1.
Chicago, Illinois
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
2.
Juilliard School
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The Juilliard School located in the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, New York City, is a performing arts conservatory established in 1905. It is informally referred to as Juilliard, the school trains about 850 undergraduate and graduate students in dance, drama, and music. It is widely regarded as one of the leading music schools. In 2016, QS Quacquarelli Symonds ranked it as the worlds best institution for Performing Arts in their global ranking of the discipline. The Institute opened in the former Lenox Mansion, Fifth Avenue and 12th Street and it moved in 1910 to 120 Claremont Avenue in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, onto a property purchased from Bloomingdale Insane Asylum. In 1920, the Juilliard Foundation was created, named after textile merchant Augustus D. Juilliard, in 1924, the foundation purchased the Vanderbilt family guesthouse at 49 E. 52nd Street and established the Juilliard Graduate School. In 1926, the Juilliard School of Music was created through a merger of the Institute of Musical Art, the two schools shared a common Board of Directors and President but retained their distinct identities. The conductor and music-educator Frank Damrosch continued as the Institutes dean, in 1937, Hutcheson succeeded Erskine as president of the two institutions, a job he held until 1945. In 1946, the Institute of Musical Art and the Juilliard Graduate School completely merged to form a single institution, the president of the school at that time was William Schuman, the first winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Music. Schuman established the Juilliard String Quartet in 1946 and the Dance Division in 1951, William Schuman graduated from Columbias Teachers College and attended the Juilliard Summer School in 1932,1933 and 1936. While attending Juilliard Summer School, he developed a dislike for traditional music theory and ear training curricula, finding little value in counterpoint. L&M was Schumans reaction against more formal theory and ear training, the general mandate was to give the student an awareness of the dynamic nature of the materials of music. The quality and degree of each students education in harmony, music history or ear training was dependent on how each composer-teacher decided to interpret this mandate, William Schuman resigned as president of Juilliard after being elected president of Lincoln Center in 1962. Peter Mennin, another composer with experience at the Peabody Conservatory, was elected as his successor. Mennin made significant changes to the L&M program—ending ear training and music history, in 1968, Mennin hired John Houseman to manage a new Drama Division, and in 1969 oversaw Juilliards relocation from Claremont Avenue to Lincoln Center. Polisis many accomplishments include philanthropic successes, broadening of the curriculum, in 2001, the school established a jazz performance training program. In 1999, the Juilliard School was awarded the National Medal of Arts, in 2006, Juilliard received a trove of precious music manuscripts from board chair and philanthropist Bruce Kovner. Many of the manuscripts had been unavailable for generations,2, and manuscripts of Brahmss Symphony No.2 and Piano Concerto No.2
3.
The Princess Bride (film)
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The story is presented in the film as a book being read by a grandfather to his sick grandson, thus effectively preserving the novels narrative style. In 2016, the film was inducted into the National Film Registry, in the framing story, a man reads a book, The Princess Bride, to his sick grandson. Scenes of the reading occasionally interrupt the story, for example. Buttercup has grown up on a farm in the Renaissance Era and she mercilessly orders around the farmhand, Westley, but he only replies As you wish to her every whim. Buttercup eventually comes to understand that this is his expression of love, Westley leaves to seek his fortune so that they might marry, but Buttercup learns that Westleys ship was attacked by the legendary Dread Pirate Roberts, who is infamous for leaving no one alive. Five years later, Buttercup reluctantly agrees to marry Humperdinck, the Crown Prince of Florin and these three are in Humperdincks employ and have been ordered to kill Buttercup once in Guilder, Florins enemy, as a pretext to start a war. The four are soon followed by a man dressed in black, Fezzik sobers up Inigo, they stumble upon the Albino, and Fezzik inadvertently knocks him unconscious when trying to receive information on Westley and Rugen. Max notes that Westley is only mostly dead, but sustained by true love, outside the castle gate, Inigo and Fezzik give Westley the pill, he quickly begins to recover, and comes up with a plan to defeat the castle guards and get into the castle itself. Hearing the commotion outside, Humperdinck panics and orders the priest to declare him, Rugen beats a cowardly retreat with Inigo in pursuit, leaving Westley in the hallway, Fezzik runs to help Inigo, who ultimately confronts Rugen. Rugen injures Inigo multiple times, but strengthened by his determination to exact revenge, Inigo overpowers, in the framing story, the grandson allows the grandfather to read on about Westley and Buttercup sharing a passionate kiss. As the grandfather finishes the story and prepares to leave, the boy asks him to read the story again the next day, the grandfather smiles and replies, As you wish. Billy Crystal as Miracle Max Carol Kane as Valerie, Maxs wife Peter Cook as The Impressive Clergyman and he cannot pronounce Rs or Ls. In 1973, 20th Century Fox paid Goldman $500,000 for the film rights, richard Lester was signed to direct and the movie was almost made, but then the head of production at Fox was fired and the project was put on hiatus. Goldman subsequently bought back the rights to the novel with his own money. They actually performed all of the fencing in the fight scene. For the wrestling scene, when Elwes was pretending to hang on Andrés back, for the wide shots, a stunt double took the place of André. When he was apparently carrying Wright, she was suspended by cables. The original soundtrack album was composed by Mark Knopfler, and released by Warner Bros. Records in the United States, the album contains the song Storybook Love, performed by Willy DeVille and produced by Mark Knopfler
4.
Yentl (film)
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This cultural gender asymmetry that Yentl endures has been referenced in the medical community with the coining of the phrase Yentl Syndrome. The films musical score and songs, composed by Michel Legrand, include the songs Papa, Can You Hear Me. and The Way He Makes Me Feel, both sung by Streisand. Barbra Streisand portrays Yentl Mendel, a living in an Ashkenazi shtetl named Pechev in Poland in the early 20th century. Yentls father, Rebbe Mendel, secretly instructs her in the Talmud despite the proscription of such study by women according to the custom of her community. After the death of her father, Yentl decides to dress like a man, take her brothers name, Anshel. Upon entering the yeshiva, Yentl befriends a student, Avigdor. Things get complicated when Hadasss family cancels her wedding to Avigdor over fears that his family is tainted with insanity, meanwhile, Hadass develops romantic feelings for Yentl, while Yentl herself is falling in love with Avigdor. After much turmoil, Avigdor and Hadass are reunited, while Yentl leaves Europe to go to the United States, Yentl begins with the same premise as Singers original story. Streisands character is a woman growing up in an oppressive society that will not let her pursue her religious education. She is told she must have the soul of a man because of her desire to learn and her talent, curiosity and ambition are considered strictly masculine by her society and religious tradition. Unwilling to live without access to education on the basis of sex, Yentl leaves her home, in doing so, Yentl inadvertently embarks on a journey of self-discovery that defies traditional ideas of gender roles within her community. Yentls defiance of expectation and her reversal of traditional gender roles crosses deeply rooted religious boundaries. Until this point, Yentl only adopts the appearance and occupation of a man, in Singers story, this dual betrayal of nature and the divine plan dooms Yentl to a life of pain, alienation, and shameful dishonesty. After her marriage ends in disaster, Yentl remains trapped forever in her disguise, in Streisands film, Yentls defiance of expectation and definition, a rejection of sexist gender roles, is treated as a virtue. At the films conclusion, Yentl takes this developed, ever-evolving self to America to seek new possibilities and opportunities for discovery, throughout her complex interaction with Hadass and Avigdor, Yentl manages conflict with empathy and respect. Her difficult experiences expand, rather than trap her personality and she does not conform to expectations from her surroundings or from her audience, neither remaining merely a woman hiding in mens clothing nor revealing herself to be neutered or firmly homosexual. She refuses to accept a limited, traditional life, even when offered one in marriage to Avigdor, rather, Yentl becomes a real woman, thoroughly modern and encompassing what society has defined as both masculine and feminine traits. In the end, her pain, her confusion and her loss never destroy her hope or resolve, though Isaac Singer insists that Yentl does not have feminist undertones, many critics and viewers of the film consider Yentl to be a feminist role model
5.
Alien Nation (film)
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Alien Nation is a 1988 American buddy cop neo-noir science fiction action film directed by Graham Baker. The ensemble cast features James Caan, Mandy Patinkin and Terence Stamp, the film depicts the assimilation of the Newcomers, an alien race settling in Los Angeles, much to the initial dismay of the local population. The duo probe a criminal underworld attempting to solve a homicide, the film was a co-production between American Entertainment Partners and 20th Century Fox, which distributed it theatrically. Alien Nation explores murder, discrimination and science fiction, Alien Nation was released in the United States on October 7,1988, and grossed over $32 million worldwide, becoming a moderate financial success. The film was met with mixed critical reviews before its theatrical release and its initial popularity inaugurated the beginning of the Alien Nation media franchise. The year is 1991, one year since an unidentified flying object bearing 300,000 enslaved aliens, Los Angeles later becomes their new home. The next day, Sykes superior Captain Warner, informs his squad that they will have to work with the newly promoted Newcomer detective Sam Francisco, later, Sykes and Francisco are led to a nightclub to investigate a link in the killings with a Newcomer named Joshua Strader. However, they end up interviewing his girlfriend instead, after Strader is murdered by a criminal ring led by Newcomer businessman William Harcourt, Harcourt is in the latter stages of launching advanced plans to exploit the alien race by attempting to mass-produce and sell a drug called Jabroka. The drug was used in the past to pacify the Newcomers when they were slaves, the abnormality noticed by Francisco on the body of the Newcomer criminal earlier turns out to have been a visual sign of the drugs influence. Ultimately, Sykes and Francisco track down Harcourt, where he is negotiating a timetable for a release of the potent narcotic. The detectives attempt to foil his plans, as they are led on a car chase with Harcourt. Following a head-on collision where both parties are injured, Harcourt attempts an escape on foot, Sykes pursues and corners Harcourt onto a desolate drawbridge. Harcourt then purposely overdoses on a sample of the stimulant, as Sykes mistakenly believes Harcourt has died, Harcourt is taken away by an ambulance, but later mutates into a significantly larger and more muscular Newcomer intent on causing violence. The duo pursue Harcourt, catching up with him near a fishing pier, Sykes later ends up in a physical confrontation with Harcourt in the open sea. Harcourt dies, as his body due to the effects of direct contact with salt water. Francisco commandeers a helicopter, and rescues Sykes from the water. With the Tuggle and Newcomer murder cases solved, the authorities dismantle Harcourts illicit scheme, the agency representing the storyline asked the production staff to view it as quickly as possible due to it being submitted to other film studios as well. Both Hurd and her director of development Ellen Collett had the initial response
6.
Dick Tracy (1990 film)
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Dick Tracy is a 1990 American action comedy film based on the 1930s comic strip character of the same name created by Chester Gould. Dick Tracy depicts the love relationships with Breathless Mahoney and Tess Truehart. Tracy also begins his upbringing of The Kid, development of the film started in the early 1980s with Tom Mankiewicz assigned to write the script. The screenplay would instead be crafted by Jim Cash and Jack Epps, the project also went through directors Steven Spielberg, John Landis, Walter Hill, and Richard Benjamin before the arrival of Beatty. Filming was mostly at Universal Studios, Danny Elfman was hired to compose the film score, and the music was featured on three separate soundtrack albums. Dick Tracy was released in 1990 to mixed reviews, but was a success at the box office and it picked up seven Academy Award nominations and won in three of the categories, Best Original Song, Best Makeup and Best Art Direction. A sequel was planned, but a controversy over the rights ensued between Beatty and Tribune Media Services. The lawsuit was resolved in Beattys favor in October 2013, however, no plans for a sequel or follow-up have been publicly disclosed as of June 2014. Beatty created The Dick Tracy TV Special in 2008, which featured him reprising the character to be interviewed by film critic Leonard Maltin. At an illegal card game, a street urchin witnesses the massacre of a group of mobsters at the hands of Flattop and Itchy. Big Boys crime syndicate is aggressively taking over small businesses in the city, Detective Dick Tracy catches the urchin in an act of petty theft. After rescuing him from a ruthless host, Tracy temporarily adopts him with the help of his girlfriend, meanwhile, Big Boy coerces club owner Lips Manlis into signing over the deed to Club Ritz. He then kills Lips with a cement overcoat and steals his girlfriend, after Lips is reported missing, Tracy interrogates his three hired guns Flattop, Itchy, and Mumbles, then goes to the club to arrest Big Boy for Lips murder. Instead of providing testimony, she attempts to seduce Tracy. Big Boy cannot be indicted and he is released from jail, Big Boys next move is to try to bring other criminals, including Spud Spaldoni, Pruneface, Influence, Texie Garcia, Ribs Mocca, and Numbers, together under his leadership. Spaldoni refuses and is killed, leaving Dick Tracy, who discovered the meeting and was attempting to spy on it. The next day, Big Boy and his henchmen kidnap Tracy and attempt to bribe him, Tracy refuses, however, Tracy is saved by Kid, who gets prized by the police with a Honorary Detective Certificate, which will remain temporary until he decides a name for himself. Breathless shows up at Tracys apartment, once again in an attempt to seduce him, Tracy shows he is only human by allowing her to kiss him
7.
Wish I Was Here
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Wish I Was Here is a 2014 American comedy-drama film directed by Zach Braff and co-written with his brother Adam Braff. The film stars Zach Braff, Josh Gad, Ashley Greene, Kate Hudson, Joey King, the film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 18,2014 and was given a limited release on July 18,2014 by Focus Features. Aidan Bloom is a 35-year-old father of two struggling to be an actor in L. A. while his wife, Sarah works a tedious data job. In order to send their kids, Tucker and Grace to a school, they rely on help from Aidans father, Gabe. After the school refuses to provide any aid to the Blooms, Sarah suggests that Aidan homeschool his kids, through teaching them about life his way, Aidan gradually discovers some of the parts of himself he couldnt find. His brother Noah is a shut-in who can only be bribed to babysit for his brother and refuses to see his dying father, Noah falls for his neighbor Janine who is a furry costume maker, which gives him the idea to impress her by making a costume for Comic-Con. Cinematographer Larry Sher was set as director of photography and producers Michael Shamberg, the campaign raised $2 million 3 days after the project was launched. On 15 May Worldview Entertainment stepped in to gap finance the project, on May 24 the campaign ended, having raised $3,105,473 from 46,520 people. At the films New York premiere, actress Joey King stated that she donated money to the film on Kickstarter before she was attached as a cast member. At the time the Kickstarter was launched, Zach Braff and Jim Parsons had already been cast, Braff played Aidan Bloom, a struggling actor, husband and father trying to find his purpose. On May 14,2013, Mandy Patinkin joined the cast, playing Gabe Bloom, Josh Gad also joined the cast to play the role of Aidans brother. On May 15, Anna Kendrick signed on to play Janine, Kate Hudson joined on May 20 to play Sarah Bloom, Aidans wife. Joey King was set to play Grace Bloom, the 12-year-old daughter of Aidan and Sarah Bloom, pierce Gagnon was added to the cast on July 9, to play Tucker Bloom, son of Aidan and Sarah. On July 17, it was announced that Ashley Greene would replace Anna Kendrick as Janine, principal photography took 25 days, beginning on August 5,2013 in Los Angeles and ending on September 6,2013. The films first trailer was released on April 9,2014, the film had its world premiere at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival in January 2014,10 years after the premiere of Braffs directorial debut Garden State. Focus Features bought the rights for $2.75 million. After its opening at Sundance, it was announced that the film would open on July 18,2014, exclusively in New York, the release ended up a bit wider, playing in 68 theaters during its opening weekend. The release then expanded on July 25, wish I Was Here received mixed reviews from critics
8.
Chicago Hope
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Chicago Hope is an American medical drama television series, created by David E. Kelley. It ran on CBS from September 18,1994, to May 4,2000, the series is set in a fictional private charity hospital in Chicago, Illinois. The show starred Mandy Patinkin as Dr. Jeffrey Geiger, a surgeon with emotional issues stemming from the psychiatric condition of his wife. Adam Arkin plays Dr. Aaron Shutt, a world-renowned neurosurgeon, Dr. Keith Wilkes played by Rocky Carroll, often clashed with Nyland and was known for his back-to-basics and rough demeanor. He was good friends with Peter Bergs character, Dr. Billy Kronk, Peter MacNicol, Héctor Elizondo and Alan Rosenberg feature as the hospitals in-house attorney and chief of staff, respectively. Christine Lahti joined in the season as a talented cardiac surgeon with a chip on her shoulder. She was known fighting in a battle with her malicious ex-husband and businessman, Tommy Wilmette. Mr. Wilmette did everything he could to get Austin to lose custody of their daughter and he purchased the hospital at the end of Season 2. Dr. Austin is suspended because she and her daughter go AWOL on a trip to New Zealand, Mr. Wilmette was upset because it took him three months to find his ex-wife and daughter. In Season 3, the doctors want Mr. Wilmette to sell the hospital, the doctors viewed that Wilmette didnt know how to run a hospital and cut too many costs that involved patient care. Mr. Wilmette later met with Senator Kennedy at the White House to talk about Healthcare Reform, in Season 2, Geiger resigns from Chicago Hope after trying to save Alan Birch from a deadly gunshot wound to his heart. Geiger later rejoins the doctors at the end of Season 5 when he becomes Chairman of the Board, in Season 4, Dr. Shutt became a psychiatrist and temporarily lost his ability to operate after suffering from a brain aneurysm. In Season 6, Shutt returns to Neurosurgery and works alongside Carla Guginos character, Chicago Hope ran six seasons, airing a total of 141 episodes. Fyvush Finkel and Kathy Baker appeared as their Picket Fences characters in the first season, likewise, Mandy Patinkin and Hector Elizondo brought their Chicago Hope characters to Picket Fences that year. Both Adam Arkin and Lauren Holly had previously appeared on Picket Fences as a lawyer and as a deputy sheriff, Mandy Patinkin appears in an uncredited role as Geiger in a 1994 episode of Homicide, Life on the Street. Chicago Hope producer John Tinker shot this footage as a favor to his St. Elsewhere colleague Tom Fontana, Chicago Hope characters crossed over to Early Edition early in that shows run. Rocky Carroll, Jayne Brook, and Héctor Elizondo all guest-starred in scenes taking place in the hospital, the pilot episode of Chicago Hope was broadcast the day before NBCs ER in a special Sunday,8 p. m. time slot. After the first week, however, the two Chicago-based hospital dramas went head to head in their primetime 10 p. m, ER was the victor, its first season proved a ratings winner
9.
Dead Like Me
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Dead Like Me is an American comedy-drama television series starring Ellen Muth and Mandy Patinkin as grim reapers who reside and work in Seattle, Washington. Filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, the show was created by Bryan Fuller for the Showtime cable network, Fuller left the show five episodes into Season 1 because of creative differences, creative direction was taken over by executive producers John Masius and Stephen Godchaux. A direct-to-DVD movie titled Dead Like Me, Life After Death was released on February 17,2009, eighteen-year-old Georgia George Lass is the shows protagonist and narrator. George dies early in the episode and becomes one of the undead. George soon learns that a job is to remove the souls of people, preferably just before they die. Georges death leaves behind her mother and the rest of her family at a point when her relationships with them were on shaky ground. The show explores the experiences of a team of such reapers, as well as the changes in George. The first scene of the episode introduces an origin-of-death myth where at the dawn of time. Frog begged Toad to hold the jar, something to which Toad finally agreed, an excited Frog juggled the jar and finally dropped it, shattering it to the ground. When it broke open, death got out, Georgia Lass is aloof and emotionally distant from her family and shies away from her life. After dropping out of college, she takes a job through Happy Time Temporary Services. During her lunch break on her first day, she is hit and she is soon informed that, rather than moving on to the great beyond, she will become a grim reaper in the External Influence Division, collecting souls of people who die in accidents, and homicides. Each reaper has a quota of souls, and, once the quota is met, the reaper moves on to another realm. In Season 1, George has trouble adjusting to her circumstances—collecting souls while holding down a day job, by Season 2, she has mostly adjusted to her new role, with few unresolved issues with her life and her afterlife. Georges family is struggling to deal with her death and her mother, Joy, is depressed, and visibly repressing it. Her father, Clancy, is having an affair and her sister, Reggie, acts out – stealing toilet seats from neighbors and school and hanging them on a tree – until her mother sends her to therapy. Reggie clings to the belief that George visits her, but she is starting to lie to cover this up, at the start of Season 2, the family begins to break apart as Joy and Clancy divorce. Rube and George are more straightforward about their sadness, Bryan Fuller left early Season 1 because of conflicts with MGM Television, including disagreement over major script and storyline cuts considered important to the main theme
10.
Criminal Minds
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Criminal Minds is an American police procedural crime drama television series created by Jeff Davis, and is the original show in the Criminal Minds franchise. It premiered on September 22,2005, on the broadcast network CBS, Criminal Minds is set primarily at the FBIs Behavioral Analysis Unit based in Quantico, Virginia. In accordance with the plot, Criminal Minds differs from many procedural dramas by focusing on profiling the criminal, called the unsub or unknown subject. The show has an ensemble cast that has had many cast member changes since its inception, Thomas Gibson, Shemar Moore, Matthew Gray Gubler, A. J. Cook, and Kirsten Vangsness are the only actors to have appeared in every season. The series follows a group of FBI profilers who set about catching various criminals through behavioral profiling, the plot focuses on the team working cases and on the personal lives of the characters, depicting the hardened life and statutory requirements of a profiler. The show spawned two spin-offs, Criminal Minds, Suspect Behavior and Criminal Minds, Beyond Borders, on May 6,2016, CBS renewed the show for a twelfth season, which premiered on September 28,2016. When the series premiered in September 2005, it featured FBI Agents Jason Gideon, Aaron Hotchner, Elle Greenaway, Derek Morgan, Spencer Reid, Jennifer J. J. For season one, Garcia was not a main cast member, in 2006, at the start of season two, Lola Glaudini announced her departure from the show, as she wanted to return home to New York City. Paget Brewster replaced her in the role of Emily Prentiss, at the start of season three, Mandy Patinkin announced his departure from the show because he was deeply disturbed by the content of the series. He left letters of apology for his fellow cast members, explaining his reasons, joe Mantegna replaced him as David Rossi, a best-selling author and FBI agent who comes out of retirement. Cook became pregnant with her first child and her pregnancy was written into the show. Cooks son, Mekhai Andersen, has written into a recurring role as Jennifers son Henry. Cooks void was filled by Meta Golding, who played Jordan Todd, in season six, Jennifer is forced to accept a promotion at The Pentagon, causing her to leave the BAU. Later that season, Emily is seemingly killed off, although she survives, she does not appear for the rest of the season. Cook and Brewster were both replaced by Rachel Nichols as Ashley Seaver, an FBI cadet, cBSs decision to release Cook and Brewster from their contracts resulted in numerous fans writing angry letters to the studio and signing protest petitions. CBS rehired Cook and Brewster as Jennifer Jareau and Emily Prentiss, respectively, in February 2012, Brewster announced her departure from the show after the seventh season. She was replaced in the season by Jeanne Tripplehorn, who played Alex Blake. Later in season nine, Paget Brewster made a special guest appearance, after two seasons, Tripplehorn was released from the show
11.
Showtime (TV network)
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The Showtime brand is used by a number of channels and platforms around the world, but primarily refers to the group of eight multiplex channels in the United States. As of July 2015, Showtimes programming is available to approximately 28.693 million television households in the United States, the channel and its corresponding networks are headquartered at Paramount Plaza on the northern end of New York Citys Broadway district. The following week on July 8, Showtime launched on Viacom Cablevisions system in Dublin, California, the first program and television special to be broadcast on Showtime was Celebration, a concert special featuring performances by Rod Stewart, Pink Floyd and ABBA. By the end of its first year on the air, Showtime had a total of 55,000 subscribers nationwide. On March 7,1978, Showtime became a nationally distributed service after it was uplinked to satellite, turning it into a competitor with HBO, in 1979, Viacom sold a 50% ownership interest in Showtime to the TelePrompTer Corporation. On July 4,1981, Showtime adopted a 24-hour programming schedule,1982 saw the premiere of Showtimes first made-for-cable movie Falcons Gold and its first original series and childrens program Faerie Tale Theatre. The three companies announced their agreement in principle to acquire interests in TMC on November 11,1982. Subsequently, in late December of that year, the U. S. Department of Justice launched a preliminary inquiry into the proposed partnership. On January 7,1983, Viacom International added itself as a partner, under the revised proposal, the four studios would each own a 22. 58% stake in the two networks, with American Express owning a 9. 68% minority interest. In addition, the consortium would appoint a management team separate from those employed by the two channels – which would continue to operate as separate services – to operate the joint venture, on August 10,1985, after Time Inc. and cable provider Tele-Communications Inc. The subsidiary was renamed Showtime Networks, Inc. in 1988, also in 1988, the company formed Showtime Event Television as a pay-per-view distributor of special event programming. In 1990, Showtime ventured into acquiring and premiering independent films exclusively for the channel as part of the 30-Minute Movie short film anthology series. One of its first premieres,12,01 PM, was nominated for an Academy Award, in the years that followed, Showtime expanded its acquisitions into the realm of feature-length fare, including the Adrian Lyne-directed 1997 remake of Lolita. In 2000, Showtime launched Showtime Interactive 24.7, a service that provided DVD-style interaction of its entertainment offerings. On June 14,2005, Viacom decided to separate itself into two companies, both of which would be controlled by Viacom parent National Amusements, amid stagnation of the stock price. A new company assumed the Viacom name kept Paramount Pictures, the MTV Networks and BET Networks cable divisions. Showtime broadcasts its primary and multiplex channels on both Eastern and Pacific Time Zone schedules and this planned extension to the multiplex did not come to fruition – although a third multiplex service, Showtime 3, would make its debut in 1996. Three additional themed channels made their debut in March 2001, Showtime Family Zone, Showtime Next, Showtime Family Zone, Showtime Next and Showtime Women do not have distribution by most pay television providers as extensive as the other Showtime multiplex channels
12.
Homeland (TV series)
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Homeland is an American crime thriller television series developed by Howard Gordon and Alex Gansa based on the Israeli series Prisoners of War, which was created by Gideon Raff. The series stars Claire Danes as Carrie Mathison, a Central Intelligence Agency officer with bipolar disorder, and Damian Lewis as Nicholas Brody, a U. S. Marine Corps Scout Sniper. Mathison had come to believe that Brody, who was held captive by al-Qaeda as a prisoner of war, was turned by the enemy, the series is broadcast in the U. S. on the cable channel Showtime, and is produced by Fox 21 Television Studios. It premiered on October 2,2011, the first episode was made available online, more than two weeks before the television broadcast, with viewers having to complete game tasks to gain access. On October 22,2013, Showtime renewed Homeland for a fourth season, on November 10,2014, Showtime renewed the series for a 12-episode fifth season that premiered on October 4,2015. On December 9,2015, the series was renewed for a sixth season, the sixth season debuted on January 15,2017. The series has also renewed for a seventh and eighth season. In Iraq, Carrie was warned by an asset that an American prisoner of war had been turned by al-Qaeda, Carries job grows complicated when her boss, Director of the Counterterrorism Center David Estes, calls Carrie and her colleagues in for an emergency briefing. Carrie comes to believe that Brody is the American prisoner of war whom her asset in Iraq was talking about, however, the federal government and her superiors at the CIA consider Brody a war hero. Later, another Marine, Tom Walker is also rescued casting doubt on which of the Marines is the suspected spy. Realizing it would be impossible to convince her boss to place Brody under surveillance, Carrie approaches the only other person she can trust, her mentor. The two must now work together to investigate Brody and prevent another terrorist attack on American soil, the second season follows Carrie and the CIA working with Brody to capture Abu Nazir. Discovering a video of Brodys confession during a CIA operation in Lebanon, Carrie and Saul, along with analyst Peter Quinn, Brody gives in to the CIA interrogation and is now an asset for the CIA, sending information to both sides. The downside of being an agent as well as a rising Congressman with the Vice Presidents support brings Brody closer to Carrie while worsening his relationship with his family. Brodys friend Mike tries to find the truth behind Tom Walkers death, seemingly free of being Nazirs man, Brody celebrates with Carrie at the CIA headquarters and both survive an explosion that kills Director Estes and many others. Brody then flees the U. S. with Carries help, Saul, who was attending the burying of Nazirs body at sea, is left to pick up the pieces. The beginning of season 3 presents the aftermath of a terrorist attack committed by Abu Nazirs people, Carrie is blamed for the CIAs failings as Senator Lockhart grills Saul, now Acting Director of the CIA, in front of the Senate Committee. However, it turned out to be part of a bigger plot and he later relayed the information to Carrie that the main perpetrator of the bombing was still in the U. S. and the CIA acted to bring the real bomber and the officers lawyers in for questioning
13.
Stephen Sondheim
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Stephen Joshua Sondheim is an American composer and lyricist known for more than a half-century of contributions to musical theatre. Sondheim has received an Academy Award, eight Tony Awards, eight Grammy Awards, a Pulitzer Prize, the Laurence Olivier Award, and he has been described by Frank Rich of The New York Times as now the greatest and perhaps best-known artist in the American musical theater. He also wrote the lyrics for West Side Story and Gypsy, Sondheim has also written film music, contributing Goodbye for Now to Warren Beattys 1981 Reds. He wrote five songs for 1990s Dick Tracy, including Sooner or Later by Madonna, the composer was president of the Dramatists Guild from 1973 to 1981. To celebrate his 80th birthday, the former Henry Millers Theatre was renamed the Stephen Sondheim Theatre on September 15,2010, Cameron Mackintosh has called Sondheim possibly the greatest lyricist ever. Sondheim was born into a Jewish family in New York City and his father manufactured dresses designed by his mother. The composer grew up on the Upper West Side of Manhattan and, after his parents divorced, on a farm near Doylestown, Pennsylvania. As the only child of parents living in the San Remo on Central Park West. When he lived in New York, Sondheim attended ECFS, the Ethical Culture Fieldston School known simply as Fieldston, Sondheim spent several summers at Camp Androscoggin. He traces his interest in theatre to Very Warm for May, the curtain went up and revealed a piano, Sondheim recalled. A butler took a duster and brushed it up, tinkling the keys, when Sondheim was ten, his father left his mother for another woman. Herbert sought custody of Stephen but was unsuccessful, Sondheim explained to biographer Secrest that he was what they call an institutionalized child, meaning one who has no contact with any kind of family. Youre in, though its luxurious, youre in an environment that supplies you with everything, No brothers and sisters, no parents, and yet plenty to eat, and friends to play with and a warm bed, you know. Sondheim detested his mother, who was said to be abusive and projected her anger from her failed marriage on her son, When my father left her. And she used me the way she used him, to come on to and to berate, beat up on, what she did for five years was treat me like dirt, but come on to me at the same time. She once wrote him a letter saying that the only ever had was giving him birth. When his mother died in the spring of 1992, Sondheim did not attend her funeral, when Sondheim was about ten years old, he became friends with James Hammerstein, son of lyricist and playwright Oscar Hammerstein II. The elder Hammerstein became Sondheims surrogate father, influencing him profoundly, Sondheim met Hal Prince, who would direct many of his shows, at the opening of South Pacific, Hammersteins musical with Richard Rodgers
14.
Georges Seurat
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Georges-Pierre Seurat was a French post-Impressionist painter and draftsman. He is noted for his use of drawing media and for devising the painting techniques known as chromoluminarism and pointillism. His large-scale work, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, altered the direction of art by initiating Neo-impressionism. Seurat was born 2 December 1859 in Paris, at 60 rue de Bondy, the Seurat family moved to 136 boulevard de Magenta in 1862 or 1863. His father, Antoine Chrysostome Seurat, originally from Champagne, was a legal official who had become wealthy from speculating in property. Georges had a brother, Émile Augustin, and a sister, Marie-Berthe and his father lived in Le Raincy and visited his wife and children once a week at boulevard de Magenta. Georges Seurat first studied art at the École Municipale de Sculpture et Dessin, near his familys home in the boulevard Magenta, Seurats studies resulted in a well-considered and fertile theory of contrasts, a theory to which all his work was thereafter subjected. His formal artistic education came to an end in November 1879, after a year at the Brest Military Academy, he returned to Paris where he shared a studio with his friend Aman-Jean, while also renting a small apartment at 16 rue de Chabrol. For the next two years, he worked at mastering the art of monochrome drawing and his first exhibited work, shown at the Salon, of 1883, was a Conté crayon drawing of Aman-Jean. He also studied the works of Eugène Delacroix carefully, making notes on his use of color and he spent 1883 working on his first major painting—a large canvas titled Bathers at Asnières, a monumental work showing young men relaxing by the Seine in a working-class suburb of Paris. Seurat also departed from the Impressionist ideal by preparing for the work with a number of drawings, Bathers at Asnières was rejected by the Paris Salon, and instead he showed it at the Groupe des Artistes Indépendants in May 1884. Seurats new ideas on pointillism were to have a strong influence on Signac. In the summer of 1884, Seurat began work on A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, the painting shows members of each of the social classes participating in various park activities. The tiny juxtaposed dots of multi-colored paint allow the eye to blend colors optically. It took Seurat two years to complete this 10-foot-wide painting, much of which he spent in the park sketching in preparation for the work and it is now in the permanent collection of the Art Institute of Chicago. The painting was the inspiration for James Lapine and Stephen Sondheims musical, Seurat concealed his relationship with Madeleine Knobloch, an artists model whom he portrayed in his painting Jeune femme se poudrant. In 1889 she moved in with Seurat in his studio on the 7th floor of 128bis Boulevard de Clichy, when Madeleine became pregnant, the couple moved to a studio at 39 passage de lÉlysée-des-Beaux-Arts. There she gave birth to their son, who was named Pierre-Georges,16 February 1890, Seurat died in Paris in his parents home on 29 March 1891 at the age of 31
15.
Sunday in the Park with George
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Sunday in the Park with George is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and book by James Lapine. The musical was inspired by the painting A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte by Georges Seurat, the plot revolves around George, a fictionalized version of Georges Seurat, who immerses himself deeply in painting his masterpiece. The Broadway production opened in 1984 and it has enjoyed several major revivals, including the 2005-06 UK production first presented at the Menier Chocolate Factory and its subsequent 2008 Broadway transfer. Act I In 1884, Georges Seurat, known as George in the musical, is sketching studies for his famous painting and he announces to the audience, White, a blank page or canvas. The challenge, bring order to the whole, through design, composition, tension, balance, light and he conjures up the island, a small suburban park, around him, and retains some control of his surroundings as he draws them. His longtime mistress, Dot, models for him, despite her frustrations at having to get up early on a Sunday, the quiet of the park is interrupted by a group of rude bathers. George freezes them with a gesture, setting them as the subjects of his first painting, the setting abruptly changes to a gallery where the painting is on display. Jules and his wife Yvonne think Georges work has No Life, back on the island, Jules and Yvonne have a short discussion with George and depart. They take their coachman Franz with them, interrupting Franzs rendezvous with the Nurse, Dot, who has grown tired of standing still in the early morning sunlight, leaves the park mollified after George promises to take her to the Follies. George approaches the Old Lady, revealed to be his mother, and requests to draw her, in Georges studio he works on his painting obsessively while Dot prepares for their date and fantasizes about being a Follies girl. When George briefly stops painting to clean his brushes, he, Dot is ready to leave, but George chooses to continue painting instead, greatly upsetting her. In the park, on a Sunday some time later, George sketches a disgruntled Boatman to the disapproval of an observing Jules, Dot enters on the arm of Louis, a baker. Two chatting shop girls, both named Celeste, notice Dot with a new man, when Jules and Yvonnes daughter Louise attempts to pet the Boatmans dog, he shouts at her, then lashes out at George and storms off. George and Dot have an awkward, strained conversation as she works on the book she is using to teach herself how to read. As Jules and Yvonne mock the unconventional nature of Georges art, they discuss an initiative to have his work included in the group show. George sketches two dogs while whimsically trying to imagine the world from their perspective, describing their relief to be free of their routines on Sunday. Dot sees George, but he slips away before she can speak to him and she clearly misses and loves George, but Louis loves, respects and needs her in a way George cannot, and she has made her choice. As the park empties for the evening, George returns, time has passed, and a heavily pregnant Dot visits Georges studio
16.
Evita (musical)
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Evita is a musical with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics by Tim Rice. It concentrates on the life of Argentine political leader Eva Perón, the story follows Evitas early life, rise to power, charity work, and eventual death. The musical began as a rock concept album released in 1976. This has been followed by a string of tours and worldwide productions and numerous cast albums, as well as a major 1996 film of the musical starring Madonna. The musical was revived in London in 2006, and on Broadway in 2012, in 1972, Robert Stigwood proposed that Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice develop a new musical version of Peter Pan, but they abandoned the project. Travelling late to a one night in 1973, though. As a child stamp collector, he had been fascinated by her image on the Argentine stamps, but was unaware of her significance in Argentinas history. The executive also arranged for Rice to see the film at Thames Television which he did at least twenty times saying also that by that time I had seen Pasinis superbly researched film, after Jeeves, Lloyd Webber returned to Rice, and they began developing Rices proposed musical. The authors of the 1996 book Evita, The Real Life of Eva Perón claim the musical was based on Mary Mains biography The Woman with the Whip, though Rice praised the Main biography, it was never officially credited as source material. Rice created a character, Che, to serve as a narrator, when Harold Prince later became involved with the project, he insisted that the actors portraying Che should use Guevara as a role model. In the 1996 film adaptation, the returned to his more anonymous roots. This was also the case for the 2006 London revival, Lloyd Webber and the conductor Anthony Bowles presented the musical at the second Sydmonton Festival before making the recording with the London Philharmonic Orchestra. The recording, which was released by MCA Records who had previously marketed Jesus Christ Superstar, commenced in April 1976 and was produced by Lloyd Webber, the recording was engineered by David Hamilton Smith, whose work Rice later acknowledged was effectively that of a third producer. He also delivered the line, Statesmanship is more than entertaining peasants, released in 1976, the two-record set included Paul Jones as Juan Perón, Colm Wilkinson as Che, Barbara Dickson as Peróns mistress, and Tony Christie as Agustín Magaldi. The writers had originally considered Steve Marriott and John Fogerty but neither was interested, murray Head, who had enormous success with the Superstar album, recorded some demos but Rice later admitted they didnt really reproduce the magic that his portrayal of Judas had. Colm Wilkinson had recently played Judas in the London production of Superstar and agreed to audition, mike dAbo, who had succeeded Paul Jones as lead singer of Manfred Mann, had a minor role on the album which was notable as the first one which both had appeared. Mike Smith, former lead vocalist with the Dave Clark Five and dAbos then working partner, Pasini wrote the dialogue in Spanish of the first scene, A Cinema in Buenos Aires,26 July 1952. On this recording, he played the part of the actor in the soundtrack of a movie that grinds to a halt, when the album was presented to the press at Lloyd Webbers country home Sydmonton, Pasini organised a photographic presentation with his colleague Anton Furst to accompany it
17.
Homemaker
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Homemaking is a mainly American term for the management of a home, otherwise known as housework, housekeeping, or household management. It is the act of overseeing the organizational, day-to-day operations of a house or estate, and the managing of other domestic concerns. A person in charge of the homemaking, who isnt employed outside the home, is in the U. S. and Canada often called a homemaker, a gender-neutral term for a housewife or a househusband. The term homemaker, however, may refer to a social worker who manages a household during the incapacity of the housewife or househusband. Housework is not always a lifetime commitment, many, for economic or personal reasons, in previous decades, there were many mandatory courses for the young to learn the skills of homemaking. In high school, courses included cooking, nutrition, home economics, family and consumer science and this last one may underlie the tradition that a homemaker is portrayed wearing an apron. More recently, most of these courses have been abolished, and many youths in school and college would be more likely to study child development. The reason for this is that mechanical invention has been applied extensively to different tasks of the home, inventors have developed mechanical labor-saving devices not only for the shop and office, but also for the home. There are, on the market, thousands of tools, devices. It only remains for the homemaker to choose between them, another reason for the great supply and demand for household labor savers in the industrial world is that the homemaker has to face the increasingly complex problem of scarce domestic help. With cheap labor, the need for the mechanical replacers of labor, or mechanical servants, will not be felt, however. It is to class of homemakers who are actively concerned in domestic work that the labor-saver. The homemakers time and effort are worth conserving by every means, homemakers should, therefore, be eager to buy and use all the household tools that will save their strength and time and liberate them from household drudgery. While some homemakers are handy with tools, the remains that most homemakers are unfamiliar with the different principles involved in mechanical tools. The homemaker, however, is called to have knowledge of the principles of applied mechanics, courses in school physics unfortunately leave a student with little practical knowledge that can be applied to domestic equipment. The gaining of knowledge concerning domestic tools may lead the homemaker to purchase good quality equipment, housekeeping by the homemaker is the care and control of property, ensuring its maintenance and proper use and appearance. A home is a place of residence, in a private home a maid or housekeeper might be employed to do some of the housekeeping. Housework is work done by the act of housekeeping, Some housekeeping is housecleaning and some housekeeping is home chores
18.
The Providence Journal
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The Providence Journal, nicknamed the ProJo, is a daily newspaper serving the metropolitan area of Providence, Rhode Island and is the largest newspaper in Rhode Island. The newspaper was first published in 1829 and is the oldest continuously-published daily newspaper in the United States, the newspaper has won four Pulitzer Prizes. The papers history has reflected the waxing and waning of newspaper popularity throughout the United States, by 1829, demand for more timely news caused Miller to combine his existing publications into the Providence Daily Journal, published six days per week. The first edition of the Providence Daily Journal appeared July 1,1829, in the next few decades the paper was sold to new owners several times, until by 1863 it was owned by George Danielson and Henry B. The latter would go on to serve as Governor of Rhode Island, editor George W. Danielson joined the paper on January 1,1863, and served as editor until his death in 1884. Danielson immediately launched an edition, called the Evening Bulletin. By July 1871, the Journal had grown enough that it moved to larger quarters at the Barton Block. During the Danielson and Anthony years, the paper was known for its support of the Republican Party. After Danielsons death, the paper became less partisan, and by 1888 declared its political independence, in 1877, Danielson hired Charles Henry Dow, a young journalist with an interest in history. At the Journal, Dow developed an index which summarized stories of historic interest. It is possible this was an inspiration for Dows later development of his stock index at the Wall Street Journal. While at the Journal Dow wrote a series on The History of Steam Navigation between New York and Providence, Dow also traveled to Colorado to report on the Colorado Silver Boom and the Leadville miners strike, these stories were published in May and June 1879. In 1885, a Sunday edition was added, making the publication schedule seven days per week, in 1872 the first diner in America, a horse-drawn wagon serving hot food, was founded to serve the employees of the Providence Journal. Before American entry into World War I, Journal publisher and Australian immigrant John R. Rathom attempted to stir up sentiment in favor of the war against the Central Powers. He frequently published exposés of German subversive activities in the United States, by 1920, it was revealed that Rathoms information was supplied by British intelligence agents. Still, Rathom remained editor until his death in 1923, the Journal dropped Daily from its name and became The Providence Journal in 1920. In 1992, the Bulletin was discontinued and its name was appended onto that of the morning paper, starting in 1925, the Journal became the first in the country to expand coverage statewide. It had news bureaus throughout Rhode Island and southeastern Massachusetts, a trend that had been inaugurated in 1925 by then-managing editor Sevellon Brown, in 1937, the only competing Providence-based daily, the Star-Tribune, went bankrupt and was sold
19.
Columbia College Chicago
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Founded in 1890, the school is located in the South Loop district of Chicago, Illinois. It is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission, Columbia College Chicago is not affiliated with Columbia University, Columbia College Hollywood, or any other Columbia College in the United States. The university has added a School of Business & Entrepreneurship that will host majors like marketing. It also is home to research centers as well as to the Garment Collection. It is also home to one of the few undergraduate programs in cultural studies. Columbia College Chicago was founded in 1890 as the Columbia School of Oratory by Mary A, Blood and Ida Morey Riley, both graduates of the Monroe Conservatory of Oratory, in Boston, Massachusetts. Blood and Riley became the Colleges first co-presidents, until Riley died in 1901, the school ran as a sole proprietary business from 1890 to 1904 when the school became incorporated by the state of Illinois. On May 5,1904, the school incorporated itself again in order to change its name to the Columbia College of Expression, when Blood died in 1927, George L. Scherger assumed the office of presidency after serving as a former member on the Board of Directors. Under his leadership, Scherger signed the paperwork at the Board’s annual meeting on April 14,1928 to change the School’s name to the Mary A. However, by April 30,1928, the school reverted its name to the Columbia College of Expression by the Board of Directors, George L. Scherger, Herman H. Hegner, and Erme Rowe Hegner. Hegner served as the head, although due to illness, her son. By 1934, College curriculum also focused on the field of radio broadcasting. Herman Hofer Hegner hired Norman Alexandroff, a programmer, in 1934 to develop a radio curriculum for the Colleges as both institutions were suffering financially. When Bertha Hofer Hegner retired in 1936 due to health reasons, she was president emeritus of the institutions. However, the College was never incorporated under any of these names by the State of Illinois. As the radio program gained prominence, Alexandroff was named as the Vice President of the Columbia College of Expression, on February 5,1944, the College re-filed as a not for profit corporation and changed its name to Columbia College. During the late 1940s and early 1950s, the college broadened its educational base to include television, journalism, marketing, and other mass-communication areas. Alexandroff also oversaw the development of the campuses of the School, Columbia College Pan-Americano in Mexico City, Mexico and Columbia Los Angeles in Los Angeles
20.
The Second City
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The Second City is an improvisational comedy enterprise, best known as the first ever on-going improvisational theater troupe based in Chicago. It also has programs that run out of Toronto and Los Angeles, the Second City Theatre opened on December 16,1959 and has since become one of the most influential and prolific comedy theatres in the world. The Second City has produced programs in both the United States and Canada including SCTV, Second City Presents, and Next Comedy Legend. The Second City chose its name from the title of an article about Chicago by A. J. Liebling that appeared in The New Yorker in 1952. In 1959, the first Second City revue show premiered at 1842 North Wells Street, the cabaret theater, comedy style of the Second City tended towards satire and commentary of current social norms and political figures and events. In 1961, the theater sent a cast to Broadway with the revue, From the Second City, directed by Sills. Eventually, the theater expanded to include three touring companies and a resident company, and now fosters a company devoted to outreach. The style of comedy has changed with time, but the format has remained constant, a number of well-known performers began careers as part of the historic troupe and later moved to television and film. In 1973, Second City opened a theater in Toronto, theater became the second resident stage in Old Town, Chicago location, handling overflow crowds and increasing the number of resident company members. Co-founder Bernard Sahlins owned the company until 1985, before selling it to Andrew Alexander. Along with its theaters, training centers, and television shows, Second City also produces improv, Second City Television, or SCTV, was a Canadian television sketch comedy show offshoot from the Toronto troupe of the Second City and ran from 1976 to 1984. The basic premise of SCTV was modeled on a station in the fictional city of Melonville. Edith Prickley, Catherine OHaras washed-up, alcoholic, narcissist former leading-lady Lola Heatherton, martin Short originated his dorky Ed Grimley character here, which he later brought to Saturday Night Live. Andrew Alexander took the reins of Second City Toronto in 1974 and formed a partnership with Len Stuart in 1976 and its first television production was SCTV. Alexander co-developed and executive produced over 185 half-hour shows for the comedy series. In 1985, Alexander and Stuart became owners of Chicagos Second City and he has produced or executive produced over 200 Second City revues in Canada and the United States. Most recently, Alexander has expanded The Second City TV & Film Division with offices in Los Angeles and he serves on the Columbia College Board of Trustees, is Chair of the Gildas Club Honorary Board, and is also an Honorary Member of the Chicago Gildas Club Board. As of 2014, the Second City has been awarded thirty-seven Equity Joseph Jefferson Awards, which have recognized them for Best Revue five times, the first being Paradigm Lost
21.
Chicago Tribune
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The Chicago Tribune is a daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, owned by tronc, Inc. formerly Tribune Publishing. The Tribune was founded by James Kelly, John E. Wheeler, forrest, publishing its first edition on June 10,1847. The paper saw numerous changes in ownership and editorship over the eight years. Initially, the Tribune was not politically affiliated but tended to either the Whig or Free Soil parties against the Democrats in elections. By late 1853, it was frequently running xenophobic editorials that criticized foreigners, about this time it also became a strong proponent of temperance. Ray became editor-in-chief, Medill became the editor, and Alfred Cowles, Sr. brother of Edwin Cowles. Each purchased one third of the Tribune, under their leadership the Tribune distanced itself from the Know Nothings and became the main Chicago organ of the Republican Party. However, the continued to print anti-Catholic and anti-Irish editorials. Between 1858 and 1860, the paper was known as the Chicago Press & Tribune, on October 25,1860, it became the Chicago Daily Tribune. Before and during the American Civil War, the new editors pushed an abolitionist agenda and strongly supported Abraham Lincoln, the paper remained a force in Republican politics for years afterwards. In 1861, the Tribune published new lyrics for the song John Browns Body by William W. Patton, Medill served as mayor of Chicago for one term after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Under the 20th-century editorship of Colonel Robert R. Joseph McCarthy, when McCormick assumed the position of co-editor in 1910, the Tribune was the third-best-selling paper among Chicagos eight dailies, with a circulation of only 188,000. At the same time, the Tribune competed with the Hearst paper, by 1914, the cousins succeeded in forcing out Managing Editor William Keeley. By 1918, the Examiner was forced to merge with the Chicago Herald, in 1919, Patterson left the Tribune and moved to New York to launch his own newspaper, the New York Daily News. In a renewed war with Hearsts Herald-Examiner, McCormick and Hearst ran rival lotteries in 1922. The Tribune won the battle, adding 250,000 readers to its ranks, also in 1922, the Chicago Tribune hosted an international design competition for its new headquarters, the Tribune Tower. The competition worked brilliantly as a publicity stunt, and more than 260 entries were received, the winner was a neo-Gothic design by New York architects John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood. The newspaper sponsored an attempt at Arctic aviation in 1929
22.
Russian Jews
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Jews in the Russian Empire have historically constituted a large religious diaspora, the vast territories of the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest population of Jews in the world. The presence of Jewish people in the European part of Russia can be traced to the 7th–14th centuries CE, in the 11th and 12th centuries, the Jewish population in Kiev, in present-day Ukraine, was restricted to a separate quarter. Evidence of the presence of Jewish people in Muscovite Russia is first documented in the chronicles of 1471, during the reign of Catherine II in the 18th century, Jewish people were restricted to the Pale of Settlement within Russia, the territory where they could live or immigrate to. Beginning in the 1880s, waves of pogroms swept across different regions of the empire for several decades. More than two million Jews fled Russia between 1880 and 1920, mostly to the United States, before 1917 there were 300,000 Zionists in Russia, while the main Jewish socialist organization, the Bund, had 33,000 members. Only 958 Jews had joined the Bolshevik Party before 1917, thousands joined after the Revolution, the chaotic years of World War I, the February and October Revolutions, and the Russian Civil War had created social disruption that led to anti-Semitism. Some 150,000 Jews were killed in the pogroms of 1918–1922,125,000 of them in Ukraine,25,000 in Belarus and these were probably the largest-scale European massacres of Jews to date. The pogroms were perpetrated by anti-communist forces, sometimes, Red Army units engaged in pogroms as well. After a short period of confusion, the Soviets started executing guilty individuals, the Russian Civil War pogroms shocked world Jewry and rallied many Jews to the Red Army and the Soviet regime, and also strengthened the desire for the creation of a homeland for the Jewish people. In August 1919 the Soviet government arrested many rabbis, seized Jewish properties, including synagogues, the Jewish section of the Communist Party labeled the use of the Hebrew language reactionary and elitist and the teaching of Hebrew was banned. Zionists were persecuted harshly, with Jewish communists leading the attacks, following the civil war, however, the new Bolshevik governments policies produced a flourishing of secular Jewish culture in Belarus and western Ukraine in the 1920s. At the beginning of the 1930s, the Jews were 1.8 percent of the Soviet population, in 1934 the Soviet state established the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the Russian Far East, but the region never came to have a majority Jewish population. Today, the JAO is Russias only autonomous oblast and, aside of Israel, the observance of the Sabbath was banned in 1929, foreshadowing the dissolution of the Communist Partys Yiddish-language Yevsektsia in 1930 and worse repression to come. Numerous Jews were victimized in Stalins purges as counterrevolutionaries and reactionary nationalists, the share of Jews in the Soviet ruling elite declined during the 1930s, but was still more than double their proportion in the general Soviet population. According to Israeli historian Benjamin Pinkus, We can say that the Jews in the Soviet Union took over the privileged position, in the 1930s, many Jews held high rank in the Red Army High Command, Generals Iona Yakir, Yan Gamarnik, Yakov Smushkevich and Grigori Shtern. During World War Two, an estimated 500,000 soldiers in the Red Army were Jewish, about 160,000 were decorated, and more than a hundred achieved the rank of Red Army general. Over 150 were designated Heroes of the Soviet Union, the highest award in the country, more than two million Soviet Jews are believed to have died during the Holocaust in warfare and in Nazi-occupied territories. For many years during this period, Russia had a rate of immigration to Israel than any other country
23.
Jews in Poland
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The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over 800 years. For centuries, Poland was home to the largest and most significant Jewish community in the world, Poland was the centre of Jewish culture thanks to a long period of statutory religious tolerance and social autonomy. This ended with the Partitions of Poland which began in 1772, in particular, from the founding of the Kingdom of Poland in 1025 through to the early years of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth created in 1569, Poland was the most tolerant country in Europe. Known as paradisus Iudaeorum, it became a shelter for persecuted and expelled European Jewish communities, according to some sources, about three-quarters of the worlds Jews lived in Poland by the middle of the 16th century. With the weakening of the Commonwealth and growing religious strife, Polands traditional tolerance began to wane from the 17th century onward. Still, as Poland regained independence in the aftermath of World War I, Antisemitism was a growing problem throughout Europe in those years, from both the political establishment and the general population. At the start of World War II, Poland was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, one-fifth of the Polish population perished during World War II, half of them were 3,000,000 Polish Jews murdered in The Holocaust, constituting 90% of Polish Jewry. Although the Holocaust occurred largely in German-occupied Poland, there was collaboration with the Nazis by its citizens. Collaboration by individual Poles has been described as smaller than in other occupied countries, statistics of the Israeli War Crimes Commission indicate that less than 0. 1% of Polish gentiles collaborated with the Nazis. Grouped by nationality, Poles represent the largest number of people who rescued Jews during the Holocaust, britain demanded Poland to halt the exodus, but their pressure was largely unsuccessful. Most of the remaining Jews left Poland in late 1968 as the result of the Soviet-sponsored anti-Zionist campaign. After the fall of the Communist regime in 1989, the situation of Polish Jews became normalized, Religious institutions were revived, largely through the activities of Jewish foundations from the United States. The first Jews arrived in the territory of modern Poland in the 10th century, by travelling along the trade routes leading eastwards to Kiev and Bukhara, Jewish merchants, known as Radhanites, crossed the areas of Silesia. In the summer of 965 or 966 Jacob made a trade and diplomatic journey from his native Toledo in Moslem Spain to the Holy Roman Empire, the first actual mention of Jews in Polish chronicles occurs in the 11th century. It appears that Jews were then living in Gniezno, at time the capital of the Polish kingdom of the Piast dynasty. Among the first Jews to arrive in Poland were those banished from Prague, the first permanent Jewish community is mentioned in 1085 by a Jewish scholar Jehuda ha-Kohen in the city of Przemyśl. The first extensive Jewish emigration from Western Europe to Poland occurred at the time of the First Crusade in 1098. Under Bolesław III, the Jews, encouraged by the tolerant regime of this ruler, settled throughout Poland, Bolesław III recognized the utility of Jews in the development of the commercial interests of his country
24.
Conservative Judaism
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Conservative Judaism is a major Jewish denomination, which views Jewish Law, or Halakha, as both binding and subject to historical development. The movement considers its approach as the authentic and most appropriate continuation of halakhic discourse, worldwide, affiliated communities are united within the umbrella organization Masorti Olami. Conservative Judaism is estimated to represent close to 1,100,000 people, Conservative Judaism, from its earliest stages, was marked by ambivalence and ambiguity in all matters theological. Rabbi Zecharias Frankel, considered its progenitor, believed the very notion of theology was alien to traditional Judaism. He was often accused of obscurity on the subject by his opponents, the American movement largely espoused a similar approach, and its leaders mostly avoided the field. Only in 1985 did a course about Conservative theology open in the JTS, the hitherto sole major attempt to define a clear credo was made in 1988, with the Statement of Principles Emet ve-Emunah, formulated and issued by the Leadership Council of Conservative Judaism. The introduction stated that lack of definition was useful in the past, Conservative Judaism largely upholds the theistic notion of a personal God. Emet ve-Emunah stated that we affirm our faith in God as the Creator and Governor of the universe and his power called the world into being, His wisdom and goodness guide its destiny. Concurrently, the platform also noted that His nature was elusive, a naturalistic conception of divinity, regarding it as inseparable from the mundane world, once had an important place within the denomination, especially represented by Mordecai Kaplan. After Kaplans Reconstructionism fully coalesced into an independent movement, these views were marginalized, a similarly inconclusive position is expressed toward other precepts. Most theologians adhere to the Immortality of the Soul, but while references to the Resurrection of the Dead are maintained, in Emet, it was stated that death is not tantamount to the end of ones personality. The 1988 platform announced that some believe in classic eschathology, the notions of Election of Israel and Gods covenant with it were basically retained as well. Conservative conception of Revelation encompasses an extensive spectrum, Zecharias Frankel himself applied critical-scientific methods to analyze the stages in the development of the Oral Torah, pioneering modern study of the Mishnah. Yet he also vehemently rejected utilizing these disciplines on the Pentateuch, maintaining it was beyond human reach, Frankel never elucidated his beliefs, and the exact correlation between human and divine in his thought is still subject to scholarly debate. Along with other Reconstructionist tenets, it dwindled as the latter consolidated into a separate group, Kaplans views and the permeation of Higher Criticism gradually swayed most Conservative thinkers towards a non-verbal understanding of theophany, which has become dominant in the 1970s. This was en sync with the trend of lowering rates of Americans who accepted the Bible as the Word of God. Dorff categorized the proponents of this into two schools, one maintains that God projected some form of message which inspired the human authors of the Pentateuch to record what they perceived. The other is often influenced by Franz Rosenzweig and other existentialists
25.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
26.
Kenwood Academy
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Kenwood Academy is a public 4–year high school located in the Hyde Park–Kenwood neighborhood on the south side of Chicago, Illinois, United States. Operated by the Chicago Public Schools district, Kenwood opened in 1969, Kenwood limits acceptance of high school students to those living in its attendance area, from Lake Michigan to Cottage Grove Avenue east to west, and 47th to the Midway Plaisance north to south. The school is bounded by E. Hyde Park Boulevard on the south, S. Lake Park Avenue on the east, S. Blackstone Avenue on the west, in addition to being a local high school, Kenwood has a magnet program that accepts students entering into 7th grade who pass a rigorous admissions test. The magnet program accepts students citywide using a lottery with a standing of 6 or higher in both reading and math. Kenwood was recognized as a School of Distinction for its academic achievement, Kenwood was selected as one of Americas best high schools by Newsweek and U. S. News & World Report magazines. The Chicago Public Schools began the process to build Kenwood Academy, then called Kenwood High School. With Northern big cities undergoing the final years of the baby boom, at the time, the school served 900 students in a building meant for only 500. The site of the new school was selected and sited bordered by 51st Street to the south, Lake Park Avenue to the east, Blackstone Avenue to the west. Construction on the began in March 1968 which cost the district $7.4 million to build. The new school situated at 5015 south Blackstone avenue opened in September 1969 with an enrollment of 700, the white population at the school continue to decline over years, bringing the current demographics to 83. 7% African-American, with whites and others making up the 16. 3%. Elizabeth Mollahan–Jochner who was the principal of Kenwood Upper Grade Center served as the new Kenwoods principal, Mollahan–Jochner held the position for eighteen years from opening until retiring in June 1987. In recognition of the academic excellence and special programs, the Chicago Board of Education and CPS designated the school an academy. The Academic Center Program started as a way to introduce a select few 7th and 8th grade students to the school environment before actually entering high school. Students in this program are referred to as preppies, as they are preparing for school by taking high school courses before they graduate from the 8th grade. Students are offered the choice of staying at Kenwood Academy or attending any other school with their credits. Students that choose to stay at Kenwood are granted the right, in their senior year, the academic center is now housed in the former Canter Middle School building, which closed after the 2013–14 school year. Kenwood Academy students enrolled in Advanced Placement courses can access student resources on the University of Chicagos Hyde Park campus, University of Chicago students and professors have traditionally worked closely with Kenwood students in classes and on special projects
27.
University of Kansas
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The University of Kansas, often referred to as KU or Kansas, is a public research university in the U. S. state of Kansas. The main campus in Lawrence, one of the largest college towns in Kansas, is on Mount Oread, two branch campuses are in the Kansas City metropolitan area, the Edwards Campus in Overland Park, and the universitys medical school and hospital in Kansas City. There are also educational and research sites in Parsons, Topeka, Garden City, Hays, and Leavenworth, the university is one of the 62 members of the Association of American Universities. The university overall employed 2,814 faculty members in fall 2015, on February 20,1863, Kansas Governor Thomas Carney signed into law a bill creating the state university in Lawrence. The law was conditioned upon a gift from Lawrence of a $15,000 endowment fund, if Lawrence failed to meet these conditions, Emporia instead of Lawrence would get the university. The site selected for the university was a known as Mount Oread. Robinson and his wife Sara bestowed the 40-acre site to the State of Kansas in exchange for land elsewhere, the philanthropist Amos Adams Lawrence donated $10,000 of the necessary endowment fund, and the citizens of Lawrence raised the remaining cash by issuing notes backed by Governor Carney. On November 2,1863, Governor Carney announced that Lawrence had met the conditions to get the university. The schools Board of Regents held its first meeting in March 1865, work on the first college building began later that year. The university opened for classes on September 12,1866, during World War II, Kansas was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission. KU is home to the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics, the Beach Center on Disability, Lied Center of Kansas and radio stations KJHK,90.7 FM, and KANU,91.5 FM. The university is host to several including the University of Kansas Natural History Museum. The University of Kansas is a large, state-sponsored university, with five campuses, the university offers more than 345 degree programs. In its 2017 list, U. S. News & World Report ranked KU as tied for 118th place among National Universities and 56th place among public universities. The city management and urban policy program was ranked first in the nation, uSN&WR also ranked several programs in the top 25 among U. S. universities. The Bachelor of Architecture degree was added in 1920, in 1969, the School of Architecture and Urban Design was formed with three programs, architecture, architectural engineering, and urban planning. In 2001 architectural engineering merged with civil and environmental engineering, the design programs from the discontinued School of Fine Arts were merged into the school in 2009 forming the current School of Architecture, Design, and Planning. S in 2012. The University of Kansas School of Business is a business school on the main campus of the University of Kansas in Lawrence
28.
Kelsey Grammer
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Allen Kelsey Grammer is an American actor, voice actor, comedian, producer, director, writer, singer, and activist. Grammer is known for his portrayal of psychiatrist Dr. Frasier Crane on the NBC sitcoms Cheers. Grammer has been married four times and has seven children, Grammer was two years old when his parents divorced. Grammer attended Pine Crest School, a preparatory school in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. After leaving Juilliard, he had an internship with the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego in the late 1970s before a stint in 1980 at the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis. He made his Broadway debut in 1981 as Lennox in Macbeth, Grammer then played Michael Cassio in a Broadway revival of Othello, with James Earl Jones and Christopher Plummer. In 1983 he performed on the demo of the Stephen Sondheim–James Lapine production Sunday in the Park with George, in 2000, Grammer again played Macbeth on Broadway, in a production that closed after only 10 days. Grammer originated the roles of Charles Frohman and Captain Hook in the Broadway premiere of the musical Finding Neverland in March 2015 and he returned to the stage from January 19,2016, to April 3. His television career began in the early 1980s when he portrayed Stephen Smith in the NBC miniseries Kennedy, Grammer came to broader public attention as Dr. Frasier Crane in the NBC sitcom Cheers. The character became the center of the spin-off Frasier, one of the most successful spin-offs in TV history. In addition to starring, he directed more than 30 episodes, especially during the second half of the series. Frasier was nominated for and won awards during its 11-year run. In 2001, he negotiated a US$700, 000-per-episode salary for Frasier and his 20-year run playing Dr. Frasier Crane ties a length set by James Arness in playing Marshal Matt Dillon on Gunsmoke from 1955 to 1975 but was surpassed by Richard Belzer in playing Det. John Munch on Homicide, Life on the Street and Law & Order, Frasier Crane also had a crossover appearance in 1993 Wings episode Planes, Trains, & Visiting Cranes. In 2005, Grammer returned to television and he produced and appeared in an American adaptation of the British show The Sketch Show, which aired on Fox. The main cast consisted of Malcolm Barrett, Kaitlin Olson, Mary Lynn Rajskub and Paul F. Tompkins, Grammer appeared in only short opening and closing segments in each episode. Many of the sketches from the British version were re-created, such as the California Dreamin, English Course, only six episodes of the show were made, and it was canceled after only four of them had aired. In 2007, Grammer starred with Patricia Heaton in the American sitcom Back to You and it was canceled by Fox after its first season
29.
Cheers
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Cheers is an American sitcom that ran on NBC from September 30,1982 to May 20,1993, with a total of 270 half-hour episodes spanning over eleven seasons. The show was produced by Charles/Burrows/Charles Productions in association with Paramount Network Television, the show was created by the team of James Burrows, Glen Charles, and Les Charles. The show is set in a bar named Cheers in Boston, Massachusetts, where a group of locals meet to drink, relax, the shows main theme song, written and performed by Gary Portnoy lent its famous refrain Where Everybody Knows Your Name as the shows tagline. After premiering on September 30,1982, it was canceled during its first season when it ranked almost last in ratings for its premiere. Cheers, however, eventually became a highly rated show in the United States, earning a top-ten rating during eight of its eleven seasons. The show spent most of its run on NBCs Thursday night Must See TV lineup and its widely watched series finale was broadcast on May 20,1993, and the shows 270 episodes have been successfully syndicated worldwide. Nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series for all eleven of its seasons on the air, the character Frasier Crane was featured in his eponymous spin-off show, which aired until 2004 and included guest appearances by virtually all of the major and minor Cheers characters. During its run, Cheers became one of the most popular series of all time and has received critical acclaim. In 1997, the episodes Thanksgiving Orphans and Home Is the Sailor, aired originally in 1987, were respectively ranked No.7, in 2002, Cheers was ranked No.18 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. In 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked it as the eighth best written TV series, before the Cheers pilot Give Me a Ring Sometime was completed and aired in 1982, the series originally consisted of four employees in the first script. Neither Norm Peterson nor Cliff Clavin, regular customers of Cheers, were featured, in later years, Woody Boyd replaces Coach, who dies off-screen in season four to account for actor Nicholas Colasantos death. Frasier Crane starts as a character and becomes a permanent character. In season six, they added a new character Rebecca Howe, Lilith Sternin starts as a one-time character in an episode of season four, Second Time Around. After she appears in two episodes in five, she becomes a recurring character, and later featured as a permanent one for season ten. Ted Danson portrays Sam Malone, a bartender and an owner of Cheers, before the series began, he was a baseball relief pitcher for the Boston Red Sox nicknamed Mayday Malone until he became an alcoholic, harming his career. He has an on-again, off-again relationship with Diane Chambers, his class opposite, during their off-times, Sam has flings with many not-so-bright sexy women, yet fails to pursue a meaningful relationship and fails to seduce other women, such as intellectuals. After Diane is written out of the series, he tries to pursue Rebecca Howe, at the end of the series, he is still unmarried and recovering from sexual addiction with a help of Dr. Robert Suttons group meetings, advised by Frasier. Shelley Long portrays Diane Chambers, an academic, sophisticated graduate student, in the pilot Diane is abandoned by her fiancé, leaving her without a job, a man, or money
30.
Frasier Crane
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Frasier Winslow Crane is a fictional character on the American television sitcoms Cheers and Frasier, portrayed by Kelsey Grammer. Grammer received award recognitions for portraying this character in two shows, in addition to a 1992 one-time appearance in Wings. The character debuts in the Cheers third season premiere, Rebound, as Diane Chamberss love interest, part of the Sam and Diane story arc. Intended to appear for only a few episodes, Grammers performance for the role was praised by producers, prompting them to expand his role, later in Cheers, Frasier is married to Lilith Sternin with a son, Frederick, and resides in Boston. After Cheers ended, the moved to his spin-off series Frasier. In the series finale, he is supposed to depart to San Francisco for his talk show, but instead he goes to Chicago. Also Dianes fiancé throughout the season, he and Diane are supposed to wed in Italy in Rescue Me. However, in Birth, Death, Love, and Rice, a despondent Frasier loses his license and his job. Later in season four, he begins to regularly attend Cheers for drinks, in The Triangle, Sam feigns symptoms of depression, planned by Diane, to help Frasier recover from alcoholism and regain his own self-confidence. This leads Frasier to conclude that Sams symptoms indicate his love for Diane, however, upon arrival Frasier sees Sam and Diane arguing in the bar office, Sam admits the whole plan. Furious, Frasier declares himself to be sober, refuses to be a part of their relationship, as his role is expanded, Frasier becomes romantically involved with a stereotypical intelligent, ice queen Lilith Sternin. Their first date in Second Time Around does not go well, they exchange insults toward each other until she leaves the bar, in Abnormal Psychology, Frasier and Lilith feel mutual attraction after Diane gives Lilith a makeover. At first reluctant to start anew, they decide to go on another date. They live together for a year before being married one month before Our Hourly Bread as revealed in the episode, in One Hugs, the Other Doesnt, Frasier is revealed to have been previously married to Nanette Guzman, now known as the popular childrens entertainer Nanny G. When Nanette sings a song implying her possible feelings for Frasier, in Teaching with the Enemy, Lilith admits her affair with another man Dr. Louis Pascal, dooming their marriage. In Is There a Doctor in the Howe, There, Lilith reveals that the eco-pod experiment with Pascal was a disaster—Pascal turned out to be claustrophobic among other mental problems—and she abandoned the project to return to Boston. Frasier, Rebecca, and eventually Pascal converge on Cheers in pursuit of Lilith, Pascal, armed with a pistol, demands Lilith return to him, threatening to shoot Frasier and the others. Lilith demands that he shoot her first, which causes him to back down, although Frasier initially refuses to take Lilith back after all this, her pathetic sobbing wins him over, suggesting a reconciliation can occur
31.
Ragtime (film)
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Ragtime is a 1981 American drama film, directed by Miloš Forman, based on 1975 historical novel Ragtime by E. L. Doctorow. The action takes place in and around New York City, New Rochelle, the music score was composed by Randy Newman. The film was nominated for eight Oscars, the newsreel is accompanied by ragtime pianist Coalhouse Walker, Jr. The millionaire industrialist Harry Kendall Thaw, who makes a scene when Whites latest creation, the model for the statue is Evelyn Nesbit, a former chorus girl who is now Thaws wife. Thaw becomes convinced White has corrupted Evelyn and humiliated him, and publicly shoots White, meanwhile, an unnamed upper class family resides in a comfortable suburban home in New Rochelle. The familys Father owns a factory, where his wifes Younger Brother is employed as a fireworks maker and their passive, sheltered existence is disturbed when an abandoned African American baby is found in their garden. The childs mother, an unmarried washerwoman named Sarah, is discovered, when she learns that the police intend to charge Sarah with child abandonment and attempted murder, Mother intervenes and takes Sarah and her child into the home, despite Fathers objections. Realizing that he is the father, he announces to a skeptical Father that he intends to marry Sarah. Younger Brother witnesses Whites murder and becomes obsessed with Evelyn, leaving home for periods of time to follow her throughout the city. Thaws lawyer, Delphin, bribes Evelyn with a divorce settlement to keep silent about Thaws mental instability at his trial. Passing through the tenements of the Lower East Side, Evelyn encounters a street artist known as Tateh and he takes their daughter and leaves New York, taking with him the flip book he has invented, which he begins to sell successfully. Evelyn, who has become fond of the girl, is troubled by their disappearance. She begins an affair with him as she begins to plan her return to the stage and he assumes that they will eventually marry and plans to introduce her to his family. The affair ends shortly thereafter, leaving Younger Brother alone and adrift, after he leaves to find a policeman, Walker returns to find his cars front seat soiled with horse manure. His protests end with the racist policeman placing him under arrest for parking his car illegally, after Father arranges for Coalhouses release, they discover his car has been vandalized further. Coalhouse pursues legal action, but can find no lawyer willing to represent him and she sneaks out of the house to attend a presidential rally, where she attempts to tell President Roosevelt about Coalhouses case but is pushed back and beaten by guards. She is severely injured, and soon dies from her wounds. After Sarahs funeral, Coalhouse and a group of supporters ambush the volunteer firemen and he sends a letter to the police and newspapers threatening to attack other firehouses, demanding that his car be restored and that Conklin be turned over to him for justice
32.
Pulitzer Prize
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The Pulitzer Prize /ˈpʊlᵻtsər/ is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each receives a certificate. The winner in the service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal. The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all applicable works in the media, entries must fit in at least one of the specific prize categories, and cannot simply gain entrance for being literary or musical. Works can also only be entered in a maximum of two categories, regardless of their properties, each year,102 jurors are selected by the Pulitzer Prize Board to serve on 20 separate juries for the 21 award categories, one jury makes recommendations for both photography awards. For each award category, a jury makes three nominations, the board selects the winner by majority vote from the nominations or bypasses the nominations and selects a different entry following a 75% majority vote. The board can also vote to issue no award, the board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work, however, the jurors in letters, music, and drama receive a $2,000 honorarium for the year, and each chair receives $2,500. Anyone whose work has been submitted is called an entrant, the jury selects a group of nominated finalists and announces them, together with the winner for each category. However, some journalists who were submitted, but not nominated as finalists. For example, Bill Dedman of msnbc, Dedman wrote, To call that submission a Pulitzer nomination is like saying that Adam Sandler is an Oscar nominee if Columbia Pictures enters Thats My Boy in the Academy Awards. Many readers realize that the Oscars dont work that way—the studios dont pick the nominees and its just a way of slipping Academy Awards into a bio. The Pulitzers also dont work that way, but fewer people know that, newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer gave money in his will to Columbia University to launch a journalism school and establish the Prize. It allocated $250,000 to the prize and scholarships and he specified four awards in journalism, four in letters and drama, one in education, and four traveling scholarships. After his death, the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded June 4,1917, many people have won more than one Pulitzer Prize. Nelson Harding is the person to have won a Prize in two consecutive years, the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1927 and 1928. Four prizes Robert Frost, Poetry Eugene ONeill, Drama Robert E, in rare instances, contributors to the entry are singled out in the citation in a manner analogous to individual winners. Journalism awards may be awarded to individuals or newspapers or newspaper staffs, infrequently, Awards are made in categories relating to journalism, arts, letters and fiction
33.
Rob Reiner
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Robert Rob Reiner is an American actor, writer, director, producer, and activist. As an actor, Reiner first came to prominence with the role of Michael Stivic on All in the Family. That role earned him two Emmy Awards during the 1970s and he also directed the psychological horror-thriller Misery, the romantic comedy fantasy adventure The Princess Bride and the heavy metal mockumentary This Is Spinal Tap. Reiner was born to a Jewish family in the Bronx, New York, and is the son of Estelle Reiner, an actress, and Carl Reiner, a renowned comedian, actor, writer, producer and director. As a child, Reiner lived at 48 Bonnie Meadow Road in New Rochelle, New York and he studied at the UCLA Film School. In the late 1960s, Reiner acted in bit roles in television shows including Batman, The Andy Griffith Show, Room 222, Gomer Pyle, U. S. M. C. He began his writing for the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour in 1968 and 1969. The characters nickname became closely associated with him, even after he had left the role, Reiner has stated, I could win the Nobel Prize and theyd write Meathead wins the Nobel Prize. For his performance, Reiner won two Emmy Awards in addition to three other nominations and five Golden Globe nominations, after an extended absence, Reiner has recently returned to television acting with a recurring role on New Girl. In 1972, Reiner, Phil Mishkin, and Gerry Isenberg created the situation comedy The Super for ABC. Starring Richard S. Castellano, the show depicted the life of the harried Italian American superintendent of a New York City apartment building, Reiner and Mishkin co-wrote the premiere episode. Beginning in the 1980s, Reiner became known as a director of several successful Hollywood films that many different genres. Several of these film remains popular with fans and critics. He often collaborates with film editor Robert Leighton, whom he shares with fellow director-actor Christopher Guest as their go-to editor. Reiner has gone on to other critically and commercially successful films with his own company. These include several iconic films such as the romantic comedy When Harry Met Sally, subsequent films directed by Reiner include the political romance The American President, the courtroom drama Ghosts of Mississippi, and the uplifting comedy The Bucket List. He has also parodied himself with cameos in such as Dickie Roberts. Reiner has devoted time and energy to liberal activism in recent years
34.
Drama Desk Award
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Broadway productions were excluded until the 1968–69 award season. The awards are considered a significant American theatre distinction and they debuted the presentations of the Vernon Rice Awards. The name honors the New York Post critic Vernon Rice, who had pioneered Off-Broadway coverage in the New York press, the name was changed for the 1963–1964 awards season to the Drama Desk Awards. In 1974, the Drama Desk became incorporated as a not-for-profit organization, in 1975, the Drama announcement of winners included the nominees as well. The Drama Desk has more than 100 members, including critics, reporters and editors who cover New York theater. Membership consists of two categories, Active membership and Participating Membership, all of the Drama Desk officers and Nominating Committee members perform their various services for the organization on a voluntary basis. The Nominating Committee generally meets twice a month to discuss the many eligible shows members are responsible for seeing and they then nominate the productions on which the entire membership will vote. What sets the organization apart is that the awards are voted on by people only without any vested interests in the results. Previous winners include Bernadette Peters, Dustin Hoffman, Al Pacino, over the last 36 years, the Drama Desk Awards have contributed to the ongoing success of major stars, playwrights and designers, while also identifying newcomers. The Drama Desk was the first New York theater organization to give awards to talents such as Edward Albee, Wendy Wasserstein, plays like Driving Miss Daisy, Other Peoples Money, Steel Magnolias, and The Boys in the Band built momentum with the help of Drama Desk wins. In 2010 William Wolf was announced as the President of Drama Desk, the current managing executive producer of the Drama Desk Awards is Gretchen Shugart, and the president of the Drama Desk is Charles Wright. David Barbour is chairperson of the nominating committee, in keeping with its original mission, the organization sponsors guest panel luncheons with theater professionals. Panels address topics of current interest, covering the season on Broadway, Off-Broadway, and Off-Off-Broadway, with the aim of prompting informative and stimulating discussion
35.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
36.
Emmy Award
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An Emmy Award, or simply Emmy, recognizes excellence in the television industry, and corresponds to the Academy Award, the Tony Award, and the Grammy Award. Because Emmy Awards are given in various sectors of the American television industry, Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year, recognizing excellence in local and statewide television. In addition, International Emmys are awarded for excellence in TV programming produced, each is responsible for administering a particular set of Emmy ceremonies. The Los Angeles-based Academy of Television Arts & Sciences established the Emmy Award as part of an image-building and public relations opportunity. The first Emmy Awards ceremony took place on January 25,1949, at the Hollywood Athletic Club, shirley Dinsdale has the distinction of receiving the very first Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Television Personality, during that first awards ceremony. In the 1950s, the ATAS expanded the Emmys into a national event, in 1955, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences was formed in New York City as a sister organization to serve members on the East Coast, and help to also supervise the Emmys. The NATAS also established regional chapters throughout the United States, with each one developing their own local Emmy awards show for local programming, the ATAS still however maintained its separate regional ceremony honoring local programming in the Los Angeles Area. Originally there was only one Emmy Awards ceremony held per year to honor shows nationally broadcast in the United States, in 1974, the first Daytime Emmy Awards ceremony was held to specifically honor achievement in national daytime programming. Other area-specific Emmy Awards ceremonies soon followed, also, the International Emmy Awards, honoring television programs produced and initially aired outside the U. S. was established in the early 1970s. Meanwhile, all Emmys awarded prior to the emergence of these separate, in 1977, due to various conflicts, the ATAS and the NATAS agreed to split ties. However, they agreed to share ownership of the Emmy statue and trademark. With the rise of television in the 1980s, cable programs first became eligible for the Primetime Emmys in 1988. The ATAS also began accepting original online-only web television programs in 2013, the Emmy statuette, depicting a winged woman holding an atom, was designed by television engineer Louis McManus, who used his wife as the model. The TV Academy rejected a total of forty-seven proposals before settling on McManus design in 1948. The statuette has become the symbol of the TV Academys goal of supporting and uplifting the art and science of television, The wings represent the muse of art. When deciding a name for the award, Academy founder Syd Cassyd originally suggested Ike, however, Ike was also the popular nickname of World War II hero and future U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the Academy members wanted something unique. Finally, television engineer and the third president, Harry Lubcke, suggested the name Immy. After Immy was chosen, it was feminized to Emmy to match their female statuette
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The Simpsons
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The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series is a depiction of working-class life epitomized by the Simpson family, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa. The show is set in the town of Springfield and parodies American culture, society, television. The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks, Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family, substituting Bart for his own name. The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19,1987. After a three-season run, the sketch was developed into a prime time show and became an early hit for Fox. Since its debut on December 17,1989,615 episodes of The Simpsons have been broadcast and its 28th season began on September 25,2016. It is the longest-running American sitcom and the longest-running American animated program, the Simpsons Movie, a feature-length film, was released in theaters worldwide on July 27,2007, and grossed over $527 million. On May 4,2015, the series was renewed for seasons 27 and 28, on November 4,2016, the series was renewed for seasons 29 and 30, consisting of 22 episodes each. The Simpsons received widespread critical acclaim throughout its first nine or ten seasons, Time named it the 20th centurys best television series, and Erik Adams of The A. V. Club named it televisions crowning achievement regardless of format, on January 14,2000, the Simpson family was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 31 Primetime Emmy Awards,30 Annie Awards, Homers exclamatory catchphrase Doh. has been adopted into the English language, while The Simpsons has influenced many adult-oriented animated sitcoms. Despite this, the show has also criticized for what many perceive as a decline in quality over the years. The Simpsons are a family who live in a fictional Middle American town of Springfield, Homer, the father, works as a safety inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, a position at odds with his careless, buffoonish personality. He is married to Marge Simpson, a stereotypical American housewife, although the family is dysfunctional, many episodes examine their relationships and bonds with each other and they are often shown to care about one another. The family owns a dog, Santas Little Helper, and a cat, Snowball V, renamed Snowball II in I, both pets have had starring roles in several episodes. The show includes an array of supporting characters, co-workers, teachers, family friends, extended relatives, townspeople. The creators originally intended many of these characters as jokes or for fulfilling needed functions in the town
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Lisa's Wedding
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Lisas Wedding is the 19th episode of The Simpsons sixth season. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 19,1995, the plot focuses on Lisa visiting a carnival fortune teller and learning about her future love. It was written by Greg Daniels and directed by Jim Reardon, mandy Patinkin guest stars as Hugh Parkfield and Phil Hartman guest stars as Troy McClure. The episode won an Emmy Award in 1995 for Outstanding Animated Program, the Simpson family visit a Renaissance fair, where Lisa finds a fortune-telling booth. She says she will predict Lisas future and tell the story of her true love,15 years into the future, the now 23-year-old Lisa meets a fellow university student named Hugh Parkfield. The pair fall madly in love and soon plan to marry, Lisa and Hugh travel to Springfield, where they plan to hold the wedding. Despite Lisa hoping otherwise, Hugh does not get along with her family and is particularly dismayed with Homer wanting him to wear family-tradition cufflinks resembling pigs. On the day of the wedding, Lisa confronts Hugh after finding out he is not wearing the cufflinks and asks him to wear them. The only condition, however, is that after the wedding Lisa must leave her family behind because Hugh has felt embarrassed by them all along. Lisa is outraged, stating that she marry him if he cannot understand that she still loves her family despite their shortcomings. In the present, the fortune teller says that Hugh went back to England, Lisa leaves the booth and finds her father, who is excited to tell her about his day at the fair. The idea for the episode came from James L. Brooks, who called David Mirkin and pitched the idea as traveling to the future and Lisa meeting the perfect guy, who in turn cannot stand her family. Believing that it would be an episode to write, Brooks gave the job to Greg Daniels. The plot involving Homers cuff links was not in the original draft, the end theme was redone by Alf Clausen as a Renaissance version, including a harp. Everything in the episode had to be redesigned, including the sets, in most cases, the adults were made older, heavier, had a few lines added to the face, and less hair. On Homer, the redesign was minimal, making him a bit heavier, removing one hair, krustys design is based on Groucho Marx. The night sky was made a more reddish color in a subtle joke about how the producers thought the world would be much more polluted in 2010. Nancy Cartwrights Bart voice was lowered a couple of notches
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Lisa Simpson
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Lisa Marie Simpson is a fictional character in the animated television series The Simpsons. She is the child and most intelligent of the Simpson family. Voiced by Yeardley Smith, Lisa first appeared on television in The Tracey Ullman Show short Good Night on April 19,1987, cartoonist Matt Groening created and designed her while waiting to meet James L. Brooks. Groening had been invited to pitch a series of shorts based on his comic Life in Hell and he named the elder Simpson daughter after his younger sister Lisa Groening. After appearing on The Tracey Ullman Show for three years, the Simpson family were moved to their own series on Fox, which debuted on December 17,1989. Intelligent, passionate, and the center of the family, Lisa Simpson, at eight years old, is the second child of Homer and Marge, younger sister of Bart. Lisas high intellect and liberal political stance creates a barrier between her and other children her age, therefore she is a bit of a loner, Lisa is a vegetarian, a strong environmentalist, a feminist, and a Buddhist. Lisa enjoys many hobbies, including reading and playing the baritone saxophone, Lisas character develops many times over the course of the show, she becomes a vegetarian in season 7 and converts to Buddhism in season 13. A strong liberal, Lisa advocates for a variety of political causes and she has appeared in other media relating to The Simpsons – including video games, The Simpsons Movie, The Simpsons Ride, commercials and comic books – and inspired a line of merchandise. Yeardley Smith originally tried out for the role of Bart, while Nancy Cartwright tried out for Lisa, producers considered Smiths voice too high for a boy, so she was given the role of Lisa. In the Tracey Ullman Show shorts, Lisa was something of a female Bart who mirrored her brothers mischief, because of her unusual pointed hair style, many animators consider Lisa the most difficult Simpsons character to draw. Lisa is one of the most enduring characters on the series, TV Guide ranked her 11th on their list of the Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals included Lisa on their list of the Most Animal-Friendly TV Characters of All Time. Yeardley Smith won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance in 1992, the Simpsons uses a floating timeline in which the characters do not physically age, as such, Lisa is always depicted as 7–8 years old. The show itself is set in the year of broadcast. In several episodes, events have been linked to time periods. Lisas year of birth is given in Lisas First Word as 1984, the episode That 90s Show, however, contradicts much of the established backstory, for example, it presents Homer and Marge as being childless in the late 1990s. Lisa is a lover of music, especially jazz and she enjoys playing the saxophone and became friends with jazz musician Bleeding Gums Murphy, whom she regards as an idol
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Yiddish
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Yiddish is the historical language of the Ashkenazi Jews. Yiddish is written with a fully vocalized alphabet based on the Hebrew script, the earliest surviving references date from the 12th century and call the language לשון־אַשכּנז or טײַטש, a variant of tiutsch, the contemporary name for Middle High German. Colloquially, the language is sometimes called מאַמע־לשון, distinguishing it from לשון־קדש, the term Yiddish, short for Yiddish-Teitsch, did not become the most frequently used designation in the literature until the 18th century. In the late 19th and into the 20th century the language was commonly called Jewish, especially in non-Jewish contexts. Modern Yiddish has two major forms, Eastern Yiddish is far more common today. It includes Southeastern, Mideastern, and Northeastern dialects, Eastern Yiddish differs from Western both by its far greater size and by the extensive inclusion of words of Slavic origin. Western Yiddish is divided into Southwestern, Midwestern, and Northwestern dialects, the term Yiddish is also used in the adjectival sense, synonymously with Jewish, to designate attributes of Ashkenazi culture. Prior to the Holocaust, there were over 10 million speakers of Yiddish, 85% of the Jews who died in the Holocaust were Yiddish speakers, assimilation following World War II further decreased the use of Yiddish both among survivors and Yiddish-speakers from other countries. However, the number of speakers is increasing in global Hasidic communities, the established view is that, as with other Jewish languages, Jews speaking distinct languages learned new co-territorial vernaculars, which they then Judaized. Exactly what German base lies behind the earliest form of Yiddish is disputed, both Weinreich and Solomon Birnbaum developed this model further in the mid-1950s. In Weinreichs view, this Old Yiddish substrate later bifurcated into two versions of the language, Western and Eastern Yiddish. They retained the Semitic vocabulary needed for religious purposes and created a Judeo-German form of speech, recent linguistic research has finessed, contested, or challenged the Weinreich model, providing alternative approaches to the origins of Yiddish. Some theorists argue that the fusion occurred with a Bavarian dialect base, the two main candidates for the germinal matrix of Yiddish, the Rhineland and Bavaria, are not necessarily incompatible. There may have been developments in the two regions, seeding the Western and Eastern dialects of Modern Yiddish. Dovid Katz proposes that Yiddish emerged from contact between speakers of High German and Aramaic-speaking Jews from the Middle East, wexlers model has met with little academic support, and strong critical challenges, especially among historical linguists. Alternative theories recognize the extent of Yiddishs Germanic vocabulary. Ashkenaz was centered on the Rhineland and the Palatinate, in what is now the westernmost part of Germany and its geographic extent did not coincide with the German principalities of the time, and it included northern France. Ashkenaz bordered on the inhabited by another distinctive Jewish cultural group, the Sephardim or Spanish Jews
