings, another section of the collection includes 450 Valentines Day cards dating from the early nineteenth century, which Seddon also catalogued. The cards vary from loving to crude and show a different side to the Victorian values that might be expected, the cards include fake wedding certificates, cards that make references to haliotis and others that suggest that the recipient may face being left on the shelf. Pages aim had been to avoid collections of press cuttings but to try to find writings, paintings and he had gathered many of these but his collection had spread its focus but always retaining a discernment. Pages meta-collection suggested to Seddon that she might create her own collection and she decided to focus on early greeting cards from both the Victorian and Edwardian periods. The card collection was curated by Laura Seddon over a period of twenty years initially using George Budays book History of the Christmas Card, the collection became so important that she was able to donate it to the Manchester Metropolitan University. Seddon became an Honorary Fellow of the University in 1992 in recognition of her donation, together with the Sir Harry Page collection, these makes up the two Victorian Ephemera collections of the MMU Special Collections
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Victorian era
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The Victorian era was the period of Queen Victorias reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. It was a period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities. Some scholars date the beginning of the period in terms of sensibilities, the era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period. The later half of the Victorian age roughly coincided with the first part of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe, culturally there was a transition away from the rationalism of the Georgian period and toward romanticism and mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and arts. The end of the saw the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of political reform, industrial reform. Two especially important figures in period of British history are the prime ministers Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone. Disraeli, favoured by the queen, was a gregarious Conservative and his rival Gladstone, a Liberal distrusted by the Queen, served more terms and oversaw much of the overall legislative development of the era. The population of England and Wales almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901, Scotlands population also rose rapidly, from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901. However, Irelands population decreased sharply, from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901, mostly due to the Great Famine. Between 1837 and 1901 about 15 million emigrants departed the UK permanently, in search of a life in the United States, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia. During the early part of the era, politics in the House of Commons involved battles between the two parties, the Whigs/Liberals and the Conservatives. These parties were led by such prominent statesmen as Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, Gladstone, Disraeli, Victoria became queen in 1837 at age 18. Her long reign until 1901 was mainly a time of peace, Britain reached the zenith of its economic, political, diplomatic and cultural power. The era saw the expansion of the second British Empire, Historians have characterised the mid-Victorian era as Britains Golden Years. There was prosperity, as the income per person grew by half. There was peace abroad, and social peace at home, opposition to the new order melted away, says Porter. The Chartist movement peaked as a movement among the working class in 1848, its leaders moved to other pursuits, such as trade unions
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Edwardian era
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The death of Queen Victoria in January 1901 marked the end of the Victorian era. The new king Edward VII was already the leader of an elite that set a style influenced by the art. The Liberals returned to power in 1906 and made significant reforms, below the upper class, the era was marked by significant shifts in politics among sections of society that had been largely excluded from wielding power in the past, such as common labourers. The Edwardian period is sometimes imagined as a golden age of long summer afternoons and garden parties. This perception was created in the 1920s and later by those who remembered the Edwardian age with nostalgia, the Edwardian age was also seen as a mediocre period of pleasure between the great achievements of the preceding Victorian age and the catastrophe of the following war. Recent assessments emphasise the differences between the wealthy and the poor during the Edwardian era and describe the age as heralding great changes in political and social life. Robert Tressells popular novel The Ragged-Trousered Philanthropists is an example of the eras social critique. Despite this, this type of perception has been challenged more recently by modern historians, the British historian Lawrence James has argued that, during the early 20th century, the British felt increasingly threatened by rival powers such as Germany, Russia, and the United States. There was a political awareness of the working class, leading to a rise in trade unions. The aristocracy remained in control of top government offices, the Conservatives – at the time called Unionists – were dominant from the 1890s to 1906. The party had many strengths, appealing to voters supportive of imperialism, tariffs, the Church of England, a powerful Royal Navy, and traditional hierarchical society. There was a powerful leadership base in the aristocracy and landed gentry in rural England, plus strong support from the Church of England. Historians have used election returns to demonstrate that Conservatives did surprisingly well in working-class districts and they had an appeal as well to the better-off element of traditional working class Britons in the larger cities. Nevertheless, the weaknesses were accumulating, and proved so overwhelming in 1906 that they did not return to power until 1922. The Conservative Party was losing its drive and enthusiasm, especially after the retirement of the charismatic Joseph Chamberlain, there was a bitter split on tariff reform, that drove many of the free traders over to the Liberal camp. Tariff reform was an issue that the Conservative leadership inexplicably clung to. Support among the top tier of the class, and in lower middle class weakened. The 1906 election was a landslide for the opposition, which saw its total vote jump 25 percent, the Liberal Party lacked a unified ideological base in 1906
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College and university rankings
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College and university rankings are rankings of institutions in higher education ordered by various combinations of various factors. Rankings have most often conducted by magazines, newspapers, websites, governments. In addition to ranking entire institutions, organizations perform rankings of specific programs, departments, various rankings mostly evaluating on institutional output by research. Some rankings evaluate institutions within a country, while others assess institutions worldwide. The subject has produced much debate about rankings usefulness and accuracy, the expanding diversity in rating methodologies and accompanying criticisms of each indicate the lack of consensus in the field. The variety of academic rankings provide an overview and insightful overlook of different academic institutions on composite capabilities in academia. For rankings of United States universities in particular, see Rankings of universities in the United States, several organizations produce worldwide university rankings, including the following. The ranking is funded by the Chinese government and its purpose was to measure the gap between Chinese and world class universities. In the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities there are no Chinese universities in the first 100 of 500 places, ARWU rankings have been cited by The Economist magazine. It has been lauded for being consistent and transparent based on an article, the education ministers of France, Norway and Denmark traveled to China to discuss and find ways to improve their rankings. ARWU does not rely on surveys and school submissions, among other criteria, ARWU includes the number of articles published by Nature or Science and the number of Nobel Prize winners and Fields Medalists. Harvard has topped the ranking for years, one of the primary criticisms of ARWUs methodology is that it is biased towards the natural sciences and English language science journals over other subjects. This Saudi Arabia-based consulting organization has published rankings of world universities since 2012. This university ranking is owned by the French consulting company and rating agency SMBG and it ranks masters and MBA in its 9 geographical regions. G-factor ranks university and college web presence by counting the number of only from other university websites. G-factor is an indicator of the popularity or importance of each universitys website from the perspectives of other institutions. The annual U. S. News Best Global Universities rankings were produced to provide insight into how universities compare globally. The Best Global Universities rankings also provide insight into how U. S. universities – which U. S. News has been ranking separately for more than 30 years – stand globally
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Academic Ranking of World Universities
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Academic Ranking of World Universities, also known as Shanghai Ranking, is an annual publication of university rankings by Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. The publication currently includes worlds overall and subject league tables, alongside independent regional Greater China Ranking, ARWU is regarded as one of the three most influential and widely observed university measures, alongside QS World University Rankings and Times Higher Education World University Rankings. It is praised for its objective methodology but draws some condemnation for narrowly focusing on raw power, undermining humanities. ARWU is praised by media and institutions for its methodology. A survey on higher education published by The Economist in 2005 commented ARWU as the most widely used annual ranking of the research universities. In 2010, The Chronicle of Higher Education called ARWU the best-known, EU Research Headlines reported the ARWUs work on 31 December 2003, The universities were carefully evaluated using several indicators of research performance. Chancellor of University of Oxford, Chris Patten and former Vice-Chancellor of Australian National University, Ian Chubb, said and it looks like a pretty good stab at a fair comparison. And The SJTU rankings were reported quickly and widely around the offer an important comparative view of research performance. Philip G. Altbach named ARWUs consistency, clarity of purpose, whilst ARWU has originated in China, the ranking have been praised for being unbiased towards Asian institutions. Like all other rankings, ARWU has criticism and it is condemned for relying too much on award factors thus undermining the importance of quality of instruction and humanities. A2007 paper published in the journal Scientometrics found that the results from the Shanghai rankings could not be reproduced from raw data using the described by Liu. A2013 paper in the journal finally showed how the Shanghai ranking results could be reproduced. In a report from April 2009, J-C, billaut, D. Bouyssou and Ph. Vincke analyse how the ARWU works, using their insights as specialists of Multiple Criteria Decision Making. The ARWU researchers themselves, N. C Liu and Y Cheng, think that the quality of universities cannot be measured by mere numbers. They suggest that university and college rankings should be used with caution, ARWU has been criticised by the European Commission as well as some EU member states for favour Anglo-Saxon higher education institutions. It is also criticised in France for its use as a motivation for fusing universities into larger ones, indeed, number of publications or award winners will mechanically add as universities are grouped, independently of research quality. The weighting of all the other remains unchanged, thus the grand total of 70%. There are two categories in ARWUs disciplinary rankings, broad subject fields and specific subjects, the methodology is similar to that adopted in the overall table, including award factors, paper citation, and the number of highly cited scholars
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