1.
Palace of Westminster
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The Palace of Westminster is the meeting place of the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Commonly known as the Houses of Parliament after its occupants, the Palace lies on the bank of the River Thames in the City of Westminster. The palace is owned by the monarch in right of the Crown and for ceremonial purposes, the building is managed by committees appointed by both houses, which report to the Speaker of the House of Commons and the Lord Speaker. The first royal palace was built on the site in the 11th century, part of the New Palaces area of 3.24 hectares was reclaimed from the Thames, which is the setting of its nearly 300-metre long façade, called the River Front. Barry was assisted by Augustus Pugin, an authority on Gothic architecture and style. The Palace is one of the centres of political life in the United Kingdom, Westminster has become a metonym for the UK Parliament, the Palace of Westminster has been a Grade I listed building since 1970 and part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1987. The Palace of Westminster site was important during the Middle Ages. Known in medieval times as Thorney Island, the site may have been first-used for a residence by Canute the Great during his reign from 1016 to 1035. St Edward the Confessor, the penultimate Anglo-Saxon monarch of England, Thorney Island and the surrounding area soon became known as Westminster. Neither the buildings used by the Anglo-Saxons nor those used by William I survive, the oldest existing part of the Palace dates from the reign of William Is successor, King William II. The Palace of Westminster was the principal residence in the late Medieval period. The predecessor of Parliament, the Curia Regis, met in Westminster Hall, simon de Montforts parliament, the first to include representatives of the major towns, met at the Palace in 1265. The Model Parliament, the first official Parliament of England, met there in 1295, in 1512, during the early years of the reign of King Henry VIII, fire destroyed the royal residential area of the palace. In 1534, Henry VIII acquired York Place from Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, renaming it the Palace of Whitehall, Henry used it as his principal residence. Although Westminster officially remained a royal palace, it was used by the two Houses of Parliament and by the various law courts. Because it was originally a residence, the Palace included no purpose-built chambers for the two Houses. Important state ceremonies were held in the Painted Chamber which had originally built in the 13th century as the main bedchamber for King Henry III. The House of Commons, which did not have a chamber of its own, the Commons acquired a permanent home at the Palace in St Stephens Chapel, the former chapel of the royal palace, during the reign of Edward VI
2.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
3.
Middlesex
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Middlesex is a historic county in south-east England. It is now entirely within the wider urbanised area of London and its area is now also mostly within the ceremonial county of Greater London, with small sections in other neighbouring ceremonial counties. It was established in the Anglo-Saxon system from the territory of the Middle Saxons, the largely low-lying county, dominated by clay in its north and alluvium on gravel in its south, was the second smallest county by area in 1831. The City of London was a county in its own right from the 12th century and was able to exert control over Middlesex. Westminster Abbey dominated most of the financial, judicial and ecclesiastical aspects of the county. As London grew into Middlesex, the Corporation of London resisted attempts to expand the city boundaries into the county, in the 18th and 19th centuries the population density was especially high in the southeast of the county, including the East End and West End of London. From 1855 the southeast was administered, with sections of Kent and Surrey, the City of London, and Middlesex, became separate counties for other purposes and Middlesex regained the right to appoint its own sheriff, lost in 1199. In the interwar years suburban London expanded further, with improvement and expansion of public transport, after the Second World War, the population of the County of London and inner Middlesex was in steady decline, with high population growth continuing in the outer parts. Since 1965 various areas called Middlesex have been used for cricket, Middlesex was the former postal county of 25 post towns. The name means territory of the middle Saxons and refers to the origin of its inhabitants. The word is formed from the Anglo-Saxon, i. e. Old English, middel, in an 8th-century charter the region is recorded as Middleseaxon and in 704 it is recorded as Middleseaxan. The Saxons derived their name from seax, a kind of knife for which they were known, the seax has a lasting symbolic impact in the English counties of Essex and Middlesex, both of which feature three seaxes in their ceremonial emblem. Their names, along with those of Sussex and Wessex, contain a remnant of the word Saxon, there were settlements in the area of Middlesex that can be traced back thousands of years before the creation of a county. Middlesex was formerly part of the Kingdom of Essex It was recorded in the Domesday Book as being divided into the six hundreds of Edmonton, Elthorne, Gore, Hounslow, Ossulstone and Spelthorne. The City of London has been self-governing since the century and became a county in its own right. Middlesex also included Westminster, which also had a degree of autonomy. Of the six hundreds, Ossulstone contained the districts closest to the City of London, during the 17th century it was divided into four divisions, which, along with the Liberty of Westminster, largely took over the administrative functions of the hundred. The divisions were named Finsbury, Holborn, Kensington and Tower, the county had parliamentary representation from the 13th century
4.
Kingdom of England
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In the early 11th century the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, united by Æthelstan, became part of the North Sea Empire of Cnut the Great, a personal union between England, Denmark and Norway. The completion of the conquest of Wales by Edward I in 1284 put Wales under the control of the English crown, from the accession of James I in 1603, the Stuart dynasty ruled England in personal union with Scotland and Ireland. Under the Stuarts, the kingdom plunged into war, which culminated in the execution of Charles I in 1649. The monarchy returned in 1660, but the Civil War had established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without the consent of Parliament and this concept became legally established as part of the Glorious Revolution of 1688. From this time the kingdom of England, as well as its state the United Kingdom. On 1 May 1707, under the terms of the Acts of Union 1707, the Anglo-Saxons referred to themselves as the Engle or the Angelcynn, originally names of the Angles. They called their land Engla land, meaning land of the English, by Æthelweard Latinized Anglia, from an original Anglia vetus, the name Engla land became England by haplology during the Middle English period. The Latin name was Anglia or Anglorum terra, the Old French, by the 14th century, England was also used in reference to the entire island of Great Britain. The standard title for all monarchs from Æthelstan until the time of King John was Rex Anglorum, Canute the Great, a Dane, was the first king to call himself King of England. In the Norman period Rex Anglorum remained standard, with use of Rex Anglie. The Empress Matilda styled herself Domina Anglorum, from the time of King John onwards all other titles were eschewed in favour of Rex or Regina Anglie. In 1604 James VI and I, who had inherited the English throne the previous year, the English and Scottish parliaments, however, did not recognise this title until the Acts of Union of 1707. The kingdom of England emerged from the unification of the early medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdoms known as the Heptarchy, East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria, Kent, Essex, Sussex. The Viking invasions of the 9th century upset the balance of power between the English kingdoms, and native Anglo-Saxon life in general, the English lands were unified in the 10th century in a reconquest completed by King Æthelstan in 927 CE. During the Heptarchy, the most powerful king among the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms might become acknowledged as Bretwalda, the decline of Mercia allowed Wessex to become more powerful. It absorbed the kingdoms of Kent and Sussex in 825, the kings of Wessex became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during the 9th century. In 827, Northumbria submitted to Egbert of Wessex at Dore, in 886, Alfred the Great retook London, which he apparently regarded as a turning point in his reign. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says that all of the English people not subject to the Danes submitted themselves to King Alfred, asser added that Alfred, king of the Anglo-Saxons, restored the city of London splendidly
5.
Methven Castle
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Methven Castle is a 17th-century house situated east of Methven, in Perth and Kinross, Scotland. The lands of Methven were owned by the Mowbray family from the 12th century, the Mowbrays supported the claim of John Balliol against Robert the Bruce, and on the latters victory, Methven was confiscated by the crown, and given to Walter Stewart, the Bruces son-in-law. His descendant, Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl, was deprived of the following his involvement in a plot to kill King James I. The castle sustained a siege in 1444, and was visited by King James II in 1450, King James IV visited several times in the 1490s. Methven Castle was the home of Margaret Tudor, queen of James IV, King of Scots, Margaret Tudor died here on 18 October 1541. After the third Lord Methven died without heir in 1584, King James VI gave Methven to his favourite, in 1664 the estate was purchased by Patrick Smythe of Braco. The present building is dated 1664, and was designed and built by the mason-architect John Mylne, the Smythe family remained in possession throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, making additions to the castle and the grounds. In 1923 the castle was sold, and changed several times until 1984. The east wing was demolished, following the west wing which was pulled down in the 1950s, leaving only the 17th-century house, the castle is currently owned by David Murdoch, and is a category A listed building. It comprises a square, four-storey main block, with circular towers at each corner. These have ogee-shaped roofs, and the building is harled. The north front has a pair of crow-stepped gables, linked by a balustrade, an east wing was added first, then a western extension with a bay window, built around 1815, probably by James Gillespie Graham. Graham produced designs for rebuilding the structure, but this was never carried out. The building also had a tower, but this was demolished around 1965. Inside, the building was remodelled in 1800, and only a stair remains of the original interiors, parkland was laid out around the castle from the late 18th century. David Smythe, Lord Methven planted many of the woodlands, in 1830 a pinetum, an arboretum consisting of conifers, was established, and is considered the first in Scotland. Davids son William continued to expand the estate and constructed glasshouses, although the woodlands continued to be managed into the 20th century, the gardens were neglected and numerous trees felled, including much of the pinetum, in the 1950s. The largest surviving tree is the Pepperwell Oak, with a girth of 22 feet 10 inches, in 1883 this tree was thought to be already 400 years old
6.
Perthshire
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Perthshire, officially the County of Perth, is a registration county in central Scotland. It extends from Strathmore in the east, to the Pass of Drumochter in the north, Rannoch Moor and Ben Lui in the west and it was a local government county from 1890 to 1930. Perthshire is known as the big county and has a variety of landscapes, from the rich agricultural straths in the east. Perthshire was an administrative county between 1890 and 1975, governed by a county council and this Local Government council was superseded in 1930, when a joint Local Government council was formed with the neighbouring small county of Kinross-shire, linking the two. The parish of Muckhart and Glendevon was made part of Clackmannan District Council, longforgan was included in the City of Dundee District, in Tayside Region Council. The remainder of the council was combined with the council of Kinross, the two-tier system introduced in 1975 was superseded by a system of unitary authorities in 1996. The area of the council is now divided between the Local Government council areas of Clackmannanshire, Perth and Kinross and Stirling. The area included in Dundee in 1975 was transferred to Perth, the coat of arms of the County of Perth appears to have been granted for use on the colours and standards of the volunteer and militia units of the county raised at the end of the eighteenth century. The grant document was discovered in the Lyon Office in 1890, the shield is very similar to the Scottish royal arms, reflecting that Perthshire was the home county of the House of Dunkeld and contains the former royal capital, Scone. Further royal references are made on the canton, which shows Scone Palace surmounted by the Crown of Scotland, the crest is a Highland soldier, reflecting that the famous Black Watch were formed in the county. The supporters are an eagle and a warhorse, the former from the arms of the city of Perth, of the twelve burghs in Perthshire, only Perth was made a large burgh. There were ten small burghs, Blairgowrie and Rattray being united into a single burgh, in 1947 Pitlochry was created a small burgh. In 1894 parish councils were established for the parishes, replacing the previous parochial boards. The parish councils were in turn replaced by district councils in 1930, the Royal Burgh of Perth originally formed part of the Perth burghs constituency along with burghs in Fife and Forfarshire. The Representation of the People Act 1832 made Perth a separate burgh constituency, the remainder of the county returned a single member as the parliamentary county of Perthshire. The parishes of Tulliallan, Culross, Muckhart, and the Perthshire portions of the parishes of Logie and Fossaway were annexed to constituency of Clackmannanshire, in 1885 seats in the House of Commons were redistributed, Perthshire received three seats. Perthshire Eastern Perthshire Western In 1918 there was a further redistribution, in 1950 it was renamed Perth and East Perthshire. These boundaries continued in use until 1983, when new constituencies were formed based on the Local Government regions and districts created in 1975
7.
Kingdom of Scotland
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The Kingdom of Scotland was a state in northwest Europe traditionally said to have been founded in 843, which joined with the Kingdom of England to form a unified Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the third of the island of Great Britain. It suffered many invasions by the English, but under Robert I it fought a war of independence. In 1603, James VI of Scotland became King of England, in 1707, the two kingdoms were united to form the Kingdom of Great Britain under the terms of the Acts of Union. The Crown was the most important element of government, the Scottish monarchy in the Middle Ages was a largely itinerant institution, before Edinburgh developed as a capital city in the second half of the 15th century. The Scottish Crown adopted the conventional offices of western European courts, Parliament also emerged as a major legal institution, gaining an oversight of taxation and policy, but was never as central to the national life as its counterpart in England. In the 17th century, the creation of Justices of Peace, the continued existence of courts baron and the introduction of kirk sessions helped consolidate the power of local lairds. Scots law developed into a system in the Middle Ages and was reformed and codified in the 16th and 17th centuries. Under James IV the legal functions of the council were rationalised, in 1532, the College of Justice was founded, leading to the training and professionalisation of lawyers. David I is the first Scottish king known to have produced his own coinage, Early Scottish coins were virtually identical in silver content to English ones, but from about 1300 their silver content began to depreciate more rapidly than the English coins. At the union of the Crowns in 1603 the Scottish pound was fixed at only one-twelfth the value of the English pound, the Bank of Scotland issued pound notes from 1704. Scottish currency was abolished by the Act of Union, Scotland is half the size of England and Wales in area, but has roughly the same length of coastline. Geographically Scotland is divided between the Highlands and Islands and the Lowlands, the Highlands had a relatively short growing season, which was further shortened during the Little Ice Age. From Scotlands foundation to the inception of the Black Death, the population had grown to a million, following the plague and it expanded in the first half of the 16th century, reaching roughly 1.2 million by the 1690s. Significant languages in the kingdom included Gaelic, Old English, Norse and French. Christianity was introduced into Scotland from the 6th century, in the Norman period the Scottish church underwent a series of changes that led to new monastic orders and organisation. During the 16th century, Scotland underwent a Protestant Reformation that created a predominately Calvinist national kirk, there were a series of religious controversies that resulted in divisions and persecutions. The Scottish Crown developed naval forces at various points in its history, Land forces centred around the large common army, but adopted European innovations from the 16th century, and many Scots took service as mercenaries and as soldiers for the English Crown
8.
Perth Charterhouse
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Perth Charterhouse or Perth Priory, known in Latin as Domus Vallis Virtutis, was a monastic house of Carthusian monks based at Perth, Scotland. It was the only Carthusian house ever to be established in the Kingdom of Scotland, the traditional founding date of the house is 1429. Formal suppression of the came in 1569, though this was not actualised until 1602. The Carthusian Order had its origin in the 11th century at La Grande Chartreuse in the Alps, Carthusian houses were small, and limited in number. In the first half of the 15th century, the Order experienced a renewal of secular patronage, including a foundation by Archibald Douglas. The traditional founding date of the house is 1429, the priory may have been intended as a royal mausoleum, and King James I of Scotland, his queen Joan Beaufort and queen Margaret Tudor, widow of James IV, were buried there. The first Prior of Perth, Oswald de Corda, was in office by 31 March 1429, the monastery was founded at the instigation of King James, who on 31 March 1429, granted the proposed house a series of privileges. There were also grants from Perth burgesses, perhaps under the same pressure, by 1434, the priory had control of the Hospital of St Mary Magdalene and the Augustinian nunnery of St Leonard, both near Perth. The king also had plans to take Glen Dochart from the Earl of Atholl, the model house of the Carthusian Order was one prior and twelve brothers, following the example of Jesus Christ and his twelve apostles. This was probably an aberration, and by 1529 the house was back down to the standard size, by 1558 there were only ten brothers. As the house was the only Carthusian establishment in Scotland, Perths place in the international Carthusian system was awkward. It was part of the Carthusian province of Picardy, between 1456 and 1460 it was part of the English province, but it was placed in the province of Geneva thereafter. Of the four who remained in 1567, one was Adam Stewart, illegitimate son of King James V of Scotland, the final suppression of the monastery in that year probably relates to the reissuing of King James VIs 1569 charter in 1600. Of the Priory buildings, said to be of wondrous cost and greatness, the name Pomarium Flats, for a modern housing scheme near the site of the medieval buildings, recalls the site of the houses orchard. & Easson, David E. E. R. & Shead, the Heads of Religious Houses in Scotland from the 12th to the 16th Centuries, The Scottish Records Society, New Series, Volume 24
9.
James IV of Scotland
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James IV was the King of Scots from 11 June 1488 to his death. He assumed the following the death of his father, James III, after the Battle of Sauchieburn. James was the son of James III and Margaret of Denmark, as heir apparent to the Scottish crown, he became Duke of Rothesay. In 1474, his father arranged his betrothal to Princess Cecily of England and his father was not a popular king and faced two major rebellions during his reign. James IIIs army rebelled against him and the English army reached Edinburgh, during the second rebellion, the rebels set up the 15-year-old James as their nominal leader. They fought James III at the Battle of Sauchieburn on 11 June 1488, the younger James took the throne and was crowned at Scone on 24 June. When he realised the role which he had played in the death of his father. From that date on, he wore an iron chain cilice around his waist, next to the skin, each Lent as penance. James IV quickly proved an effective ruler and a wise king and he defeated another rebellion in 1489, took a direct interest in the administration of justice and finally brought the Lord of the Isles under control in 1493. For a time, he supported Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the English throne, then, in August 1497, James laid siege to Norham Castle, using his grandfathers bombard Mons Meg. First he ratified the Treaty of Ayton in February 1498, then, in 1502 James signed the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Henry VII. He also maintained his relations with France, with rumours that James would renew the Auld alliance, in April 1508 Thomas Wolsey was sent to discuss Henry VIIs concerns over this. Wolsey found there was never a man worse welcome into Scotland than I. they keep their matters so secret here that the wives in the market know every cause of my coming, James saw the importance of building a fleet that could provide Scotland with a strong maritime presence. James founded two new dockyards for this purpose and acquired a total of 38 ships for the Royal Scots Navy, including the Margaret, and the carrack Michael or Great Michael. The latter, built at great expense at Newhaven and launched in 1511, was 240 feet in length, weighed 1,000 tons and was, at that time, James IV was a true Renaissance prince with an interest in practical and scientific matters. He built a part of Falkland Palace, and Great Halls at Stirling and Edinburgh castles, figures associated with his court include William Dunbar, Walter Kennedy and Gavin Douglas, who made the first complete translation of Virgils Aeneid in northern Europe. His reign also saw the passing of the makar Robert Henryson and he patronised music at Restalrig using rental money from the Kings Wark. James was well educated and a fluent polyglot, in July 1498 the Spanish envoy Pedro de Ayala reported to Ferdinand and Isabella that The King is 25 years and some months old
10.
Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus
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Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus was a Scottish nobleman active during the reigns of James V and Mary, Queen of Scots. He was the son of George, Master of Angus, who was killed at the Battle of Flodden, in 1509, Douglas married Margaret Hepburn, daughter of the Earl of Bothwell. The marriage stirred up the jealousy of the nobles and the opposition of the faction supporting French influence in Scotland, civil war broke out, and Margaret lost the regency to John Stewart, Duke of Albany. He met her once more at Berwick in June 1517, when Margaret returned to Scotland on Albanys departure in vain hopes of regaining the regency, meanwhile, during Margarets absence, Angus had become involved with a daughter of the Laird of Traquair. Margaret, however, was annoyed with Douglas over his seizure. Margaret avenged his neglect by refusing to support his claims for power, in Edinburgh, Angus held his own against the attempts of the Earl of Arran, to dislodge him. But the return of Albany in 1521, with whom Margaret now sided against her husband and he returned to Scotland in November with promises of support from Henry VIII, with whom he made a close alliance. Margaret, however, refused to have anything to do with her husband, on the 23rd, therefore, Angus forced his way into Edinburgh, but was fired upon by Margaret and retreated to Tantallon Castle. He now organized a party of nobles against Margaret with the support of Henry VIII. Angus was made a Lord of the Articles, was included in the Council of regency, bore the crown on the opening of the session. Angus was appointed Lord Warden of the Marches in 1526, and suppressed the disorder, instead, he sent a delegation of commissioners including Adam Otterburn to Berwick to conclude the treaty. The terms of the treaty included abstinence from war, safe-conducts for legitimate travellers, redress for cross-border robbery, trade by sea was assured according to the previous treaty made by Edward IV and James III in 1464. Among the provisions was the clause, that neither side should dismantle or rebuilt the fishgarth. A new clause addressed the issue of border people robbing trees and it was hoped that during the three years Scottish commissioners would come to London to negotiate a new treaty of Perpetual Peace. Henry VIII signed on 17 August, Angus defeated John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox, who had advanced towards Edinburgh with 10,000 men in August at the Battle of Linlithgow Bridge, and he subsequently took Stirling. After his military successes, he reconciled with Beaton, and in 1527 and 1528 was busy in restoring order through the country. On 11 March 1528, Margaret succeeded in obtaining her divorce from Angus and this did not include his half-sister, Margaret who was allowed to be with them. Angus, having fortified himself in Tantallon, was attainted and his lands confiscated, repeated attempts by James to subdue the fortress by siege failed, and on one occasion Anguss men captured the royal artillery
11.
Henry Stewart, 1st Lord Methven
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Henry Stewart, 1st Lord Methven was Master of the Scottish Artillery and last husband of Margaret Tudor, eldest daughter of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York. He was a son of Andrew Stewart, 1st Lord Avondale and his brother was Andrew Stewart, 1st Lord Ochiltree. Henry was a fifth-generation male-line descendant of Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany through his son Walter and he was thus a fourth cousin, twice removed of James IV of Scotland, first husband of Margaret Tudor. Henry and Margaret Tudor were married on 3 March 1528, Margaret had divorced her second husband Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus. She was already mother to James V of Scotland and Margaret Douglas from her previous marriages and this third marriage would produce another daughter, Dorothea Stewart, who died young. Reaction to the marriage was swift, Margaret and Henry were besieged at Stirling Castle by Lord Erskine, with the support of James V and her former husband, however, after James V joined his mother at Stirling, Henry was created Lord Methven. Margaret made Methven captain of her castle of Newark in Ettrick, in 1539, Henry and Margaret let their coalfield at Skeoch to John Craigyngelt. As rent he would supply 100 loads to Margarets lodging at Stirling Castle, Henry was discovered to have been keeping a mistress in one of Margarets castles. Margaret Tudor wished to divorce him but James V was reluctant to allow it, after she died in 1541, Methven was able to marry his mistress, Janet Stewart, daughter of John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Atholl and Lady Janet Campbell. Her maternal grandparents were Archibald Campbell, 2nd Earl of Argyll, Elizabeth was a daughter of John Stewart, 1st Earl of Lennox and Margaret Montgomerie. Margaret was a daughter of Alexander Montgomerie, 1st Lord Montgomerie, Henry and Janet were parents to four children, Henry Stewart, 2nd Lord Methven. Married William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie, married Colin Campbell, 6th Earl of Argyll. Married Andrew Stuart, eldest son of Andrew Stewart, 2nd Lord Ochiltree and they were parents to Andrew Stuart, 1st Baron Castle Stuart. On 10 September 1524, Methven was made Principal Master of the Royal Artillery,25 years later he would direct the Scottish artillery at the Siege of Haddington. During the war of the Rough Wooing, Methven wrote to Mary of Guise on 31 December 1547 to discuss the use of artillery in the war, similarly, a recent ineffective show of artillery at Broughty Castle had only warned the English to get more support and re-fortify. Now, to take Broughty, more cannon needed to be supplied, and Methven asked for French captains with intelligence of the field, Methven wrote to Mary of Guise again on 3 June 1548 with more strategic advice. He said that he had all over Scotland and had been diligent in acquiring intelligence of the motives of those Scots who favoured the English. He found four principal motives, religion, fear, regard for a belief in prophecy, Methven thought the defeat at Pinkie, was due to these causes, and the unorderly haste of the Scottish army
12.
James V of Scotland
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James V was King of Scots from 9 September 1513 until his death, which followed the Scottish defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss. His only surviving child, Mary, succeeded him when she was just six days old. James was son of King James IV of Scotland and his wife Margaret Tudor, a daughter of Henry VII of England, and was the only legitimate child of James IV to survive infancy. He was born on 10 April 1512 at Linlithgow Palace, Linlithgowshire and baptized the day, receiving the titles Duke of Rothesay and Prince. He became king at just seventeen months old when his father was killed at the Battle of Flodden Field on 9 September 1513, James was crowned in the Chapel Royal at Stirling Castle on 21 September 1513. Other regents included Robert Maxwell, 5th Lord Maxwell, a member of the Council of Regency who was bestowed as Regent of Arran. In February 1517 James came from Stirling to Holyroodhouse, Edinburgh, at Stirling, the 10-year-old James had a guard of 20 footmen dressed in his colours, red and yellow. When he went to the park below the Castle, by secret and in fair and soft wedder. Poets wrote their own nursery rhymes for James and advised him on royal behavior, as a youth, his education was in the care of University of St Andrews poets such as Sir David Lyndsay. In the autumn of 1524 James dismissed his Regents and was proclaimed an adult ruler by his mother, several new court servants were appointed including a trumpeter, Henry Rudeman. Thomas Magnus, the English diplomat, gave an impression of the new Scottish court at Holyroodhouse on All Saints Day 1524, trumpets and shamulles did sounde and blewe up mooste pleasauntely. Magnus saw the young king singing, playing with a spear at Leith, and with his horses, and he was given the impression that the king preferred English manners over French fashions. In 1525 Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, the young kings stepfather, took custody of James, another attempt later that year, on 4 September at the battle of Linlithgow Bridge, failed again to relieve the King from the clutches of Angus. When James and his came to Edinburgh on 20 November 1526, she stayed in the chambers at Holyroodhouse. In February 1527 Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond, gave James twenty hunting hounds, Magnus thought the Scottish servant sent to Sheriff Hutton Castle for the dogs was intended to note the form and fashion of the Dukes household, for emulation in Scotland. James finally escaped from Anguss care in 1528 and assumed the reins of government himself, the first action James took as king was to remove Angus from the scene. The Douglas family were forced into exile and James besieged their castle at Tantallon and he then subdued the Border rebels and the chiefs of the Western Isles. Even his pursemaster and yeoman of the wardrobe, John Tennent of Listonschiels, was sent on an errand to England, James increased his income by tightening control over royal estates and from the profits of justice, customs and feudal rights
13.
Margaret Douglas
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Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox was the daughter of the Scottish queen dowager Margaret Tudor and her second husband Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus. On 6 July 1544, she married Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox and her son Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, married Mary, Queen of Scots, and was the father of James VI and I. Margaret was born at Harbottle Castle in Northumberland and her mother had crossed the border from Scotland when her father was facing difficulties in Scotland. In October 1528, Angus was threatened by James V of Scotland, after a brief stay at Berwick Castle accompanied by her nurse or gentlewoman Isobel Hoppar, Margaret joined the household of her godfather, Cardinal Wolsey. When Wolsey died in 1530, Lady Margaret was invited to the royal Palace of Beaulieu, at Christmastime at Greenwich Palace in 1530,1531, and 1532, Henry VIII gave Margaret the sum of £6-13s–4d. When Anne Boleyns court was established, Margaret was appointed as a lady-in-waiting, there she met Anne Boleyns uncle, Lord Thomas Howard, and they began their courtship. Thomas was a son of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk. By the end of 1535 Thomas and Margaret had fallen in love, King Henry turned against Anne Boleyn in May 1536. When in early July 1536 he learned of Margarets engagement to Thomas Howard, both Lord Thomas and Lady Margaret were committed to the Tower. On 18 July 1536, Parliament, by an Act of Attainder, condemned Thomas to death for attempting to interrupt ympedyte, the Act also forbade the marriage of any member of the Kings family without his permission. Thomas was spared execution, but remained in the Tower even after Margaret broke off their relationship and he died there on 31 October 1537. Margaret also fell ill in the Tower, and the King allowed her to move to Syon Abbey under the supervision of the abbess and she was released from imprisonment on 29 October 1537. In 1539, Margaret and the Duchess of Richmond were appointed to greet Henry VIIIs bride, Anne of Cleves, at Greenwich Palace, join her household and this would have been a great honour, but instead Henry chose to meet Anne at Rochester. In 1540, Margaret was again in disgrace with the King when she had an affair with Lord Thomas Howards half-nephew Sir Charles Howard and he was the son of Thomas elder half-brother Lord Edmund Howard, and a brother of Henry VIIIs fifth wife, Catherine Howard. In 1543, Margaret was one of the few witnesses of King Henrys final marriage to Catherine Parr, Dowager Lady Latimer, Margaret became one of Queen Catherines chief ladies. Catherine Parr and Margaret had known each other since both had come to court in the 1520s. In 1544 Lady Margaret married a Scottish exile, Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, Angus hoped that she and Lennox could arrange that they were well treated as prisoners. Lennox forwarded the letter to Protector Somerset writing that Angus would have done better to ask others for help, Margaret wrote to her father from Wressle Castle in March 1549, complaining that he had avoided meeting Lennox
14.
Dynasty
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A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system but sometimes also appearing in elective republics. The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a house, historians periodize the histories of many sovereign states, such as Ancient Egypt, the Carolingian Empire and Imperial China, using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the dynasty may be used to delimit the era during which the family reigned and to describe events, trends. The word dynasty itself is often dropped from such adjectival references, until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty, that is, to increase the territory, wealth, and power of his family members. The longest-surviving dynasty in the world is the Imperial House of Japan, dynasties throughout the world have traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as under the Frankish Salic law. Succession through a daughter when permitted was considered to establish a new dynasty in her husbands ruling house, however, some states in Africa, determined descent matrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mothers dynasty when coming into her inheritance. It is also extended to unrelated people such as poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team. The word dynasty derives via Latin dynastia from Greek dynastéia, where it referred to power, dominion and it was the abstract noun of dynástēs, the agent noun of dynamis, power or ability, from dýnamai, to be able. A ruler in a dynasty is referred to as a dynast. For example, following his abdication, Edward VIII of the United Kingdom ceased to be a member of the House of Windsor. A dynastic marriage is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, the marriage of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange, to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, for example, and their eldest child is expected to inherit the Dutch crown eventually. But the marriage of his younger brother Prince Friso to Mabel Wisse Smit in 2003 lacked government support, thus Friso forfeited his place in the order of succession, lost his title as a Prince of the Netherlands, and left his children without dynastic rights. In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a dynast is a member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchys rules still in force. Even since abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Max and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position. The term dynast is sometimes used only to refer to descendants of a realms monarchs. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people, yet he is not a male-line member of the royal family, and is therefore not a dynast of the House of Windsor. Thus, in 1999 he requested and obtained permission from Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco. Yet a clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time and that exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts prior to triggering it by marriage to a Catholic
15.
House of Tudor
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The House of Tudor was a royal house of Welsh and English origin, descended in the male line from the Tudors of Penmynydd. Tudor monarchs ruled the Kingdom of England and its realms, including their ancestral Wales, the Tudors succeeded the House of Plantaganet as rulers of the Kingdom of England, and were succeeded by the House of Stuart. The first monarch, Henry VII, descended through his mother from a branch of the English royal House of Lancaster. The Tudor family rose to power in the wake of the Wars of the Roses and his victory was reinforced by his marriage to Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward IV, symbolically uniting the former warring factions under a new dynasty. They also maintained the nominal English claim to the Kingdom of France, although none of them made substance of it, after him, his daughter Mary I lost control of all territory in France permanently with the fall of Calais in 1558. In total, five Tudor monarchs ruled their domains for just over a century, Henry VIII was the only male-line male heir of Henry VII to live to the age of maturity. Issues around the royal succession became major political themes during the Tudor era, the House of Stuart, descended from Henry VIIIs sister Margaret, came to power in 1603 when the direct Tudor line failed, as Elizabeth I died without a legitimate heir. The church retroactively declared the Beauforts legitimate by way of a bull the same year. A subsequent proclamation by John of Gaunts legitimate son, Henry IV, also recognised the Beauforts legitimacy, nevertheless, the Beauforts remained closely allied with Gaunts legitimate descendants from his first marriage, the House of Lancaster. On 1 November 1455, John Beauforts granddaughter, Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, married Henry VIs half-brother Edmund Tudor and it was his father, Owen Tudor, who abandoned the Welsh patronymic naming practice and adopted a fixed surname. When he did, he did not choose, as was generally the custom, his fathers name, Maredudd, Owen Tudor was one of the bodyguards for the queen dowager Catherine of Valois, whose husband, Henry V, had died in 1422. Evidence suggests that the two were married in 1429. The two sons born of the marriage, Edmund and Jasper, were among the most loyal supporters of the House of Lancaster in its struggle against the House of York, Edmund died on 3 November 1456. On 28 January 1457, his widow Margaret Beaufort, who had just attained her fourteenth birthday, gave birth to a son, Henry Tudor, at her brother-in-laws Pembroke Castle. Henry Tudor, the future Henry VII, spent his childhood at Raglan Castle, the home of William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke, a leading Yorkist. Following the murder of Henry VI and death of his son, Edward, in 1471, concerned for his young nephews life, Jasper Tudor took Henry to Brittany for safety. Lady Margaret remained in England and remarried, living quietly while advancing the Lancastrian cause, capitalizing on the growing unpopularity of Richard III, she was able to forge an alliance with discontented Yorkists in support of her son. Two years after Richard III was crowned, Henry and Jasper sailed from the mouth of the Seine to the Milford Haven Waterway, upon this victory, Henry Tudor proclaimed himself King Henry VII
16.
Henry VII of England
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Henry VII was King of England from seizing the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death on 21 April 1509, and the first monarch of the House of Tudor. He ruled the Principality of Wales until 29 November 1489 and was Lord of Ireland, Henry won the throne when his forces defeated King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. Henry was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle and he cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV and niece of Richard III. Henry was successful in restoring the power and stability of the English monarchy after the civil war and his supportive stance of the islands wool industry and stand off with the Low Countries had long lasting benefits to all the British Isles economy. However, the capriciousness and lack of due process that many would tarnish his legacy and were soon ended upon Henry VIIs death. According to the contemporary historian Polydore Vergil, simple greed underscored the means by which royal control was over-asserted in Henrys final years, Henry VII was born at Pembroke Castle on 28 January 1457 to Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond. His father, Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, died three months before his birth, Henrys paternal grandfather, Owen Tudor, originally from the Tudors of Penmynydd, Isle of Anglesey in Wales, had been a page in the court of Henry V. He rose to one of the Squires to the Body to the King after military service at the Battle of Agincourt. Owen is said to have married the widow of Henry V. One of their sons was Edmund Tudor, father of Henry VII, Edmund was created Earl of Richmond in 1452, and formally declared legitimate by Parliament. Henrys main claim to the English throne derived from his mother through the House of Beaufort, Henrys mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort, was a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, fourth son of Edward III, and his third wife Katherine Swynford. Katherine was Gaunts mistress for about 25 years, when married in 1396, they already had four children. Thus Henrys claim was somewhat tenuous, it was from a woman, in theory, the Portuguese and Castilian royal families had a better claim as descendants of Catherine of Lancaster, the daughter of John of Gaunt and his second wife Constance of Castile. Gaunts nephew Richard II legitimised Gaunts children by Katherine Swynford by Letters Patent in 1397, in 1407, Henry IV, who was Gaunts son by his first wife, issued new Letters Patent confirming the legitimacy of his half-siblings, but also declaring them ineligible for the throne. Henry IVs action was of doubtful legality, as the Beauforts were previously legitimised by an Act of Parliament, but it further weakened Henrys claim. Henry also made political capital out of his Welsh ancestry, for example in attracting military support. He came from an old, established Anglesey family that claimed descent from Cadwaladr and he took it, as well as the standard of St George, on his procession through London after the victory at Bosworth. A contemporary writer and Henrys biographer, Bernard André, also much of Henrys Welsh descent
17.
Elizabeth of York
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Elizabeth of York was queen consort of England from 1486 until her death. As the wife of Henry VII, she was the first Tudor queen and she was the daughter of Edward IV and niece of Richard III, and she married the king following Henrys victory at the Battle of Bosworth which started the last phase of the Wars of the Roses. She was the mother of King Henry VIII, therefore, she was the daughter, sister, niece, wife, mother and grandmother of successive Kings of England. Her two brothers disappeared, the Princes in the Tower, their fate unknown and she was welcomed back to court by her Uncle Richard III, along with all of her sisters. Her marriage seems to have successful, though her eldest son Arthur, Prince of Wales, died at age 15 in 1502. She seems to have played part in politics. Her surviving children became a King of England and queens of France and Scotland, Elizabeth of York was born at the Palace of Westminster as the eldest child of King Edward IV and his wife, Elizabeth Woodville. Her christening was celebrated at Westminster Abbey, sponsored by her grandmothers Jacquetta of Luxembourg, Duchess of Bedford and her third sponsor was her cousin, Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick. At three, she had been betrothed to George Neville in 1469. His father John later supported Georges uncle the Earl of Warwick in rebellion against King Edward IV, in 1475, Louis XI agreed to the marriage of 9 year old Elizabeth of York and his son Charles, the Dauphin of France. In 1482, however, Louis XI reneged on his promise, as an 11 year old, she was named a Lady of the Garter in 1477, along with her mother and her paternal aunt Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk. On 9 April 1483, Elizabeths father unexpectedly died and her brother, Edward V. Her uncle, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was appointed regent and her mother, Elizabeth Woodville, tried to deny Gloucester his right to be Lord Protector and keep power within her family. Gloucester opted to take steps to isolate his nephews from their Woodville relations and he intercepted Edward V while he was travelling from Ludlow, where he had been living as Prince of Wales, to London to be crowned king. Edward V was placed in the residence of the Tower of London. Elizabeth Woodville fled with her younger son Richard and her daughters into sanctuary in Westminster Abbey, Gloucester asked to take Richard with him, so the boy could reside in the Tower and keep his brother Edward company. Two months later, on 22 June 1483, Edward IVs marriage was declared invalid and it was claimed that Edward IV had at the time of his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville already been betrothed to Lady Eleanor Butler. Parliament issued a bill, Titulus Regius, in support of this position, Gloucester ascended the throne as Richard III on 6 July 1483, and Edward V and his brother are believed to have disappeared shortly afterwards
18.
Roman Catholicism
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
19.
Queen consort of Scots
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The consorts of the monarchs of Scotland bore titles derived from their marriage. The early history of Scotland is confused and often obscure, due largely to information given by the sources of the time and after, which are contradictory, vague. Details of the prior to Malcolm III are sparse. Thus, it is impossible to construct a list of consorts of Scotland prior to the accession of Macbeth, whose wife Gruoch is well-documented. In 1058, Malcolm Long-neck of the House of Dunkeld overthrew his cousin, Lulach and his family, the House of Dunkeld, would rule until the death of Alexander III in 1286, with whom the House ended. After two years of Interregnum, the controversial John de Balliol was chosen as king, but after four years of reign, he abdicated, and Scotland entered another Interregnum until 1306. In 1306, Robert the Bruce and his wife, Elizabeth de Burgh, were crowned King and Queen of Scots at Scone, the Bruce family would rule until the death of David II in 1371. Upon the death of David II in 1371, his nephew and it came with a lass, and it will pass with a lass. In this he was wrong, Mary would marry a member of a branch of the Stewart family. However, the final Stewart monarch was a woman, Anne, in 1542, James V died, leaving his daughter Mary as Queen of Scots. Mary was later sent by her mother to the French court, Mary married Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, a member of a junior branch of the Stewart family. Their son, James VI, established the Stuart dynasty, which would not only Scotland. In 1660, Charles II, son of the executed Charles I, was restored to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland, and Stuart rule began again. James VII, his brother, was overthrown in 1688–89 because of his Catholic faith, his daughters, Mary II and Anne, were the last Stuarts to rule in the British Isles, Anne dying in 1714. The Kingdom of Scotland, however, had ceased to exist in 1707. For the subsequent consorts of Great Britain and the United Kingdom, despite the deposition of James II in 1689, he and his descendants continued to claim the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland for more than a century afterwards. This claim was, when suitable, recognised by some other European monarchs
20.
Regent
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A regent is a person appointed to administer a state because the monarch is a minor, is absent or is incapacitated. The rule of a regent or regents is called a regency, a regent or regency council may be formed ad hoc or in accordance with a constitutional rule. Regent is sometimes a formal title, if the formally appointed regent is unavailable or cannot serve on a temporary basis, a Regent ad interim may be appointed to fill the gap. In a monarchy, a regent usually governs due to one of these reasons and this was the case in the Kingdom of Finland and the Kingdom of Hungary, where the royal line was considered extinct in the aftermath of World War I. In Iceland, the regent represented the King of Denmark as sovereign of Iceland until the country became a republic in 1944, in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, kings were elective, which often led to a fairly long interregnum. In the interim, it was the Roman Catholic Primate who served as the regent, in the small republic of San Marino, the two Captains Regent, or Capitani Reggenti, are elected semi-annually as joint heads of state and of government. Famous regency periods include that of the Prince Regent, later George IV of the United Kingdom, giving rise to terms such as Regency era. Strictly this period lasted from 1811 to 1820, when his father George III was insane, as of 1 December 2016, Liechtenstein is the only country with an active regency. The term regent may refer to lower than the ruler of a country. The term may be used in the governance of organisations, typically as an equivalent of director, some university managers in North America are called regents and a management board for a college or university may be titled the Board of Regents. The term regent is used for members of governing bodies of institutions such as the national banks of France. This type of group portrait was popular in Dutch Golden Age painting during the 17th century, in the Dutch East Indies, a regent was a native prince allowed to rule de facto colonized state as a regentschap. Consequently, in the state of Indonesia, the term regent is used in English to mean a bupati. Again in Belgium and France, Regent is the title of a teacher in a lower secondary school. In the Philippines, specifically, the University of Santo Tomas, the Father Regent and they also form the Council of Regents that serves as the highest administrative council of the university. In the Society of Jesus, a regent is a training to be a Jesuit. A regent in the Jesuits is often assigned to teach in a school or some other academic institution as part of the formation toward final vows, list of regents Viceroy, an individual who, in a colony or province, exercised the power of a monarch on his behalf
21.
Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby
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Lady Margaret Beaufort, later Countess of Richmond and Derby, was the mother of King Henry VII and paternal grandmother of King Henry VIII of England. She was a key figure in the Wars of the Roses and she was the daughter and sole heiress of John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, KG by his wife Margaret Beauchamp, daughter of Sir John Beauchamp, de jure 3rd Baron Beauchamp of Bletsoe, Bedfordshire. Margaret was born at Bletsoe Castle, Bedfordshire, on 31 May 1441 or 1443, the day and month are not disputed, as she required Westminster Abbey to celebrate her birthday on 31 May. The year of her birth is more uncertain, William Dugdale, the 17th-century antiquary, suggested that she may have been born in 1441, based on evidence of inquisitions post mortem taken after the death of her father. At the moment of her birth, Margarets father was preparing to go to France, Somerset negotiated with the king to ensure that in case of his death the rights to Margarets wardship and marriage would be granted only to his wife. As a tenant-in-chief of the crown the wardship of his heir fell to the crown under the feudal system, Somerset fell out with the king after coming back from France and was banished from the royal court pending a charge of treason against him. According to Thomas Basin, Somerset died of illness, but the Crowland Chronicle reported that his death was suicide, Margaret, as his only child, was heiress to his fortune. Margarets mother was pregnant at the time of Somersets death, but the child did not survive, Margaret was married to Suffolks son, John de la Pole. The wedding may have held between 28 January and 7 February 1444, when she was perhaps a year old but certainly no more than three. However, there is evidence to suggest they were married in January 1450. Papal dispensation was granted on 18 August 1450, necessary because the spouses were too closely related, three years later, the marriage was dissolved and King Henry VI granted Margarets wardship to his own half-brothers, Jasper and Edmund Tudor. In her will, made in 1472, Margaret refers to Edmund Tudor as her first husband, under canon law, Margaret was not bound by the marriage contract as she was entered into the marriage before reaching the age of twelve. Even before the annulment of her first marriage, Henry VI chose Margaret as a bride for his half-brother, Edmund Tudor, Edmund was the eldest son of the kings mother, Catherine of Valois, by Owen Tudor. Margaret was 12 when she married the 24-year-old Edmund Tudor on 1 November 1455, the Wars of the Roses had just broken out, Edmund, a Lancastrian, was taken prisoner by Yorkist forces less than a year later. He died of the plague in captivity at Carmarthen the following November, taken into the care of her brother-in-law Jasper, at Pembroke Castle, the Countess gave birth on 28 January 1457 to her only child, Henry Tudor, the future Henry VII of England. The birth was difficult, at one point, both the Countess and her child were close to death, due to her young age. Margaret and her son remained in Pembroke until the York triumphs of 1461 saw the pass to Lord Herbert of Raglan. From the age of two, Henry lived with his fathers family in Wales, and from the age of fourteen, during this period, the relationship between mother and son was sustained by letters and a few visits
22.
Edward IV of England
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Edward IV was the King of England from 4 March 1461 until 3 October 1470, and again from 11 April 1471 until his death in 1483. He was the first Yorkist King of England, before becoming king, he was 4th Duke of York, 7th Earl of March, 5th Earl of Cambridge and 9th Earl of Ulster. He was also the 65th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, Edward of York was born at Rouen in France, the second son of Richard, 3rd Duke of York, and Cecily Neville. He was the eldest of the four sons who survived to adulthood and he bore the title Earl of March before his fathers death and his accession to the throne. Edwards father Richard, Duke of York, had been heir to King Henry VI until the birth of Henrys son Edward in 1453, Richard carried on a factional struggle with the kings Beaufort relatives. He established a dominant position after his victory at the First Battle of St Albans in 1455, in which his chief rival Edmund Beaufort, however, Henrys Queen, Margaret of Anjou, rebuilt a powerful faction to oppose the Yorkists over the following years. The Yorkist leaders fled from England after the collapse of their army in the confrontation at Ludford Bridge, the Duke of York took refuge in Ireland, while Edward went with the Nevilles to Calais where Warwick was governor. In 1460 Edward landed in Kent with Salisbury, Warwick and Salisburys brother William Neville, Lord Fauconberg, raised an army and this left Edward, now Duke of York, at the head of the Yorkist faction. He defeated a Lancastrian army at Mortimers Cross in Herefordshire on 2–3 February 1461 and he then united his forces with those of Warwick, whom Margarets army had defeated at the Second Battle of St Albans, during which Henry VI had been rescued by his supporters. Edwards father had restricted his ambitions to becoming Henrys heir, and he then advanced against the Lancastrians, having his life saved on the battlefield by the Welsh Knight Sir David Ap Mathew. He defeated the Lancastrian army in the exceptionally bloody Battle of Towton in Yorkshire on 29 March 1461, Edward had effectively broken the military strength of the Lancastrians, and he returned to London for his coronation. King Edward IV named Sir David Ap Mathew Standard Bearer of England, Lancastrian resistance continued in the north, but posed no serious threat to the new regime and was finally extinguished by Warwicks brother John Neville in the Battle of Hexham in 1464. Henry VI had escaped into the Pennines, where he spent a year in hiding, Queen Margaret fled abroad with the young Prince Edward and many of their leading supporters. Even at the age of nineteen, Edward exhibited remarkable military acumen and he also had a notable physique and was described as handsome and affable. His height is estimated at 6 feet 4.5 inches, making him the tallest among all English, Scottish, most of Englands leading families had remained loyal to Henry VI or remained uncommitted in the recent conflict. The new regime, therefore, relied heavily on the support of the Nevilles, however, the king increasingly became estranged from their leader the Earl of Warwick, due primarily to his marriage. Warwick, acting on Edwards behalf, made arrangements with King Louis XI of France for Edward to marry either Louis daughter Anne or his sister-in-law Bona of Savoy. He was humiliated and enraged to discover that, while he was negotiating, Edward had secretly married Elizabeth Woodville, Edwards marriage to Elizabeth Woodville has been criticised as an impulsive action that did not add anything to the security of England or the York dynasty
23.
Elizabeth Woodville
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Elizabeth Woodville was Queen consort of England as the spouse of King Edward IV from 1464 until his death in 1483. At the time of her birth, her family was mid-ranked in the English aristocracy. Her first marriage was to a supporter of the House of Lancaster, Sir John Grey of Groby, he died at the Second Battle of St Albans. Her second marriage, to Edward IV, was a cause célèbre of the day, thanks to Elizabeths great beauty and lack of great estates. Edward was only the king of England since the Norman Conquest to have married one of his subjects. This hostility turned into open discord between King Edward and Warwick, leading to a battle of wills that finally resulted in Warwick switching allegiance to the Lancastrian cause, Elizabeth Woodville was born about 1437, possibly in October, at Grafton Regis, Northamptonshire. She was the child of a socially unequal marriage that had briefly scandalised the English court. Her father, Sir Richard Woodville, was merely a knight at the time of her birth, Sir Richards own father had made a good career in royal service, rising to become chamberlain to the Duke of Bedford. Sir Richard followed his father into service with the duke, the daughter of Peter of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol, and Margaret de Baux, she had been married to the Duke of Bedford in 1433 at the age of 17. The duke was significantly older than Jacquetta of Luxembourg, his second wife and he died in 1435, leaving Jacquetta of Luxembourg a childless, wealthy widow. She was required to seek permission from King Henry VI before she could remarry, the couple was fined £1000, but this was remitted in October of the same year. Despite this inauspicious start, the couple soon prospered, thanks mainly to Jacquettas continuing prominence within the royal family. She retained her rank and dower as Duchess of Bedford, the latter providing an income of between £7000 and £8000 per year. Over the years, this income would diminish due to losses in France. Sir Richard was honoured with military ranks, in which he proved himself a capable soldier, further honours for both came when Henry VI married Margaret of Anjou, whose uncle was Jacquettas brother-in-law. The Woodvilles were among those chosen to escort the bride to England, Sir Richard was raised to the rank of Baron Rivers in 1448. Their children therefore would grow up enjoying considerable privilege and material comfort, in about 1452, Elizabeth Woodville married Sir John Grey of Groby, the heir to the Barony Ferrers of Groby. He was killed at the Second Battle of St Albans in 1461 and this would become a source of irony, since Elizabeths future husband Edward IV was the Yorkist claimant to the throne
24.
Mary, Queen of Scots
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Mary, Queen of Scots, also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, reigned over Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567. Mary, the surviving legitimate child of James V of Scotland, was six days old when her father died. She spent most of her childhood in France while Scotland was ruled by regents and he ascended the French throne as King Francis II in 1559, and Mary briefly became queen consort of France, until his death in December 1560. Widowed, Mary returned to Scotland, arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561, four years later, she married her first cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, but their union was unhappy. In February 1567, his residence was destroyed by an explosion, James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, was generally believed to have orchestrated Darnleys death, but he was acquitted of the charge in April 1567, and the following month he married Mary. Following an uprising against the couple, Mary was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle, on 24 July 1567, she was forced to abdicate in favour of James VI, her one-year-old son by Darnley. After an unsuccessful attempt to regain the throne, she fled southwards seeking the protection of her first cousin once removed, perceiving her as a threat, Elizabeth had her confined in various castles and manor houses in the interior of England. After eighteen and a half years in custody, Mary was found guilty of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586 and was beheaded the following year. Mary was born on 7 or 8 December 1542 at Linlithgow Palace, Scotland, to King James V and his French second wife and she was said to have been born prematurely and was the only legitimate child of James to survive him. She was the great-niece of King Henry VIII of England, as her paternal grandmother, Margaret Tudor, was Henry VIIIs sister. A popular legend, first recorded by John Knox, states that James, hearing on his deathbed that his wife had given birth to a daughter, ruefully exclaimed, It cam wi a lass and it will gang wi a lass. His House of Stewart had gained the throne of Scotland by the marriage of Marjorie Bruce, daughter of Robert the Bruce, to Walter Stewart, the crown had come to his family through a woman, and would be lost from his family through a woman. This legendary statement came true much later—not through Mary, but through her descendant Queen Anne, Mary was baptised at the nearby Church of St Michael shortly after she was born. As Mary was an infant when she inherited the throne, Scotland was ruled by regents until she became an adult. From the outset, there were two claims to the Regency, one from Catholic Cardinal Beaton, and the other from the Protestant Earl of Arran, Beatons claim was based on a version of the late kings will that his opponents dismissed as a forgery. Arran, with the support of his friends and relations, became the regent until 1554 when Marys mother managed to remove and succeed him. King Henry VIII of England took the opportunity of the regency to propose marriage between Mary and his own son, Prince Edward, hoping for a union of Scotland and England. The treaty provided that the two countries would remain separate and that if the couple should fail to have children the temporary union would dissolve
25.
Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
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Henry Stuart, Duke of Albany, styled Lord Darnley until 1565, was king consort of Scotland from 1565 until his murder at Kirk o Field in 1567. He was the second but eldest surviving son of Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, Darnleys maternal grandparents were Archibald Douglas, sixth Earl of Angus, and Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII of England, and widow of James IV of Scotland. It is the belief that Darnley was born on 7 December. He was a first cousin and the husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and was the father of her son James VI of Scotland. Darnley was born in 1545, at Temple Newsam, Leeds, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, through his parents he had claims to both the Scottish and English thrones, as he was descended from both James II of Scotland and Henry VII. Lennox lived in exile in England for 22 years, returning to Scotland in 1564, Darnleys mother, Margaret Douglas had left Scotland in 1528. Lord Darnley was well educated and brought up conscious of his status and he became well-versed in Latin and grew up familiar with Gaelic, English and French. He excelled in singing, lute playing, and dancing, another of his schoolmasters, Arthur Lallart, was interrogated in London after going to Scotland in 1562. Darnley was strong and athletic, a horseman with knowledge of weapons. Darnley wrote a letter to Mary I of England from Temple Newsam in March 1554 mentioning a drama or map he had made and he wished, every haire in my heade for to be a wourthy souldiour. The Lennox family were Roman Catholic and might therefore have represented an alternative succession in England. When Henry II of France died in July 1559, Lennoxs brother, aubigny arranged for Darnley to be dispatched to the French court to congratulate Mary and Francis II of France on their accession and seek restoration for Lennox. Mary did not restore Lennox to his Scottish earldom, but she did give 1,000 crowns to Darnley, Lennoxs plan was to appeal directly to the Queen of Scots via her ambassador, over the heads of Elizabeth and the Guise. Aubigny was also accused of supporting Marys title to the throne of England. Lennox set Nesbit to watch Mary, Darnley and Darnleys tutor, in 1559 Nicholas Throckmorton, the English ambassador in Paris, warned Elizabeth that Elder was as dangerous for the matters of England as any he knew. The historian Sarah Macauley notes, After the Queen of Scots and he was also the natural choice for many of Elizabeths enemies as male, English-born and Catholic. Paget supposed in March 1560 that talk of the Catholics raising Darnley to the throne in the event of the Queens death was well founded, by the summer of that year, Elizabeths position was considerably strengthened. Francis Yaxley was one notable spy, a Catholic, Yaxley had been a clerk of the Signet and had been employed by William Cecil since 1549, travelling in France for him
26.
Union of the Crowns
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The Union of Crowns followed the death of Elizabeth I of England — the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty, who was Jamess unmarried and childless first cousin twice removed. The Union was a personal or dynastic union, with the Crown of Scotland remaining both distinct and separate—despite Jamess best efforts to create a new throne of Great Britain. However, England and Scotland would continue to be states, sharing a monarch with Ireland, until the Acts of Union of 1707 during the reign of the last Stuart monarch. The marriage was the outcome of the Treaty of Perpetual Peace, concluded the previous year, the marriage merged the Stuarts with Englands Tudor line of succession, despite the improbability of a Scottish prince acceding the English throne at the time. However, many on the English side were concerned by the implications of matrimony. The peace did not last in perpetuity, it was disturbed in 1513 when Henry VIII, King of England and Lord of Ireland, in response France invoked the terms of the Auld Alliance, her ancient bond with Scotland. James duly invaded Northern England leading to the Battle of Flodden, in the decades that followed, Englands relations with Scotland were turbulent. The line of Margaret Tudor was excluded from the English succession, though, in the last decade of her reign it was clear to all that James VI of Scotland, great-grandson of James IV and Margaret Tudor, was the only generally acceptable heir. Cecil advised James not to press the matter of the succession upon the queen but simply to treat her with kindness, in March 1603, with the queen clearly dying, Cecil sent James a draft proclamation of his accession to the English throne. Strategic fortresses were put on alert, and London placed under guard, Elizabeth died in the early hours of 24 March. Within eight hours, James was proclaimed king in London, the news received without protest or disturbance. On 5 April 1603, James left Edinburgh for London, promising to return three years, and progressed slowly from town to town, in order to arrive in the capital after Elizabeths funeral. Local lords received James with lavish hospitality along the route, and Jamess new subjects flocked to see him, as James entered London, he was mobbed. The crowds of people, one reported, were so great that they covered the beauty of the fields. Nevertheless, all London turned out for the occasion, The streets seemed paved with men, stalls instead of rich wares were set out with children, open casements filled up with women. Whatever residual fears many in England may have felt at the prospect of being ruled by a Scot, the greatest and most obvious of these was the question of his exact status and title. James intended to be King of Great Britain and Ireland and his first obstacle along this imperial road was the attitude of the English Parliament. In his first speech to his southern assembly on 19 March 1604 James gave a statement of the royal manifesto
27.
James VI and I
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James VI and I was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciary, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union. James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, James succeeded to the Scottish throne at the age of thirteen months, after his mother Mary was compelled to abdicate in his favour. Four different regents governed during his minority, which ended officially in 1578, in 1603, he succeeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, Elizabeth I, who died without issue. He continued to reign in all three kingdoms for 22 years, a period known after him as the Jacobean era, until his death in 1625 at the age of 58. After the Union of the Crowns, he based himself in England from 1603, only returning to Scotland once in 1617 and he was a major advocate of a single parliament for England and Scotland. In his reign, the Plantation of Ulster and British colonization of the Americas began, at 57 years and 246 days, Jamess reign in Scotland was longer than those of any of his predecessors. He achieved most of his aims in Scotland but faced difficulties in England, including the Gunpowder Plot in 1605. James himself was a scholar, the author of works such as Daemonologie, The True Law of Free Monarchies. He sponsored the translation of the Bible that would later be named after him, Sir Anthony Weldon claimed that James had been termed the wisest fool in Christendom, an epithet associated with his character ever since. Since the latter half of the 20th century, historians have tended to revise Jamess reputation and treat him as a serious, James was the only son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and her second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. Both Mary and Darnley were great-grandchildren of Henry VII of England through Margaret Tudor, Marys rule over Scotland was insecure, and she and her husband, being Roman Catholics, faced a rebellion by Protestant noblemen. James was born on 19 June 1566 at Edinburgh Castle, and as the eldest son and heir apparent of the monarch automatically became Duke of Rothesay and Prince and he was baptised Charles James or James Charles on 17 December 1566 in a Catholic ceremony held at Stirling Castle. His godparents were Charles IX of France, Elizabeth I of England, Mary refused to let the Archbishop of St Andrews, whom she referred to as a pocky priest, spit in the childs mouth, as was then the custom. The subsequent entertainment, devised by Frenchman Bastian Pagez, featured men dressed as satyrs and sporting tails, Jamess father, Darnley, was murdered on 10 February 1567 at Kirk o Field, Edinburgh, perhaps in revenge for Rizzios death. James inherited his fathers titles of Duke of Albany and Earl of Ross, Mary was already unpopular, and her marriage on 15 May 1567 to James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, who was widely suspected of murdering Darnley, heightened widespread bad feeling towards her. In June 1567, Protestant rebels arrested Mary and imprisoned her in Loch Leven Castle and she was forced to abdicate on 24 July 1567 in favour of the infant James and to appoint her illegitimate half-brother, James Stewart, Earl of Moray, as regent. The care of James was entrusted to the Earl and Countess of Mar, to be conserved, nursed, and upbrought in the security of Stirling Castle
28.
St Margaret's, Westminster
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It is dedicated to Margaret of Antioch. The Rector of St Margarets is a canon of Westminster Abbey, the north-west tower was rebuilt by John James from 1734 to 1738, at the same time, the whole structure was encased in Portland stone. Both the eastern and the porch were added later by J. L. Pearson. The churchs interior was restored and altered to its current appearance by Sir George Gilbert Scott in 1877. Notable features include the east window of 1509 of Flemish stained glass, the collector Henry Constantine Jennings is also buried there. A memorial to them can now be set into the external wall to the left of the main west entrance. The church has been a venue for society weddings which include,1 December 1655, Samuel Pepys. The ensemble of St Margarets, the Palace of Westminster and Westminster Abbey is a World Heritage Site, members of Parliament and staff members of the House of Lords and House of Commons are permitted to marry in the church. During the First World War, Edward Lyttelton, headmaster of Eton and he spoke of his opinion that any post-war treaty with Germany should be a just one and not a vindictive one. He had to leave the church after the service by a back door, the treble choristers for St Margarets are supplied by Westminster Under School. The church also hosted the first performance by the UK Parliament Choir under Simon Over in 2000, an organ was installed in 1806 by John Avery. The current organ is built by J. W. Walker & Sons Ltd. A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register, from 1972 to 2010, the Rector was also the Chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons. L. Pearson Guide to St. Margarets Memorials of St. Margarets church, Westminster, comprising the parish registers, 1539–1660, and other churchwardens accounts, 1460–1603 Deanery of Westminster
29.
Perkin Warbeck
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Perkin Warbeck was a pretender to the English throne. By claiming to be Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York, Warbeck was a significant threat to the newly established Tudor dynasty, and gained support outside England. Henry VII declared Warbeck an impostor, and after his capture, dealing with Warbeck cost Henry VII over £13,000, putting a strain on Henrys weak state finances. Perkin Warbecks personal history has been fraught with many unreliable and varying statements and he, himself, said that he was Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York, the younger son of King Edward IV. After he was captured and interrogated in 1497 under the eye of King Henry VII and this confession is considered by many historians to be possibly only partially true as it was procured under duress. According to the confession, Warbeck was born to a man called John Osbeck, Osbeck, who was married to Warbecks mother Katherine de Faro, was Flemish and held the occupation of comptroller to the city of Tournai. These family ties are backed up by several archives of Tournai which mention most of the people whom Warbeck declared he was related to. He was taken to Antwerp by his mother at age ten to learn Dutch. From here, he was undertaken by several masters around Antwerp, after his time in the Netherlands, Warbeck yearned to visit other countries and was hired by a Breton merchant. This merchant eventually brought Warbeck to Cork, Ireland in 1491 when he was about seventeen, and there he learnt to speak English. Warbeck then claims that upon seeing him dressed in silk clothes and he said they did this because they were resolved in gaining revenge on the King of England and decided that he would claim to be the younger son of King Edward IV. Warbeck first claimed the English throne at the court of Burgundy in 1490, Warbeck explained his mysterious disappearance by claiming that his brother Edward V had been murdered, but he had been spared by his brothers killers because of his age and innocence. However, he had made to swear an oath not to reveal his true identity for a certain number of years. From 1483 to 1490 he had lived on the continent of Europe under the protection of Yorkist loyalists and he then declared his true identity. In 1491, Warbeck landed in Ireland in the hope of gaining support for his claim as Lambert Simnel had four years previously, however, little support was found and he was forced to return to the European mainland. He was first received by Charles VIII of France, but in 1492 was expelled under the terms of the Treaty of Etaples, by which Charles had agreed not to shelter rebels against Henry VII. He was publicly recognized as Richard of Shrewsbury by Margaret of York, the widow of Charles the Bold, the pretender was also welcomed by various other monarchs and was known in international diplomacy as the Duke of York. At the invitation of Duke Philips father, King Maximilian I, the pretender also promised that if he died before becoming king, his claim would fall to Maximilian
30.
Pedro de Ayala
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His mission to Scotland was concerned with the Kings marriage and the international crisis caused by the pretender Perkin Warbeck. In his later career he supported Catherine of Aragon in England but was involved in a decade of rivalry with the resident Spanish ambassador in London, Ayala was a Papal prothonotary, Archdeacon of London, and Bishop of the Canary Islands. Sources in English reveal little of Ayalas background, however he was from the family of the Counts of Fuensalida in Toledo. He was the son of Pedro Lopez de Ayala, Commendator of Mora and Treze and his contemporary, the historian Polydore Virgil, who may have known him in England, remarks that he was clever, but no scholar. In November 1493, Don Pedro de Ayala and Don Garcí Lopez de Carbajal were sent in embassy to King John II of Portugal and their mission concerned the line of demarcation between Spanish and Portuguese maritime exploration. The issue now particularly concerned Ferdinand and Isabella as sponsors of Christopher Columbus, King John II was displeased by the embassy and the news of Columbuss latest voyage. He is said to have shown the Spanish ambassadors the strength of his cavalry, as if to intimidate them, and later mocked Don Pedro for his limp, and Don Garcia for his frivolous character. A second negotiation by Portuguese commissioners in Spain in March 1494 was more successful, before Pedro de Ayala arrived in Scotland, James IV had received several brief Spanish embassies. In 1489, Don Martin de Torre got a formal reception at Linlithgow Palace, martins servants presented a sword and a dagger to James and he gave them gloves containing gold coins. Martin then departed to England with the Scottish Snawdoun Herald and he returned two years later in July 1491 bringing a troop of Spanish dancers who performed on Edinburghs Royal Mile outside the Lord Treasurers house. Once again, Martin came to Scotland with a colleague Garcia de Herrara in September 1495, unfortunately, their confidential instructions concerning Ferdinand and Isabellas lukewarm position on a Spanish marriage for James IV arrived first, and James read them. Despite this poor start, they stayed through the winter, the Spanish ambassadors obtained a Latin copy of a love letter believed to be Perkin Warbecks proposal to Lady Catherine Gordon. There was already a veteran ambassador in London, Dr Rodrigo Gonzalez de Puebla and this alliance between Spain and England was a ratification of the Treaty of Medina del Campo, to be sealed by the marriage of Catherine of Aragon to Arthur, Prince of Wales. James reserved a house in Edinburgh for the Spanish embassy, paying £40 for a years rent, the house stood at the head of Niddrys Wynd on the south side of the Royal Mile, known as the late Walter Bertrames House, now the site of South Bridge. Spain only had permanent resident ambassadors at Rome, Venice, in London, with Maximilian, Isabella had told her ambassador in London, Dr Puebla, that Ayalas job would be to keep James IV in suspense. This was prejudicial to Spains alliance with England by the Treaty of Woking, because of the Auld Alliance between France and Scotland, a Scottish invasion might lead to England at war with France. Henry VIIs response was to join the Holy League in October 1496, Don Pedro de Ayala employed his diplomatic skill to ingratiate himself with James IV and undermine Perkin Warbeck. Twice Ayala went to the English border with the Scottish army, four of his Spanish servants were killed and three were injured in the fighting
31.
House of Stuart
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The House of Stuart, originally Stewart and, in Gaelic, Stiùbhart was a European royal house that originated in Scotland. The dynastys patrilineal Breton ancestors had held the office of High Steward of Scotland since the 12th century, the royal Stewart line was founded by Robert II, and they were Kings and Queens of Scots from the late 14th century until the union with England in 1707. Mary I, Queen of Scots was brought up in France and her son, James VI of Scotland, inherited the thrones of England and Ireland upon the death of Elizabeth I in 1603. Except for the period of the Commonwealth, 1649–1660, the Stuarts were monarchs of England, Scotland and Ireland until 1707, then of Great Britain and Ireland, in total, nine Stewart/Stuart monarchs ruled Scotland alone from 1371 until 1603. James VI of Scotland then inherited the realms of Elizabeth I of England, following the Glorious Revolution in 1688, two Stuart queens ruled the isles, Mary II and Anne. Both were the Protestant daughters of James VII and II by his first wife, during the reign of the Stuarts, Scotland developed from a relatively poor and feudal country into a prosperous, modern and centralised state. They ruled during a time in European history of transition from the Middle Ages, through the Renaissance, monarchs such as James IV were known for sponsoring exponents of the Northern Renaissance such as the poet Robert Henryson, and others. The name Stewart derives from the position of office similar to a governor. It was originally adopted as the surname by Walter Stewart, 3rd High Steward of Scotland. Prior to this, family names were not used, but instead they had patronyms defined through the father, the gallicised spelling was first borne by John Stewart of Darnley after his time in the French wars. During the 16th century, the French spelling Stuart was adopted by Mary, Queen of Scots, the FitzAlan family quickly established themselves as a prominent Anglo-Norman noble house, with some of its members serving as High Sheriff of Shropshire. It was the great-grandson of Alan named Walter FitzAlan who became the first hereditary High Steward of Scotland, another supporter of Matilda was her uncle David I of Scotland from the House of Dunkeld. After Matilda was pushed out of England into the County of Anjou, essentially failing in her legitimist attempt for the throne, many of her supporters in England fled also. It was then that Walter followed David up to the Kingdom of Scotland, where he was granted lands in Renfrewshire, the next monarch of Scotland, Malcolm IV, made the High Steward title a hereditary arrangement. While High Stewards, the family were based at Dundonald, South Ayrshire between the 12th and 13th centuries. The sixth High Steward of Scotland, Walter Stewart, married Marjorie, daughter of Robert the Bruce, in 1503, James IV attempted to secure peace with England by marrying King Henry VIIs daughter, Margaret Tudor. The birth of their son, later James V, brought the House of Stewart into the line of descent of the House of Tudor, and the English throne. Margaret Tudor later married Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and their daughter, Margaret Douglas, was the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
32.
Treaty of Perpetual Peace
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The Treaty of Perpetual Peace was signed by James IV of Scotland and Henry VII of England in 1502. As part of the treaty, a marriage was agreed between James IV and Margaret Tudor, the daughter of Henry VII, Andrew Forman and the poet William Dunbar were members of the Scottish embassy who negotiated the treaty in London. Peace between England and Scotland had already established by the Treaty of Ayton, brokered by Pedro de Ayala in 1497. Apart from the marriage, the treaty sought to outline various rules and processes for administering the English and Scottish borders, the treaty was signed at Richmond Palace on 24 January 1502 by Robert Blackadder, Archbishop of Glasgow, Patrick Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell and Andrew Forman. James IV gave his oath to keep to the terms of the treaty at the hand of the high altar of Glasgow Cathedral on 10 December 1502. The ceremony had to be repeated as the name of France had been inserted into the text of the Kings oath instead of England. The English witnesses at Glasgow were Sir Thomas Darcy, Captain of Berwick with a professor of theology Dr. Henry Babington, the two attempts were recorded by the English cleric John Deyce, and the Scottish notary Archibald Layng. The Kings then exchanged illuminated copies of the ratifications, two of the Scottish manuscripts were painted and gilded by Sir Thomas Galbraith, a clerk of the Chapel Royal in Stirling Castle, who was given 59 shillings for materials and time. A few days later James IV gave Thomas a present of 18 shillings on New Years Day, in April 1503, Henry VII sent the Bishops of Hereford and Worcester to Rome for the Popes ratification. The treaty was broken in 1513 when James declared war on England in support of the French who had lately been attacked by the English, James was acting according to Scotlands obligations to France under an older mutual defence treaty, the Auld Alliance. James was excommunicated by Pope Leo X and the English Cardinal Bainbridge for breaking his sworn treaty with England, the subsequent invasion by the Scots met defeat when James was killed on 9 September 1513 at the Battle of Flodden in Northumberland. Despite this abrogation, the Treaty of Perpetual Peace had an effect because of the marriage between James Stewart and Margaret Tudor. Specifically, their great-grandson King James VI of Scotland was able to succeed to the English throne in 1603 at the Union of the Crowns, list of treaties Bain, Joseph, ed. Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland, 1357-1509, vol. 4, HM Register House, Edinburgh Rymer, Thomas, ed. Foedera,12, p.793,797, Text of treaty etc. standard edition. Rymer, Thomas, ed, Foedera, conventiones, literae
33.
Proxy marriage
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A proxy wedding or is a wedding in which one or both of the individuals being united are not physically present, usually being represented instead by other persons. If both partners are absent a double proxy wedding occurs, Proxy weddings are not recognized as legally binding in most jurisdictions, both parties must be present. Under the English common law, if a marriage is valid by the law of the place where the marriage was celebrated then it will be recognised in England. Beginning in the Middle Ages European monarchs and nobility sometimes married by proxy, a well-known example more recently involved the marriage of Napoleon I of France and the Austrian Archduchess Marie Louise in 1810. There was another proxy wedding that occurred at Eltham on 3 April,1402 between Henry IV and Joan, the daughter of Charles II, King of Navarre, another famous example is the marriage of Mary, Queen of Hungary to Louis I, Duke of Orléans in 1385. Catherine of Aragon wed Prince Arthur by proxy in 1499, a famous 17th-century painting by Peter Paul Rubens depicts the proxy marriage of Marie de Medici in 1600. By the end of the 19th century the practice had died out. Video conferencing allows couples to experience the ceremony together, a unique space wedding took place on August 10,2003 when Ekaterina Dmitriev married Yuri Malenchenko, a cosmonaut orbiting the Earth in the International Space Station, by proxy in Texas, USA. In the United States, proxy marriages are provided for in law or by customary practice in Texas, Colorado, Kansas, Proxy marriages cannot be solemnized in all other U. S. states. The Portuguese woman was allowed to immigrate to the United States on account of the marriage, during the early 1900s, United States proxy marriages increased significantly when many Japanese picture brides arrived at Angel Island, California. Since the early 20th century, it has been most commonly used in the United States for marriages where one partner is a member of the military on active duty, in California, proxy marriage is only available to deployed military personnel. In Montana, it is if one partner is either on active military duty or is a Montana resident. Mexico and Paraguay both offer proxy marriages for a fee, Proxy marriages through the consulate of Paraguay in Tel Aviv are recognized by Israeli law. Italy permits proxy marriages to Italian soldiers in times of war, canada ended any form of proxy marriage where one or both spouses are not present, with the exception of men and women in the Canadian armed forces. This became effective on June 11,2015, catholic Canon Law permits marriage by proxy, but requires officiants to receive authorization from the local ordinary before proceeding. Operation ‘I Do’, Moody AFB Attorneys Help Couple Tie Knot Marriage by proxy in California Ernest G. Lorenzen, Marriage By Proxy and the Conflict of Laws Double Proxy Marriage in Montana
34.
Richmond Palace
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Richmond Palace was a royal residence on the River Thames in England that stood in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It lay upstream and on the bank from the Palace of Westminster. It replaced a palace, itself built on the site of a manor house appropriated by the Crown some two centuries before. In 1500, a year before the construction of the new Richmond Palace began, the name of the town of Sheen, however, both names, Sheen and Richmond, continue to be used, not without scope for confusion. Richmond remained part of the County of Surrey until the mid-1960s, Richmond Palace was a favourite home of Queen Elizabeth, who died there in 1603. It remained a residence of the kings and queens of England until the death of Charles I in 1649, within months of his execution, the Palace was surveyed by order of Parliament and was sold for £13,000. Over the following ten years it was demolished, the stones. Only vestigial traces now survive, notably the Gate House, Henry I divided the manor of Shene from the royal manor of Kingston and granted it to a Norman knight. The manor-house of Sheen was established by at least 1125, in 1299 Edward I took his whole court to the manor-house at Sheen, close by the river side. In 1305, he received at Sheen that the Commissioners from Scotland to arrange the Scottish civil government and it returned to royal hands in the reign of Edward II and after his deposition it was held by his wife, Queen Isabella. When the boy-king Edward III came to the throne in 1327 he gave the manor to his mother Isabella, after her death he extended and embellished the manor house and turned it into the first Shene Palace. Edward III died at Shene on 21 June 1377, in 1368 Geoffrey Chaucer served as a yeoman at Sheen. Richard II was the first English king to make Sheen his main residence in 1383 and he took his bride Anne of Bohemia there. For almost 20 years it lay in ruins until Henry V undertook rebuilding work in 1414, the first, pre-Tudor, version of the palace was known as Sheen Palace. It was positioned roughly at 51. 460388°N0. 310219°W /51.460388, -0.310219, in what is now the garden of Trumpeters House, between Richmond Green and the River. In 1414 Henry V also founded a Carthusian monastery there known as Sheen Priory, Henry VI continued the rebuilding in order that the palace might be worthy of the reception of his queen, Margaret of Anjou. Edward IV granted it to his queen for life, in 1492 a great tournament was held at the Palace by Henry VII. On 23 December 1497 a fire destroyed most of the wooden buildings, Henry rebuilt it and named the new palace Richmond Palace after his title of Earl of Richmond
35.
Andrew Forman
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He was probably the son of Nicholas Forman of Hutton in Berwickshire, and Jonet Blackadder. He also had two known sisters—Isabel, the wife of Sir Patrick Home of Fast Castle and an unnamed sister whose son, John Roul. A possible third sister, Jonet Forman the Prioress of Eklis, is the first named in a letter of protection and respite dated 28 March 1513, when Forman lists a number of his kith and kin. Like many senior churchmen of his day, his vow of celibacy was not one that he kept and was known to have had a daughter Jane who married Sir Alexander Oliphant of Kellie. He was educated at the University of St Andrews graduating as a Licentiate of the Arts in 1483, by 1489, Forman had entered the service of King James IV whom he represented in Rome in 1489/90 and where he was appointed protonotary apostolic by Pope Innocent VIII. King James’s foreign policy was directed at bringing peace to Europe and required Forman to spend extended periods in Rome, Paris, during his ambassadorial career Forman gained many church and lay endowments. The kings death at Flodden and that of his son Alexander, Archbishop of St Andrews, Forman eventually emerged with his appointment to the archbishopric of St Andrews in 1514 which he held until his death in 1521. Although Forman obtained many offices in the church, his primary role was as a senior emissary in the service of the king. The first benefice he received was in 1489 when Pope Innocent VIII provided him to the Parsonage of Forest church and he became prior of May in 1495—an office which he retained up until his death—and by 30 September 1497, he was protonotary apostolic. The king received Perkin Warbeck, the bogus Duke of York, in Stirling Castle in November 1495, Warbecks presence in Scotland may have been used by King James and some of his councillors as an excuse to wage war with England. Apart from a raid into Northumberland, war did not ensue and in July 1497, Forman and Bishop William Elphinstone of Aberdeen were the principal envoys who brokered a seven-year truce with King Henry VII of England at Aytoun in September 1497. They were assisted by the Spanish ambassador Pedro de Ayala, who recommended in May 1498 that diplomatic correspondence to Scotland should be copied to Forman, his influential friend. The search for a queen for James began in 1499 when negotiators were appointed to treat with King Henry for the marriage of his eldest daughter, Princess Margaret. Dispensation from the pope for the marriage was received as both James and Margaret were cousins, descended from John Beaufort, Marquess of Dorset. In that same year, King Henry, in gratitude for his services required that Thomas Savage, the formal proceedings that finally concluded the marriage terms of King James and Margaret Tudor were conducted in Glasgow Cathedral on 10 December 1502 where Forman was a signatory. He was then appointed as a commissioner to oversee the exchange of the ratified marriage treaties at the courts of Henry, the procession to Scotland took them to Fast Castle near Berwick where they stayed with Forman’s sister Isabel and her husband Alexander Oliphant of Kellie. In 1509, Forman became commendator of Dryburgh Abbey and tried unsuccessfully to obtain the commendatorship of the abbey of Kelso in 1511. Benefices Lands 1506—along with his brother John, received the lands of Lochirmacus in Berwickshire, 1506/7—received a 19-year lease of the Mains of Dunbar from King James IV
36.
Somerset Herald
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Somerset Herald of Arms in Ordinary is an officer of arms at the College of Arms in London. On the death of that nobleman in 1536 the herald returned to the service of the crown, the badge of office is A Portcullis Or Royally Crowned. This is a version of the Beaufort badge, the current Somerset Herald of Arms in Ordinary is David Vines White, MA MA. Brackets indicate a date or approximate date for which there is evidence that the person was holder of this office. John Young, Esq, escorted Margaret Tudor to Edinburgh,1503, 1536-1542 Thomas Traheyron or Trahern, Esq. killed in Scotland,25 November 1542. 1660-1680 Sir Thomas St George 1680-1700 Francis Burghill, Esq, FRS, FSA 1759-1773 Ralph Bigland 1773-1777 Henry Hastings, Esq. 1777-1794 John Charles Brooke, Esq, FSA 1794-1813 John Atkinson, FSA 1880-1887 Stephen Isaacson Tucker, Esq. 1887-1911 Sir Henry Farnham Burke, KCVO, CB, FSA 1911-1926 Everard Green, Sir George Rothe Bellew, KCB, KCVO, FSA 1951-1967 Michael Roger Trappes-Lomax, Esq. CVO, OBE, FSA 1982-1997 Thomas Woodcock, Esq, LVO, FSA 2004–Present David Vines White, Esq
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Silk
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Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The protein fiber of silk is composed mainly of fibroin and is produced by insect larvae to form cocoons. The best-known silk is obtained from the cocoons of the larvae of the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity, Silk is produced by several insects, but generally only the silk of moth caterpillars has been used for textile manufacturing. There has been research into other types of silk, which differ at the molecular level. Silk is mainly produced by the larvae of insects undergoing complete metamorphosis, Silk production also occurs in Hymenoptera, silverfish, mayflies, thrips, leafhoppers, beetles, lacewings, fleas, flies, and midges. Other types of arthropod produce silk, most notably various arachnids such as spiders, the word silk comes from Old English sioloc, from Greek σηρικός serikos, silken, ultimately from an Asian source. Several kinds of silk, which are produced by caterpillars other than the mulberry silkworm, have been known and used in China, South Asia. However, the scale of production was far smaller than for cultivated silks. Thus, the way to obtain silk suitable for spinning into textiles in areas where commercial silks are not cultivated was by tedious. Commercial silks originate from reared silkworm pupae, which are bred to produce a silk thread with no mineral on the surface. The pupae are killed by either dipping them in boiling water before the adult moths emerge or by piercing them with a needle. These factors all contribute to the ability of the cocoon to be unravelled as one continuous thread. Wild silks also tend to be difficult to dye than silk from the cultivated silkworm. Genetic modification of domesticated silkworms is used to facilitate the production of more types of silk. Silk fabric was first developed in ancient China, the earliest example of silk fabric is from 3630 BC, and it was used as wrapping for the body of a child from a Yangshao culture site in Qingtaicun at Xingyang, Henan. Legend gives credit for developing silk to a Chinese empress, Leizu, because of its texture and lustre, silk rapidly became a popular luxury fabric in the many areas accessible to Chinese merchants. Silk was in demand, and became a staple of pre-industrial international trade. In July 2007, archaeologists discovered intricately woven and dyed silk textiles in a tomb in Jiangxi province, Silk is described in a chapter on mulberry planting by Si Shengzhi of the Western Han
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Lady Catherine Gordon
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Lady Catherine Gordon was a Scottish noblewoman and the wife of Yorkist pretender, Perkin Warbeck. After her imprisonment by King Henry VII of England, she became a favoured lady-in-waiting of his wife and she had a total of four husbands, but there are no records she had any surviving children. Lady Catherine was born in Scotland, the daughter of George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly, by his third wife, some 19th-century writers had assumed she was a daughter of Princess Annabella of Scotland, who had been the Earl of Huntlys first wife. James IV gave Perkin Warbeck a spousing goune of white damask for the wedding at Edinburgh, Perkin wore armour covered with purple brocade. Lady Catherine followed her husbands fortunes and was styled the Duchess of York, on 15 October 1497 there is record of a payment of £7 13s. 4d. to Robert Southwell for horses, saddles and other necessities for the transportation of my Lady Kateryn Huntleye and her husband was hanged at Tyburn on 23 November 1499. Lady Catherine was kept a prisoner by King Henry who placed her in the household of his wife, Elizabeth of York. Initially, Henry VII paid some of her expenses from his privy purse, in the privy purse accounts her name was recorded as Lady Kateryn Huntleye. Henry VII gave Lady Catherine gifts of clothing, on 25 January 1503 Catherine attended the ceremony of marriage between James IV and Margaret Tudor at Richmond Palace. James was represented by the Earl of Bothwell as his proxy, in February 1503, Lady Catherine was the Chief Mourner at the funeral of Queen Elizabeth, arriving in a chair, a carriage, with the Lady Fitzwalter and Lady Mountjoy. The train of her dress was carried by the Queens mother-in-law, Lady Catherine made the offerings at the masses and with 37 other ladies placed a pall, an embroidered cloth, on the coffin at Westminster Abbey. In 1510, Lady Catherine obtained letters of denization and that year, on 8 August, was given a grant of the manors of Philberts at Bray. Before 13 February 1512, she married James Strangeways of Fyfield, the couple endowed a chantry priest to sing for the souls of their parents at St Mary Over at Southwark in London, where Jamess father was buried. In 1517, she married her husband, Matthew Craddock of Swansea, Steward of Gower and Seneschal of Kenfig. These included a girdle with a pomander, a heart of gold, a fleur-de-lis of diamonds, and he bequeathed her an income from the lands of Dinas Powys and Llanedeyrn near Cardiff. Her fourth and last husband was Christopher Ashton of Fyfield also then in Berkshire and she is not recorded as having any surviving children, however, she had two stepchildren by Ashtons previous marriage. According to biographer David Loades, Lady Catherine was head of Mary Tudors Privy Chamber until 1530, when not at Court, Catherine resided at Fyfield Manor, except during her marriage to Craddock when she gained permission to live in Wales. Catherine made her will on 12 October 1537, and died soon after and she was buried in the church of St Nicholas at Fyfield, with a monument, including brass figures
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Stirling Castle
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Stirling Castle, located in Stirling, is one of the largest and most important castles in Scotland, both historically and architecturally. The castle sits atop Castle Hill, a crag, which forms part of the Stirling Sill geological formation. It is surrounded on three sides by cliffs, giving it a strong defensive position. Its strategic location, guarding what was, until the 1890s, most of the principal buildings of the castle date from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. A few structures of the fourteenth century remain, while the outer defences fronting the town date from the eighteenth century. Before the union with England, Stirling Castle was also one of the most used of the many Scottish royal residences, several Scottish Kings and Queens have been crowned at Stirling, including Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1542, and others were born or died there. Stirling Castle is a Scheduled Ancient Monument, and is now a tourist attraction managed by Historic Scotland and it is likely that this natural feature was occupied at an early date, as a hill fort is located on Gowan Hill, immediately to the east. The Romans bypassed Stirling, building a fort at Doune instead, the area came under Pictish control after the defeat of the Northumbrians at the Battle of Dun Nechtain thirty years later. However, there is no evidence for occupation of Castle Hill before the late medieval period. Other legends have been associated with Stirling, or Snowdoun as it was more poetically known, boece is, however, considered an unreliable historian. Another chronicler, William Worcester, associated Stirling with the court of the legendary King Arthur, the first record of Stirling Castle dates from around 1110, when King Alexander I dedicated a chapel here. It appears to have been a royal centre by this time. During the reign of his successor David I, Stirling became a burgh. There is no evidence that the English actually occupied the castle, Stirling continued to be a favoured royal residence, with William himself dying there in 1214, and Alexander III laying out the New Park, for deer hunting, in the 1260s. Stirling remained a centre of administration until the death of Alexander III in 1286. His passing triggered a crisis, with Edward I of England invited to arbitrate between competing claimants. Edward came north in 1291, demanding that Stirling, along with the royal castles. Edward gave judgement in favour of John Balliol, hoping he would be a puppet ruler, in 1296, Edward invaded Scotland, beginning the Wars of Scottish Independence, which would last for the next 60 years
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Doune Castle
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Doune Castle is a medieval stronghold near the village of Doune, in the Stirling district of central Scotland. The castle is sited on a bend where the Ardoch Burn flows into the River Teith. It lies 8 miles north-west of Stirling, where the Teith flows into the River Forth, upstream,8 miles further north-west, the town of Callander lies at the edge of the Trossachs, on the fringe of the Scottish Highlands. Duke Roberts stronghold has survived relatively unchanged and complete, and the castle was traditionally thought of as the result of a single period of construction at this time. The castle passed to the crown in 1425, when Albanys son was executed, in the later 16th century, Doune became the property of the Earls of Moray. The castle saw action during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and Glencairns rising in the mid-17th century. By 1800 the castle was ruined, but restoration works were carried out in the 1880s and it is now maintained by Historic Scotland. Due to the status of its builder, Doune reflected current ideas of what a royal castle building should be and it was planned as a courtyard with ranges of buildings on each side, although only the northern and north-western buildings were completed. These comprise a tower house over the entrance, containing the rooms of the Lord and his family. The two are linked by the great hall, the stonework is almost all from the late 14th century, with only minor repairs carried out in the 1580s. The restoration of the 1880s replaced the timber roofs and internal floors, the site at the confluence of the Ardoch Burn and the River Teith had been fortified by the Romans in the 1st century AD, although no remains are visible above ground. Ramparts and ditches to the south of the present castle may be the site of a fortification, as the name Doune, derived from Gaelic dùn, meaning fort. In 1361, Robert Stewart, son of King Robert II, and brother of King Robert III, was created Earl of Menteith, building may have started any time after this, and the castle was at least partially complete in 1381, when a charter was sealed here. Robert was appointed Regent in 1388 for his father. He was created Duke of Albany in 1398, in 1406, Robert IIIs successor, James I, was captured by the English, and Albany became Regent once more. After this time, the number of charters issued at Doune suggest that the castle became a favoured residence, Albany died in 1420, and Doune, the dukedom of Albany, and the Regency all passed to his son Murdoch. The ransom for James I was finally paid to the English, Albany and two of his sons were imprisoned for treason, and then executed in May 1425. Doune Castle became a possession, under an appointed Captain, or Keeper
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Linlithgow Palace
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The ruins of Linlithgow Palace are situated in the town of Linlithgow, West Lothian, Scotland,15 miles west of Edinburgh. The palace was one of the residences of the monarchs of Scotland in the 15th and 16th centuries. Although maintained after Scotlands monarchs left for England in 1603, the palace was little used and it is now a visitor attraction in the care of Historic Scotland. A royal manor existed on the site in the 12th century and this was replaced by a fortification known as the Peel, built in the 14th century by occupying English forces under Edward I. The site of the manor made it a military base for securing the supply routes between Edinburgh Castle and Stirling Castle. The English fort was begun in March 1302 under the supervision of two priests, Richard de Wynepol and Henry de Graundeston, the architect Master James of St George was also present. In September 1302, sixty men and 140 women helped dig the ditches, the men were paid twopence, a hundred foot-soldiers were still employed as labourers on the castle in November and work continued during the Summer of 1303. In 1424, the town of Linlithgow was partially destroyed in a great fire, over the following century the palace developed into a formal courtyard structure, with significant additions by James III and James IV. James V, who was born in the palace in April 1512, added the outer gateway, the stonework of the South façade was renewed and unified for James V in the 1530s by the keeper, James Hamilton of Finnart. Mary, Queen of Scots, was born at the Palace in December 1542, the daughter of James VI, Elizabeth of Bohemia, lived in the Palace. After the Union of the Crowns in 1603 the Royal Court became largely based in England, King James had it rebuilt between 1618 and 1622. The carving was designed by the mason William Wallace, in July 1620, the architect James Murray of Kilbaberton, estimated that 3000 stones in weight of lead would be needed to cover the roof, costing £3600 in Scottish money. On 5 July 1621 the Earl of Mar wrote to James to tell him he had met Murray and he said the Palace would be ready for the king at Michaelmas. The carving at the window-heads and the arms were painted and gilded, and the old statues of the Pope, Knight. However, the reigning monarch to stay at Linlithgow after that date was King Charles I who spent a night there in 1633. In 1648, part of the new North range was occupied by the Earl of Linlithgow, the palaces swansong came in September 1745, when Bonnie Prince Charlie visited Linlithgow on his march south but did not stay overnight. It is said that the fountain was made to flow with wine in his honour, the Duke of Cumberlands army destroyed most of the palace buildings by burning in January 1746. The office was acquired by Alexander, 2nd Earl of Linlithgow, the palace has been actively conserved since the early 19th century and is today managed and maintained by Historic Scotland
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"Margaret, Queen of Scotland". Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 701.
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