1.
Artpop
–
Artpop is the third studio album by American singer Lady Gaga, released on November 6,2013, by Streamline and Interscope Records. Gaga began planning the project in 2011, shortly after the launch of her studio album. Work continued until 2013 while Gaga was traveling for her Born This Way Ball concert tour, Gaga described Artpop as a celebration and a poetic musical journey and an exploration of the reverse Warholian phenomenon in pop culture. It displays a lack of maturity and responsibility by comparison to the darker. Gaga collaborated with longtime partners Paul DJ White Shadow Blair and RedOne and new partners Zedd, Artpop also features guest vocals from T. I. Too Short, Twista, and R. Kelly, the release of Artpop was prefaced by a two-day album release party dubbed an ArtRave. It also topped national record charts in five countries. Artpop was the ninth best seller album of 2013 with 2.3 million copies worldwide and it was included in several year-end lists by music critics and publications. The second single Do What U Want was released on October 21 and it was followed by promotional singles Venus and Dope shortly before the albums release. G. U. Y. was the third and last single released from the album, Gaga promoted Artpop with several television appearances and performances, including her second Thanksgiving Day special. She also embarked on the ArtRave, The Artpop Ball tour in support of the album, initial recording sessions for Artpop coincided with the Born This Way Ball, up to fifty songs were sketched out and considered for inclusion. By May 2012, the project was taking form, with co-manager Vincent Herbert promising insane. Gaga herself admitted that she yearned to make audiences have a good time with Artpop. When you listen to it, it really flows nicely and its really fun to pop in with your friends. I really wrote it for me and my friends to pop in from start to finish, meanwhile, the singer began presenting tracks to her record company and hoped to reveal the albums working title by September, a revelation that instead was announced one month in advance. Gaga recruited Jeff Koons into the project in early 2013, following hip surgery in February 2013, the singer was forced into a six-month hiatus, during which she studied literature and music with the Haus of Gaga in addition to sharing creative gifts. This stage allowed her to review and enhance her creative direction, I have to gaze into the work for long periods of time for it to be good, adding that upon analyzing her ideas, she received that wonderful feeling which told her thats the one. Relative Wave, the architects behind Björks multimedia app for Biophilia, some dismissed the project as an elaborate ploy to inflate album sales, under the assumption Billboard would count a downloaded track as a complete unit
2.
Pedicure
–
A pedicure is a cosmetic treatment of the feet and toenails, analogous to a manicure. Pedicures are done for cosmetic, therapeutic, and medical purposes and can help prevent nail diseases and they are popular throughout the world, especially among women. Pedicures include care not only for toenails, dead cells are rubbed off the bottom of the feet. Skin care is provided up to the knee, including granular exfoliation, moisturizing. The word pedicure is derived from the Latin words pedis, which means of the foot, and cura, people have been pedicuring their nails for more than 4,000 years. In southern Babylonia, noblemen used solid gold tools to give manicures and pedicures. The use of fingernail polish can be traced even further. Originating in China in 3000 BC, nail color indicated one’s social status, according to a Ming Dynasty manuscript, royal fingernails were painted black, ancient Egyptians have been manicuring all the way back to 2300 BC. A depiction of early manicures and pedicures was found on a carving from a tomb. The Egyptians also colored their nails, using red to show the highest social class and it is said that Cleopatra’s nails were painted a deep red, whereas Queen Nefertiti went with a flashier ruby shade. In ancient Egypt and Rome, military commanders also painted their nails to match their lips before they went off to battle, the pedicure industry began to noticeably grow in 2000. There were approximately 50,000 nail salons located throughout the United States then and this was largely driven by the full-service salon. Pedicure has high growth rates compared to other industries, pedicures themselves take approximately 45 minutes to an hour. This results in extremely high equivalent hourly fees and thus an increase in GDP grew from $2 billion to $6 billion between the year 2000 and 2004, according to the US Department of Labor, manicure and pedicure specialists earned a median income of around $20,820 in 2015. Most professionals earn a wage or salary which can be augmented through customer tips. Independent nail techs depend on repeat business and consistent business to earn their livings, the most successful independent manicure technicians may earn salaries of over $50,000 per year. Also, many nail technicians can earn up to $100 per hour from performing more technical nail treatments, such as pink and whites and sculpting. Although these treatments are not particularly popular for the feet, they are, nonetheless, a standard Pedicure treatment usually costs in the region of $40
3.
Nail (fastener)
–
In woodworking and construction, a nail is a pin-shaped object of metal which is used as a fastener, as a peg to hang something, or sometimes as a decoration. Generally nails have a point on one end and a flattened head on the other. Nails are made in a variety of forms for specialized purposes. The most common is a wire nail, other types of nails include pins, tacks, brads, and cleats. Nails are typically driven into the workpiece by a hammer, a nail gun. A nail holds materials together by friction in the axial direction, the point of the nail is also sometimes bent over or clinched after driving to prevent pulling out. The history of the nail is divided roughly into three periods, Hand-wrought nail Cut nail Wire nail To make a wrought-iron nail, iron ore is heated with carbon. To make a nail, a blacksmith heats the rod in a forge, next, the smith cuts off the taper, and inserts it into a nail heading tool with a square hole. The top of the taper is hammered downward to form a head, Nails date back at least to Ancient Egypt — bronze nails found in Egypt have been dated 3400 BC. The Romans made extensive use of nails, the Roman army, for example, left behind seven tons of nails when it evacuated the fortress of Inchtuthil in Perthshire in the United Kingdom in 86 or 87 CE. The term penny, as it refers to nails, probably originated in medieval England to describe the price of a hundred nails, Nails themselves were sufficiently valuable and standardized to be used as an informal medium of exchange. Until around 1800 artisans known as nailers or nailors made nails by hand – note the surname Naylor, at the time of the American Revolution, England was the largest manufacturer of nails in the world. Nails were expensive and difficult to obtain in the American colonies, families often had small nail-manufacturing setups in their homes, during bad weather and at night, the entire family might work at making nails for their own use and for barter. Thomas Jefferson wrote in a letter, In our private pursuits it is an advantage that every honest employment is deemed honorable. I am myself a nail maker, the production of wrought-iron nails continued well into the 19th century, but ultimately was reduced to nails for purposes for which the softer cut nails were unsuitable, including horseshoe nails. Originally, nails were handmade, and the process was slow, nails were relatively few. This naturally produced a desire to create machines to speed up and these nails were known as cut nails or square nails because of their roughly rectangular cross section. Cut nails were one of the important factors in the increase in balloon framing beginning in the 1830s, though still used for historical renovations, and for heavy-duty applications, such as attaching boards to masonry walls, cut nails are much less common today than wire nails
4.
Japan
–
Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
5.
Cosmetics
–
Cosmetics, also known as make-up, are substances or products used to enhance or alter the appearance or fragrance of the body. Many cosmetics are designed for use of applying to the face and they are generally mixtures of chemical compounds, some being derived from natural sources, and some being synthetics. Common cosmetics include lipstick, mascara, eye shadow, foundation, rouge, skin cleansers and skin lotions, shampoo, hairstyling products, perfume and this broad definition includes any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product. The FDA specifically excludes soap from this category, Egyptian women and men also used makeup. They were very fond of eyeliner and eyeshadows in dark colors including blue, red, Ancient Sumerian men and women were possibly the first to invent and wear lipstick, about 5,000 years ago. They crushed gemstones and used them to decorate their faces, mainly on the lips, also around 3000 BC to 1500 BC, women in the ancient Indus Valley Civilization applied red tinted lipstick to their lips for face decoration. Ancient Egyptians extracted red dye from fucus-algin,0. 01% iodine, and some bromine mannite, lipsticks with shimmering effects were initially made using a pearlescent substance found in fish scales. Six thousand year old relics of the hollowed out tombs of the Ancient Egyptian pharaohs are discovered, according to one source, early major developments include, Kohl used by ancient Egypt as a protective of the eye kohl Castor oil used by ancient Egypt as a protective balm. Skin creams made of beeswax, olive oil, and rose water, vaseline and lanolin in the nineteenth century. The Ancient Greeks also used cosmetics as the Ancient Romans did, Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Testament, such as in 2 Kings 9,30, where Jezebel painted her eyelids—approximately 840 BC—and in the book of Esther, where beauty treatments are described. One of the most popular traditional Chinese medicines is the fungus Tremella fuciformis, used as a beauty product by women in China, the fungus reportedly increases moisture retention in the skin and prevents senile degradation of micro-blood vessels in the skin, reducing wrinkles and smoothing fine lines. Cosmetic use was frowned upon at many points in Western history, for example, in the 19th century, Queen Victoria publicly declared make-up improper, vulgar, and acceptable only for use by actors. During the sixteenth century, the attributes of the women who used make-up created a demand for the product among the upper class. As of 2016, the worlds largest cosmetics company is LOréal, the market was developed in the US during the 1910s by Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and Max Factor. These firms were joined by Revlon just before World War II, during the 18th century, there was a high number of incidences of lead-poisoning because of the fashion for red and white lead makeup and powder. This led to swelling and inflammation of the eyes, attacked tooth enamel, heavy use was known to lead to death. Concealer is commonly used by men, Cosmetics brands release products especially tailored for men, and men are increasingly using them. Cosmetics are intended to be applied externally, a subset of cosmetics is called make-up, refers primarily to products containing color pigments that are intended to alter the users appearance
6.
Beauty salon
–
A beauty salon or beauty parlor is an establishment dealing with cosmetic treatments for men and women. Other variations of this type of business include hair salons and spas, massage for the body is a popular beauty treatment, with various techniques offering benefits to the skin and for increasing mental well-being. Hair removal is offered at some beauty salons through treatments such as waxing and threading, some beauty salons style hair instead of going to a separate hair salon, and some also offer sun tanning. Other treatments of the face are known as facials, specialized beauty salons known as nail salons offer treatments such as manicures and pedicures for the nails. Beauty salons have proven to be an industry in the United States. Although sales had declined from 2008 highs, they remain robust with long term positive forecast, the market is distributed widely across America, with a concentration in the Northeast and Midwest. The US Labor Department estimates employment in the United States will increase 20% between 2008–2014, with greatest employment growth from skin care specialists
7.
Fingernail
–
A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the tips of the fingers and toes in humans, most non-human primates, and a few other mammals. Nails are similar to claws in other animals, fingernails and toenails are made of a tough protective protein called keratin. This protein is found in the hooves and horns of different animals. The nail consists of the plate, the nail matrix and the nail bed below it. The matrix, sometimes called the matrix unguis, keratogenous membrane, nail matrix and it is the part of the nail bed that is beneath the nail and contains nerves, lymph and blood vessels. The matrix is responsible for producing cells that become the nail plate. The width and thickness of the plate is determined by the size, length. The matrix will continue to grow as long as it receives nutrition, as new nail plate cells are made, they push older nail plate cells forward, and in this way older cells become compressed, flat, and translucent. This makes the capillaries in the nail bed below visible, resulting in a pink color, the lunula is the visible part of the matrix, the whitish crescent-shaped base of the visible nail. The lunula can best be seen in the thumb and may not be visible in the little finger, the nail bed is the skin beneath the nail plate. The epidermis is attached to the dermis by tiny longitudinal grooves called matrix crests, in old age, the nail plate becomes thinner, and these grooves become more visible. The nail sinus is where the root is, i. e. the base of the nail underneath the skin. It originates from the actively growing tissue below, the matrix, the nail plate is the hard part of the nail, made of translucent keratin protein. Several layers of dead, compacted cells cause the nail to be strong and its shape is determined by the form of the underlying bone. In common usage, the word often refers to this part only. The free margin or distal edge is the margin of the nail plate corresponding to the abrasive or cutting edge of the nail. The hyponychium is the epithelium located beneath the nail plate at the junction between the edge and the skin of the fingertip. It forms a seal that protects the nail bed, the onychodermal band is the seal between the nail plate and the hyponychium
8.
Nail file
–
A nail file is a tool used to gently grind down and shape the edges of nails. They are often used in manicures and pedicures after the nail has been trimmed using appropriate nail clippers, nail files may either be emery boards, ceramic, glass, crystal, plain metal files or metal files coated with corundum. Emery boards are pieces of cardboard which have emery or emery paper glued to them and they are used by manicurists to shape and smooth the nail during manicure and pedicure sessions. Emery boards are inexpensive and disposable, making them an alternative to metal nail files. The emery board was first patented by J. Parker Pray of New York in 1883, emery boards are generally less abrasive than the metal nail files, and hence, emery boards may take longer to file down nails than metal nail files. However, nail files may play a role in disease transmission if they are used on more than one person without adequate sterilization, emery boards are usually less expensive than metal nail files, therefore emery boards can be economically disposed of after use on a single person. The nail can be smoothed and shaped accurately by taking light, twenty to thirty easy strokes can typically shorten excessively long fingernails, while five to ten strokes are sufficient for shaping the nails. Guitar players have also known to use emery boards to smooth out calluses which may snag the strings of their guitars. Baseball pitchers and cricket bowlers have been known to use emery boards to scuff the outside of the ball, the roughness can offer more grip and hand control. Surface scratches also alter the balls aerodynamics making it susceptible to spin. However, the manipulation of the ball using an emery board is classified as cheating in baseball. In an infamous 1987 Major League Baseball incident, Joe Niekro of the Minnesota Twins was caught with a board in his pocket. He claimed it was for filing his nails, glass nail files are more recently available. Since glass nail files have a smoother and more even surface they do not splinter the nail like emery boards or metal nail files and this makes them a preferred instrument by manicurists, although they are sometimes difficult to find in stores. Glass nail files come in different qualities, some of them solid glass. Although the modern nail file has only appeared at the end of the 19th century, marie Antoinette was known for her obsession of the lime à ongles, which was a nail file-like tool made of the pumice stone. Seeing her perfectly shaped nails, it became the latest female trend in the French Court of Versailles. The pumice stone was carved into a pencil like shape, which was used to trim and this tool would not be disposed after use, but would be hand washed by the maids and placed by the bathtub to be used again
9.
Cuticle
–
A cuticle /ˈkjuːtɪkəl/, or cuticula, is any of a variety of tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection. Various types of cuticle are non-homologous, differing in their origin, structure, function, in human anatomy, cuticle refers to several structures. In zoology, the cuticle or cuticula is a multi-layered structure outside the epidermis of many invertebrates, notably roundworms and arthropods. The main structural components of the cuticle are proteins, highly cross-linked collagens and specialised insoluble proteins known as cuticlins, together with glycoproteins. The rigidity is a function of the types of proteins and the quantity of chitin, the more acidic the protein is, the softer the cuticle. It is believed that the cells and hemocytes produce protein and also monitors the timing. Often, in the cuticle of arthropods, structural coloration-producing nanostructures are observed, in botany, plant cuticles are protective, hydrophobic, waxy coverings produced by the epidermal cells of leaves, young shoots and all other aerial plant organs. Cuticles minimize water loss and effectively reduce pathogen entry due to their waxy secretion, the main structural components of plant cuticles are the unique polymers cutin and/or cutan, impregnated with wax. The cuticles of plants function as permeability barriers for water and water-soluble materials, the cuticle both prevents plant surfaces from becoming wet and helps to prevent plants from drying out. Xerophytic plants such as cactus have very thick cuticles to help them survive in their arid climates, plants that live in range of seas spray also may have thicker cuticles that protect them from the toxic effects of salt. Some plants, particularly adapted to life in damp or aquatic environments, have an extreme resistance to wetting. A well-known example is the Sacred Lotus and this adaptation is not purely the physical and chemical effect of a waxy coating, however, it depends largely on the microscopic shape of the surface. The effect is to reduce wetting of the surface substantially, structural coloration is also observed in the cuticles of plants (see, as an example, the so-called marble berry, Pollia condensata. Cuticle is one used for the outer layer of tissue of a mushrooms basidiocarp. The alternative term pileipellis, Latin for skin of a cap might be technically preferable and it is the part removed in peeling mushrooms. On the other hand, some terminology in mycology makes finer distinctions. Be that as it may, the pileipellis is distinct from the trama, the fleshy tissue of a mushroom or similar fruiting body, and also from the spore-bearing tissue layer
10.
Hangnail
–
A hangnail or agnail is a small, torn piece of skin, more specifically eponychium or paronychium, next to a fingernail or toenail. Daily use of hand lotion or hand cream may help prevent the formation of hangnails, persistent hangnails should be evaluated by a physician. Hangnails can become infected and cause paronychia, a type of infection that occurs around the nails. Treatments for paronychia vary with severity, but may include soaking in hot salty water, paronychia itself rarely results in further complications but can lead to abscess, permanent changes to the shape of the nail or the spread of infection
11.
Massage
–
Massage involves working and acting on the body with pressure – structured, unstructured, stationary, or moving – tension, motion, or vibration, done manually or with mechanical aids. Massage can be applied with the hands, fingers, elbows, knees, forearm, feet, aquatic massage and bodywork is performed with recipients submersed or floating in a warm-water therapy pool. In distinction the ancient Greek word for massage was anatripsis, archaeological evidence of massage has been found in many ancient civilizations including China, India, Japan, Korea, Egypt, Rome, Greece, and Mesopotamia. BC2330, The Tomb of Akmanthor in Saqqara, Egypt depicts two men having work done on their feet and hands, presumably massage, BC 722-481, Huangdi Neijing is composed during the Chinese Spring and Autumn period. The Nei-jing is a compilation of knowledge known up to that date. Massage is referred to in 30 different chapters of the Nei Jing and it specifies the use of different massage techniques and how they should be used in the treatment of specific ailments, and injuries. BC700 Bian Que, the earliest known Chinese physician uses massage in medical practice, BC500 Jīvaka Komarabhācca, also known as Shivago Komarpaj, the founder of Traditional Thai massage and Thai medicine. According to the Pāli Buddhist Canon, Jivaka was Buddhas physician and he codified a healing system that combines acupressure, reflexology, and assisted yoga postures. Traditional Thai massage is based on a combination of Indian. Jivaka is known today as Father Doctor in Thailand, BC493, A possible biblical reference documents daily treatments with oil of myrrh as a part of the beauty regimen of the wives of Xerxes. BC460, Hippocrates wrote The physician must be experienced in many things, BC300 Charaka Samhita believed to be the oldest of the three ancient treatises of Ayurvedic medicine, including massage. Sanskrit records indicate that massage had been practiced in India long before the beginning of recorded history, AD581, Dr Sun Si Miao introduces ten new massage techniques and systematized the treatment of childhood diseases using massage therapy. AD581, China establishes a department of massage therapy within the Office of Imperial Physicians, middle-Ages, Medical knowledge, including that of massage, made its way from Rome to Persia in the Middle Ages. Many of Galens manuscripts, for instance, were collected and translated by Hunayn ibn Ishaq in the 9th century. Later in the 11th century copies were translated back into Latin, and again in the 15th and 16th centuries and this renewal of the Galenic tradition during the Renaissance played a very important part in the rise of modern science. One of the greatest Persian medics was Avicenna, also known as Ibn Sina and he was the foremost philosopher of medieval Islam and also a great philosopher, logician and medic. One of his books, Al-Qānūn fī aṭ-Ṭibb has been called the most famous book in the history of medicine in both East and West. AD1150, Evidence of massage abortion, involving the application of pressure to the pregnant abdomen and it depicts a demon performing such an abortion upon a woman who has been sent to the underworld
12.
Fingernail polish
–
Nail polish is a lacquer that can be applied to the human fingernails or toenails to decorate and protect the nail plates. The formulation has been revised repeatedly to enhance its decorative effects, Nail polish consists of a mix of an organic polymer and several other components, depending on the brand. Nail polish originated in China, and dates back to 3000 BC, around 600 BC, during the Zhou dynasty, the royal house preferred the colors gold and silver. However, red and black eventually replaced these metallic colors as royal favorites, during the Ming dynasty, nail polish was often made from a mixture that included beeswax, egg whites, gelatin, vegetable dyes, and gum Arabic. In Egypt, the lower classes wore pale colors, whereas high society painted their nails a reddish brown and it was also known that mummified pharaohs would have their nails painted by henna. By the turn of the century, nails were tinted with scented red oils. In the nineteenth and early centuries, people preferred a polished rather than a painted look by mixing tinted powders and creams into their nails. One type of polishing product sold around this time was Grafs Hyglo nail polish paste, Nail polish consists of a film-forming polymer dissolved in a volatile organic solvent. Nitrocellulose that is dissolved in butyl acetate or ethyl acetate is common and this basic formulation is expanded to include the following, Plasticizers to yield non-brittle films. Dibutylphthalate and camphor are typical plasticizers, representative compounds include chromium oxide greens, chromium hydroxide, ferric ferrocyanide, stannic oxide, titanium dioxide, iron oxide, carmine, ultramarine, and manganese violet. The glittery/shimmer look in the color can be conferred by mica, bismuth oxychloride, natural pearls, adhesive polymers ensure that the nitrocellulose adheres to the nails surface. One modifier used is tosylamide-formaldehyde resin, thickening agents are added to maintain the sparkling particles in suspension while in the bottle. A typical thickener is stearalkonium hectorite, thickening agents exhibit thixotropy, their solutions are viscous when still but free flowing when agitated. This duality is convenient for easily applying the freshly shaken mixture to give a film that quickly rigidifies, ultraviolet stabilizers resist color changes when the dry film is exposed to sunlight. This type of nail polish is a clear, milky-colored, or opaque pink polish formula that is used specifically before applying nail polish to the nail, the purpose of it is to strengthen nails, restore moisture to the nail, and/or help polish adhere to the nail. Some base coats are marketed as ridge fillers which can create a smooth surface and this type of nail polish is a clear colored polish formula that is used specifically after applying nail polish to the nail. It forms a barrier for the nail that can prevent chipping, scratching and peeling. Many top coats are marketed as quick-drying, top coats can help the underlying colored polish dry quickly as well
13.
Nail (anatomy)
–
A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the tips of the fingers and toes in humans, most non-human primates, and a few other mammals. Nails are similar to claws in other animals, fingernails and toenails are made of a tough protective protein called keratin. This protein is found in the hooves and horns of different animals. The nail consists of the plate, the nail matrix and the nail bed below it. The matrix, sometimes called the matrix unguis, keratogenous membrane, nail matrix and it is the part of the nail bed that is beneath the nail and contains nerves, lymph and blood vessels. The matrix is responsible for producing cells that become the nail plate. The width and thickness of the plate is determined by the size, length. The matrix will continue to grow as long as it receives nutrition, as new nail plate cells are made, they push older nail plate cells forward, and in this way older cells become compressed, flat, and translucent. This makes the capillaries in the nail bed below visible, resulting in a pink color, the lunula is the visible part of the matrix, the whitish crescent-shaped base of the visible nail. The lunula can best be seen in the thumb and may not be visible in the little finger, the nail bed is the skin beneath the nail plate. The epidermis is attached to the dermis by tiny longitudinal grooves called matrix crests, in old age, the nail plate becomes thinner, and these grooves become more visible. The nail sinus is where the root is, i. e. the base of the nail underneath the skin. It originates from the actively growing tissue below, the matrix, the nail plate is the hard part of the nail, made of translucent keratin protein. Several layers of dead, compacted cells cause the nail to be strong and its shape is determined by the form of the underlying bone. In common usage, the word often refers to this part only. The free margin or distal edge is the margin of the nail plate corresponding to the abrasive or cutting edge of the nail. The hyponychium is the epithelium located beneath the nail plate at the junction between the edge and the skin of the fingertip. It forms a seal that protects the nail bed, the onychodermal band is the seal between the nail plate and the hyponychium
14.
Decal
–
A decal or transfer is a plastic, cloth, paper or ceramic substrate that has printed on it a pattern or image that can be moved to another surface upon contact, usually with the aid of heat or water. The word is short for decalcomania, which is the English version of the French word décalcomanie, a decal is composed of the following layers from top to bottom, A paper or film face-stock makes up the top layer of the labelstock. The printing is done on the side of the facestock. An adhesive layer is applied to the bottom of the face stock, a silicone or release coating layer is applied to the upper side of the backing material. A paper or film liner provides the bottom layer of the labelstock, an RFID circuit can be included in the paper or film face stock. Different variations of decals include, water-slide or water-dip, and vinyl peel-and-stick, a water-slide decal is screen-printed on a layer of water-soluble adhesive on a water-resistant paper, that must first be dipped in water prior to its application. Upon contact with water, the glue is loosened and the decal can be removed from its backing, overlong exposure, however, dissolves the glue completely causing the decal to fail to adhere. A peel-and-stick decal is actually not a decal as described above, but a vinyl sticker with adhesive backing, the sign industry calls these peel-and-stick vinyl stickers vinyl-cut-decals. Mass-production of vinyl decals starts with large rolls of vinyl sheet, vinyl is fed through a plotter or large-format printer/cutter which prints the desired image and cuts out the desired shapes. Designs are typically created using specialized software and sent to the machines electronically. After the patterns are cut, excess vinyl on the sheet is removed in a process called weeding, finally, a paper pre-mask can be applied to the top of the vinyl design allowing easy application of multiple letters and shapes. Decals are commonly used on hot rod automobiles and plastic models and they are also used on guitars as a way of personalizing them. Government agencies use decals on vehicles for identification and these decals are referred to as fleet markings and are required by law on all fire and law enforcement vehicles in the US. Most fleet markings are created from reflective vinyl with an adhesive backing that is applied in a peel-and-stick manner
15.
Gemstone
–
A gemstone is a piece of mineral crystal which, in cut and polished form, is used to make jewelry or other adornments. However, certain rocks or organic materials that are not minerals are used for jewelry and are therefore often considered to be gemstones as well. Most gemstones are hard, but some soft minerals are used in jewelry because of their luster or other properties that have aesthetic value. Rarity is another characteristic that lends value to a gemstone, apart from jewelry, from earliest antiquity engraved gems and hardstone carvings, such as cups, were major luxury art forms. A gem maker is called a lapidary or gemcutter, a worker is a diamantaire. The carvings of Carl Fabergé are significant works in this tradition, the traditional classification in the West, which goes back to the ancient Greeks, begins with a distinction between precious and semi-precious, similar distinctions are made in other cultures. In modern usage the precious stones are diamond, ruby, sapphire, other stones are classified by their color, translucency and hardness. Another unscientific term for semi-precious gemstones used in art history and archaeology is hardstone, in modern times gemstones are identified by gemologists, who describe gems and their characteristics using technical terminology specific to the field of gemology. The first characteristic a gemologist uses to identify a gemstone is its chemical composition, for example, diamonds are made of carbon and rubies of aluminium oxide. Next, many gems are crystals which are classified by their crystal system such as cubic or trigonal or monoclinic, another term used is habit, the form the gem is usually found in. For example, diamonds, which have a crystal system, are often found as octahedrons. Gemstones are classified into different groups, species, and varieties, for example, ruby is the red variety of the species corundum, while any other color of corundum is considered sapphire. Other examples are the Emerald, aquamarine, red beryl, goshenite, heliodor, and morganite, gems are characterized in terms of refractive index, dispersion, specific gravity, hardness, cleavage, fracture, and luster. They may exhibit pleochroism or double refraction and they may have luminescence and a distinctive absorption spectrum. Material or flaws within a stone may be present as inclusions, gemstones may also be classified in terms of their water. This is a grading of the gems luster, transparency. Very transparent gems are considered first water, while second or third water gems are those of a lesser transparency, there is no universally accepted grading system for gemstones. Diamonds are graded using a system developed by the Gemological Institute of America in the early 1950s, historically, all gemstones were graded using the naked eye
16.
Artificial nails
–
Artificial nails, also known as acrylics, fake nails, false nails, fashion nails, nail enhancements, nail wraps, or nail extensions, are coverings placed over fingernails as fashion accessories. Some artificial nails attempt to mimic the appearance of real fingernails as closely as possible, while other designs may deliberately stray in appearance from real fingernails, Artificial nails are made from a wide variety of materials. Unlike most manicures, Artificial Nails require constant up keeping, and is recommended that you get a fill every 2 weeks, the artificial nails are not a replacement, but an extension for natural nails. There are two approaches to creating artificial nails—tips and forms. Tips are made of lightweight plastic plates that are nail-shaped and they are glued on the end of the natural nail and acrylic or gel or a combination of both is then applied over the entire nail. Tips are now available in different colors and designs, ranging from simple colors such as yellow or blue to flamboyant designs such as animal prints. Forms are fitted over the nail and then a nail is sculpted out of acrylic or gel. One popular material commonly called Polymethyl methacrylate acrylics is a mixture of a polymer powder, the mixture starts to harden in 20–30 seconds after application and continues to harden to final hardness typically within fifteen minutes. Powder and liquid acrylics can be removed by using a variety of solvents, usually it takes 20 to 30 minutes to remove the nail while using a nail file to help take off each layer of the artificial nail. Another material, commonly called UV Top Coat cures under ultraviolet light, depending on brand these can show a broader variety of quality and properties but may be more expensive. They generally cannot be removed by solvents, but only be removed by filing. There are, however, a variety of soak off UV gels which can be quickly and easily removed using acetone, another popular alternative to acrylic or gel preparations are fiberglass or silk wraps. They are done by cutting pieces of fiberglass or silk fabric to fit on the surface of the nail or tip. These are an alternative for those who are allergic to chemicals used in the acrylic or gel process. These sort of treatments are used to protect the nails if they have been broken. The silk or fiberglass overlay acts as a layer of nail. Other materials can be used, as well as combinations of them, there are also temporary, cheaper flexible tips that can be quickly glued at home without help from a professional. However, since Artificial Nails can be shaped, cut, and formed in anyway you please and these shapes include Square, Squared Oval/Squoval, Rounded, Almond, Ballerina/Coffin, or Stiletto
17.
Gel nails
–
There are two types of gel, hard gel and soft gel. Hard gel gets its name because, once cured, it is enough to be made into a nail extension. Nail extensions are artificial nails created by using a product to extend the nail past the edge of the natural nail. Soft gel refers to the gel products that are too soft to create a nail extension and this includes gel polishes and thicker gels meant for gel-overlay services. Gel polishes are used for the increasingly popular gel polish manicures, the product used to create nail extensions using gel or gel nails is gel, not to be confused with acrylic nails, which are created using liquid monomer and polymer powder. All gel services are performed using some form of gel, which comes in pots of gel or bottles of gel polish. Gel also comes in a variety of colors, all forms of gel require curing, or hardening, under a UV light, which can be either a conventional bulb or LED lamp. UV curing refers to the process that occurs when photoinitiators within the gel itself are exposed to the UV or blue light. The energy from the light causes certain bonds in the molecules to break. The radicals begin attacking double bonds in the component molecules. Gels usually contain a mixture of monomers and oligomers, which combine to form long, interlocking chains during the polymerization. These long, bonded chains make the gel hard and chemically resistant, the process typically ends with an application of cuticle oil on all fingers, to bring back nourishment into the cuticle after harsh alcohol application. Acrylic nails are a common form of artificial nails and may also be referred to as liquid. They have been around for decades whereas gel nail products are still a recent addition to the nail industry. The most popular acrylic nail service is the pink and white refers to the use of pink colored acrylic. Just as with gel nails, acrylic nail extensions can be created using forms to create sculpted nails or tips. Forms are special stickers that are placed at the end of each finger, under the finger nail, thus, each nail extension is sculpted and why this procedure is referred to as sculpts or sculpted nails. Tips are simply mass-produced plastic nail tips that are adhered to the edge using nail resin
18.
Sanitation
–
These hazards may be physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause problems include human and animal excreta, solid wastes, domestic wastewater, industrial wastes. Hygienic means of prevention may involve engineering solutions, simple technologies, or even simply by behavior changes in personal hygiene practices, providing sanitation to people requires a systems approach, rather than only focusing on the toilet or wastewater treatment plant itself. The experience of the user, excreta and wastewater collection methods, transportation or conveyance of waste, treatment, the main objective of a sanitation system is to protect and promote human health by providing a clean environment and breaking the cycle of disease. The World Health Organization defines the term sanitation as follows, Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the disposal of human urine. The word sanitation also refers to the maintenance of conditions, through services such as garbage collection. There are some variations on the definition of sanitation in use. For example, for many organisations, hygiene promotion is seen as an part of sanitation. Despite the fact that sanitation includes wastewater treatment, the two terms are often use side by side as sanitation and wastewater management, Sanitation should be regarded with a systems approach in mind which includes collection/containment, conveyance/transport, treatment, disposal or reuse. Effective sanitation systems provide barriers between excreta and humans in such a way as to break the transmission cycle. This aspect is visualised with the F-diagram where all routes of fecal-oral disease transmission begin with the letter F, feces, fingers, flies, fields, fluids. Container-based sanitation is usually provided as a service involving provision of types of portable toilets. In most cases, CBS is based on the use of urine-diverting dry toilets, the term dry sanitation is somewhat misleading as sanitation includes hand-washing and can never be dry. A more precise term would be dry excreta management, when people speak of dry sanitation they usually mean sanitation systems with dry toilets with urine diversion, in particular the urine-diverting dry toilet. Put in other words, Ecosan systems safely recycle excreta resources to crop production in such a way that the use of resources is minimised. Ecosan is also called resource-oriented sanitation, environmental sanitation encompasses the control of environmental factors that are connected to disease transmission. Subsets of this category are solid waste management, water and wastewater treatment, industrial waste treatment and noise, improved sanitation and unimproved sanitation refers to the management of human feces at the household level. This terminology is the used to describe the target of the Millennium Development Goal on sanitation, by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply
19.
Latin
–
Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole
20.
Vietnamese Americans
–
Vietnamese Americans are Americans of Vietnamese descent. South Vietnamese immigration to the United States began after the Vietnam War ended in 1975, early immigrants were refugee boat people, fleeing persecution or poverty. More than fifty percent of Vietnamese Americans reside in the states of California, as a relatively-recent immigrant group, most Vietnamese Americans are either first- or second-generation Americans. As many as one million five years of age and older speak Vietnamese at home. As refugees, Vietnamese Americans have one of the highest naturalization rates in the country, in the 2012 American Community Survey,76 percent of foreign-born Vietnamese are naturalized U. S. citizens. Many Amerasians were disclaimed by their American parent, in Vietnam, since 1982, Amerasians and their families have come to the United States under the Orderly Departure Program. Not many could be reunited with their fathers, and usually arrived with their mothers, in some cases, they were part of false families created to escape from Vietnam. The discrimination was greater for children of black or Hispanic servicemen than for children of white fathers, the 1988 American Homecoming Act helped over 25,000 Amerasians in Southeast Asia to emigrate to the United States. Over a million Khmer and a population of Cham are native to Vietnam. The Vietnamese American 1.5 Generation, Stories of War, Revolution, Flight, bemak, F. & Wong, S. “Vietnamese refugees’ level of distress, social support, and acculturation, Implications for mental health counseling. Journal of Mental Health & Counseling
21.
California
–
California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
22.
Tippi Hedren
–
Nathalie Kay Tippi Hedren is an American actress, animal rights activist and former fashion model. She received world recognition for her work in two of his films, the suspense-thriller The Birds in 1963, for which she won a Golden Globe, and the psychological drama Marnie in 1964. Her strong commitment to animal rescue began in 1969 while she was shooting two films in Africa and was introduced to the plight of African lions, in an attempt to raise awareness for wildlife, she spent nearly eleven years bringing Roar to the screen. Hedren has also traveled worldwide to set up relief programs following earthquakes, hurricanes, famine and she was instrumental in the development of Vietnamese-American nail salons in the United States. Hedren was born on January 19,1930, in New Ulm, Minnesota, to Bernard Carl, for much of her career, Hedrens year of birth was reported as 1935. In 2004, however, she acknowledged that she was born in 1930. Her paternal grandparents were Swedish immigrants, while her maternal ancestry is German and Norwegian and her father ran a small general store in the town of Lafayette, Minnesota, and gave her the nickname Tippi. When she was four, she moved with her parents to Minneapolis, as a teenager, Hedren took part in department store fashion shows. Her parents relocated to California while she was a school student. On reaching her 20th birthday, she bought a ticket to New York City where she joined the Eileen Ford Agency, within the year she made her unofficial film debut as an uncredited extra in the musical comedy The Petty Girl. In interviews she refers to The Birds, her first credited role, although she received several film offers during that time, Hedren had no interest in acting as she knew it was very difficult to succeed. She had a successful modeling career during the 1950s and early 1960s, appearing on the covers of Life, The Saturday Evening Post, McCalls. In 1961, after seven years of marriage to the actor Peter Griffith, Hedren divorced and returned to California with her daughter, Melanie Griffith, I thought I could continue my career as it had been in New York. I thought everything would be just fine, and it wasn’t, so I thought, well, I don’t type, what shall I do. On October 13,1961, she received a call from an agent who told her a producer was interested in working with her. When she was told it was Alfred Hitchcock who, while he was watching The Today Show, saw her in a commercial for a drink called Sego. During their first meeting, the two talked about everything except the role he was considering her for, Hedren was convinced for several weeks it was for his television series, Alfred Hitchcock Presents. Hitchcock later said, I was not primarily concerned with how she looked in person, Most important was her appearance on the screen, and I liked that immediately
23.
Hollywood
–
Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
24.
Paraffin wax
–
Paraffin wax is a white or colourless soft solid derivable from petroleum, coal or oil shale, that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between twenty and forty carbon atoms. It is solid at room temperature and begins to melt above approximately 37 °C, common applications for paraffin wax include lubrication, electrical insulation, and candles, dyed paraffin wax can be made into crayons. It is distinct from kerosene, another product that is sometimes called paraffin. Paraffin candles are odorless, and bluish-white in color, paraffin wax was first created in the 1850s, and marked a major advancement in candlemaking technology, as it burned more cleanly and reliably than tallow candles, and was cheaper to produce. In chemistry, paraffin is used synonymously with alkane, indicating hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2, the name is derived from Latin parum + affinis, meaning lacking affinity or lacking reactivity, referring to paraffins unreactive nature. Paraffin wax is mostly found as a white, odorless, tasteless, waxy solid and it is insoluble in water, but soluble in ether, benzene, and certain esters. Paraffin is unaffected by most common chemical reagents but burns readily and its heat of combustion is 42 kJ/g. Paraffin wax is an excellent electrical insulator, with a resistivity of between 1013 and 1017 ohm metre and this is better than nearly all other materials except some plastics. It is a neutron moderator and was used in James Chadwicks 1932 experiments to identify the neutron. Paraffin wax is an excellent material for storing heat, with a heat capacity of 2. 14–2.9 J g−1 K−1. Paraffin wax phase-change cooling coupled with retractable radiators was used to cool the electronics of the Lunar Rover, wax expands considerably when it melts and this allows its use in wax thermostatic element thermostats for industrial, domestic and, particularly, automobile purposes. Paraffin wax was first created in the 1850s when chemists first developed the means to efficiently separate, paraffin represented a major advance in the candlemaking industry because it burned more cleanly and reliably, and was cheaper to manufacture than any other candle fuel. Paraffin wax initially suffered from having a low melting point, however, the production of paraffin wax enjoyed a boom in the early 20th century as a result of the growth of the meatpacking and oil industries, which created paraffin and stearic acid as byproducts. The feedstock for paraffin is slack wax, which is a mixture of oil and wax, the first step in making paraffin wax is to remove the oil from the slack wax. The oil is separated through crystallization, most commonly, the slack wax is heated, mixed with one or more solvents such as a ketone and then cooled. As it cools wax crystallizes out of the solution, leaving only oil in the solution and this mixture is filtered into two streams, solid and liquid. After the solvent is recovered by distillation, the products are called product wax. The lower the percentage of oil in the wax the more refined it is considered, the product wax may be further processed to remove colors and odors
25.
Aloe vera
–
Aloe vera is a plant species of the genus Aloe. It grows wild in tropical climates around the world and is cultivated for agricultural and medicinal uses, Aloe is also used for decorative purposes and grows successfully indoors as a potted plant. It is found in consumer products including beverages, skin lotion, cosmetics. There is little evidence of the effectiveness or safety of Aloe vera extracts for either cosmetic or medicinal purposes. Studies finding positive evidence are frequently contradicted by other studies, Aloe vera is a stemless or very short-stemmed plant growing to 60–100 cm tall, spreading by offsets. The leaves are thick and fleshy, green to grey-green, with some varieties showing white flecks on their upper and lower stem surfaces, the margin of the leaf is serrated and has small white teeth. The flowers are produced in summer on a spike up to 90 cm tall, each flower being pendulous, like other Aloe species, Aloe vera forms arbuscular mycorrhiza, a symbiosis that allows the plant better access to mineral nutrients in soil. The species has a number of synonyms, A. barbadensis Mill, Aloe indica Royle, Aloe perfoliata L. var. vera and A. vulgaris Lam. Common names include Chinese Aloe, Indian Aloe, True Aloe, Barbados Aloe, Burn Aloe, the species epithet vera means true or genuine. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 as Aloe perfoliata var, techniques based on DNA comparison suggest Aloe vera is relatively closely related to Aloe perryi, a species endemic to Yemen. With the exception of the South African species A. striata, these Aloe species are native to Socotra, Somalia, the lack of obvious natural populations of the species has led some authors to suggest Aloe vera may be of hybrid origin. The natural range of A. vera is unclear, as the species has been cultivated throughout the world. Several closely related species can be found on the two sides of the Sahara, dragon trees and Aeonium being two of the most representative examples. The species was introduced to China and various parts of southern Europe in the 17th century, the species is widely naturalized elsewhere, occurring in temperate and tropical regions of Australia, South America, Mexico, the Caribbean and southeastern US states. The actual species distribution has been suggested to be the result of human cultivation, Aloe vera has been widely grown as an ornamental plant. The species is popular with gardeners as a putatively medicinal plant and for its interesting flowers, form. This succulence enables the species to survive in areas of low rainfall, making it ideal for rockeries. The species is hardy in zones 8–11, although it is intolerant of very heavy frost or snow, the species is relatively resistant to most insect pests, though spider mites, mealy bugs, scale insects, and aphid species may cause a decline in plant health
26.
Azulene
–
Azulene is an organic compound and an isomer of naphthalene. Whereas naphthalene is colourless, azulene is dark blue, two terpenoids, vetivazulene and guaiazulene, that feature the azulene skeleton are found in nature as constituents of pigments in mushrooms, guaiac wood oil, and some marine invertebrates. Azulene has a history, dating back to the 15th century as the azure-blue chromophore obtained by steam distillation of German chamomile. The chromophore was discovered in yarrow and wormwood and named in 1863 by Septimus Piesse and its structure was first reported by Lavoslav Ružička, followed by its organic synthesis in 1937 by Placidus Plattner. Azulene is usually viewed as resulting from fusion of cyclopentadiene and cycloheptatriene rings, like naphthalene and cyclodecapentaene, it is a 10 pi electron system. It exhibits aromatic properties, the bonds have similar lengths. The stability gain from aromaticity is estimated to be half that of naphthalene and its dipole moment is 1.08 D, in contrast with naphthalene, which has a dipole moment of zero. Reactivity studies confirm that seven-membered ring is electrophilic and the ring is nucleophilic. The dipolar nature of the state is reflected in its deep colour. Another notable feature of azulene is that it violates Kashas rule by exhibiting fluorescence from an upper-excited state, synthetic routes to azulene have long been of interest because of its unusual structure. In 1939 the first method was reported by St. Pfau and Plattner starting from indane, an efficient one-pot route entails annulation of cyclopentadiene with unsaturated C5-synthons. The alternative approach from cycloheptatriene has long known, one illustrative method being shown below. In organometallic chemistry, azulene serves as a ligand for low-valent metal centers, illustrative complexes are Mo26 and Fe25. 1-Hydroxyazulene is an unstable green oil and it does not show keto–enol tautomerism, 2-Hydroxyazulene is obtained by hydrolysis of 2-methoxyazulene with hydrobromic acid. It is stable and does show keto–enol tautomerism, the pKa of 2-hydroxyazulene in water is 8.71. It is more acidic than phenol or naphthol, the pKa of 6-hydroxyazulenes in water is 7.38 making it also more acidic than phenol or naphthol. In naphthazulene, a ring is condensed at the 1. In one such system deformation from planarity is found similar to that of tetrahelicene
27.
Chamomile
–
Chamomile or camomile is the common name for several daisy-like plants of the family Asteraceae that are commonly used to make herb infusions to serve various medicinal purposes. Popular uses of chamomile preparations include treating hay fever, inflammation, muscle spasms, menstrual disorders, insomnia, ulcers, gastrointestinal disorders, camomile tea is also used to treat skin conditions such as eczema, chickenpox and psoriasis. The word chamomile derives, via French and Latin, from Greek χαμαίμηλον, i. e. earth apple, from χαμαί on the ground and μῆλον apple. The more common British spelling camomile, is the one in English, while the spelling chamomile corresponds to the Latin. The spelling camomile more accurately corresponds to the more immediate derivation from French, a number of other species common names include the word chamomile. This does not mean they are used in the manner as the species used in the herbal tea known as chamomile. There are two types of chamomile that are used to produce the infusion, German chamomile and Roman chamomile. Chamomile tea is said to be a digestive relaxant, German Chamomile has been used for treatment of inflammation associated with hemorrhoids when topically applied. There is level B evidence that German chamomile possesses anti-anxiety properties and could be used to treat stress, major chemical compounds present within chamomile include apigenin and alpha-bisabolol. Anticoagulant effect – Coumarin compounds in chamomile such as herniarin and umbelliferone may have blood-thinning properties, however, the mechanism is not well understood. Antispasmodic/antidiarrheal effects – Bisabolol and flavonoids have demonstrated antispasmodic effects in animal experiments, in human studies, chamomile tea in combination with other herbs was shown to be effective in treating colic in children. Flavonoids and coumarins are considered smooth muscle relaxants, cNS/sensory effects - Chemical compounds present within chamomile bind to GABA receptors, modulate monoamine neurotransmission, and have neuroendocrine effects. Apigenin was found to interact with agents and antihypertensive agents in animal research. Other interactions include those against sedative agents, antibiotic agents, remarkable symptoms are exacerbation of effects of these agents that are used in combination with chamomile. Chamomile consists of several ingredients including coumarin, glycoside, heniarin, flavonoid, farnesol, nerolidol, however, until more information is available, it is not recommended to use these substances concurrently. People who are allergic to ragweed may also be allergic to chamomile, however, there is still some debate as to whether people with reported allergies to chamomile were actually exposed to chamomile and not a plant of similar appearance. Chamomile is frequently added to skin cosmetics to serve as an emollient, Chamomile is also often used to enhance the color of blonde hair. The chamomile plant is known to be susceptible to fungi, insects
28.
Tea tree oil
–
Tea tree oil, also known as melaleuca oil or ti tree oil, is an essential oil with a fresh camphoraceous odor and a colour that ranges from pale yellow to nearly colourless and clear. It is taken from the leaves of the Melaleuca alternifolia, which is native to Southeast Queensland, Tea tree oil is toxic when taken by mouth, but is widely used in low concentrations in cosmetics and skin washes. Tea tree oil has been claimed to be useful for treating a variety of medical conditions. It shows some promise as an antimicrobial agent, Tea tree oil may be effective in a variety of dermatologic conditions, including dandruff, acne, lice, herpes, and other skin infections. However, the quality of the evidence is low, and tea tree oil is not recommended for treating fungal infections or for use on children, Tea tree oil is not recommended for the treatment of athletes foot. Tea tree oil is not recommended for treating nail fungus, as the evidence for its effectiveness is weak, a 2006 review of the toxicity of tea tree oil concludes that it may be used externally in its diluted form by the majority of individuals without adverse effect. Tea tree oil is poisonous when taken internally, Tea tree oil is a commercially refined composition of several naturally occurring chemical compounds and is hazardous if misused. Available literature suggests that tea tree oil can be used topically in diluted form by the majority of individuals without adverse effects, topical application of tea tree oil can cause adverse reactions at high concentration. Tea tree oil is toxic when swallowed and it should be kept away from pets and children. Tea tree oil should not be used in or around the mouth, there is at least one case of poisoning reported in medical literature. Exposure of tea oil to air and light results in oxidation of some of its components. Oxidized tea tree oil should not be used, some people experience allergic contact dermatitis as a reaction to dermal contact with tea tree oil. Allergic reactions may be due to the oxidation products that are formed by exposure of the oil to light and/or air. In vitro testing of tea tree oil shows that it contains chemicals which are weakly estrogenic, however, in tests, the chemicals which show this effect failed to show absorption into the skin, and evidence of a hormonal effect is therefore considered implausible by an EU scientific committee. In dogs and cats, death or transient signs of toxicity, such as depression, weakness, incoordination, in rats the median lethal dose is 1. 9–2.4 ml/kg. Undiluted tea tree oil can cause hearing loss when used in the ears of non-human animals. However, a 2% concentration has not been shown to have any lasting effect and it is not known whether the same is true for humans. Tea tree oil is defined by the International Standard ISO4730, the oil has been described as having a fresh, camphor-like smell
29.
Nail buffing
–
Nail buffing is the act of polishing the nail using buffers of successively finer grit in order to make nails look more consistent and shiny. A paste is used to fill ridges on nail surfaces, the emery board nail file should not be used to buff the surface of the nails. They are meant only to them from the side. The medium grit can be used to smooth ridges and surface irregularities and this can be done before applying nail polish or as a first step before finer buffing. The fine-grained buff is used to smooth the nail to a matte surface, the finest finishing grit gives the nails a glossy shine. Traditionally, a cream and chamois skin have been used. Modern instruments are more efficient and are similar in appearance to a large rubber eraser. As buffing is gentle surface abrasion, it should not be performed too strongly or too often or thinning of the nail may result, in manicure, nail buffing is an alternative to chemical nail polish, and buffing may be more socially comfortable for men
30.
Nail clipper
–
A nail clipper is a hand tool used to trim fingernails, toenails and hangnails. Nail clippers are usually made of steel but can also be made of plastic. Two common varieties are the type and the compound lever type. Most nail clippers usually come with another tool attached, which is used to clean dirt out from under nails, a nail clipper often has a miniature file fixed to it to allow rough edges of nails to be manicured. A nail file allows for removal of any excess nail that is jagged or has been missed, nail clippers occasionally come with a pocket knife or a nail catcher. The nail clipper consists of a head which may be concave or convex, specialized nail clippers which have convex clipping ends are intended for trimming toenails, while concave clipping ends are for fingernails. The cutting head may be manufactured to be parallel or perpendicular to the axis of the cutter. Cutting heads which are parallel to the axis are made to address accessibility issues involved with cutting toenails. The inventor of the clipper is not exactly known. Other patents for an improvement in finger-nail clippers are in 1876, edge, and in 1878, John H. Hollman. Around 1913, Carter was secretary of the H. C, cook Company of Ansonia, Connecticut, which was incorporated in 1903 as the H. C. Cook Machine Company by Henry C, around 1928, Carter was president of the company when, he claimed, about 1896, the Gem-brand finger nail clipper made its first appearance. Around 1906, the L. T. Snow company manufactured nail cutters, around 1908, the King Klip Company of New York manufactured nail cutters. In 1947, William E. Cigar cutter Dog grooming#Nail trimming Manicure Pedicure Pliers
31.
Thimble
–
A thimble is a small hard pitted cup worn for protection on the finger that pushes the needle in sewing. Usually, thimbles with a closed top are used by dressmakers, finger guards differ from tailors thimbles in that they often have a top but are open on one side. Some finger guards are little more than a shield attached to a ring to maintain the guard in place. The Old English word þȳmel, the ancestor of thimble, is derived from Old English þūma, oddly, neither the Romans nor the Greeks before them appear to have used metal thimbles. It may be leather or cloth finger guards proved sufficiently robust for their purposes. There are so-called Roman thimbles in museum collections, but the provenance of these metal thimbles is, in fact, not certain, no well-documented archeological data link metal thimbles to any Roman site. According to the United Kingdom Detector Finds Database, thimbles dating to the 10th century have found in England. Medieval thimbles were either cast brass or made from hammered sheet, early centers of thimble production were those places known for brass-working, starting with Nuremberg in the 15th century, and moving to Holland by the 17th. In 1693, a Dutch thimble manufacturer named John Lofting established a manufactory in Islington, in London, England. He later moved his mill to Buckinghamshire to take advantage of water-powered production, at the same time, cheaper sources of silver from the Americas made silver thimbles a popular item for the first time. Thimbles are usually made from metal, leather, rubber, and wood, early thimbles were sometimes made from whale bone, horn, or ivory. Natural sources were also utilized such as Connemara marble, bog oak, rarer works from thimble makers utilized diamonds, sapphires, or rubies. Advanced thimblemakers enhanced thimbles with semi-precious stones to adorn the apex or along the outer rim, cabochon adornments are sometimes made of cinnabar, agate, moonstone, or amber. Thimble artists would also utilize enameling, or the Guilloché techniques advanced by Peter Carl Fabergé, originally, thimbles were used simply solely for pushing a needle through fabric or leather as it was being sewn. Since then, however, they have gained many other uses, from the 16th century onwards silver thimbles were regarded as an ideal gift for ladies. Early Meissen porcelain and elaborate, decorated gold thimbles were also given as keepsakes and were usually quite unsuitable for sewing and this tradition has continued to the present day. In the early period, thimbles were used to measure spirits, and gunpowder. Prostitutes used them in the practice of thimble-knocking where they would tap on a window to announce their presence, thimble-knocking also refers to the practice of Victorian schoolmistresses who would tap on the heads of unruly pupils with dames thimbles
32.
Nail polish
–
Nail polish is a lacquer that can be applied to the human fingernails or toenails to decorate and protect the nail plates. The formulation has been revised repeatedly to enhance its decorative effects, Nail polish consists of a mix of an organic polymer and several other components, depending on the brand. Nail polish originated in China, and dates back to 3000 BC, around 600 BC, during the Zhou dynasty, the royal house preferred the colors gold and silver. However, red and black eventually replaced these metallic colors as royal favorites, during the Ming dynasty, nail polish was often made from a mixture that included beeswax, egg whites, gelatin, vegetable dyes, and gum Arabic. In Egypt, the lower classes wore pale colors, whereas high society painted their nails a reddish brown and it was also known that mummified pharaohs would have their nails painted by henna. By the turn of the century, nails were tinted with scented red oils. In the nineteenth and early centuries, people preferred a polished rather than a painted look by mixing tinted powders and creams into their nails. One type of polishing product sold around this time was Grafs Hyglo nail polish paste, Nail polish consists of a film-forming polymer dissolved in a volatile organic solvent. Nitrocellulose that is dissolved in butyl acetate or ethyl acetate is common and this basic formulation is expanded to include the following, Plasticizers to yield non-brittle films. Dibutylphthalate and camphor are typical plasticizers, representative compounds include chromium oxide greens, chromium hydroxide, ferric ferrocyanide, stannic oxide, titanium dioxide, iron oxide, carmine, ultramarine, and manganese violet. The glittery/shimmer look in the color can be conferred by mica, bismuth oxychloride, natural pearls, adhesive polymers ensure that the nitrocellulose adheres to the nails surface. One modifier used is tosylamide-formaldehyde resin, thickening agents are added to maintain the sparkling particles in suspension while in the bottle. A typical thickener is stearalkonium hectorite, thickening agents exhibit thixotropy, their solutions are viscous when still but free flowing when agitated. This duality is convenient for easily applying the freshly shaken mixture to give a film that quickly rigidifies, ultraviolet stabilizers resist color changes when the dry film is exposed to sunlight. This type of nail polish is a clear, milky-colored, or opaque pink polish formula that is used specifically before applying nail polish to the nail, the purpose of it is to strengthen nails, restore moisture to the nail, and/or help polish adhere to the nail. Some base coats are marketed as ridge fillers which can create a smooth surface and this type of nail polish is a clear colored polish formula that is used specifically after applying nail polish to the nail. It forms a barrier for the nail that can prevent chipping, scratching and peeling. Many top coats are marketed as quick-drying, top coats can help the underlying colored polish dry quickly as well
33.
Glitter
–
Glitter describes an assortment of small, flat, reflective particles. Glitter particles reflect light at different angles, causing the surface to sparkle or shimmer, glitter is like confetti, sparkles, or sequins, but somewhat smaller. Since prehistoric times, glitter has been made and used as decoration, from different materials including stones such as malachite, galena. Modern glitter is usually manufactured from plastic, the first production of modern plastic glitter is credited to the American machinist Henry Ruschmann, who found a way to cut plastic or mylar sheets into glitter in 1934. During World War II with German glass glitter unavailable, Ruschmann found a market for scrap material ground into glitter made of plastics and he founded Meadowbrook Inventions, Inc. in Bernardsville, New Jersey, the company is still a producer of industrial glitter. Decades later he filed a patent for a mechanism for cross-cutting films as well as other related inventions, today over 20,000 varieties of glitter are manufactured in a vast number of different colors, sizes, and materials. Over 10,000,000 pounds of glitter was purchased between the years of 1989 and 2009 alone, commercial glitter ranges in size from 0.002 square inches to 0.25 square inches. First, flat multi-layered sheets are produced combining plastic, coloring, and reflective material such as aluminium, titanium dioxide, iron oxide and these sheets are then cut into tiny particles of many shapes including squares, rectangles, and hexagons. Glittering surfaces have been found to be used since prehistoric times in the arts, the modern English word “glitter” comes from the Middle English word gliteren, possibly by way of the Old Norse word glitra. However, as early as 30,000 years ago, mica flakes were used to cave paintings a glittering appearance. Prehistoric humans are believed to have used cosmetics, made of powdered hematite,8,000 years ago people of the Americas were using powdered galena a form of lead, to produce a bright greyish-white glittering paint used for objects of adornment. The collecting and surface mining of galena was prevalent in the Upper Mississippi Valley region by the Cahokia native peoples, over 6,000 years ago, ancient Egyptians produced glittering cosmetics from the iridescent shells of beetles as well as finely ground green malachite crystal. Prior to modern plastics, particles of glass were used to create glittering surfaces, prior to fabrics made with modern glitter, sequins were sewn or woven on to fabric to give it a glittering appearance. Edible glitter made from gum arabic and other ingredients is even used by culinary artists, glitter is used in cosmetics to make the face and nails appear more shiny or sparkly. Additionally, it is used in arts and crafts to color. The small, brightly colored particles often stick to clothing, skin, and furniture, glitter coatings or finishes are frequently used on fishing lures to draw attention by simulating the scales of prey fish. Due to its characteristics, glitter has also proven to be useful forensic evidence. Because of the tens of thousands of different commercial glitters, identical particles can be compelling evidence that a suspect has been at a crime scene
34.
Andrew Cuomo
–
Andrew Mark Cuomo is an American politician and attorney who has been the 56th Governor of New York since January 1,2011. A member of the Democratic Party, he was elected in 2010, holding the position his father, Mario Cuomo. Born in Queens, New York City, Cuomo is a graduate of Fordham University and Albany Law School of Union University, New York in New York. He began his working as the campaign manager for his father. He founded HELP USA, and was appointed Chair of the New York City Homeless Commission, in 1993, Cuomo joined the Clinton Administration, when he was appointed Assistant Secretary for Community Planning and Development in the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. From 1997 to 2001, he was U. S. Secretary of Housing, in 2006, Cuomo was elected Attorney General of New York. In May 2010, Cuomo announced he was running for Governor in the 2010 election, during his first term, New York legalized same-sex marriage and toughened gun control. In 2014, he was elected to a term with 54% of the vote. Cuomo was born on December 6,1957, in the New York City borough of Queens and his parents were both of Italian descent, his paternal grandparents were from Nocera Inferiore and Tramonti in South Italy, while his maternal grandparents were both from Sicily. His younger brother is CNN journalist Chris Cuomo and he graduated from St. Gerard Majellas School in 1971 and Archbishop Molloy High School in 1975. He received a B. A. from Fordham University in 1979, from 1984 to 1985, Cuomo was a New York assistant district attorney, and briefly worked at the law firm of Blutrich, Falcone & Miller. He founded Housing Enterprise for the Less Privileged in 1986 and left his law firm to run HELP full-time in 1988, budgets enacted during his term contained initiatives to increase the supply of affordable housing and home ownership, and to create jobs and economic development. During Cuomos tenure as HUD Secretary, he called for an increase in home ownership and he also pushed government-sponsored lenders Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to buy more home loans issued to poor homeowners, in an attempt to end discrimination against minorities. Some believe that this lead to the recent subprime mortgage crisis. Edward J. Pinto, former chief credit officer at Fannie Mae, Cuomo was pushing mortgage bankers to make loans and basically saying you have to offer a loan to everybody. But others disagree with the assessment that Cuomo caused the crisis, dean Baker, co-director of the Center for Economic and Policy Research, said Cuomo was a contributor in terms of him being a cheerleader, but I dont think we can pin too much blame on him. He championed a new program called Community Builders, created without appropriation by Congress, in a June 16,1999, speech, Cuomo declared that one purpose of the program was to fight against HUDs abolition. In August 1999, Community Builders distributed a letter to community groups to fight against proposed tax cuts, in 1999, Gaffneys office concluded that most Community Builders goals were activities rather than actual accomplishments
35.
BB cream
–
BB cream stands for blemish balm, blemish base, beblesh balm, and in Western markets, beauty balm. Compared to a cream which would be just a cream with a very light tint. On top of that, it provides a sunblock. The CC cream came later on and describes a Color Correction cream, a CC cream has all the benefits of a BB cream but with the specific feature of homogenizing the coloration of the skin, by correcting the complexion concerns such as redness or dullness. What became BB cream was originally formulated in the 1960s in Germany by dermatologist Dr. Christine Schrammek to protect her patients skin after facial peels, BB creams come in a variety of different formulations. Because Korean companies focused initially on the Korean and East Asian markets, instead of offering multiple shades for different skin colors, most formulae are designed to oxidize to match the users skin tone. The skin-whitening properties of the cream as sold in the Asian market are an important element in its popularity, the coverage is often mineral-based, and is intended to both cover and treat blemishes such as acne, sun spots and age spots. It also has anti-wrinkle, anti-inflammatory and soothing effects, several contain hyaluronic acid and Vitamin C. BB creams make up 13 percent of the market in South Korea. Some Korean brands also offer BB creams for men, notable Korean brands include Etude House, Missha, Nature Republic, Skin Food, Sulhwasoo, and The Face Shop. Early arrivals included Boscia, Clinique, Dior, Estée Lauder, Garnier, Marcelle, Maybelline, Revlon, lab Series makes a BB cream for men. Certain BB creams have been tailored for Western markets, Estée Lauder, BB creams advertised as cruelty-free include Smashbox and The Body Shop. As of May 2013, Amore Pacific, which has as its subsidiaries Etude House and Laneige, has ended animal testing on all ingredients, products certified as cruelty-free may still contain animal products and may not be suitable for vegans. Miracle creams we can believe in, Hull Daily Mail, March 31,2012, beauty for dark skin, the BB cream debate, The Guardian, March 15,2013. Learn your BB CCs, Global Times, March 24,2013,10 Best BB Creams, Vogue, January 17,2013. The BB cream is here to stay, The Times of India, beautys all in one, The balm that claims to be a moisturiser, sun block, primer AND foundation, but does it work. The Daily Mail, June 14,2011, for it being introduced to South Korea and Japan in the 1980s, see Macleans, January 11,2012. For the rest, see Koh Young-aah, perfect your look in Korea, The Korea Herald/Naver News, September 2,2009
36.
Botulinum toxin
–
Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. It prevents the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at the neuromuscular junction, infection with the bacterium causes the disease botulism. The toxin is used commercially in medicine, cosmetics. Botulinum is the most acutely lethal toxin known, with an estimated median lethal dose of 1. 3–2.1 ng/kg intravenously or intramuscularly. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration requires a warning stating that when locally administered the toxin may spread from the injection site to other areas of the body. The warning was the result of associated with its uses. There are seven types of toxin, named type A–G. Type A and B are capable of causing disease in humans, types C–G are less common, types E and F can cause disease in humans, while the other types cause disease in other animals. Botulinum toxin types A and B are used in medicine to treat muscle spasms. The commercial form is marketed under the brand name Botox, among others, botulinum toxin is used to treat a number of problems. Similarly, botulinum toxin is used to relax clenching of muscles, including those of the oesophagus, jaw, lower urinary tract and bladder and it may also be used for improper eye alignment. In cosmetic applications, botulinum toxin is considered safe and effective for reduction of facial wrinkles, injection of botulinum toxin into the muscles under facial wrinkles causes relaxation of those muscles, resulting in the smoothing of the overlying skin. Smoothing of wrinkles is usually three days after treatment and is maximally visible two weeks following injection. The treated muscles gradually regain function, and generally return to their former appearance three to four months after treatment, muscles can be treated repeatedly to maintain the smoothed appearance. Botulinum toxin is used to treat disorders of hyperactive nerves including excessive sweating, neuropathic pain. In addition to uses, botulinum toxin is being evaluated for use in treating chronic pain. While botulinum toxin is considered safe in a clinical setting. Most commonly, botulinum toxin can be injected into the muscle group or spread from the injection site
37.
Concealer
–
A concealer or colour corrector is a type of cosmetic that is used to mask dark circles, age spots, large pores, and other small blemishes visible on the skin. It is similar to foundation, but thicker and used to hide different pigments by blending the imperfection into the skin tone. It is normally applied after primer, after foundation and used on the face, both concealer and foundation are typically used to make skin appear more uniform in color, and make a clean base for all the other cosmetics. These two types of cosmetics differ in that concealers tend to be heavily pigmented, though they are available in a wide range of opacity. It also comes in different forms from liquid to solid, also, foundation is usually applied to larger areas. The first commercially available concealer was Max Factors Erace, launched in 1954, concealer can be used alone or with foundations. Camouflage makeup is a much heavier pigmented form of concealer and it is used to cover serious skin discolorations such as birthmarks, scars and vitiligo. An example of a modern camouflage makeup is Colortration, which is a liquid cover makeup, concealer is available in a variety of shades, from lightest to deepest. When picking a concealer, people tend to one or two shades lighter than their skin tone to better hide their blemishes and dark circles under the eye. Some colors are intended to look like a skin tone. Concealers with yellow undertones are used to hide dark circles, green and blue can counteract red patches on the skin, such as those caused by pimples, broken veins, or rosacea. A purple-tinted concealer can make sallow complexions look brighter, colored concealers such as these are usually applied sparingly beneath a concealer or foundation that matches the wearers skin tone. Skin-toned concealers are not only the most common type, but are often sufficient on their own at hiding or blurring imperfections, baking, a make-up technique http, //bestconcealerreview. com/ http, //beauty. about. com/od/concealers/qt/concealershade. htm http, //www. quinceanerasmagazine. com/articles/what-is-concealer-used-for
38.
Cotton pad
–
Cotton pads are pads made of cotton which are used for medical or cosmetic purposes. For medical purposes, cotton pads are used to stop or prevent bleeding from minor punctures such as injections or venipuncture and they may be secured in place with tape. Cotton pads are used in the application and the removal of makeup. Cotton pads are soft enough that they can be used to clean babies, Cotton balls have much of the same applications as cotton pads, and can be used interchangeably. Despite their name, most modern cotton balls and pads are not made out of cotton at all but are made out of cheaper, bleached synthetic fibers such as polyester. The specific phobia of cotton balls has been reported, buts its prevalence is unknown, use of cotton for sanitary purposes likely dates back to its domestication. There is evidence that toilet paper, made in part of cotton and/or other plant fibers such as hemp, was used at least as early as 589 AD in China, Cotton balls have been used for applying gold leaf since at least as far back as 1801. An artists manual from that year using a squirrels tail. In 1891 The Laredo Times ran a story about women who put cotton balls in their cheeks to make themselves appear less thin, an 1898 patent by Jerome B. Dillon for a new type of bandage used an antiseptic. In 1937, Joseph A. Voss invented a machine which unraveled rolls of cotton and cut them at a fixed interval into cotton pads, starting the widespread consumption of cotton balls and pads. Companies producing cotton balls took out ads in newspapers as early as 1948 to promote their uses to the public, in 1965, it was reported in the Opelousas Daily World that the sanitary cotton industry in the United States was worth US$60 million. In 1986, Johnson & Johnson, a manufacturer of cotton balls, by 2013 however, most consumer cotton balls and pads outside of specifically labeled 100% Cotton organic brands contained mostly polyester and only nominal amounts of cotton. The change could be due to increases of sales of cheaper store brands, in 1999, only 50. 1% of sold cotton balls were store branded, the top three cotton ball brands in the United States are Swisspers, Swiss Beauty, and Cotton Cloud
39.
Facial
–
A facial is a family of skin care treatments for the face, including steam, exfoliation, extraction, creams, lotions, facial masks, peels, and massage. They are normally performed in beauty salons, but are also a spa treatment. They are used for skin health as well as for specific skin conditions. Types of facials include European facial, LED light therapy facials, some masks are designed to dry or solidify on the face, almost like plaster, others just remain wet. The perceived effects of a facial mask treatment include revitalizing, healing, or refreshing, masks are removed by either rinsing the face with water, wiping off with a damp cloth, or peeling off of the face. Duration for wearing a mask varies with the type of mask, the time can range from a few minutes to overnight. Those with sensitive skin are advised to first test out the mask on a portion of the skin, in order to check for any irritations. Some facial masks are not suited to frequent use, a glycolic mask can only be used once a month without the risk of burning the skin. Masks can be anywhere from drugstores to department stores, and can vary in consistency. Non-setting facial masks include warm oil and paraffin wax masks and these different forms are made to suit different skin types, and different skincare goals or needs. Clay and mud masks suit oily and some combination skin types, while cream-based masks tend to suit dry and sensitive skin types
40.
Foundation (cosmetics)
–
Foundation is a skin coloured makeup applied to the face to create an even, uniform colour to the complexion, to cover flaws and, sometimes, to change the natural skintone. Some foundations also function as a moisturizer, sunscreen, astringent or base layer for more complex cosmetics, foundation applied to the body is generally referred to as body painting. The use of cosmetics to enhance complexion reaches back into antiquity, “Face painting” is mentioned in the Old Testament. In 200 B. C. ancient Greek women applied white lead powder and it was considered fashionable for Greek women to have a pale complexion. Roman women also favoured a pale complexion, wealthy Romans favoured white lead paste, which could lead to disfigurements and death. Men also wore makeup to lighten their skin tone and they used white lead powder, chalk, and creams to lighten their skin tone. The cream was made from fat, starch, and tin oxide. The fat was rendered from animal carcasses and heated to remove the color, tin oxide was made out of heating tin metal in open air. The animal fat provided a smooth texture, while the tin oxide provided color to the cream, in the 6th century, women would often bleed themselves to achieve a pale complexion. During the Italian Renaissance, many women applied water–soluble lead paint to their faces, throughout the 17th century and the Elizabethan era, women wore ceruse, a lethal mixture of vinegar and white lead. They also applied egg whites to their faces to create a shiny complexion, many men and women died from wearing lead-based make-up. In the 18th century, Louis XV made it fashionable for men to wear lead-based makeup, theatrical actors wore heavy white base. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Victorian women wore little or no makeup, queen Victoria abhorred make-up and deemed that it was only appropriate for prostitutes and loose women to wear it. It was only acceptable for actors or actresses to wear make-up, in the late 19th century, women would apply a whitening mixture made out of zinc oxide, mercury, lead, nitrate of silver, and acids. Some women stayed out of the sun, ate chalk, in the Edwardian era, women wore base and did not bleach their skin as much as they did in previous centuries. Modern foundation can trace its roots to Carl Baudin of the Leipziger Stadt theatre in Germany and he is the inventor of greasepaint. He wanted to conceal the joint between his wig and forehead, so he developed a flesh-coloured paste made of zinc, ochre and this formulation was so popular with other actors that Baudin began producing it commercially, and, as such, gave birth to the first theatrical makeup. This would be the standard for theatrical make-up until 1914, when makeup artist Max Factor created Flexible Greasepaint that was more reflective under the lighting on movie sets
41.
Moisturizer
–
Moisturizers or emollients are complex mixtures of chemical agents specially designed to make the external layers of the skin softer and more pliable. They increase the skins hydration by reducing evaporation, naturally occurring skin lipids and sterols, as well as artificial or natural oils, humectants, emollients, lubricants, etc. may be part of the composition of commercial skin moisturizers. They usually are available as products for cosmetic and therapeutic uses. Moisturizers prevent and treat dry skin, protect sensitive skin, improve skin tone and texture, moisturizers can be used to prevent the skin from becoming too dry or oily, such as with light, non-greasy water-based moisturizers. Such moisturizers often contain lightweight oils, such as alcohol, or silicone-derived ingredients. For treating skin dryness, the most appropriate moisturizers are heavier, oil-based moisturizers that contain ingredients such as antioxidants, for very dry, cracked skin, petrolatum-based products are preferable, as they are longer-lasting than creams and are more effective in preventing water evaporation. For oily skin, moisturizers can still be useful after activities causing skin dryness, such as skin care products. For oily skin, water-based moisturizers that are specifically non-comedogenic are preferable, appropriate moisturizers to keep aging skin soft and well hydrated are oil-based ones that contain petrolatum as the base, along with antioxidants or alpha hydroxy acids against wrinkles. In eczema it is generally best to match thicker ointments to the driest, flakiest skin, light emollients such as aqueous cream may not have any effect on severely dry skin. Some common emollients for the relief of eczema include Oilatum, Balneum, Medi Oil, Diprobase, bath oils, sebexol, Epaderm ointment, Exederm and Eucerin lotion or cream may also be helpful with itching. Lotions or creams may be applied directly to the skin after bathing to lock in moisture, moisturizing gloves can be worn while sleeping. Generally, twice-daily applications of emollients work best, while creams are easy to apply, they are quickly absorbed into the skin, and therefore need frequent reapplication. Ointments, with water content, stay on the skin for longer and need fewer applications. Recently, ceramides, which are the major constituent of the stratum corneum, have been used in the treatment of eczema. They are often one of the ingredients of modern moisturizers and these lipids were also successfully produced synthetically in the laboratory. Emollients are best applied immediately after bathing when the skin is well hydrated, three methods are used to moisturize skin, Occlusives, These work by forming a thin film on the surface of the skin to prevent loss of moisture. Humectants, These attract water vapor from the air to moisturize the skin, restoration of deficient materials, These are more complex and try to restore natural moisturizing factors on the skin, such as amino-lipids. Four popular moisturizers were tested, providing the same result and it is not yet known if the same applies to humans
Categories