1.
Palencia
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Palencia is a city south of Tierra de Campos, in north-northwest Spain, the capital of the province of Palencia in the autonomous community of Castile and León. The municipality had a population of 81,522 in 2011, Palencia is located approximately 190 km north of Madrid, and some 40 km north of the capital of Valladolid. Two hills surround the city in its north-east area, on the closest stands the 30 metre high statue of Christ known as the Cristo del Otero, the fourth tallest statue of Christ in the world. Palencia has a substantial forest of 1,438 hectares 6 km away on a plateau above the city and this park is a popular amusement area for the locals. The Canal de Castilla runs close to the city, Palencias municipality includes the village of Paredes de Monte,14 km away. Fogs are also frequent because of the Carrion river, summer tends to be warm with temperatures that consistently surpass 30 °C in July and that can rarely reach 38 °C. Due to Palencias altitude, nightly temperatures tend to be cooler, precipitation levels are moderated, but precipitation can be observed throughout the year. Summer and winter are the driest seasons, with most rainfall occurring in the autumn, the rain is very frequent in winter, and infrequent in summer. Rainfall is light but frequent during the months, and infrequent in summer with heavy thunderstorms. The snow is an unfrecuently and light phenomenon at the city and it usually falls some days per year, during December, January and February, but it´s common watching some snowfalls during November or March. The fortified Celtiberian settlement is mentioned as Pallantia by Strabo and Ptolemy and it was the chief town of the Vaccaei, although Strabo wrongly assigns it to the Arevaci. The city was starved into submission by the Romans in the 2nd century BCE and incorporated into the province of Hispania Tarraconensis, though the little Roman garrison city was an active mint, it was insignificant compared to the Roman villas of Late Antiquity in the surrounding territory. Archeologists have uncovered the remains of Roman villas at La Olmeda and at the Quintanilla de la Cueza, when the Visigoths conquered the territory, however, they retained the Roman rural villa system in establishing the Campos Góticos. The Catholic bishopric of Palencia was founded in the 3rd century or earlier, assuming that its bishop was among those assembled in the 3rd century to depose Basilides, the Priscillianists which originated in Egypt but came to Spain was declared a heresy by the emperor Gratian. It was mix of orthodox Catholic beliefs and Gnostic/Montanist teachings, priscillian was ordained priest and then consecrated bishop of Avila. The heresy was strongest in northwestern Spain, the declaration of it as a heresy was a political move by the Catholic usurper emperor Maximus to curry favor with the Catholic emperors Valentinian II and Theodosius I. After the establishment of effective Visigothic power Catholics disputed the bishopric of Palencia with the Arian Visigoths, maurila, an Arian bishop established in Palencia by Leovigild, followed King Reccareds conversion to Catholicism, and in 589 he assisted at the Third Council of Toledo. When the Moors arrived in the early 8th century, resistance was fragmented among bishops in control of the walled towns
2.
Puebla
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Puebla, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Puebla is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 217 municipalities and its capital city is Puebla and it is located in East-Central Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Veracruz to the north and east, Hidalgo, México, Tlaxcala and Morelos to the west, and Guerrero and Oaxaca to the south. The origins of the lie in the city of Puebla. By the end of the 18th century, the area had become a province with its own governor. It is home to five major groups, Nahuas, the Totonacs, the Mixtecs, the Popolocas and the Otomi, which can mostly be found in the far north. The state is located on the highlands of Mexico between the Sierra Nevada and the Sierra Madre Oriental. It has a triangular shape with its narrow part to the north. It borders the states of Veracruz, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Morelos, State of Mexico, Tlaxcala, the state has a territory of 33, 919km2 and ranks 20th out of 31 states in size, and 4,930 named communities. Most of its mountains belong to the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, some of the highest elevations include Apulco, Chichat, Chignahuapan, Soltepec and Tlatlaquitepec. In the south of the state, the elevations are the Sierra de Atenahuacán, Zapotitlán, Lomerio al Suroeste. Dividing much of the state from Veracruz is a chain of mountains called the Sierra Madre del Golfo. The Huasteco Plateau and the Llanuras y Lomeríos zone are located in the north and northeast, with the Lagos y Volcanes del Anáhuc in the center, together, they account for over 50% of the state. The east and northeast are occupies by the Chiconquiaco and Llanudras y Sierras de Querétaro e Hidalgo areas, the Cordillera del Sur and Mixteca Alta are located in the west and southwest covering less than 2. 5% of the state. The Sur de Puebla is in the southwest and accounts for 26% of the state, other southern subregions include the Sierras y Valles Guerrerenses, the Sierras Centrales de Oaxaca and the Sierras Orientales. Together, they account for about 15% of the state, the hydrology of Puebla is formed by three major river systems. This river receives water from tributaries such as the Acateno, Atila, Amacuzac, Molinos. The river has one dam called Valsequllo or Manuel Avila Camacho
3.
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mexico
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The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mexico is the metropolitan diocese of Mexico City, and responsible for the suffragan Dioceses of Atlacomulco, Cuernavaca, Tenancingo and Toluca. It was elevated on February 12,1546, the archdiocese is the largest in the world, with more than 7 million Catholics. Rogelio Esquivel Medina Antonio Ortega Franco, C. O, abelardo Alvarado Alcántara José de Jesús Martínez Zepeda Marcelino Hernández Rodríguez José Luis Fletes Santana Guillermo Rodrigo Teodoro Ortiz Mondragón Felipe Tejeda García, M. Sp. S. Herbermann, Charles, ed. Archdiocese of Mexico
4.
Pope Innocent XI
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Pope Innocent XI, born Benedetto Odescalchi, was Pope from 21 September 1676 to his death in 1689. He is known in Budapest as the Saviour of Hungary, much of his reign was concerned with tension with Louis XIV of France. A conservative, he lowered taxes in the Papal States during his pontificate, because of this surplus he repudiated excessive nepotism within the church. Innocent XI was frugal in matters of governing the Papal States, once he was elected to the papacy, he applied himself to moral and administrative reform of the Roman Curia. He abolished sinecures and pushed for greater simplicity in preaching as well as greater reverence in worship—requesting this of both the clergy and faithful. Benedetto Odescalchi was born at Como on 16 May 1611, the son of a Como nobleman, Livio Odescalchi and his siblings were Carlo, Lucrezia, Giulio Maria, Constantino, Nicola and Paolo. He also had several descendants of note through his sister, her grandson Cardinal Baldassare Erba-Odescalchi, Cardinal Benedetto Erba Odescalchi. The Odescalchi, a family of nobility, were determined entrepreneurs. In 1619, Benedettos brother founded a bank with his three uncles in Genoa which quickly grew into a successful money-lending business, after completing his studies in grammar and letters, the 15-year-old Benedetto moved to Genoa to take part in the family business as an apprentice. Lucrative economic transactions were established with clients in the major Italian and European cities, such as Nuremberg, Milan, Kraków, in 1626 Benedettos father died, and he began schooling in the humane sciences taught by the Jesuits at his local college, before transferring to Genoa. In 1630 he narrowly survived an outbreak of plague, which killed his mother, some time between 1632 and 1636, Benedetto decided to move to Rome and then Naples in order to study civil law. He subsequently became legate to Ferrara, when he was sent to Ferrara in order to assist the people stricken with a severe famine, the Pope introduced him to the people of Ferrara as the father of the poor. In 1650, Odescalchi became bishop of Novara, in which capacity he spent all the revenues of his see to relieve the poor, with the permission of the pope he resigned as bishop of Novara in favor of his brother Giulio in 1656 and went to Rome. While there he took a prominent part in the consultations of the congregations of which he was a member. Odescalchi was a papal candidate after the death of Pope Clement IX in 1669. After Pope Clement X died, Louis XIV of France again intended to use his influence against Odescalchis election. On 21 September 1676, Odescalchi was chosen to be Clement Xs successor and he chose this name in honour of Pope Innocent X, who made him a cardinal in 1645. He was formally crowned as pontiff on 4 October 1676 by the protodeacon, immediately upon his accession, Innocent XI turned all his efforts towards reducing the expenses of the Curia
5.
Archdiocese of Manila
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The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila is an archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Metropolitan Manila, Philippines. The reigning Metropolitan Archbishop is Luis Antonio Cardinal Tagle, the 32nd to hold the office and the fifth native Filipino following centuries of Spanish, American, and Irish predecessors. The cathedral church is the Minor Basilica and Metropolitan Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, with the Blessed Virgin Mary, the archdiocese juridically comprises the cities of Manila, San Juan, Makati, Pasay, and Mandaluyong, as well as EDSA Shrine in Quezon City. Fray Domingo de Salazar, a Dominican from the Convent of San Sebastian in Salamanca, over the course of history and growth of Catholicism in the Philippines, the diocese was elevated and new dioceses had been carved from its territory. On August 14,1595, Pope Clement VIII raised the diocese to the status of an archdiocese with Bishop Ignacio Santibáñez elevated as its first archbishop, three new dioceses were created as suffragan to Manila, Nueva Cáceres, Nueva Segovia, and Cebu. With the creation of new dioceses, the territory of the archdiocese was reduced to the city of Manila. It was bounded to the north by the Diocese of Nueva Segovia, to the south by the Diocese of Cebu, during the Hispanic period, the Archdiocese was ruled by a succession of Spanish and Latino archbishops. An example of which would be the Boxer Codex, whose earliest owner Lord Giles of Ilchester, had inherited it from an ancestor who stole it from Manila during the British Occupation, nevertheless, peace was subsequently restored after the Protestant British occupation. In the time after this, the Catholic religious orders became the driving force in the Archdiocese of Manila. The local diocesan clergy resented the foreign religious orders due to their monopoly of ecclesiastical positions. This inspired the Jesuit educated Jose Rizal to form the La Liga Filipina, to ask for reforms from Spain, Rizal was executed and the La Liga Filipina dissolved. The 1896 Philippine revolution was triggered when the Spanish discovered the secret organisation Katipunan. Some members of the Katipunan then turned to the Catholic Church, in the period after the war Philippine churches were restored in the Art-Deco architectural motif. On the same date the Diocese of Lipa was created, with jurisdiction over the provinces of Batangas, Tayabas, Marinduque, in May 1928 Pope Pius XI established the Diocese of Lingayen, carved from Manila and Nueva Segovia. In this creation 26 parishes were separated from Manila and he also named Our Lady of Guadalupe as a patroness of the Filipino people in 1938. December 8,1941, marked the beginning of the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, members of the secretive Black Dragon Society had infiltrated all facets of Philippine life and had greatly guided the invading Japanese forces. World War 2 marked a period of loss to the Archdiocese of Manila. Due to the heavy damages resulted from World War II, the Manila Cathedral underwent major rebuilding from 1946 to 1958, the Parish of San Miguel served as pro-cathedral or temporary cathedral of the local church until the Manila Cathedral was reopened and blessed in 1958
6.
Pope Clement X
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Pope Clement X, born Emilio Bonaventura Altieri, was Pope from 29 April 1670 to his death in 1676. Emilio Boneventura Altieri was born in Rome in 1590, the son of Lorenzo Altieri and Victoria Delfin, during earlier pontificates, the Altieri held many important offices and had been entrusted with several delicate missions. Altieri received a doctorate in law from the Roman College in 1611, after finishing his studies, he was named auditor of Giovanni Battista Lancellotti in 1623, in the nunciature of Poland. He was ordained April 6,1624, on his return to Rome, he was named Bishop of Camerino, then governor of Loreto and of all Umbria. Pope Urban VIII gave him charge of the designed to protect the territory of Ravenna from the unruly Po River. Pope Innocent X sent him as nuncio to Naples, where he remained for eight years and he is credited with the re-establishment of peace after the stormy days of Masaniello. Pope Alexander VII confided to him a mission to Poland, Pope Clement IX named him Superintendent of the Papal Exchequer, and in 1667 his maestro di camera, and he was made Secretary of the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars. Just before his death, Clement IX made him a Cardinal and he was then about seventy-nine years of age, and Clement IX, when making him a member of the Sacred College, said to him, You will be our successor. After the funeral of Pope Clement IX, sixty-two electors entered into conclave on 20 December 1669, forty-two votes were necessary, and due to the rivalry between the French and Spanish factions, heated discussion prevailed for four months. The reason a prelate of such transcendent merits received the cardinalate so late in life seems to have been that he had waived his claims to the elevation in favour of an older brother. On 29 April 1670, the papacy was offered to him by fifty-nine Cardinals present at the election and he, however, objected because of his age, for he was almost eighty, and exclaimed, I am too old to bear such a burden. Pointing to Cardinal Brancaccio, Altieri said he was the Cardinal whom they ought to elect and he was crowned on 11 May. On the 8th of June Clement X took possession of St. John Lateran, in the same month he granted to the prelate-clerks of the chamber the use of the violet-coloured band around their hats. Occasionally forgetful, he promised the same favors to different people and came to rely on his cardinal-nephew. All but one of the scions of the Altieri family had chosen the ecclesiastical career. In exchange for adopting the Altieri surname he would one of the Paoluzzi a Cardinal. Like all the pontiffs, Clement X advised the Christian princes to love each other, and to prove it by generous measures and it was especially between Spain and France that the pope desired to witness a renewal of feelings of good understanding. In 1671, the Pope published an edict by which he declared that a noble might be a merchant without loss of his nobility, in 1676, Gianlorenzo Bernini scculpted one of his final statues, a bust of Clement X
