1.
Artpop
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Artpop is the third studio album by American singer Lady Gaga, released on November 6,2013, by Streamline and Interscope Records. Gaga began planning the project in 2011, shortly after the launch of her studio album. Work continued until 2013 while Gaga was traveling for her Born This Way Ball concert tour, Gaga described Artpop as a celebration and a poetic musical journey and an exploration of the reverse Warholian phenomenon in pop culture. It displays a lack of maturity and responsibility by comparison to the darker. Gaga collaborated with longtime partners Paul DJ White Shadow Blair and RedOne and new partners Zedd, Artpop also features guest vocals from T. I. Too Short, Twista, and R. Kelly, the release of Artpop was prefaced by a two-day album release party dubbed an ArtRave. It also topped national record charts in five countries. Artpop was the ninth best seller album of 2013 with 2.3 million copies worldwide and it was included in several year-end lists by music critics and publications. The second single Do What U Want was released on October 21 and it was followed by promotional singles Venus and Dope shortly before the albums release. G. U. Y. was the third and last single released from the album, Gaga promoted Artpop with several television appearances and performances, including her second Thanksgiving Day special. She also embarked on the ArtRave, The Artpop Ball tour in support of the album, initial recording sessions for Artpop coincided with the Born This Way Ball, up to fifty songs were sketched out and considered for inclusion. By May 2012, the project was taking form, with co-manager Vincent Herbert promising insane. Gaga herself admitted that she yearned to make audiences have a good time with Artpop. When you listen to it, it really flows nicely and its really fun to pop in with your friends. I really wrote it for me and my friends to pop in from start to finish, meanwhile, the singer began presenting tracks to her record company and hoped to reveal the albums working title by September, a revelation that instead was announced one month in advance. Gaga recruited Jeff Koons into the project in early 2013, following hip surgery in February 2013, the singer was forced into a six-month hiatus, during which she studied literature and music with the Haus of Gaga in addition to sharing creative gifts. This stage allowed her to review and enhance her creative direction, I have to gaze into the work for long periods of time for it to be good, adding that upon analyzing her ideas, she received that wonderful feeling which told her thats the one. Relative Wave, the architects behind Björks multimedia app for Biophilia, some dismissed the project as an elaborate ploy to inflate album sales, under the assumption Billboard would count a downloaded track as a complete unit
2.
Pedicure
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A pedicure is a cosmetic treatment of the feet and toenails, analogous to a manicure. Pedicures are done for cosmetic, therapeutic, and medical purposes and can help prevent nail diseases and they are popular throughout the world, especially among women. Pedicures include care not only for toenails, dead cells are rubbed off the bottom of the feet. Skin care is provided up to the knee, including granular exfoliation, moisturizing. The word pedicure is derived from the Latin words pedis, which means of the foot, and cura, people have been pedicuring their nails for more than 4,000 years. In southern Babylonia, noblemen used solid gold tools to give manicures and pedicures. The use of fingernail polish can be traced even further. Originating in China in 3000 BC, nail color indicated one’s social status, according to a Ming Dynasty manuscript, royal fingernails were painted black, ancient Egyptians have been manicuring all the way back to 2300 BC. A depiction of early manicures and pedicures was found on a carving from a tomb. The Egyptians also colored their nails, using red to show the highest social class and it is said that Cleopatra’s nails were painted a deep red, whereas Queen Nefertiti went with a flashier ruby shade. In ancient Egypt and Rome, military commanders also painted their nails to match their lips before they went off to battle, the pedicure industry began to noticeably grow in 2000. There were approximately 50,000 nail salons located throughout the United States then and this was largely driven by the full-service salon. Pedicure has high growth rates compared to other industries, pedicures themselves take approximately 45 minutes to an hour. This results in extremely high equivalent hourly fees and thus an increase in GDP grew from $2 billion to $6 billion between the year 2000 and 2004, according to the US Department of Labor, manicure and pedicure specialists earned a median income of around $20,820 in 2015. Most professionals earn a wage or salary which can be augmented through customer tips. Independent nail techs depend on repeat business and consistent business to earn their livings, the most successful independent manicure technicians may earn salaries of over $50,000 per year. Also, many nail technicians can earn up to $100 per hour from performing more technical nail treatments, such as pink and whites and sculpting. Although these treatments are not particularly popular for the feet, they are, nonetheless, a standard Pedicure treatment usually costs in the region of $40
3.
Nail (fastener)
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In woodworking and construction, a nail is a pin-shaped object of metal which is used as a fastener, as a peg to hang something, or sometimes as a decoration. Generally nails have a point on one end and a flattened head on the other. Nails are made in a variety of forms for specialized purposes. The most common is a wire nail, other types of nails include pins, tacks, brads, and cleats. Nails are typically driven into the workpiece by a hammer, a nail gun. A nail holds materials together by friction in the axial direction, the point of the nail is also sometimes bent over or clinched after driving to prevent pulling out. The history of the nail is divided roughly into three periods, Hand-wrought nail Cut nail Wire nail To make a wrought-iron nail, iron ore is heated with carbon. To make a nail, a blacksmith heats the rod in a forge, next, the smith cuts off the taper, and inserts it into a nail heading tool with a square hole. The top of the taper is hammered downward to form a head, Nails date back at least to Ancient Egypt — bronze nails found in Egypt have been dated 3400 BC. The Romans made extensive use of nails, the Roman army, for example, left behind seven tons of nails when it evacuated the fortress of Inchtuthil in Perthshire in the United Kingdom in 86 or 87 CE. The term penny, as it refers to nails, probably originated in medieval England to describe the price of a hundred nails, Nails themselves were sufficiently valuable and standardized to be used as an informal medium of exchange. Until around 1800 artisans known as nailers or nailors made nails by hand – note the surname Naylor, at the time of the American Revolution, England was the largest manufacturer of nails in the world. Nails were expensive and difficult to obtain in the American colonies, families often had small nail-manufacturing setups in their homes, during bad weather and at night, the entire family might work at making nails for their own use and for barter. Thomas Jefferson wrote in a letter, In our private pursuits it is an advantage that every honest employment is deemed honorable. I am myself a nail maker, the production of wrought-iron nails continued well into the 19th century, but ultimately was reduced to nails for purposes for which the softer cut nails were unsuitable, including horseshoe nails. Originally, nails were handmade, and the process was slow, nails were relatively few. This naturally produced a desire to create machines to speed up and these nails were known as cut nails or square nails because of their roughly rectangular cross section. Cut nails were one of the important factors in the increase in balloon framing beginning in the 1830s, though still used for historical renovations, and for heavy-duty applications, such as attaching boards to masonry walls, cut nails are much less common today than wire nails
4.
Japan
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Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
5.
Cosmetics
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Cosmetics, also known as make-up, are substances or products used to enhance or alter the appearance or fragrance of the body. Many cosmetics are designed for use of applying to the face and they are generally mixtures of chemical compounds, some being derived from natural sources, and some being synthetics. Common cosmetics include lipstick, mascara, eye shadow, foundation, rouge, skin cleansers and skin lotions, shampoo, hairstyling products, perfume and this broad definition includes any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product. The FDA specifically excludes soap from this category, Egyptian women and men also used makeup. They were very fond of eyeliner and eyeshadows in dark colors including blue, red, Ancient Sumerian men and women were possibly the first to invent and wear lipstick, about 5,000 years ago. They crushed gemstones and used them to decorate their faces, mainly on the lips, also around 3000 BC to 1500 BC, women in the ancient Indus Valley Civilization applied red tinted lipstick to their lips for face decoration. Ancient Egyptians extracted red dye from fucus-algin,0. 01% iodine, and some bromine mannite, lipsticks with shimmering effects were initially made using a pearlescent substance found in fish scales. Six thousand year old relics of the hollowed out tombs of the Ancient Egyptian pharaohs are discovered, according to one source, early major developments include, Kohl used by ancient Egypt as a protective of the eye kohl Castor oil used by ancient Egypt as a protective balm. Skin creams made of beeswax, olive oil, and rose water, vaseline and lanolin in the nineteenth century. The Ancient Greeks also used cosmetics as the Ancient Romans did, Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Testament, such as in 2 Kings 9,30, where Jezebel painted her eyelids—approximately 840 BC—and in the book of Esther, where beauty treatments are described. One of the most popular traditional Chinese medicines is the fungus Tremella fuciformis, used as a beauty product by women in China, the fungus reportedly increases moisture retention in the skin and prevents senile degradation of micro-blood vessels in the skin, reducing wrinkles and smoothing fine lines. Cosmetic use was frowned upon at many points in Western history, for example, in the 19th century, Queen Victoria publicly declared make-up improper, vulgar, and acceptable only for use by actors. During the sixteenth century, the attributes of the women who used make-up created a demand for the product among the upper class. As of 2016, the worlds largest cosmetics company is LOréal, the market was developed in the US during the 1910s by Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and Max Factor. These firms were joined by Revlon just before World War II, during the 18th century, there was a high number of incidences of lead-poisoning because of the fashion for red and white lead makeup and powder. This led to swelling and inflammation of the eyes, attacked tooth enamel, heavy use was known to lead to death. Concealer is commonly used by men, Cosmetics brands release products especially tailored for men, and men are increasingly using them. Cosmetics are intended to be applied externally, a subset of cosmetics is called make-up, refers primarily to products containing color pigments that are intended to alter the users appearance
6.
Beauty salon
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A beauty salon or beauty parlor is an establishment dealing with cosmetic treatments for men and women. Other variations of this type of business include hair salons and spas, massage for the body is a popular beauty treatment, with various techniques offering benefits to the skin and for increasing mental well-being. Hair removal is offered at some beauty salons through treatments such as waxing and threading, some beauty salons style hair instead of going to a separate hair salon, and some also offer sun tanning. Other treatments of the face are known as facials, specialized beauty salons known as nail salons offer treatments such as manicures and pedicures for the nails. Beauty salons have proven to be an industry in the United States. Although sales had declined from 2008 highs, they remain robust with long term positive forecast, the market is distributed widely across America, with a concentration in the Northeast and Midwest. The US Labor Department estimates employment in the United States will increase 20% between 2008–2014, with greatest employment growth from skin care specialists
7.
Fingernail
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A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the tips of the fingers and toes in humans, most non-human primates, and a few other mammals. Nails are similar to claws in other animals, fingernails and toenails are made of a tough protective protein called keratin. This protein is found in the hooves and horns of different animals. The nail consists of the plate, the nail matrix and the nail bed below it. The matrix, sometimes called the matrix unguis, keratogenous membrane, nail matrix and it is the part of the nail bed that is beneath the nail and contains nerves, lymph and blood vessels. The matrix is responsible for producing cells that become the nail plate. The width and thickness of the plate is determined by the size, length. The matrix will continue to grow as long as it receives nutrition, as new nail plate cells are made, they push older nail plate cells forward, and in this way older cells become compressed, flat, and translucent. This makes the capillaries in the nail bed below visible, resulting in a pink color, the lunula is the visible part of the matrix, the whitish crescent-shaped base of the visible nail. The lunula can best be seen in the thumb and may not be visible in the little finger, the nail bed is the skin beneath the nail plate. The epidermis is attached to the dermis by tiny longitudinal grooves called matrix crests, in old age, the nail plate becomes thinner, and these grooves become more visible. The nail sinus is where the root is, i. e. the base of the nail underneath the skin. It originates from the actively growing tissue below, the matrix, the nail plate is the hard part of the nail, made of translucent keratin protein. Several layers of dead, compacted cells cause the nail to be strong and its shape is determined by the form of the underlying bone. In common usage, the word often refers to this part only. The free margin or distal edge is the margin of the nail plate corresponding to the abrasive or cutting edge of the nail. The hyponychium is the epithelium located beneath the nail plate at the junction between the edge and the skin of the fingertip. It forms a seal that protects the nail bed, the onychodermal band is the seal between the nail plate and the hyponychium
8.
Nail file
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A nail file is a tool used to gently grind down and shape the edges of nails. They are often used in manicures and pedicures after the nail has been trimmed using appropriate nail clippers, nail files may either be emery boards, ceramic, glass, crystal, plain metal files or metal files coated with corundum. Emery boards are pieces of cardboard which have emery or emery paper glued to them and they are used by manicurists to shape and smooth the nail during manicure and pedicure sessions. Emery boards are inexpensive and disposable, making them an alternative to metal nail files. The emery board was first patented by J. Parker Pray of New York in 1883, emery boards are generally less abrasive than the metal nail files, and hence, emery boards may take longer to file down nails than metal nail files. However, nail files may play a role in disease transmission if they are used on more than one person without adequate sterilization, emery boards are usually less expensive than metal nail files, therefore emery boards can be economically disposed of after use on a single person. The nail can be smoothed and shaped accurately by taking light, twenty to thirty easy strokes can typically shorten excessively long fingernails, while five to ten strokes are sufficient for shaping the nails. Guitar players have also known to use emery boards to smooth out calluses which may snag the strings of their guitars. Baseball pitchers and cricket bowlers have been known to use emery boards to scuff the outside of the ball, the roughness can offer more grip and hand control. Surface scratches also alter the balls aerodynamics making it susceptible to spin. However, the manipulation of the ball using an emery board is classified as cheating in baseball. In an infamous 1987 Major League Baseball incident, Joe Niekro of the Minnesota Twins was caught with a board in his pocket. He claimed it was for filing his nails, glass nail files are more recently available. Since glass nail files have a smoother and more even surface they do not splinter the nail like emery boards or metal nail files and this makes them a preferred instrument by manicurists, although they are sometimes difficult to find in stores. Glass nail files come in different qualities, some of them solid glass. Although the modern nail file has only appeared at the end of the 19th century, marie Antoinette was known for her obsession of the lime à ongles, which was a nail file-like tool made of the pumice stone. Seeing her perfectly shaped nails, it became the latest female trend in the French Court of Versailles. The pumice stone was carved into a pencil like shape, which was used to trim and this tool would not be disposed after use, but would be hand washed by the maids and placed by the bathtub to be used again
9.
Cuticle
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A cuticle /ˈkjuːtɪkəl/, or cuticula, is any of a variety of tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection. Various types of cuticle are non-homologous, differing in their origin, structure, function, in human anatomy, cuticle refers to several structures. In zoology, the cuticle or cuticula is a multi-layered structure outside the epidermis of many invertebrates, notably roundworms and arthropods. The main structural components of the cuticle are proteins, highly cross-linked collagens and specialised insoluble proteins known as cuticlins, together with glycoproteins. The rigidity is a function of the types of proteins and the quantity of chitin, the more acidic the protein is, the softer the cuticle. It is believed that the cells and hemocytes produce protein and also monitors the timing. Often, in the cuticle of arthropods, structural coloration-producing nanostructures are observed, in botany, plant cuticles are protective, hydrophobic, waxy coverings produced by the epidermal cells of leaves, young shoots and all other aerial plant organs. Cuticles minimize water loss and effectively reduce pathogen entry due to their waxy secretion, the main structural components of plant cuticles are the unique polymers cutin and/or cutan, impregnated with wax. The cuticles of plants function as permeability barriers for water and water-soluble materials, the cuticle both prevents plant surfaces from becoming wet and helps to prevent plants from drying out. Xerophytic plants such as cactus have very thick cuticles to help them survive in their arid climates, plants that live in range of seas spray also may have thicker cuticles that protect them from the toxic effects of salt. Some plants, particularly adapted to life in damp or aquatic environments, have an extreme resistance to wetting. A well-known example is the Sacred Lotus and this adaptation is not purely the physical and chemical effect of a waxy coating, however, it depends largely on the microscopic shape of the surface. The effect is to reduce wetting of the surface substantially, structural coloration is also observed in the cuticles of plants (see, as an example, the so-called marble berry, Pollia condensata. Cuticle is one used for the outer layer of tissue of a mushrooms basidiocarp. The alternative term pileipellis, Latin for skin of a cap might be technically preferable and it is the part removed in peeling mushrooms. On the other hand, some terminology in mycology makes finer distinctions. Be that as it may, the pileipellis is distinct from the trama, the fleshy tissue of a mushroom or similar fruiting body, and also from the spore-bearing tissue layer
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