1.
Mandrill
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The mandrill is a primate of the Old World monkey family. It is one of two assigned to the genus Mandrillus, along with the drill. Both the mandrill and the drill were once classified as baboons in the genus Papio, although they look superficially like baboons, they are more closely related to Cerocebus mangabeys. Mandrills are found in southern Cameroon, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, mandrills mostly live in tropical rainforests. They live in large groups. Mandrills have a diet consisting mostly of fruits and insects. Their mating season peaks in July to September, with a birth peak in December to April. Mandrills are the worlds largest monkeys, charles Darwin wrote in The Descent of Man that no other member in the whole class of mammals is coloured in so extraordinary a manner as the adult male mandrills. The mandrill is classified as vulnerable by IUCN, the mandrill has an olive green or dark grey pelage with yellow and black bands and a white belly. Its hairless face has a muzzle with distinctive characteristics, such as a red stripe down the middle. It also has red nostrils and lips, a yellow beard, the areas around the genitals and the anus are multi-colored, being red, pink, blue, scarlet, and purple. They also have pale pink ischial callosities, the coloration of the animal is more pronounced in dominant adult males. Both sexes have chest glands, which are used in olfactory communication and these, too, are more prominent in dominant adult males. Males also have longer canines than females, with an average of 4.5 cm and 1.0 cm, the mandrill is one of the most sexually dimorphic mammals due to extremely strong sexual selection which favors males in both size and coloration. Males typically weigh 19–37 kg, with a mass of 32.3 kg. Females weigh roughly half as much as the male, at 10–15 kg, exceptionally large males can weigh up to 54 kg, with unconfirmed reports of outsized mandrills weighing 60 kg per the Guinness Book of World Records. The average male is 75–95 cm long and the female is 55–66 cm, the shoulder height while on all fours can range from 45–50 cm in females and 55–65 cm in males. Compared to the largest baboons, the mandrill is more ape-like in structure, with a muscular and compact build, shorter, thicker limbs that are longer in the front, mandrills can live up to 31 years in captivity
2.
Lathe
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Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, thermal spraying, parts reclamation, and glass-working. Lathes can be used to shape pottery, the design being the potters wheel. Most suitably equipped metalworking lathes can also be used to produce most solids of revolution, plane surfaces, ornamental lathes can produce three-dimensional solids of incredible complexity. The workpiece is held in place by either one or two centers, at least one of which can typically be moved horizontally to accommodate varying workpiece lengths. Other work-holding methods include clamping the work about the axis of rotation using a chuck or collet, or to a faceplate, using clamps or dogs. Examples of objects that can be produced on a lathe include candlestick holders, gun barrels, cue sticks, table legs, bowls, baseball bats, musical instruments, crankshafts, and camshafts. The lathe is an ancient tool, dating at least to ancient Egypt and known to be used in Assyria, the lathe was very important to the Industrial Revolution. It is known as the mother of machine tools, as it was the first machine tool that lead to the invention of other machine tools, the origin of turning dates to around 1300 BCE when the Ancient Egyptians first developed a two-person lathe. One person would turn the work piece with a rope while the other used a sharp tool to cut shapes in the wood. Ancient Rome improved the Egyptian design with the addition of a turning bow, in the Middle Ages a pedal replaced hand-operated turning, allowing a single person to rotate the piece while working with both hands. The pedal was usually connected to a pole, often a straight-grained sapling, the system today is called the spring pole lathe. Spring pole lathes were in use into the early 20th century. An important early lathe in the UK was the boring machine that was installed in 1772 in the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich. It was horse-powered and allowed for the production of more accurate. One of the key characteristics of this machine was that the workpiece was turning as opposed to the tool, henry Maudslay who later developed many improvements to the lathe worked at the Royal Arsenal from 1783 being exposed to this machine in the Verbruggen workshop. During the Industrial Revolution, mechanized power generated by water wheels or steam engines was transmitted to the lathe via line shafting, allowing faster and easier work, metalworking lathes evolved into heavier machines with thicker, more rigid parts. Between the late 19th and mid-20th centuries, individual electric motors at each lathe replaced line shafting as the power source, today manually controlled and CNC lathes coexist in the manufacturing industries. A lathe may or may not have legs, which sit on the floor, a lathe may be small and sit on a workbench or table, not requiring a stand
3.
Exhaust system
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An exhaust system is usually piping used to guide reaction exhaust gases away from a controlled combustion inside an engine or stove. The entire system conveys burnt gases from the engine and includes one or more exhaust pipes, depending on the overall system design, the exhaust gas may flow through one or more of, Cylinder head and exhaust manifold A turbocharger to increase engine power. A catalytic converter to reduce air pollution, a muffler / silencer, to reduce noise. An exhaust pipe must be designed to carry toxic and/or noxious gases away from the users of the machine. Also, the gases from most types of machines are hot, the pipe must be heat-resistant. A chimney serves as an exhaust pipe in a stationary structure, for the internal combustion engine it is important to have the exhaust system tuned for optimal efficiency. Also this should meet the regulation norms maintained in each country, in China, China 5, In European countries, EURO5, In India, BS-4, etc. In most motorcycles all or most of the exhaust system is visible, aftermarket exhausts may be made from steel, aluminium, titanium, or carbon fiber. Motorcycle exhausts come in many varieties depending on the type of engine, a twin cylinder may flow its exhaust into separate exhaust sections, such as seen in the Kawasaki EX250. Or, they may flow into a single exhaust section known as a two-into-one, larger engines that come with 4 cylinders, such as Japanese super-sport or super-bikes often come with a twin exhaust system. A full system may be bought as an accessory, also called a 4-2-1 or 4-1. In the past, these bikes would come standard with a single exhaust, however, EU noise and pollution regulations have generally stopped this practice, forcing companies to use other methods to increase performance of the motorcycle. A 2-stroke exhaust can be made to be quieter than 70dBa at 6000 rpm without sacrificing any power gains, additionally, the nature of the beast is that a 4T exhaust note above 6000 rpm is unduly harsh to the human ear. In many trucks / lorries all or most of the exhaust system is visible, often in such trucks the silencer is surrounded by a perforated metal sheath to avoid people getting burnt touching the hot silencer. This sheath may be plated as a display feature. Part of the pipe between the engine and the silencer is often flexible metal industrial ducting, this helps to avoid vibration from the engine being transferred into the exhaust system and this provides greater power and fuel efficiency. With an onboard diesel or petrol engine below-decks on marine vessels, feeding water into the exhaust pipe cools the exhaust gas and thus lessens the back-pressure at the engines cylinders. Often in marine service the exhaust manifold is integral with a heat exchanger which allows sea water to cool a system of fresh water circulating within the engine
4.
Chuck (engineering)
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A chuck is a specialized type of clamp. It is used to hold an object with symmetry, especially a cylinder. In drills and mills it holds the rotating tool whereas in lathes it holds the rotating workpiece, on a lathe the chuck is mounted on the spindle which rotates within the headstock. For some purposes an additional chuck may be mounted on the non-rotating tailstock, many chucks have jaws, that are arranged in a radially symmetrical pattern like the points of a star. The jaws are tightened up to hold the tool or workpiece, often the jaws will be tightened or loosened with the help of a chuck key, which is a wrench-like tool made for the purpose. Many jawed chucks, however, are of the keyless variety, some lathe chucks have independently moving jaws which can also hold irregularly shaped objects. Collet chucks, rather than having jaws, have collets, which are flexible collars or sleeves that fit closely around the tool or workpiece and grip it when squeezed. A few chuck designs are more complex yet, and they involve specially shaped jaws, higher numbers of jaws, quick-release mechanisms, some chucks, such as magnetic chucks and vacuum chucks, are of a different sort from the radially symmetrical mechanical clamps mentioned above. Instead, they may be surfaces against which workpieces or tools are held by magnetic or vacuum force. To chuck a tool or workpiece is to hold it with a chuck, lathe work whose workholding involves chucking individual slugs or blanks is often called chucking work, in contrast to bar work or bar feed work. In bar work the bar protrudes from the chuck, is worked upon, automatic lathes that specialize in chucking work are often called chuckers. A self-centering chuck, also known as a chuck, uses dogs, interconnected via a scroll gear. Because they most often have three jaws, the term three-jaw chuck without other qualification is understood by machinists to mean a self-centering three-jaw chuck, the term universal chuck also refers to this type. These chucks are best suited to grip circular or hexagonal cross-sections when very fast, sometimes this type of chuck has 4 or 6 jaws instead of 3. More jaws grip the more securely if it is truly cylindrical. Four jaws are also useful for square bar work, there are also independent-jaw chucks with three jaws. There are hybrid self-centering chucks that have adjustment screws that can be used to improve the concentricity after the workpiece has been gripped by the scroll jaws. This feature is meant to combine the speed and ease of the scroll plates self-centering with the run-out eliminating controllability of an independent-jaw chuck, the most commonly used name for this type is a brand name, Set-Tru
5.
Drill
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The attachment is gripped by a chuck at one end of the drill and rotated while pressed against the target material. The tip, and sometimes edges, of the tool does the work of cutting into the target material. This may be slicing off thin shavings, grinding off small particles, crushing and removing pieces of the workpiece, countersinking, counterboring, drills are commonly used in woodworking, metalworking, construction and do-it-yourself projects. Specially designed drills are used in medicine, space missions. Drills are available with a variety of performance characteristics, such as power. Around 35,000 BC, Homo sapiens discovered the benefits of the application of rotary tools and this would have rudimentarily consisted of a pointed rock being spun between the hands to bore a hole through another material. This led to the drill, a smooth stick, that was sometimes attached to flint point. This was used by ancient civilizations around the world including the Mayans. The earliest perforated artifacts, such as bone, ivory, shells, bow drill are the first machine drills, as they convert a back-and forth motion to a rotary motion, and they can be traced back to around 10,000 years ago. It was discovered that tying a cord around a stick, and then attaching the ends of the string to the ends of a stick, allowed a user to drill quicker, mainly used to create fire, bow-drills were also used in ancient woodwork, stonework and dentistry. There are hieroglyphs depicting Egyptian carpenters and bead makers in a tomb at Thebes using bow-drills, the earliest evidence of these tools being used in Egypt dates back to around 2500 BCE. The usage of bow-drills was widely spread through Europe, Africa, Asia and North America, over the years many slight variations of bow and strap drills have developed for the various uses of either boring through materials or lighting fires. The core drill was developed in ancient Egypt by 3000 BC, the pump drill was invented during Roman times. It consists of a vertical spindle aligned by a piece of horizontal wood, the hollow-borer tip, first used around the 13th century, consisted of a stick with a tubular shaped piece of metal on the end, such as copper. This allowed a hole to be drilled while only actually grinding the outer section of it and this completely separates the inner stone or wood from the rest, allowing the drill to pulverize less material to create a similarly sized hole. The auger allowed for more torque for larger holes and it is uncertain when the Brace and Bit was invented, however, the earliest picture found so far dates from the 15th century. It is a type of hand crank drill that consists of two parts as seen in the picture, the brace, on the upper half, is where the user holds and turns it and on the lower part is the bit. The bit is interchangeable as bits wear down, the auger uses a rotating helical screw similar to the Archimedean screw-shaped bit that is common today
6.
Washer (hardware)
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A washer is a thin plate with a hole that is normally used to distribute the load of a threaded fastener, such as a screw or nut. Other uses are as a spacer, spring, wear pad, preload indicating device, locking device, Washers usually have an outer diameter about twice larger than their inner diameter. Washers are usually metal or plastic, high-quality bolted joints require hardened steel washers to prevent the loss of pre-load due to Brinelling after the torque is applied. Washers are also important for preventing galvanic corrosion, particularly by insulating steel screws from aluminium surfaces, the origin of the word is unknown, the first recorded use of the word was in 1346, however, the first time its definition was recorded was in 1611. The American National Standards Institute provides standards for general use flat washers, type A is a series of steel washers at broad tolerances, where precision is not critical. Type B is a series of flat washers with tighter tolerances where outside diameters are categorized as narrow, type is not to be confused with form. The British Standard for Metric Series Metal Washers written in 1968 coined the term form, lock washers, locknuts, jam nuts, and thread-locking fluid are ways to prevent vibration from loosening a bolted joint. The term washer is often applied to various types such as those used to seal the control valve in taps. Crush washers are made of a metal such as aluminium or copper and are used to seal fluid or gas connections such as those found in an internal combustion engine. Zinc coating acts as a surface layer that falls victim to corrosive materials before the washers material can be harmed. Cadmium produces a high-quality protective surface but is toxic, both biologically and environmentally, nickel coatings add protection from corrosion only when the finish is dense and non-porous. Electroplating – This method involves coating the washer by electrolytic deposition using metals such as chromium or silver, phosphating – A resilient, but abrasive surface is achieved by incorporating a zinc-phosphate layer and corrosion-protective oil. Browning or bluing – Exposing the washer to a compound or alkali salt solution causes an oxidizing chemical reaction. The integrity of the coating can improved by treating the product with a water-displacing oil. Chemical plating – This technique utilizes a nickel-phosphor alloy that is precipitated onto the surface, creating an extremely corrosion-. Washers of standard sizes are listed in the table below. Measurements in the table refer to the dimensions of the washers as described by the drawing, bit guard Dowel Unified Thread Standard Parmley, Robert. ISBN0070486174 Drawings, designs and discussion of various uses of washers
