1.
Airline codes
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This is a list of airline codes. The table lists IATAs two-character airline designators, ICAOs three-character airline designators, IATA airline designators, sometimes called IATA reservation codes, are two-character codes assigned by the International Air Transport Association to the worlds airlines. The standard is described in IATAs Standard Schedules Information Manual and the codes themselves are described in IATAs Airline Coding Directory, Airline designator codes follow the format xx, i. e. two alphanumeric characters followed by an optional letter. Although the IATA standard provides for three-character airline designators, IATA has not used the third character in any assigned code. This is because some legacy computer systems, especially the central reservations systems, have failed to comply with the standard, the codes issued to date comply with IATA Resolution 762, which provides for only two characters. These codes thus comply with the current airline designator standard, there are three types of designator, unique, numeric/alpha and controlled duplicate. IATA airline designators are used to identify an airline for commercial purposes in reservations, timetables, tickets, tariffs, air waybills, a flight designator is the concatenation of the airline designator, xx, and the numeric flight number, n, plus an optional one-letter operational suffix. Therefore, the format of a flight designator is xxn. After an airline is delisted, IATA can make the code available for reuse after six months, controlled duplicates are issued to regional airlines whose destinations are not likely to overlap, so that the same code is shared by two airlines. The controlled duplicate is denoted here, and in IATA literature, an example of this is the code 6Y, which refers to both Mid Airlines, a charter airline in Sudan, and Med Airways, a charter airline in Lebanon. IATA also issues an accounting or prefix code and this number is used on tickets as the first three characters of the ticket number. The IATA codes originally based on the ICAO designators which were issued in 1947 as two-letter airline identification codes and these codes are unique by airline, unlike the IATA airline designator codes. The designators are listed in ICAO Document 8585, Designators for Aircraft Operating Agencies, ICAO codes have been issued since 1947. The ICAO codes originally based on a two-letter-system and were identical to the codes used by IATA. After an airline joined IATA its existing ICAO-two-letter-code was taken over as IATA code, so in the 1970s the abbreviation BA was the ICAO code and the IATA code of British Airways while non-IATA-airlines like Court Line used their 2-letter-abbreviation as ICAO code only. In the early 1980s ICAO introduced the current three-letter-system due to the number of airlines. It became the new standard system in November 1987. Other designators, particularly starting with Y and Z, are reserved for government organizations
2.
Airline hub
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Airline hubs or hub airports are used by one or more airliners to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations at a given airport. They serve as points to get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the hub-and-spoke system, an airline operates flights from several non-hub cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities need to connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve city-pairs that could not be economically served on a non-stop basis. This system contrasts with the point-to-point model, in there are no hubs. Hub airports also serve origin and destination traffic, the hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads, a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, in addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports. For the passenger, the system offers one-stop air service to a wide array of destinations. However, having to make connections en route to their final destination increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs, allowing them to increase fares. Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in several flights arrive. The banks may be known as peaks of activity at the hubs, banking allows for short connection times for passengers. In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank, instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a rolling hub in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day. This phenomenon is known as depeaking. While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub, American Airlines was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the September 11 attacks. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs, the hub-and-spoke system is also used by some cargo airlines. FedEx Express established its main hub in Memphis in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air industry in the United States
3.
Isle of Man Airport
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Isle of Man Airport, is the main civilian airport on the Isle of Man. It is located in the south of the island at Ronaldsway near Castletown,6 nautical miles southwest of Douglas, along with the Isle of Man Sea Terminal, it is one of the two main gateways to the island. The airport has scheduled services to the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland as well as routes to Switzerland. Ronaldsway was first used as an airfield in 1928 with passenger services to the UK starting in 1933, operated by Blackpool, further services were established by Aer Lingus and Railway Air Services from 1934. From 1937 RAS operations from Ronaldsway to the mainland UK were transferred to Isle of Man Air Services, in a 1936 expansion of the Ronaldsway Airport, workers discovered a mass grave believed to hold the remains of soldiers who died during the Battle of Ronaldsway in 1275. The airfield came under Royal Air Force control at the outbreak of the Second World War, known as RAF Ronaldsway, it was one of the few airfields that continued operating civilian flights throughout the wartime period. The airfield was used by №1 GDGS operating Westland Wallace aircraft, an expansion of the airport during the War led to the discovery of the archaeological remains of a Neolithic settlement belonging to what is now called the Ronaldsway culture, in honour of this site. RAF operations continued until 1943 when the airfield was handed over to the Admiralty for further development as a Fleet Air Arm training station. Now a naval air station, RNAS Ronaldsway, the airport was out of commission in 1943 for almost twelve months of extensive development undertaken by John Laing & Son. Commissioned as HMS Urley by the Admiralty on 21 June 1944, with accounts handled by HMS Valkyrie, the airfields main role was that of a torpedo working-up station. No.1 OTU consisted of 710,713 and 747 Squadrons, the base was paid off on 14 January 1946, and transferred to Care and Maintenance under HMS Blackcap. The nominal depot ship from 21 June 1944 was a 32 cutter named XXII, several Manx-based airlines were formed in the early postwar years to operate scheduled and charter services to the UK mainland. When Manx Airlines existed, its office was on the airport property. Citywing had its office in Hangar 9 at the airport. The Manx Military and Aviation Museum is situated next to the airport and has exhibits, a project by Ellis Brown Architects began in November 1998 to extend the airport and improve the facilities available to passengers. In March 2000 the new extension was opened, providing a new landside catering outlet, arrivals area, baggage hall, the existing part of the airport was refurbished during this time to provide improved check-in facilities and offices, linked to the extension with a new airport entrance. During the extension and renovation period the iconic Three Legs of Man sculpture adorning the airports façade was also refurbished, in March 2006 funding for a further extension was granted by Tynwald to increase the number of departure gates, with work due for completion in summer 2007. In April 2008 Tynwald granted a major extension and resurfacing project at the airport
4.
Ballasalla
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Ballasalla is a village in the parish of Malew in the south-east of the Isle of Man, close to the airport and the town of Castletown. The village was mostly from the ruins of the nearby Rushen Abbey. The lowest-level local authority is Malew Parish Commissioners who are based in Ballasalla, the day-to-day activities of the authority are run by the clerk, Mr Barry Powell. The commissioners offices are located on the road of the village close to the Whitestone Inn. The village has a residents association, Ballasalla and District Residents Association. The HQ of Citywing, the Isle of Man airline, is at Hangar 9 at Isle of Man Airport near Ballasalla, the former Manx Airlines also had its head office at the Airport. The village has its own school, Ballasalla School. Malew football club play their games at the Malew Football Ground, Clagh Vane. Both clubs compete in the Isle of Man Football League, there are 3 buses an hour to Onchan, Douglas, Castletown, Port St Mary and Port Erin operated by the nationalised Bus Vannin. There are also infrequent buses to Peel and Foxdale, Ballasalla railway station on the Isle of Man Railway is at the eastern side of the village and the railway operates between March and November. The A5 Douglas to Port Erin road runs through the village, the Isle of Man Airport is at Ronaldsway just south of the village and also has a small request stop on the railway, a short distance from the terminal. Arriving air passengers sometimes catch trains for the novelty value of travelling by steam train, St Marks Church is in St Marks Road, some distance from the village. The foundation stone was laid in 1771 and it was consecrated in 1772 by the then Bishop of Sodor and Man and it was intended to serve as a chapel of ease and a parish school more conveniently located for those from the outlying hill district than Kirk Malew Church. There was an ancient church near the site which is said to have dedicated to St Mark. The church was consecrated in 1896 and remains in use today. Both churches are Church of England in the Diocese of Sodor, Ballasalla has had three Methodist chapels in the past. The original Ballafesson Wesleyan Methodist Chapel dates from about 1798 and it was restructured in 1846, although the original roof slate is still intact. Ballasalla Primitive Methodist Chapel was built in 1833 and it closed as a chapel in 1949, but continued to be used as a Sunday school until 1975
5.
Malew
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Malew is a parish in the Isle of Man. It is in the sheading of Rushen together with the parishes of Rushen. It is named after the Celtic Saint, Malew, also known as Saint Moluag, Malew parish covers an area from Langness Peninsula and Scarlett up to Foxdale, and includes the villages of Ballasalla, St Marks and Derbyhaven. The area includes both Ronaldsway and Balthane industrial estates and the Isle of Man Airport, geographically it also includes Castletown, but that town is administered separately. As a result, there is an exclave of the parish which includes Scarlett Point. It contains about 15 square miles, most of the parish is low and undulating, forming much of the southern plain of the island. The northern portion is hilly, including the South Barrule. The Silver Burn river rises near the South Barrule and flows under the Monks Bridge at Ballasalla, the coast line is low, but rocky and dangerous. The small coastal village of Derbyhaven, on an isthmus, has a natural harbour, Castletown Bay is a deep but exposed and dangerous inlet between Langness and Scarlett. The headlands are Dreswick Point and Langness Point, the two extremities of Langness peninsula, and Scarlett Point, a conical mass of sub-columnar basalt. At the northern end of Langness is St Michaels Island, Derbyhaven is a tiny agricultural and fishing village. St. Marks, in the north of the parish, is an agricultural village clustered round a chapel of ease. The Isle of Man census 2006 lists the population of the parish as 2,304, the local authority is Malew Parish Commissioners who are based in Ballasalla. The day-to-day activities of the authority are run by the clerk, since 2016, Malew has been part of the Arbory, Castletown & Malew constituency of the House of Keys. Previously it was in the Malew and Santon constituency, manx2 has its head office on the property of Isle of Man Airport in Ballasalla. When it existed, Manx Airlines had its office on the grounds of Isle of Man Airport. BA Connect had a base in Ronaldsway, employing 110 people. After Flybe acquired BA Connect, Flybe announced that it would discontinue the base, manxnotebook - Malew Malew Parish Commissioners website Malew church website
6.
Isle of Man
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The Isle of Man, also known simply as Mann, is a self-governing crown dependency in the Irish Sea between England and Northern Ireland. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann, the Lord of Mann is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. Foreign relations and defence are the responsibility of the British Government, the island has been inhabited since before 6500 BC. Gaelic cultural influence began in the 5th century and the Manx language, in 627, Edwin of Northumbria conquered the Isle of Man along with most of Mercia. In the 9th century, Norsemen established the Kingdom of the Isles, magnus III, King of Norway, was also known as King of Mann and the Isles between 1099 and 1103. In 1266, the became part of Scotland under the Treaty of Perth. After a period of alternating rule by the kings of Scotland and England, the short form often used in English, Mann, is derived from the Manx Mannin, though sometimes the name is written as Man. The earliest recorded Manx form of the name is Manu or Mana, the Old Irish form of the name is Manau or Mano. Old Welsh records named it as Manaw, also reflected in Manaw Gododdin, the name for an ancient district in north Britain along the lower Firth of Forth. The oldest known reference to the calls it Mona, in Latin, in the 1st century CE, Pliny the Elder records it as Monapia or Monabia. Later Latin references have Mevania or Mænavia, and Eubonia or Eumonia by Irish writers and it is found in the Sagas of Icelanders as Mön. The name is cognate with the Welsh name of the island of Anglesey, Ynys Môn, usually derived from a Celtic word for mountain. The name was at least secondarily associated with that of Manannán mac Lir in Irish mythology, later, a Manannán is recorded as the first king of Mann in a Manx poem. The island was cut off from the islands around 8000 BC. The first residents were hunter gatherers and fishermen, examples of their tools are kept at the Manx Museum. There were also the local Ronaldsway and Bann cultures, during the Bronze Age, burial mounds became smaller. Bodies were put in stone-lined graves with ornamental containers, the Bronze Age burial mounds created long-lasting markers around the countryside. The ancient Romans knew of the island and called it Insula Manavia although it is whether they conquered the island
7.
De Havilland Dragon Rapide
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The de Havilland DH.89 Dragon Rapide was a 1930s British short-haul biplane airliner for 6–8 passengers. It proved an economical and durable craft, despite its relatively primitive plywood construction, in late 1933, the Dragon Rapide was designed at the de Havilland company as a faster and more comfortable successor to the DH.84 Dragon. It was in effect a twin-engined, scaled-down version of the four-engined DH.86 Express and it shared many common features with the DH. On 17 April 1934, the aircraft first flew at Hatfield and 205 aircraft were built for airlines and other owners all around the world. Originally called the Dragon Six it was first marketed as Dragon Rapide, from 1936, with the fitting of improved trailing edge flaps, they were redesignated DH. 89As. In the summer of 1934, the entered service with UK-based airlines. From August 1934, Railway Air Services operated a fleet of Dragon Rapides on routes linking London, the RAS DH. 89s were named after places on the network, for example Star of Lancashire. Isle of Man Air Services operated a fleet of Rapides on scheduled services from Ronaldsway Airport near Castletown to airports in north-west England including Blackpool, Liverpool, some of its aircraft had been transferred to it after operation by Railway Air Services. Edward, Prince of Wales, owned a Dragon Rapide, which he used for royal duties and he flew this aircraft to London on his accession as king in 1936, being the first British monarch to fly. It is on display in the Museo del Aire, Madrid, at the start of World War II, many Rapides were impressed by the British armed forces and served under the name de Havilland Dominie, for passenger and communications duties. Over 500 more were built for use, powered by improved Gipsy Queen engines. The Dominies were mainly used by the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy for radio, postwar they were used as communications aircraft by Royal Naval air station flights. Other civilian Dragon Rapides continued to fly for UK airlines as part of the Associated Airways Joint Committee, the AAJC co-ordinated the UKs wartime scheduled services which were entirely operated on over-water routes. After the war, many ex-RAF survivors entered commercial service, in 1958,81 examples were flying on the British register. Dominie production was by de Havilland and Brush Coachworks Ltd, the making the greater proportion. The DH.89 proved an economical and durable aircraft, despite its relatively primitive plywood construction, several Dragon Rapides are operational in the UK and several operators including Classic Wings and Plane Heritage offer pleasure flights in them. After the Second World War de Havilland introduced a Dragon Rapide replacement, D. H. 89A Improved version, fitted with a landing light in the nose, modified wing tips and cabin heating. D. H. 89A Series 4 D. H. 89A aircraft converted to two de Havilland Gipsy Queen 2 piston engines, fitted with constant speed propellers
8.
Douglas C-47 Skytrain
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The Douglas C-47 Skytrain or Dakota is a military transport aircraft developed from the civilian Douglas DC-3 airliner. It was used extensively by the Allies during World War II, the specialized C-53 Skytrooper troop transport started production in October 1941 at Douglas Aircrafts Santa Monica, California plant. It lacked the cargo door, hoist attachment and reinforced floor of the C-47, only a total of 380 aircraft were produced in all because the C-47 was found to be more versatile. During World War II, the forces of many countries used the C-47 and modified DC-3s for the transport of troops, cargo. The U. S. Naval designation was R4D, more than 10,000 aircraft were produced in Long Beach and Santa Monica, California and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Between March 1943 and August 1945 the Oklahoma City plant produced 5,354 C-47s, additionally, C-47s were used to airlift supplies to the embattled American forces during the Battle of Bastogne. Possibly its most influential role in aviation, however, was flying The Hump from India into China. The expertise gained flying The Hump was later be used in the Berlin Airlift, in which the C-47 played a major role, until the aircraft were replaced by Douglas C-54 Skymasters. A C-47 flown by the China National Airways Corporation pilot Moon Chin, Moon Chin was tasked with flying from Chungking to Myitkyina, a military base in Burma. His aircraft was jumped by Japanese fighters and, after landing at a small airstrip to wait for his pursuers to give up the game. When Chins DC-3 arrived at Myitkyina, he found that the base had, indeed, been severely bombed by the Japanese, eventually, Chin would carry sixty-eight passengers and a crew of four on the final leg to India. After arriving in India, the tattered American approached Captain Chin, believe me, Chin, he began, if I had had any idea that you were going to jam that many people into this old crate I would have gone home the way I came. Chin inquired as to how that might have been and the American replied I flew in, the short, balding, bedraggled American was none other than Lt Col Jimmy Doolittle returning from the historic raid on Tokyo. In Europe, the C-47 and a specialised paratroop variant, the C-53 Skytrooper, were used in vast numbers in the stages of the war, particularly to tow gliders. During the invasion of Sicily in July 1943, C-47s dropped 4,381 Allied paratroops, more than 50,000 paratroops were dropped by C-47s during the first few days of the invasion of Normandy, France, in June 1944. In the Pacific War, with use of the island landing strips of the Pacific Ocean. About 2,000 C-47s in British and Commonwealth service took the name Dakota, the C-47 also earned the informal nickname gooney bird in the European theatre of operations. The United States Air Forces Strategic Air Command had Skytrains in service from 1946 through 1967, the US Air Forces 6th Special Operations Squadron was flying the C-47 until 2008
9.
British Midland International
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British Midland Airways Limited was an airline with its head office in Donington Hall in Castle Donington, close to East Midlands Airport, in the United Kingdom. BMI was a member of Star Alliance from 1 July 2000 until 20 April 2012, BMI was acquired from Lufthansa by International Airlines Group on 20 April 2012, and was integrated into British Airways by 27 October 2012. BMIs subsidiaries Bmibaby and BMI Regional were also purchased, although IAG did not wish to retain either, BMI Regional was sold to Sector Aviation Holdings in May 2012 and continues to operate, whereas Bmibaby closed down in September 2012. British Midland Airways Limited held a Civil Aviation Authority Type A Operating Licence, permitting it to passengers, cargo. The airline dates back to 1938, when Captain Roy Harben established Air Schools Limited as a school for training pilots of the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve. Captain Harben had been approached by the Derby Corporation to run a new aerodrome under construction near Burnaston, Sir Kingsley Wood, the Secretary of State for Air, officially opened the aerodrome as Derby Municipal Airport on 17 June 1939. Military flying training continued at the airport throughout the war, Air Schools Limited formed a parent company, Derby Aviation Limited, in 1946, and Harben died the following year of a heart attack. His wife remained the controlling shareholder of the business and asked E. W. Phillips, in 1953, Derby Aviation ceased flying training, following the award of a licence to operate scheduled flights from Burnaston and Wolverhampton to Jersey. Flights in each direction were required to land at Elmdon Airport in Birmingham to allow passengers to clear customs, the first flight was made on 18 July 1953, using a Dragon Rapide. The following year, Wolverhampton Aviation was merged into Derby Aviation, and, in 1955, the company purchased its first Douglas DC-3, International services to Ostend commenced in 1956, and flights carrying holidaymakers from the UK to mainland Europe began as well. The company was contracted by Rolls-Royce to transport aero engines to customers all over the world. In 1959, Derby Aviation formed Derby Airways as its airline business, domestic scheduled flights within the United Kingdom began the same year. The corporate colours of blue and white were adopted at that time, along with the first turboprop aircraft, from this point, Bishop drove the company forward, with domestic and European expansion continuing apace. As a first step, in November 1969, BMA took over Autairs Heathrow–Teesside route, in 1970, BMA entered the jet age with the introduction of three new BAC One-Eleven 500s, followed by an ex-Pan Am Boeing 707–321 in 1971. The former had been intended to be used on European inclusive tour charters while the latter was to be mainly used on transatlantic affinity group charters. All of these were leased to other operators, with none operating for BMA on scheduled or charter services until 1981, on 1 November 1974, BMA began operating between London Gatwick and Belfast, where it replaced the service previously operated by British Caledonian. London–Belfast was BMAs first UK domestic trunk route and the first all-year round route it served in competition with British Airways. BMAs Gatwick debut also made it the only airline at the time to operate scheduled services from all five contemporary London airports – Gatwick, Heathrow, Luton, Southend and Stansted
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