1.
Spanish naming customs
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Spanish naming customs are historical traditions for naming children practised in Spain. According to these customs, a persons name consists of a name followed by two family names. The first surname is usually the fathers first surname, and the second the mothers first surname, in recent years, the order of the surnames can be reversed at birth if it is so decided by the parents. Currently in Spain, people bear a single or composite given name, a composite given name comprises two single names, for example Juan Pablo is considered not to be a first and a second forename, but a single composite forename. The two surnames refer to each of the parental families, traditionally, a persons first surname is the fathers first surname, and the second one is the mothers first surname. From 2013, if the parents of a child are unable to agree on order of surnames, the law also grants a person the option, upon reaching adulthood, of reversing the order of their surnames. Each surname can also be composite, the parts usually linked by the y or e. For example, a name might be Juan Pablo Fernández de Calderón García-Iglesias, consisting of a forename, a paternal surname. There are times when it is impossible, by inspection of a name, for example, the writer Sebastià Juan Arbó was alphabetised by the Library of Congress for many years under Arbó, assuming that Sebastiá and Juan were both given names. However, Juan was actually his first surname, to resolve questions like this, which typically involve very common names, one must consult the person involved, or legal documents. A man named José Antonio Gómez Iglesias would normally be addressed as either señor Gómez or señor Gómez Iglesias instead of señor Iglesias, because Gómez is his first surname. Furthermore, Mr. Gómez might be addressed as José Antonio, José, Pepe, Antonio, or Toño Jose, Joselito, Josito, Joselillo, Josico or Joselín, Antoñito, Tonín or Nono. Very formally, he could be addressed with an honorific as don José Antonio or don José, colombian writer Gabriel García Márquez is sometimes incorrectly referred to in English media as Mr. Márquez, when it should be Mr. García Márquez or, simply, Mr. García. It is not unusual, when the first surname is very common, for example, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero is often called simply Zapatero, the name he inherited from his mothers family, since Rodríguez is a common surname and may be ambiguous. The same occurs with another former Spanish Socialist leader, Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba, with the poet and dramatist Federico García Lorca, as these peoples paternal names are very common, they are often called with their maternal names. It would nonetheless be a mistake to index José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero under Z as Zapatero, a practical option to spare an explanation is using a single surname composed of two separate words. Parents choose their childs name, which must be recorded in the Registro Civil to establish his or her legal identity. With few restrictions, parents can now choose any name, common sources of names are the parents taste, honouring a relative, the General Roman Calendar nomina, legislation in Spain under Franco legally limited cultural naming customs to only Christian and typical Spanish names
2.
Vice President of Ecuador
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Vice President of Ecuador is the second highest political position in Ecuador. In many instances, the vice president succeeded the president in turbulent political situations, the last time was in 2005 after the resignation of president Lucio Gutiérrez. According to the current constitution, the president is elected on the same ticket as the president. Below is the history of the office holders, history of Vicepresidency List of current Vice Presidents
3.
Jorge Glas
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Jorge David Glas Espinel is an Ecuadorean politician and electrical engineer. He has been Vice President of Ecuador since 24 May 2013, jorge Glas was born 13 September 1969 in Guayaquil. He has known and been friends with president Correa since their time as boy scouts, lara said that Glas during his term as General Manager of the Solidarity Fund needed an academic title of the third degree, which Glas did not have. Gneco investigated Glas his thesis and found 35% of it to be suspected plagiarism, an investigation by a commission set up by ESPOL acquitted Glas of plagiarism. Glas however recognized that he should have cited his sources better, since 2007 Glas has held several political appointments in the government of Rafael Correa. He was General Manager of the now shut down Solidarity Fund between 2007 and 2009, the company was an amalgamation of several public companies of telecommunications and electricity generation and distribution. He was also the President of the National Telecommunications Council, afterwards Glas was Minister of Telecommunications and later became Coordinating Minister of Strategic Sectors. He directed the merge of Andinatel S. A. and Pacifitel S. A. into the National Corporation of Telecommunications, as Coordinating Minister of Strategic Sectors he was responsible for the building of several hydroelectric plants for which he borrowed money mainly from Chinese banks. Glas commenced his term as Vice President on 24 May 2013
4.
Guayaquil
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Guayaquil, officially Santiago de Guayaquil, is the largest and the most populous city in Ecuador, with around 2.69 million people in the metropolitan area, as well as the nations main port. The city is the capital of the Ecuadorian province of Guayas, Guayaquil is located on the western bank of the Guayas River, which flows into the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Guayaquil. Guayaquil is recognized by the government as having been founded on July 25,1538 with the name Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de Santiago de Guayaquil by Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Orellana, even before it was founded by the Spanish, it already existed as a native village. In 1687, Guayaquil was attacked and looted by English and French pirates under the command of George dHout and Picard, of the more than 260 pirates,35 died and 46 were wounded,75 defenders of the city died and more than 100 were wounded. The pirates took local women as concubines, Guayaquil declared independence from Spain, becoming Provincia Libre de Guayaquil, and José Joaquín de Olmedo was named Jefe Civil of Guayaquil. This would prove to be a key victory for the Ecuadorian War of Independence, on July 26,1822, José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar held a famous conference in Guayaquil to plan for the independence of Spanish South America. In 1829, the city was invaded by the Peruvian Army, large portions of the city were destroyed by a major fire in 1896. Guayaquileños main sources of income are, formal and informal trade, business, most commerce consists of small and medium businesses, adding an important informal economy occupation that gives thousands of guayaquileños employment. The Port of Guayaquil is Ecuadors most important commercial port, most international import and export merchandise passes through the Gulf of Guayaquil, as the largest city in the country, most industries are located either in the city or its peripheral areas. Ongoing projects seek urban regeneration as an objective of the growth of the citys commercial districts. These projects in the city driven by the recent mayors have achieved this goal after investing large sums of money, the current municipal administration aims to convert Guayaquil into a place for first-class international tourism and multinational businesses. Guayaquils current mayor is Jaime Nebot, in August 2006, the citys first rapid transit bus system, Metrovia, opened to provide a quicker, high-capacity service. One of the projects was called Malecón 2000, the renovation of the waterfront promenade along the Guayas River. The park cost the city about 7 million dollars, the two bridges were a big addition to the Guayas River scenery. Guayaquil is the nations largest city and the capital of Guayas Province and it is on the Guayas River about 60 kilometres north of the Gulf of Guayaquil, near the Equator. Guayaquil is constantly facing tsunami and major earthquake threats due to its soil stratigraphy and location near the Gulf of Guayaquil and the south of North-Andean subduction zone. The city can be damaged by earthquake as its weak and compressible soil stratigraphy is composed of deep soft sediments over hard rocks. The tsunami threat is caused by the nearby Gulf of Guayaquil which also is one of the locations on the Earth where earthquakes tend to happen all the time
5.
Ecuador
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Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres west of the mainland. What is now Ecuador was home to a variety of Amerindian groups that were incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century. The territory was colonized by Spain during the 16th century, achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia, Spanish is the official language and is spoken by a majority of the population, though 13 Amerindian languages are also recognized, including Quichua and Shuar. The capital city is Quito, while the largest city is Guayaquil, in reflection of the countrys rich cultural heritage, the historical center of Quito was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978. Cuenca, the third-largest city, was declared a World Heritage Site in 1999 as an outstanding example of a planned. Ecuador has an economy that is highly dependent on commodities, namely petroleum. The country is classified as a medium-income country, Ecuador is a democratic presidential republic. The new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature, Ecuador is also known for its rich ecology, hosting many endemic plants and animals, such as those of the Galápagos Islands. It is one of 17 megadiverse countries in the world, various peoples had settled in the area of the future Ecuador before the arrival of the Incas. They developed different languages while emerging as unique ethnic groups, even though their languages were unrelated, these groups developed similar groups of cultures, each based in different environments. Over time these groups began to interact and intermingle with each other so that groups of families in one area became one community or tribe, with a similar language and culture. Many civilizations arose in Ecuador, such as the Valdivia Culture and Machalilla Culture on the coast, the Quitus, each civilization developed its own distinctive architecture, pottery, and religious interests. Eventually, through wars and marriage alliances of their leaders, a group of nations formed confederations, one region consolidated under a confederation called the Shyris, which exercised organized trading and bartering between the different regions. Its political and military came under the rule of the Duchicela blood-line. The native confederations that gave them the most problems were deported to distant areas of Peru, Bolivia, similarly, a number of loyal Inca subjects from Peru and Bolivia were brought to Ecuador to prevent rebellion. Thus, the region of highland Ecuador became part of the Inca Empire in 1463 sharing the same language, in contrast, when the Incas made incursions into coastal Ecuador and the eastern Amazon jungles of Ecuador, they found both the environment and indigenous people more hostile. Moreover, when the Incas tried to subdue them, these indigenous people withdrew to the interior, as a result, Inca expansion into the Amazon basin and the Pacific coast of Ecuador was hampered. The indigenous people of the Amazon jungle and coastal Ecuador remained relatively autonomous until the Spanish soldiers, the Amazonian people and the Cayapas of Coastal Ecuador were the only groups to resist Inca and Spanish domination, maintaining their language and culture well into the 21st century
6.
Ecuadorians
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The mixing of two or more of these three groups established other mixed ethnic groups. Mestizos, the group of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry, are by far the largest of all the ethnic groups. Whites are estimated at 6. 1% and consist largely of those of unmixed or predominant European descent and they also include descendants of immigrants from Italy, Germany, and France, as well as other countries. The third most numerous group are the indigenous Amerindians, who account for approximately 7% of the population, afro-Ecuadorians make up most of the balance of the percentage and include mulattos and zambos. The Ecuadorian census is conducted by the institution known as INEC. The census in Ecuador is conducted every 10 years, and its objective is to obtain the number of residing within its borders. The current census now includes household information, the most recent census emphasized reaching rural and remote areas to map the most accurate population count in the country. The 2010 census was conducted in November and December, and its results were published 27 January 2011. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2015 was 29. 0%,63. 4% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 6. 7% was 65 years or older. Structure of the population, Registration of vital events is in Ecuador not complete, the Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. Births and deaths The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, alternate names, Achuar, Achual, Achuara, Achuale. Chachi –3,450 Esmeraldas Province, Cayapas River system, Colorado –2,300 Santo Domingo de los Colorados province. Quechua –9 separate dialects are spoken in as many areas in the country with a population of 1460,000. Alternate names, Jivaro, Xivaro, Jibaro, Chiwaro, Shuara, literacy definition, age 15 and over can read and write total population, 91% male,92. 3% female,89. Todays population is distributed evenly between the Sierra and the Costa region. Migration towards the cities—particularly larger cities—in all regions has increased the population to about 55 percent. The Majority of these wave of immigration came from the southern province of Loja as a result of a drought that lasted three years and affected the southern provinces of the country. This boom of the industry has led to a mushrooming of the town of Lago Agrio as well as substantial deforestation and pollution of wetlands
7.
PAIS Alliance
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PAIS Alliance—Spanish, Alianza PAIS —is a socialist political movement in Ecuador led by the incumbent President of Ecuador Rafael Correa. Alliance PAIS is due to its structure to movements like, Civic initiative, National Democratic Action, Alliance Bolivariana Alfarista. The current configuration of this movement is given with the participation of the Ecuadorian Socialist Party, humanist movements, Commission of Ethics, Karla Chávez, Carlos Marx and Galo Borja. The Electoral Commission, Mayerli Vásquez, Paúl Granda and Xavier Ponce, PAIS Alliance publishes El Ciudadano and the young wing of the AP is the Juventudes Alianza País. PAIS was founded by Rafael Correa at the start of 2006 Presidential campaign, the movement espouses political sovereignty, regional integration, and economic relief for Ecuadors poor. During the campaign, Correa proposed a constituent assembly to rewrite Ecuadors constitution, Alianza PAIS did not run any congressional candidates, as Correa had stated that he would call for a referendum to begin drafting a new constitution. However, the Alianza PAIS movement signed an alliance with the Ecuadorian Socialist Party. In the 15 October 2006 general election Correa obtained second place behind banana tycoon Álvaro Noboa, Correa won the subsequent 26 November 2006 runoff election with 56. 67% of the vote. He took office on 15 January 2007, on 15 April, Ecuadoreans voted overwhelmingly to support the election of a constituent assembly. As a result, in the election, President Correa won backing for his plans to rewrite Ecuadors constitution. Correas faction won approximately 61% of the seats in the National Assembly, the Constituent Assembly was originally led by Alianza PAIS member Alberto Acosta, who was then replaced by another PAIS member, Fernando Cordero. A constitutional referendum was held in Ecuador on 28 September 2008 to ratify or reject the constitution drafted by the Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly elected in 2007, partial results show that 64% of voters voted to approve the 2008 Constitution of Ecuador. For the first time in the history of the Ecuador. Alliance PAIS, organized the elections for January 25,2009. The objective was that the members to the movement can say that candidate would be postulated for the elections of April 26,2009. Rafael Correa was re-elected for a term in general election on 26 April 2009. It was the first time in thirty years that the country had re-elected a president, PAIS also won the largest legislative block in the National Assembly, although not a majority. In the elections for the Andean parliament, Alliance PAIS obtains 3 of 5 parliamentarian
8.
President of Ecuador
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As per the current Constitution, the President can serve two four-year terms. Prior to that, the president could serve one four-year term. The current President of Ecuador is Rafael Correa, since 15 January 2007 and he was elected in 2006, and reelected in 2009 and again in 2013. The Presidency of Ecuador has been marked by periods of instability, at least five times, the duties of the president have been charged to a provisional government or a military junta. Often, the office has left to an interim or acting president. The President who has served the most terms in office is José María Velasco Ibarra, before current re-elected president Rafael Correa, the last president to serve out his complete term in office was Sixto Durán Ballén, who served from 1992 to 1996. Ecuador Vice President of Ecuador Official website of the Ecuadorian government on their presidential history Edufuturos website on Presidents of Ecuador Rulers. org World Statesmen. org
9.
Odebrecht
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Odebrecht Organization is a Brazilian conglomerate consisting of diversified businesses in the fields of engineering, construction, chemicals and petrochemicals. The company was founded in 1944 in Salvador da Bahia by Norberto Odebrecht, and is now present in South America, Central America, North America, the Caribbean, Africa, Europe and its leading company is Norberto Odebrecht Construtora. Odebrecht controls Braskem, the fifth largest petrochemical company in the world, by revenue, Braskem is the fourth largest petrochemical company in the Americas and the seventeenth in the world. On 19 June 2015, Brazilian authorities arrested the CEO, Marcelo Odebrecht, in connection with their probe into bribes paid by the Brazilian oil giant. On 7 March 2016 he was sentenced to 19 years and 4 months jail, for paying over US$30 million in bribes to executives of Petrobras, in exchange for contracts, 1944–1945, Norberto Odebrecht establishes a privately owned firm, the founding milestone for the Odebrecht Group. The firm becomes Norberto Odebrecht Construtora Ltda, 1957–1965, Norberto Odebrecht pays off all debts owned by Emílio Odebrecht & Cia. The company changes its name to Construtora Norberto Odebrecht S. A. 1970–1973, The Odebrecht Foundation is created, also, Odebrecht undertakes major construction projects in the southeast of Brazil. 1979–1980, Odebrecht goes international and starts to diversify its business, CBPO merges with the Odebrecht Group. 1990, Odebrecht enters the U. S. market and becomes the first Brazilian contractor to win a U. S. federal government contract. 1999, Odebrecht focuses on development of micro regions in Brazil’s northeast. 2000, Odebrecht is ranked as Latin Americas top engineering and construction company,2002, Odebrecht establishes Braskem as Latin America’s largest petrochemical producer. The group reaches the milestones of 1,000 members within 25 years of service, 2004–2007, The Odebrecht Group celebrates its 60th anniversary. Odebrecht Agroindustrial is established to produce ethanol, sugar and energy. Odebrecht Energia – Invests, constructs and manages projects in the Latin American electric sector, such as hydroelectric, thermoelectric, emphasis is made on projects in Brazil, Peru and Colombia. Odebrecht Engenharia Industrial – Constructs and assembles industrial facilities in Brazil and abroad, Odebrecht Infraestrutura – Completes important projects in the transport, sanitation, sports arena and irrigation sectors in Brazil. Odebrecht América Latina & Angola – Leads investments and construction projects in regions that served as the pioneers for Odebrecht’s international expansion, Odebrecht Venezuela – Invests and completes projects in the infrastructure, real estate, industrial, oil and gas, petrochemical and food security sectors in the country. Odebrecht International – Gathers Members of 65 different nationalities, maintaining a quality standard. – Explores and produces oil and gas fields, operates rigs, – Develops residential, business, commercial and tourism ventures
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