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Marcel Lefebvre

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His Grace, The Most Reverend

Marcel-François Lefebvre

CSSp
Archbishop-Bishop emeritus of Tulle
Portrait of Lefebvre in 1981
Lefebvre in 1981
DioceseDiocese of Tulle
SeeTulle
Appointed23 January 1962[1]
Term ended7 August 1962[1]
PredecessorAimable Chassaigne[1]
SuccessorHenri Clément Victor Donze[1]
Other postsFounder and Superior General of the Society of Saint Pius X (1970–1982)
Orders
Ordination21 September 1929
by Achille Liènart
Consecration18 September 1947
by Achille Liènart
Personal details
Birth nameMarcel-François Marie Joseph Lefebvre
Born(1905-11-29)29 November 1905
Tourcoing, France
Died25 March 1991(1991-03-25) (aged 85)
Martigny, Switzerland
BuriedInternational Seminary of Saint Pius X, Écône, Switzerland
NationalityFrench
DenominationRoman Catholic
ParentsRené Lefebvre, Gabrielle Watine
Previous post
Alma mater(Pontifical) French Seminary, Rome
MottoCredidimus caritati[2]
Coat of armsArchbishop Lefebvre's coat of arms
Ordination history of
Marcel Lefebvre
History
Priestly ordination
Ordained byAchille Cardinal Liénart
Date21 September 1929
Episcopal consecration
Principal consecratorAchille Cardinal Liénart
Co-consecratorsAlfred-Jean-Félix Ancel,
Jean-Baptiste Victor Fauret
Date18 September 1947
Episcopal succession
Bishops consecrated by Marcel Lefebvre as principal consecrator
Georges-Henri Guibert19 February 1950
Prosper Dodds26 October 1952
François Ndong2 July 1961
Bernard Tissier de Mallerais30 June 1988
Richard Williamson30 June 1988
Alfonso de Galarreta30 June 1988
Bernard Fellay30 June 1988

Marcel François Marie Joseph Lefebvre (French: [maʁsɛl fʁɑ̃swa maʁi ʒozɛf ləfɛːvʁ]; 29 November 1905 – 25 March 1991) was a French Roman Catholic archbishop. Ordained a diocesan priest in 1929, he joined the Holy Ghost Fathers for missionary work and was assigned to teach at a seminary in Gabon in 1932. In 1947, he was appointed Vicar Apostolic of Dakar, Senegal, and the next year as the Apostolic Delegate for West Africa.

Upon his return to Europe he was elected Superior General of the Holy Ghost Fathers and assigned to participate in the drafting and preparation of documents for the upcoming Second Vatican Council (1962–65) announced by Pope John XXIII, and was a major leader of the conservative bloc during its proceedings. He would later take the lead in opposing certain changes within the Church associated with the Council. Refusing to implement council-inspired reforms demanded by its members, he resigned from the leadership of the Holy Ghost Fathers in 1968.

In 1970, Lefebvre founded the Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX) as a small community of seminarians in the village of Écône, Switzerland, with the permission of Bishop François Charrière [fr] of Fribourg. In 1975, after a flare of tensions with the Holy See, Lefebvre was ordered to disband the society, but ignored the decision. In 1988, against the expressed prohibition of Pope John Paul II, he consecrated four bishops to continue his work with the SSPX. The Holy See immediately declared that he and the other bishops who had participated in the ceremony had incurred automatic excommunication under Catholic canon law,[Notes 1] a status Lefebvre refused to acknowledge to his death three years later.[3][4]

In 2009, 18 years after Lefebvre's death, Pope Benedict XVI lifted the excommunication of the four surviving bishops at their request. However, it was not done retroactively, meaning that it had no effect on Lefebvre.

Early life and family[edit]

The Lefebvre family

Marcel Lefebvre was born in Tourcoing, Nord.[5][6] He was the second son and third child of eight children[7] of textile factory-owner René Lefebvre[8] and Gabrielle, born Watine, who died in 1938.[6]

His parents were devout Catholics who brought their children to daily Mass.[7] His father was an outspoken monarchist, devoting his life to the cause of the French Dynasty, seeing in a monarchy the only way of restoring to his country its past grandeur and a Christian revival.[6][9]

Marcel's father René had run a spy-ring for British Intelligence when Tourcoing was occupied by the Germans during World War I. René would die at age 62 in 1944 in the German concentration camp at Sonnenburg (in East Brandenburg, Germany), where he had been imprisoned by the Gestapo because of his work for the French Resistance and British Intelligence; the body was never recovered.[10]

Initial priesthood[edit]

In 1923 Lefebvre began studies for the priesthood; at the insistence of his father he followed his brother to the French Seminary in Rome, as his father suspected the diocesan seminaries of liberal leanings.[11] He would later credit his conservative views to the rector, a Breton priest named Father Henri Le Floch.[12] His studies were interrupted in 1926 and 1927 when he did his military service.[13] On 25 May 1929 he was ordained deacon by Cardinal Basilio Pompili in the Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome.[14] On 21 September 1929 he was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop (soon to be Cardinal) Achille Liénart in Lille,[15] the diocese in which he was incardinated.[16] After ordination, he continued his studies in Rome, completing a doctorate in theology in July 1930.[17]

In August 1930 Cardinal Liénart assigned Lefebvre to be assistant curate in a parish in Lomme, a suburb of Lille.[18] Even before this, Lefebvre had already asked to be released for missionary duties as a member of the Holy Ghost Fathers. But the cardinal insisted that he consider this for a year while he engaged in parish work in the Diocese of Lille.[19] In July 1931 Liénart released Lefebvre from the diocese. In September Lefebvre entered the novitiate of the Holy Ghost Fathers at Orly.[7] A year later, on 8 September 1932, he took simple vows for a period of three years.[20]

Holy Ghost Father[edit]

Lefebvre's first assignment as a Holy Ghost Father was as a professor at St. John's Seminary in Libreville, Gabon.[Notes 2] In 1934 he was made rector of the seminary.[Notes 3] On 28 September 1935 he made his perpetual vows. He served as superior of a number of missions of the Holy Ghost Fathers in Gabon.[Notes 4] In October 1945 Lefebvre was ordered by the superior general to return to France and take up new duties as rector of the Holy Ghost Fathers seminary in Mortain.[18]

Bishop in Africa and, briefly, France[edit]

Lefebvre's return to France was not to last long. On 12 June 1947, Pope Pius XII appointed him Vicar Apostolic of Dakar in Senegal;[1] he received the titular episcopal see of Anthedon[1] (El Blakiyeh near Gaza in Palestine). On 18 September 1947 he was consecrated a bishop in his family's parish church in Tourcoing by Achille Liénart (who had previously ordained him a priest); acting as co-consecrators were Bishop Jean-Baptiste Fauret, C.S.Sp. and Bishop Alfred-Jean-Félix Ancel.[21][Notes 5]

In his new position Lefebvre was responsible for an area with a population of three and a half million people, of whom only 50,000 were Catholics.[22]

On 22 September 1948, Lefebvre, while continuing as Vicar Apostolic of Dakar,[1] received additional responsibilities: Pope Pius XII appointed him Apostolic Delegate to French Africa.[1] In this capacity he was the papal representative to the Church authorities[Notes 6] in 46 dioceses[23] "in continental and insular Africa subject to the French Government, with the addition of the Diocese of Reunion, the whole of the island of Madagascar and the other neighbouring islands under French rule, but excluding the dioceses of North Africa, namely those of Carthage, Constantine, Algiers and Oran."[24][Notes 7] With this new responsibility he was appointed Archbishop of the titular see of Arcadiopolis in Europa.[1]

As Apostolic Delegate, Lefebvre's chief duty was the building up of the ecclesiastical structure in French Africa.[25] Pope Pius XII wanted to move quickly towards a proper hierarchy (with bishops instead of vicariates and apostolic prefectures). Lefebvre was responsible for selecting these new bishops,[23] increasing the number of priests and religious sisters,[26] as well as the number of churches in the various dioceses.[5]

On 14 September 1955, the Apostolic Vicariate of Dakar became an archdiocese, and Lefebvre thus became the first Metropolitan Archbishop of Dakar.[1][25] Archbishop Lefebvre was the first and foremost advisor to Pius XII during the writing of the encyclical Fidei Donum (1957), which instructed the clergy and laity on the missions in the Third World countries and called for more missionaries.[27]

In 1958 Pope Pius XII died and was succeeded by Pope John XXIII,[28] who, in 1959, after giving Lefebvre the choice between remaining either as Apostolic Delegate or as Archbishop of Dakar,[26] appointed another to the post of Apostolic Delegate for French Africa. Lefebvre continued as Archbishop of Dakar until 23 January 1962,[26] when he was transferred to the diocese of Tulle in France,[5] retaining his personal title of archbishop.[1] Shortly after his appointment as Superior General of the Holy Ghost Fathers (see below), he resigned from the diocese of Tulle on 7 August 1962.[1]

Second Vatican Council[edit]

In 1960, Pope John XXIII appointed Lefebvre to the Central Preparatory Commission for the Second Vatican Council.[29] Lefebvre took part in the discussions about the draft documents to be submitted to the bishops for consideration at the Council.

Superior General of the Holy Ghost Fathers[edit]

Main article: Holy Ghost Fathers

On 26 July 1962 the Chapter General of the Holy Ghost Fathers elected Lefebvre as the Superior General.[30] Lefebvre was widely respected for his experience in the mission field.[5] On the other hand, certain progressive members of his congregation, particularly in France, considered his administrative style authoritarian and desired radical reforms.[31] On 7 August 1962 Lefebvre was given the titular archiepiscopal see of Synnada in Phrygia.[1]

Coetus Internationalis Patrum[edit]

Main articles: Second Vatican Council and Coetus Internationalis Patrum
Dom Antônio de Castro Mayer in 1980

As a member of the Central Preparatory Commission the Archbishop worked for several years upon the draft documents which the Council Fathers were to discuss, a total of seventy-two preparatory schemas.[32][33]

Within the first two weeks of the first session of the Council (October to December 1962)[34] all seventy-two of the preparatory schemas had been rejected from consideration. The council rules had stipulated a necessary two-thirds supermajority to reject the schemas. Although only 60% had voted against the schemas, they were regardless discarded at the intervention of Pope John XXIII. [33][dubious – discuss]

Lefebvre became concerned about the direction the Council's deliberations were taking,[5] taking a leading part in a study group of bishops at the Council which became known as the Coetus Internationalis Patrum (International Group of Fathers), with other traditional-leaning bishops Antônio de Castro Mayer, Bishop of Campos and Geraldo de Proença Sigaud, Archbishop of Diamantina.[35][Notes 8]

A major area of concern at the Council was the debate about the principle of religious liberty.[Notes 9] During the Council's third session (September to November 1964)[36] Archbishop Pericle Felici announced that Lefebvre, with two other like-minded bishops, was appointed to a special four-member commission charged with rewriting the draft document on the topic,[Notes 10] but it was soon discovered that this measure did not have papal approval, and major responsibility for preparing the draft document was given to the Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity.[37] Instead of the draft entitled "On Religious Liberty", Lefebvre and Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviani had supported instead a text dealing with "Relations between the Church and State, and religious tolerance."[38]

The Coetus Internationalis Patrum did, however, manage to get the preliminary vote (with suggestions for modifications) on the document put off until the fourth session of the Council, but were unable to prevent the adoption, on 7 December 1965, of the final text of the declaration Dignitatis humanae by the overwhelming majority of the Council.[Notes 11] The expressed view of some that this overwhelming majority was only due to intense lobbying by the reformist wing of Council Fathers among those prelates who initially had reservations or even objections,[39] however, is not accepted by all observers. Lefebvre was one of those who voted against the declaration, but he was one of those who added their signature to the document, after that of the Pope, though not all present did sign.[Notes 11] Lefebvre later declared that the sheet of paper that he signed and that was "passed from hand to hand among the Fathers of the Council and upon which everyone placed his signature, had no meaning of a vote for or against, but signified simply our presence at the meeting to vote for four documents."[40] However, the paper on which his signature appears, and which was not "the relatively unimportant attendance sheet which Lefebvre recalled in his interview", bears "the title Declaratio de Libertate Religiosa (along with the titles of three other documents) at the top," and "(t)he fathers were informed that if they wished to sign one or more documents, but not all of them, they could make a marginal annotation beside their name, specifying which documents they did or did not wish to sign. No such annotation is found beside the names of either Lefebvre or de Castro Mayer, which proves that they were prepared to share in the official promulgation of that Declaration on Religious Liberty which they later publicly rejected."[41]

Padre Pio and Marcel Lefebvre[edit]

Padre Pio of Pietrelcina kissing Archbishop Lefebvre's ring

In April 1967, three years before founding the SSPX, Archbishop Lefebvre briefly met the Italian saint and mystic Padre Pio of Pietrelcina to ask his blessing on a forthcoming general chapter of the Holy Ghost Fathers.

Pascal Cataneo, a priest claiming to be an associate of Padre Pio, claimed in the book "Padre Pio Gleanings" that the saint had prophesied about Abp. Lefebvre. He wrote:

"Padre Pio looked at Lefebvre very sternly and said: "Never cause discord among your brothers and always practise the rule of obedience; above all when it seems to you that the errors of those in authority are all the more serious. There is no other road than that of obedience, especially for those of us who have made this vow."... It seems Archbishop Lefebvre did not see things in quite the same way even if he did respond to Padre Pio with: "I will remember that, Father." Padre Pio looked at him intensely and, seeing what would soon happen, said: "No! You will forget it! You will tear apart the community of faithful, oppose the will of your superiors and even go against the orders of the pope himself and this will happen quite soon..."[42]

Padre Pio in jovial conversation with Archbishop Lefebvre

However, Lefebvre dismissed the allegation as a "slander, a fabrication",[43][44] giving his own account of the event, as well as photographic evidence backing his counter-claim. His explanation was provided on 8 August 1990, on the occasion of his replying in a personal letter to a Society priest in France who had written to ask him about the meeting with Padre Pio. Here are extracts from the letter::

"For several years now this slander, a fabrication from start to finish, has been circulating in Italy. I have already refuted it, but lies die hard; there is not one word of truth in the page of that magazine you photocopied for me. The meeting which took place after Easter in 1967 lasted two minutes. I was accompanied by Fr. Barbara and a Holy Ghost Brother, Brother Felin. I met Padre Pio in a corridor, on his way to the confessional, being helped by two Capuchins. I told him in a few words the purpose of my visit: for him to bless the Congregation of the Holy Ghost which was due to hold an extraordinary General my Chapter meeting, like all religious societies, under the heading of aggiornamento (up-dating), meeting which I was afraid would lead to trouble...Then Padre Pio cried out. 'Me, bless an archbishop, no, no, it is you who should be blessing me!' And he bowed, to receive the blessing. I blessed him, he kissed my ring and continued on his way to the confessional...That was the whole of the meeting, no more, no less. To invent such an account as you sent me the copy of calls for a satanic imagination and mendacity. The author is a son of the Father of Lies. Thank you for giving me the chance to tell once more the plain truth.
Most cordially yours in Christo et Maria,
+Marcel Lefebvre"[43][44]

Author Griff Ruby pointed out that Padre Pio had no known associate or acquaintance by the name "Pascal Cataneo".[44]

Resignation from the Holy Ghost Fathers[edit]

Lefebvre was increasingly criticized by influential members of his large religious congregation who considered him to be out-of-step with modern Church leaders and the demand of the bishops' conferences, particularly in France, for modernization and reforms. An Extraordinary General Chapter of the Holy Ghost Fathers was convened in Rome in September 1968 to debate the direction of the congregation after the changes of the Second Vatican Council. The first action of the chapter was to name several moderators to lead the chapter's sessions instead of Lefebvre.[45] Lefebvre then handed in his resignation as Superior General to Pope Paul VI.[46] He would later say that it had become impossible for him to remain superior of an institute that no longer wanted or listened to him.[47]

Theological and political positions[edit]

See also: Controversies surrounding the Society of St. Pius X

Background[edit]

Lefebvre belonged to an identifiable strand of right-wing political and religious opinion in French society that originated among the defeated royalists after the 1789 French Revolution. Lefebvre's political and theological outlook mirrored that of a significant number of conservative members of French society under the French Third Republic (1870–1940). The Third Republic was reft by conflicts between the secular Left and the Catholic Right, with many individuals on both sides espousing distinctly radical positions (see, for example, the article on the famous Dreyfus affair). Thus it has been said that "Lefebvre was... a man formed by the bitter hatreds that defined the battle lines in French society and culture from the French Revolution to the Vichy regime".[48]

Lefebvre's first biographer, the English traditionalist writer Michael Davies, wrote in the first volume of his Apologia Pro Marcel Lefebvre:[49]

In France political feeling tends to be more polarized, more extreme, and far more deeply felt than in England. It can only be understood in the light of the French Revolution and subsequent history... At the risk of a serious over-simplification, it is reasonable to state that up to the Second World War Catholicism in France tended to be identified with right-wing politics and anti-Catholicism with the left... [Lefebvre's] own alleged right-wing political philosophy is nothing more than straight-forward Catholic social teaching as expounded by the Popes for a century or more...

In similar vein, the pro-SSPX English priest Fr. Michael Crowdy wrote, in his preface to his translation of Lefebvre's Open Letter to Confused Catholics:[50]

We must remember that Lefebvre is writing against the background of France, where ideas are generally more clear‑cut than they are in Great Britain.... Take the word "socialism," for example; that means to some of us, first and foremost, a social ideal of brotherhood and justice. We have had our Christian socialists. On the Continent, however, Socialism is uncompromisingly anti‑religious, or almost a substitute for religion, and Communism is seen as the natural development from it. This is the Socialism the Archbishop is writing about. And when he rejects Liberalism, he is not thinking of the [British] Liberal Party... but of that religious liberalism that exalts human liberty above the claims of God or of His Church...

Theological positions[edit]

Lefebvre was associated with the following positions:

Lefebvre, however, forbade the members of his society from questioning the validity of the reigning Popes,[53] only the prudence of their decisions, referring to Sedevacantist ideology as "imprudent".

Political positions[edit]

Political positions espoused by Lefebvre included the following:

  • Condemnation of the 1789 French Revolution and what he called its "Masonic and anti-Catholic principles".[54]
  • Support for the "Catholic order" of the authoritarian French Vichy government (1940–1944) of Marshal Philippe Pétain.
  • Support for authoritarian governments. In 1985, he spoke approvingly of the governments of Francisco Franco of Spain and António Salazar of Portugal, noting that their neutrality in World War II had spared their peoples the suffering of the war.
  • Support for the French nationalist leader Jean-Marie Le Pen. In 1985, the French periodical Présent quoted Lefebvre as endorsing Le Pen on the grounds that he was the only leading French politician who was clearly opposed to abortion.
  • Opposition to Muslim immigration into Europe. In 1990, Lefebvre was convicted in a French court and sentenced to pay a fine of 5,000 francs when he stated in this connection that "it is your wives, your daughters, your children who will be kidnapped and dragged off to a certain kind of places [sic] as they exist in Casablanca".[55][56]

Society of Saint Pius X[edit]

Main article: Society of Saint Pius X

Lawful formation[edit]

After retiring from the post of Superior General of the Holy Ghost Fathers, Lefebvre was approached by traditionalists from the French Seminary in Rome who had been refused tonsure,[57] the rite by which, until 1973,[58] a seminarian became a cleric. They asked for a conservative seminary to complete their studies. After directing them to the University of Fribourg, Switzerland,[59][60] Lefebvre was urged to teach these seminarians personally.[60] In 1969, he received permission from the local bishop to establish a seminary in Fribourg which opened with nine students, moving to Écône, Switzerland in 1971.[61]

Lefebvre proposed to his seminarians the establishment of a society of priests without vows.[60] In November 1970, Bishop François Charrière of Fribourg established, on a provisional (ad experimentum) basis for six years, the International Priestly Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX) as a "pious union".[62]

Initial attempts at suppression[edit]

In November 1972, the bishops of France, gathered as the Plenary Assembly of French Bishops at Lourdes, whose theological outlook was quite different from Lefebvre's, treated the then-legal Écône seminary with suspicion and referred to it as Séminaire sauvage or "Outlaw Seminary".[59][63] They indicated that they would incardinate none of the seminarians.[64] Cardinal Secretary of State Cardinal Villot accused Lefebvre before Pope Paul VI of making his seminarians sign a condemnation of the Pope, which Lefebvre vigorously denied.[65]

Apostolic Visitors[edit]

Cardinal Secretary of State Jean-Marie Villot

In November 1974, two Belgian priests carried out a rigorous inspection on the instructions of a commission of cardinals,[64] producing, it was said, a favourable report.[66] However, while at Écône, they expressed a number of theological opinions, such as that ordination of married men will soon be a normal thing, that truth changed with the times, and the traditional conception of the Resurrection of Our Lord were open to discussion, which the seminarians and staff objected to as scandalous.[64] In what he later described as a mood of "doubtlessly excessive indignation",[64] Lefebvre wrote a "Declaration" in which he strongly attacked the modernist and liberal trends that he saw as apparent in the reforms being undertaken within the Church at that time.[67]

"We adhere with all our heart and all our soul to Catholic Rome, guardian of the Catholic Faith and the traditions necessary to maintain it, and to Eternal Rome, mistress of wisdom and truth. On the other hand we refuse and have always refused to follow the Rome of the neo-Modernist and the new Protestant trend which was clearly evident in the Second Vatican Council and, after the Council in all the reforms which flowed from it."

The Commission of Cardinals declared in reply that the declaration was "unacceptable on all points".[59]

In January 1975 the new Bishop of Fribourg, Mgr. Pierre Mamie, stated his wish to withdraw the SSPX's pious union status.

On 13 February, Lefebvre then was invited to Rome for a meeting with the commission of Cardinals,[59] which he described as "a close cross examination of the judicial type", regarding the contents of his "Declaration", followed by a second on 3 March.[59] In May, the commission issued a notification that it had decided to grant approval to the Mgr. Mamie to carry out his intentions, with Lefebvre arguing that according to Canon 493 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law, only the Pope, which he interpreted to mean a direct decree from the Pope rather than mere retroactive approbation, could suppress a religious congregation.[59]

The Bishop put his intention into effect on 6 May 1975,[64] thereby officially dissolving the Society.[Notes 14] This action was subsequently upheld by Pope Paul VI, who wrote to Archbishop Lefebvre in June 1975. Lefebvre continued his work regardless because "having taken legal advice from competent canon lawyers who advised him that, despite the letter from Pope Paul dated 29 June 1975, the entire legal process taken against the Fraternity had been so irregular that it could not be considered as having been legally suppressed. The Archbishop was further advised that, as the Vatican had permitted priests to be incardinated directly into the Fraternity on three separate occasions, it could be considered that the privilege of incardinating priests directly into the Fraternity now existed."[68] Lefebvre also argued that there were insufficient grounds for suppression as the Apostolic Visitors, by the Commission's own admission, delivered a positive report, and that since his Declaration had not been condemned by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF, formerly known as the Holy Office, or Inquisition), he appealed, twice, to the appellate court of the Church, the Apostolic Signatura.[59] Cardinal Villot blocked the move, reportedly threatening the Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura Cardinal Staffa with dismissal if the appeals were not struck out.[59][69]

In May 1977, Mamie warned Marcel Lefebvre that saying a Mass in the Tridentine Rite could be a break with orthodox Catholicism.[70]

Clash with the Vatican[edit]

Lefebvre in 1981

In the consistory of 24 May 1976, Pope Paul VI criticized Archbishop Lefebvre by name and appealed to him and his followers to change their minds.[71]

Lefebvre in Cordoba, Argentina in 1980

On 29 June 1976, Lefebvre went ahead with planned priestly ordinations without the approval of the local Bishop and despite receiving letters from Rome forbidding them. As a result Lefebvre was suspended a collatione ordinum, i.e., forbidden to ordain any priests. A week later, the Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops informed him that, to have his situation regularized, he needed to ask the Pope's pardon. Lefebvre responded with a letter claiming that the modernisation of the Church was a "compromise with the ideas of modern man" originating in a secret agreement between high dignitaries in the Church and senior Freemasons prior to the Council.[72] Lefebvre was then notified that, since he had not apologised to the Pope, he was suspended a divinis,[73] i.e., he could no longer legally administer any of the sacraments.[74] Lefebvre remarked that he had been forbidden from celebrating the new rite of Mass.[75] Pope Paul VI apparently took this seriously and stated that Lefebvre "thought he dodged the penalty by administering the sacraments using the previous formulas."[Notes 15] In spite of his suspension, Lefebvre continued to pray Mass and to administer the other Sacraments, including the conferral of Holy Orders to the students of his seminary.

Pope Paul VI received Lefebvre in audience on 11 September 1976,[76] and one month later wrote to him admonishing him and, repeating the appeal he had made at the audience.[Notes 16] Pope John Paul II received Lefebvre in audience sixty days after his 1978 election,[77] again without reaching agreement.

Écône consecrations[edit]

Main article: Écône consecrations

In a 1987 sermon Lefebvre, at age 81, experiencing failing health, announced his intention to consecrate a bishop to carry on his work after his death.[Notes 17] This was controversial because, under Catholic canon law, the consecration of a bishop requires the permission of the Pope.

On 5 May 1988, Lefebvre signed an agreement with Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (the future Pope Benedict XVI), who was then Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, to regularize the situation of the Society of St Pius X. The cardinal agreed that one bishop would be consecrated for the society.[78]

"Operation Survival"[edit]

Shortly after, however, Lefebvre announced that he had received a note from Cardinal Ratzinger in which he "was asked to beg pardon for [his] errors"[3] and thereupon decided that he was obliged both to reject the arrangement he had agreed to and to consecrate a successor—if necessary, without papal approval.[3] As Cardinal Ratzinger did not specify a date for the episcopal consecration, should he have died before the consecration was granted, the Society would be unable to ordain any seminarians and thus forced into capitulation with the Holy See.[4][79] He dubbed his plan "Operation Survival".[3]

"That is why, taking into account the strong will of the present Roman authorities to reduce Tradition to naught, to gather the world to the spirit of Vatican II and the spirit of Assisi, we have preferred to withdraw ourselves and to say that we could not continue. It was not possible. We would have evidently been under the authority of Cardinal Ratzinger, President of the Roman Commission, which would have directed us; we were putting ourselves into his hands, and consequently putting ourselves into the hands of those who wish to draw us into the spirit of the Council and the spirit of Assisi. This was simply not possible."

The Pope appealed to him not to proceed in "a schismatic act", warning of "theological and canonical consequences".[Notes 18]

On 30 June 1988, Archbishop Lefebvre, with Bishop Emeritus Antônio de Castro Mayer of Campos, Brazil, as co-consecrator, consecrated four SSPX priests as bishops: Bernard Tissier de Mallerais, Richard Williamson, Alfonso de Galarreta and Bernard Fellay.

Shortly before the consecrations, Lefebvre gave the following sermon:

"...this ceremony, which is apparently done against the will of Rome, is in no way a schism. We are not schismatics! If an excommunication was pronounced against the bishops of China, who separated themselves from Rome and put themselves under the Chinese government, one very easily understands why Pope Pius XII excommunicated them. There is no question of us separating ourselves from Rome, nor of putting ourselves under a foreign government, nor of establishing a sort of parallel church as the Bishops of Palmar de Troya have done in Spain. They have even elected a pope, formed a college of cardinals... It is out of the question for us to do such things. Far from us be this miserable thought to separate ourselves from Rome!"[3]

The next day, 1 July, the Congregation for Bishops issued a decree stating that this was a schismatic act and that all six people directly involved had thereby incurred automatic excommunication.[80]

Aftermath[edit]

On 2 July, Pope John Paul II condemned the consecration in his apostolic letter Ecclesia Dei, in which he stated that the consecration constituted a schismatic act and that by virtue of Canon 1382 of the Code of Canon Law, the bishops and priests involved were automatically excommunicated.[Notes 19]

Lefebvre declared that he and the other clerics involved had not "separated themselves from Rome" and were therefore not schismatic.[3] He invoked canon 1323 of the 1983 Code of Canon law that they "found themselves in a case of necessity", not having succeeded, as they said, in making "Rome" understand that "this change which has occurred in the Church" since the Second Vatican Council was "not Catholic".[Notes 20] In a letter addressed to the four priests he was about to consecrate as bishops, Lefebvre wrote: "I do not think one can say that Rome has not lost the Faith."[82]

On 18 July, twelve priests and a some seminarians, led by Father Josef Bisig left the SSPX due to the Ecône Consecrations.[83][84] Father Josef Bisig became the first superior general of the newly formed Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter, coming to a compromise with and placing themselves under the Holy See.

Death[edit]

Lefebvre died on 25 March 1991 at the age of 85 from cancer in Martigny, Switzerland, less than three years after being excommunicated for carrying out the episcopal consecrations.[85] Eight days later he was buried in the crypt at the society's international seminary in Écône, Switzerland. Archbishop Edoardo Rovida, Apostolic Nuncio to Switzerland, and Bishop Henri Schwery of Sion, the local diocese, came and prayed at the body of the dead prelate.[86] Later that year, on 18 September 1991, Cardinal Silvio Oddi, who had been Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy from 1979 to 1986, visited Lefebvre's tomb, knelt down at it and prayed, afterwards saying aloud: "Merci, Monseigneur". Thereafter Cardinal Oddi said he held Lefebvre to have been "a holy man"[87] and suggested that the Society of St Pius X could be granted a personal prelature by the Holy See like that of Opus Dei. In January 1992, the then-superior general of the society, Fr. Franz Schmidberger, rejected this hypothetical offer by an unpublished private letter to the Holy See. The letter's content was described by Bishop Richard Williamson (subsequently expelled from the SSPX) as basically saying that, "as long as Rome remains Conciliar, a fruitful and open collaboration between the two [the SSPX and the Holy See] does not seem possible."[87]

Decorations and awards[edit]

During his career as Archbishop, Lefebvre was decorated by his native country, as well as several foreign governments, including:

  • French: Legion of Honor[88]
  • Gabonese: Equatorial Star of Gabon[88]
  • Senegalese: Grand National Order of Senegal[88]

Legacy of the 1988 consecrations[edit]

Lifting of excommunications[edit]

In 2009, at the request of the four surviving bishops, Pope Benedict XVI lifted their excommunications.[89][Notes 21][90][91]

The episcopal lineage[edit]

The lineage originated by the 1988 consecrations amounts to 8 bishops as of 2016, out of whom 7 are alive:

Works[edit]

  • Lefebvre, Marcel (1998). A Bishop Speaks: Writings & Addresses, 1963–1974. Kansas City, Mo.: Angelus Press. ISBN 0-935952-16-0.
  • Lefebvre, Marcel (1998). I Accuse the Council! (2nd ed.). Kansas City, Mo.: Angelus Press. ISBN 978-0-935952-68-1.
  • Lefebvre, Marcel (1987). Open Letter to Confused Catholics. Kansas City, Mo.: Angelus Press. ISBN 978-0-935952-13-1. Translated from the original book: Lefèbvre, Marcel (1985). Lettre Ouverte aux Catholiques Perplexes (in French). Paris: A. Michel. ISBN 978-2-226-02325-4.
  • Lefebvre, Marcel (1997). Against the Heresies. Kansas City, Mo.: Angelus Press. ISBN 978-0-935952-28-5.
  • Lefebvre, Marcel (1988). They Have Uncrowned Him: From Liberalism to Apostasy, the Conciliar Tragedy. Dickinson, Tex: Angelus Press. ISBN 0-935952-05-5.
  • Lefebvre, Marcel (2000). The Mystery of Jesus: the Meditations of Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre. Kansas City, Mo.: Angelus Press. ISBN 978-1-892331-02-1.
  • Lefebvre, Marcel (2001). Religious Liberty Questioned – The Dubia: My Doubts about the Vatican II Declaration of Religious Liberty. Kansas City, Mo.: Angelus Press. ISBN 978-1-892331-12-0.
  • Lefebvre, Marcel (2007). The Mass of All Time: the Hidden Treasure. Kansas City, Mo.: Angelus Press. ISBN 978-1-892331-46-5.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Code of Canon Law 1983, Canon 1382: A bishop who consecrates some one a bishop without a pontifical mandate and the person who receives the consecration from him incur a latae sententiae excommunication reserved to the Apostolic See
  2. ^ He entered the Holy Ghost Fathers in 1930 and was assigned to the Seminary of St. Mary at Libreville (Gabon) from 1932 to 1945. Some Memories of Archbishop Lefebvre's childhood Archived 31 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine., The Angelus, November 1980, Volume III, Number 11, Sister Marie Christiane Lefebvre
  3. ^ Anglés 1991, "Teacher of Dogma and Holy Scripture in the Seminary of Libreville, Rector from 1934, he managed to be at the same time teacher, bursar, printer, plumber, electrician, driver... maybe having already in mind his Society's Priests!"
  4. ^ St. Michel de Ndjolé (May 1938 – August 1939), Ste. Marie de Libreville (December 1939 – August 1940), St. Paul de Donguila (August 1940 – April 1943), and finally St. François Xavier de Lambaréné (April 1943 – October 1945)
  5. ^ Anglés 1991, "on 18 September 1947, he was consecrated bishop in his hometown by Cardinal Liénart, Bishop Fauret —his former superior at Libreville— and Bishop Ancel."
  6. ^ A papal representative who in the territory assigned to him has the power and duty of watching over the status of the Church and of keeping the Roman pontiff informed regarding the same."Apostolic Delegate". Archived from the original on 22 March 2003. Retrieved 2013-11-01. , from the New Catholic Dictionary. In other words, an Apostolic Delegate is similar to a Nuncio, minus the formal diplomatic contact to a state (in this case because the French colonies were not states).
  7. ^ That is, all French Africa - including two départments of today's France proper, Réunion and Mayotte -, with the exception of Tunisia and mainland Algeria (the latter then considered part of France proper), but not excluding the Algerian southern territories.
  8. ^ the Archbishop found himself drawn into the role of a leader of the International Group of Fathers which came together to defend orthodoxy(God Bless the Archbishop Archived 31 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine., from The Angelus, August 1983, Volume V, Number 8)
  9. ^ The voting ensued, and Archbishop Lefebvre said: "On religious liberty, non placet...because it is based on false principles solemnly condemned by the sovereign pontiffs." Bernard Tissier de Mallerais"Archbishop Lefebvre preparing the council". Archived from the original on 24 February 2003. Retrieved 2006-11-03. . Fideliter. The English translation was taken from the May 2002 issue of The Angelus.
  10. ^ It was suddenly announced that the document on Religious Liberty would be handed to a new commission for revision — a commission that included some of the most moss-backed of the moss-backed conservatives (to borrow a phrase from Archbishop Connolly!), including Archbishop Lefebvre, who later established the schismatic Society of St. Pius X. Vatican II, Part 4: The Third Session Archived 4 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine., Corinna Laughlin, St. James Cathedral, Seattle
  11. ^ a b Harrison 1994: "Thus, during the final vote on the morning of 7 December (when the fathers had to choose between a simple approval or disapproval of the last draft), Lefebvre was one of the 70 — about 3 percent of the total — who voted against the schema. Nevertheless, when the supreme pontiff himself put his signature to the controversial declaration an hour or so later, the French traditionalist prelate followed suit, presumably as an act of submission of his private judgment to that of the Vicar of Christ."
  12. ^ Reese 1988, "Archbishop Lefebvre is known most widely for his support of the Tridentine liturgy and his attacks on the liturgical changes initiated by Vatican II. But his complaints against Vatican II go far beyond liturgical reforms. He also rejects conciliar developments in collegiality, religious liberty and ecumenism. These are seen by him as corresponding to the Revolution's égalité, liberté and fraternité."
  13. ^ Vere 2001: "However, Lefebvre's continued use of the Tridentine Mass eventually became an issue with the Vatican."
  14. ^ Pope Paul VI canonically suppressed the SSPX and its seminary in 1975. Pete Vere"My Journey out of the Lefebvre Schism". Archived from the original on 29 August 2005. Retrieved 2006-09-02. , Envoy Magazine, Volume 4.6.
  15. ^ Pope Paul VI & 11 October 1976, Section II: "arbitrans te poenam istam devitare, si sacramenta administras anterioribus formulis utens"
  16. ^ In this letter the Pope asked Archbishop Lefebvre to accept the documents of the Second Vatican Council in their obvious meaning, the legitimacy of the revised liturgy, the obligatory character of the norms of canon law then in force, and the authority of the diocesan bishops over preaching and administration of the sacraments in their dioceses.
  17. ^ The situation is such, the work placed in our hands by the good Lord is such, that faced with this darkness in Rome, faced with the Roman authorities' pertinacity in error, faced with this refusal to return to Truth or Tradition on the part of those who occupy the seats of authority in Rome, faced with all these things, it seems to us that the good Lord is asking for the Church to continue. This is why it is likely that before I give acco/sspof my life to the good Lord, I shall have to consecrate some bishops. Bishops to Save the Church, Marcel Lefebvre, June 1987
  18. ^ On 3 June, Lefebvre wrote that he would still go ahead with the 30 June consecrations. On 9 June 1988, Pope John Paul II replied to him with a personal letter, recalling the agreement the archbishop had signed on 5 May and appealing to him not to proceed with a design that "would be seen as nothing other than a schismatic act, the theological and canonical consequences of which are known to you." When no reply came from Lefebvre, this letter was made public on 16 June.Pope John Paul II, an Obituary Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine., Latin Mass Society of Ireland
  19. ^ Pope John Paul II 1988, § 3: In itself, this act was one of disobedience to the Roman Pontiff in a very grave matter and of supreme importance for the unity of the church, such as is the ordination of bishops whereby the apostolic succession is sacramentally perpetuated. Hence such disobedience — which implies in practice the rejection of the Roman primacy — constitutes a schismatic act (cf. Code of Canon Law, can. 751) In performing such an act, notwithstanding the formal canonical warning sent to them by the Cardinal Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops on 17 June last, Mons. Lefebvre and the priests Bernard Fellay, Bernard Tissier de Mallerais, Richard Williamson and Alfonso de Galarreta, have incurred the grave penalty of excommunication envisaged by ecclesiastical law (cf. Code of Canon Law, can. 1382).
  20. ^ Thus, we find ourselves in a case of necessity. We have done all we could, trying to help Rome to understand that they had to come back to the attitudes of the holy Pius XII and of all his predecessors. Bishop de Castro Mayer and myself have gone to Rome, we have spoken, we have sent letters, several times to Rome. We have tried by these talks, by all these means, to succeed in making Rome understand that, since the Council and since aggiornamento, this change which has occurred in the Church is not Catholic, is not in conformity to the doctrine of all times. This ecumenism and all these errors, this collegiality — all this is contrary to the Faith of the Church, and is in the process of destroying the Church. Sermon on the occasion of the Episcopal Consecration, Marcel Lefebvre, June 1988
  21. ^ Pope Benedict XVI & July 2009: "I wished to remit the excommunication of the four Bishops illicitly ordained by Archbishop Lefebvre. With this decision I intended to remove an impediment that might have jeopardized the opening of a door to dialogue and thereby to invite the Bishops and the "Society of St Pius X" to rediscover the path to full communion with the Church."

References[edit]

Citations
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Catholic-hierarchy.org 2011
  2. ^ Credidimus Caritati Archived 15 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine.. Sspxseminary.org. Retrieved on 1 November 2013.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Sermon on the occasion of the Episcopal Consecration, Marcel Lefebvre, June 1988
  4. ^ a b "One Year After the Consecrations". archives.sspx.org.
  5. ^ a b c d e Davies 1980, Chapter 1
  6. ^ a b c Dinges 2003, p. 446
  7. ^ a b c "Monsignor Lefebvre in his own words". Archived from the original on 6 December 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-06.. Society of St. Pius X – South Africa. sspxafrica.com. February 2002.
  8. ^ René Lefebvre, a factory owner The ghost at all our tables, Oriens, Summer 2005
  9. ^ A Calvary 1941–1944 René Lefebvre Part 1, June 1984, Volume VII, Number 6, The Angelus
  10. ^ Jeanette M. Pryor & J. Christopher Pryor, "René Lefebvre and the Holocaust", Le Floch Report, 19 March 2006.[dead link]
  11. ^ The ghost at all our tables, Oriens journal
  12. ^ "Archbishop Lefebvre readily admitted that were it not for the solid formation he received from Fr. Le Floch, he too might have succumbed to the creeping liberalism of the age." John Vennari (August 2005)"I have handed on what I have received". Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 2013-11-01. , The Angelus.
  13. ^ "Monsignor Leferbve in his own words". Archived from the original on 22 March 2004. Retrieved 2004-03-22.. Society of St. Pius X – South Africa. sspxafrica.com. April 2002.
  14. ^ Tissier de Mallerais 2004, p. 77
  15. ^ Ordained priest at Lille, France, by Msgr Achille Liénart, Bishop of Lille, on 21 September 1929"Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre – Useful Information". Archived from the original on 3 July 2004. Retrieved 2006-08-25. . Society of Saint Pius X, District of Great Britain
  16. ^ Laudenschlager 1978: "His Grace, Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, was ordained to the priesthood on 21 September 1929, and consecrated a bishop on 18 September 1947, by Achille Cardinal Lienart, Bishop of Archbishop Lefebvre's Diocese of Lille (France)."
  17. ^ Seminary training: 1923–29 in the French Seminary, Rome, Doctor in philosophy and in theology. I – Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre
  18. ^ a b Davies 1980, Chapter 3
  19. ^ Tissier de Mallerais 2004, p. 83
  20. ^ "Monsignor Lefebvre in his own words". Archived from the original on 22 March 2004. Retrieved 2004-03-22.. Society of St. Pius X – South Africa. sspxafrica.com. June/July 2002
  21. ^ Tissier de Mallerais 2004, pp. 170–172
  22. ^ "Monsignor Lefebvre in his own words". Archived from the original on 7 November 2003. Retrieved 2003-11-07.. Society of St. Pius X – South Africa. sspxafrica.com. September 2002.
  23. ^ a b "Monsignor Lefebvre in his own words". Archived from the original on 23 September 2003. Retrieved 2003-09-23.. Society of St. Pius X – South Africa. sspxafrica.com. November 2002.
  24. ^ Filipazzi 2006, p. X
  25. ^ a b Anglés 1991
  26. ^ a b c "Monsignor Lefebvre in his own words". Archived from the original on 18 August 2003. Retrieved 2003-08-18.. Society of St. Pius X – South Africa. sspxafrica.com. January 2003.
  27. ^ Vor 50 Jahren, am 21. April 1957, erschien die Missionsenzyklika Fidei donum von Papst Pius XII. Ein wichtigster Berater des Heiligen Vaters war kein geringerer als dessen Delegat für das französischsprachige Afrika, S. Ex. Erzbischof Marcel Lefebvre. Source: Enzyklika Fidei Donum und Erzbischof Lefebvre[dead link]
  28. ^ At the death of Pius XII he was elected Pope on 28 October 1958, taking the name John XXIII. POPE JOHN XXIII, Vatican News Service
  29. ^ Yes, it is correct that I was part of the Central Preparatory Commission during the two years before the Council An Interview With Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre Archived 31 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine., Given on 3 May 1982, to Louis Moore, Religion Editor of The Houston Chronicle
  30. ^ "Question 2: Who is Archbishop Marcel Lefebrve, SSPX USA". Archived from the original on 22 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-22.
  31. ^ Tissier de Mallerais 2004, p. 338
  32. ^ God Bless the Archbishop Archived 31 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine., from The Angelus, August 1983, Volume V, Number 8
  33. ^ a b Lefebvre, Marcel (1987). "Ch. 14, Vatican II is the French Revolution in the Church". Open Letter to confused Catholics.
  34. ^ Hardon 1989, pp. 20–21
  35. ^ Roy-Lysencourt, Philippe (2014), Les Membres du Coetus Internationalis Patrum au Concile Vatican II: Inventaire des Interventions et Souscriptions des Adherents et Sympathisants, Liste des Signataires d'occasion et des Théologiens, Instrumenta Theologica (in French), 37, Leuven: Maurits Sabbe Library, Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies, KU Leuven / Peeters, pp. 483–4, ISBN 9789042930872
  36. ^ Second Vatican Council. Dailycatholic.org. Retrieved on 1 November 2013.
  37. ^ "In interviews with Bea and Frings, Paul VI agreed that the Christian Unity office would bear the major responsibility for revising the two declarations."(Cum Magno Dolore, Time Magazine, 23 October 1964)
  38. ^ Bernard Tissier de Mallerais"Archbishop Lefebvre preparing the council". Archived from the original on 24 February 2003. Retrieved 2006-11-03. . Fideliter. The English translation was taken from the May 2002 issue of The Angelus.
  39. ^ Der Rhein fliesst in den Tiber: eine Geschichte des Zweiten Vatikanischen Konzils, Wiltgen SVD, Ralph M., Feldkirch. Lins. cop. 1988. p. 316
  40. ^ Angelus magazine of January 1991. Angelusonline.org (1 November 1990). Retrieved on 1 November 2013.
  41. ^ Harrison 1994
  42. ^ Cataneo, Pascal. Padre Pio Gleanings. p. 58.
  43. ^ a b "Padre Pio & Archbishop Lefebvre". archives.sspx.org.
  44. ^ a b c Ruby, Griff (2002). The Resurrection of the Roman Catholic Church. p. 358.
  45. ^ Spiritan History from 1965
  46. ^ "July/August 2003 Monsignor Lefebvre in his own words". Archived from the original on 19 March 2004. Retrieved 2004-03-19.. Society of St. Pius X – South Africa. sspxafrica.com. July/August 2003
  47. ^ Tissier de Mallerais 2004, p. 390
  48. ^ "Did the Pope Heal or Deepen a Catholic Schism?". 25 January 2009.
  49. ^ Davies 1980, Chapter 13
  50. ^ Lefebvre 1987
  51. ^ This spirit of adultery is also made clear in the ecumenism instituted by The Secretariat for the Unity of Christians."Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre's June 1988 Public Statement against False Ecumenism". Archived from the original on 13 October 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-02. , 19 October 1983, hosted by the United States district of the Society of Pius X
  52. ^ Bernard Tissier de Mallerais"Archbishop Lefebvre preparing the council". Archived from the original on 24 February 2003. Retrieved 2006-11-03. . Fideliter. The English translation was taken from the May 2002 issue of The Angelus. Hence, to accept Religious Liberty was in principle to accept the "rights of man" within the Church. Now, the Church has always condemned these declarations on the "rights of man" which have been made against the authority of God. Conference Of His Excellency Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, Long Island, New York, 5 November 1983, hosted by SSPXasia.com
  53. ^ Little Catechism on Sedevacantism
  54. ^ Lefebvre 1987, Chapter 13
  55. ^ Afterword: The Rushdie Affair's Legacy Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine., Koenraad Elst
  56. ^ 2004noir (7 January 2008). "Archbishop Marcel-François Lefebvre" – via YouTube.
  57. ^ The Wanderer Interviews Fr. Aulagnier, SSPX, Luc Gagnon, 18 September 2003
  58. ^ motu proprio ''Ministeria quaedam''. Ewtn.com. Retrieved on 1 November 2013.
  59. ^ a b c d e f g h Lefebvre, Marcel (1986). "Ch. 19, The Seminary of Ecône and Rome". Open Letter to Confused Catholics.
  60. ^ a b c "Monsignor Lefebvre in his own words". Archived from the original on 7 December 2003. Retrieved 2003-12-07.. Society of St. Pius X – South Africa. sspxafrica.com. September/October 2003.
  61. ^ "Monsignor Lefebvre in his own words". Archived from the original on 8 January 2004. Retrieved 2004-01-08.. Society of St. Pius X – South Africa. sspxafrica.com. November/December 2003.
  62. ^ Pia unio – the preliminary stage towards becoming an officially recognized religious institute or Society of Apostolic Life. For the decree seeDavies 1980, Appendix V
  63. ^ Davies 1980, Chapter 2
  64. ^ a b c d e Davies 1980, Chapter 4
  65. ^ Fideliter No.59. pp. 68–70.
  66. ^ Archbishop Lefebvre was told that this examination was very positive and that he just had to come to Rome and clarify some questions. Conference of Father Franz Schmidberger, Superior General of the Society of St. Pius X Archived 31 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. at Rockdale, Sydney, Australia 16 October 1990 by Father Gerard Hogan and Father François Laisney
  67. ^ "The Declaration of Archbishop Lefebvre". Archived from the original on 13 October 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-13.. sspx.org. 21 November 1974.
  68. ^ Davies 1980, Chapter 11
  69. ^ Hanu, José. Vatican Encounter. pp. 85, 191.
  70. ^ Gumley, Frances (27 May 1977). "Vatican hopes for peace fade as tridentinists dig in". Catholic Herald. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  71. ^ Pope Paul VI & 24 May 1976
  72. ^ "Letter of Mgr. Lefebvre to Pope Paul VI" (17 July 1976), quoted in: Davies 1980, (Chapter 12)
  73. ^ Roger McCaffrey and Thomas Woods, "All We Ask is for the Mass", May 2005, Catholic World News
  74. ^ Holier than Thou, Brian O'Neel, This Rock, April 2003, Pages 18 – 24, quoting Vere and William Woestman, O.M.I., Is the Society of St. Pius X in Schism? Archived 31 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  75. ^ "The International Priestly Society of Saint Pius X XXV Anniversary 1970–1995 A family diary". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-28., Conference given by Fr. Anglés at Kansas City, 1 November 1995
  76. ^ Davies 1980, Chapter 14
  77. ^ Weeks after becoming Pope in 1978, he granted Lefebvre's request for an audience (their only meeting) and repeatedly expressed his desire for peace.The Archbishop Calls It Quits, Richard N. Ostling, Time, 27 June 1988
  78. ^ "Protocol of Agreement between the Holy See and the Priestly Society of Saint Pius X". Archived from the original on 19 February 2002. Retrieved 2002-02-19.. This is an English translation of the original French.
  79. ^ Laisney, François. "May 6, 1988 Letter of Archbishop Lefebvre to Cardinal Ratzinger". Archbishop Lefebvre & the Vatican. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
  80. ^ Decree of Excommunication. Cin.org (1 July 1988). Retrieved on 1 November 2013.
  81. ^ 1983 Code of Canon Law, Canon 1323
  82. ^ Letter to the Four Bishops Elect. Sspxasia.com. 13 June 1988 .
  83. ^ "Audition of the Auditors II". Synodus Episcoporum Bulletin. Holy See Press Office. 30 September – 27 October 2001. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
  84. ^ Devillers, Arnaud (Summer 2002). "A Response to Christopher Ferrara". Latin Mass Magazine. Archived from the original on 14 April 2004. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
  85. ^ Associated Press, reproduced in the New York Times 3 April 1991
  86. ^ For an account of the funeral and burial see In Memoriam Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, The Angelus, April 2002 , Volume XXV, Number 4 Archived 31 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  87. ^ a b "Letter of Bishop Williamson on the visit of Cardinal Oddi".
  88. ^ a b c Fathers of Holy Cross Seminary (1997). Most Asked Questions About the Society of Saint Pius X. Kansas City: Angelus Press. p. 109. ISBN 0-935952-43-8.
  89. ^ Pope Benedict XVI & March 2009
  90. ^ Re 2009
  91. ^ Luxmoore 2009
  92. ^ "Fourth Bishop | St. Marcel Initiative". stmarcelinitiative.com. Retrieved 2017-03-13.
Bibliography
General
Publications of the Society of Saint Pius X
Publications of the Holy See

External links[edit]


Catholic Church titles
Preceded by
Edgar Anton Häring, O.F.M. 		— TITULAR —
Bishop of Anthedon
12 June 1947 – 22 September 1948 		Succeeded by
John Baptist Choi Deok-hong
Preceded by
Emile Yelle 		— TITULAR —
Bishop of Arcadiopolis in Europa
22 September 1948 – 14 September 1955 		Succeeded by
Auguste-Siméon Colas M.E.P
Preceded by
Auguste François Louis Grimault 		Archbishop of Dakar
12 June 1947/14 September 1955 – 23 January 1962 		Succeeded by
Hyacinthe Thiandoum
Preceded by
Aimable Chassaigne 		Archbishop1-Bishop of Tulle
23 January 1962 – 11 August 1962 		Succeeded by
Henri Clément Victor Donze
Preceded by
Fr. Francis Griffin 		Superior General of Congregation of the Holy Spirit
27 July 1962 – 29 October 1968 		Succeeded by
Fr. Joseph Lécuyer
Preceded by
Ildebrando Antoniutti, O.F.M. 		— TITULAR —
Bishop of Synnada in Phrygia
7 August 1962 – 10 December 1970 		Vacant
Notes and references
1. Retained Personal Title

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