1.
Baliuag, Bulacan
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Baliuag, is a first class urban municipality in the province of Bulacan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 149,954 people, Baliuag was founded on 1732 by Augustinian friars and was incorporated by the Spanish Governor-General on 1733. The town was a part of Quingwa before. Through the years of Spanish domination, Baliuag was predominantly agricultural, people had to depend on rice farming for main source of livelihood. Orchards and tumanas yielded fruits and vegetables, which were sold in the public market, commerce and industry also played important contributions to the economy of the people. During the early part of the 19th century Baliuag was already considered one of the most progressive, the growth of the public market has significantly changed the mode of economy of the town. Baliuag is the commerce, transportation, entertainment and educational center of Northern Bulacan. With the continuous expansion of Metro Manila, the municipality is now part of Manilas built up area which reaches San Ildefonso in its northernmost part. Five days before May 6,1899, Henry Ware Lawtons troops marched to Baliuag, after the fateful and bloody encounter at the Sabang, Baliuag Battle. Baliuag was the first Municipio ever created during the American regime in the Philippines, on May 6,1899, five days before the fateful Sabang Battle. The frayle further stated that the Convent was a repository of priceless parish records which dated to the founding of Baliuag as a pueblo or parrochia by the OSA or Augustinians in 1733, but it the first convent was erected at Barangay Sta. Barbara, Baliuag before the Parokya was formally established at the now Plaza Naning, joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga arrived in the Philippines on August 3,1786 and visited Baliuag on February 17,1802 with Ignacio Maria de Álava y Sáenz de Navarrete. Their host was Baliuags Parish Priest, Fray Esteban Diez Hidalgo, Diez served as the longest cura parroco of Baliwag from 1789, having built the church and convent from 1790 to 1801. Juan de Albarran, OSA was assigned Parish Priest of Baliuag in 1733, the first baptism in Baliuag Church was ordered by Fr. Feliz Trillo, Provincial of the Province on June 7,1933 while Baliuag was founded, the town or pueblo was created in the provincial Chapter on May 15,1734, with the appointment of Fr. Manuel Bazeta or Baseta as first Kura Paroko. In 1769-1774, the Church of Baliuag was built by Father Gregorio Giner, the present structure was later rebuilt by Father Esteban Diaz using mortar and stone. The 1866 Belfry was also completed by Father Matias Novoa but the July 19,1880 quake damaged the same which was repaired by Father Thomas Gresa. The earthquake of June 3,1863, one of the strongest to ever hit Manila, malacañang then, became the permanent residence of the head of the country. The massive quake also damaged the Baliuag Church, antonio de Mesa, “Maestrong Tonio fabricated the parts to have finished the Spanish-era Baliuag Church
2.
Sai Ying Pun Community Complex
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Sai Ying Pun Community Complex is located at 2 High Street, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong. It is a 9-storey building built on the site of the Old Mental Hospital, of only the granite facade. The Old Mental Hospital was built in 1892 and it was designed by Danby & Leigh. It was used as a quarters for the European nursing staff of the Civil Hospital until the World War II. Originally, it contains only 10 bedrooms for the nurses, a matrons office, the building was used to accommodate staff in 1941. It was turned into a hospital after the war. In 1947, this hospital was the only one of its type in the city when the population in Hong Kong was one. The building was a block of the mental hospital in the 1940s. It continued to function as such until the Castle Peak Mental Hospital opened in 1961, tales of ghostly sightings were spread since it was abandoned in the 1970s. Therefore, it is known as High Street Ghost House or Haunted House in High Street. This building became the haunt of curious teenagers and drug addicts who used the methadone clinic nearby before the reconstruction and it fell into disrepair and was badly ruined by two fires, which were believed to be inadvertently started by trespassers. The Hong Kong Government decided in 1990s to keep the façade, in 2001, work was finally completed. The remains of the building is a Grade I Historic Building. It is part of the Central and Western Heritage Trail, there is a community hall in the Sai Ying Pun Community Complex. It now houses several charity organizations, which provide services to the local community, facadism King George V Memorial Park, Hong Kong Sai Ying Pun Community Complex, Rehabilitation Old Mental Hospital
3.
British Hong Kong
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British Hong Kong was the period during which Hong Kong was under British Crown rule from 1841 to 1997. It was established as a Crown colony and later designated a British Dependent Territory in 1981, Hong Kong Island was ceded to Great Britain by the Qing dynasty of China after the First Anglo-Chinese War. The Kowloon Peninsula was added to the colony after the Second Anglo-Chinese War, finally, in 1898, the New Territories were added under a 99-year lease. The transfer has been credited as marking the end of the British Empire, in 1836, the Manchu Qing government undertook a major policy review of the opium trade. Lin Zexu volunteered to take on the task of suppressing opium, in March 1839, he became Special Imperial Commissioner in Canton, where he ordered the foreign traders to surrender their opium stock. He confined the British to the Canton Factories and cut off their supplies, Chief Superintendent of Trade, Charles Elliot, complied with Lins demands to secure a safe exit for the British, with the costs involved to be resolved between the two governments. When Elliot promised that the British government would pay for their stock, the merchants surrendered their 20,283 chests of opium. In September 1839, the British Cabinet decided that the Chinese should be made to pay for the destruction of British property, an expeditionary force was placed under Elliot and his cousin, Rear Admiral George Elliot, as joint plenipotentiaries in 1840. Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston stressed to the Chinese Imperial Government that the British Government did not question Chinas right to prohibit opium, but it objected to the way this was handled. He viewed the sudden strict enforcement as laying a trap for the traders. In 1841, Elliot negotiated with Lins successor, Qishan, in the Convention of Chuenpi during the First Opium War, on 20 January, Elliot announced the conclusion of preliminary arrangements, which included the cession of Hong Kong Island and its harbour to the British Crown. On 26 January, the Union Jack was raised on Hong Kong and Commodore James Bremer, commander-in-chief of British forces in China, on 29 August 1842, the cession was formally ratified in the Treaty of Nanking, which ceded Hong Kong in perpetuity to Britain. The treaty failed to satisfy British expectations of an expansion of trade and profit. In October 1856, Chinese authorities in Canton detained the Arrow, the Consul in Canton, Harry Parkes, claimed the hauling down of the flag and arrest of the crew were an insult of very grave character. Parkes and Sir John Bowring, the 4th Governor of Hong Kong, in March 1857, Palmerston appointed Lord Elgin as Plenipotentiary with the aim of securing a new and satisfactory treaty. A French expeditionary force joined the British to avenge the execution of a French missionary in 1856, in 1860, the capture of the Taku Forts and occupation of Beijing led to the Treaty of Tientsin and Convention of Peking. In the Treaty of Tientsin, the Chinese accepted British demands to open ports, navigate the Yangtze River. During the conflict, the British occupied the Kowloon Peninsula, where the land was valuable training and resting ground
4.
Philippine Revolution
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The Philippine Revolution, also called the Tagalog War by the Spanish, was a revolution and subsequent conflict fought between the people of the Philippines and the Spanish colonial authorities. The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896, when the Spanish authorities discovered Katipunan, the Katipunan, led by Andrés Bonifacio, was a liberationist movement whose goal was independence from Spain through armed revolt. The organization began to influence much of the Philippines, Bonifacio called for an attack on the capital city of Manila. This attack failed, however, the surrounding provinces began to revolt, in particular, rebels in Cavite led by Mariano Alvarez and Emilio Aguinaldo won early victories. A power struggle among the revolutionaries led to Bonifacios death in 1897, with command shifting to Aguinaldo and that year, the revolutionaries and the Spanish signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, which temporarily reduced hostilities. Aguinaldo and other Filipino officers exiled themselves in Hong Kong, however, the hostilities never completely ceased. On April 21,1898, the United States launched a blockade of Cuba. On May 1, the U. S. Navys Asiatic Squadron, under Commodore George Dewey, decisively defeated the Spanish Navy in the Battle of Manila Bay, effectively seizing control of Manila. On May 19, Aguinaldo, unofficially allied with the United States, returned to the Philippines, by June, the rebels had gained control of nearly all of the Philippines, with the exception of Manila. On June 12, Aguinaldo issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence, although this signified the end date of the revolution, neither Spain nor the United States recognized Philippine independence. The Spanish rule of the Philippines officially ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1898, in the treaty, Spain ceded control of the Philippines and other territories to the United States. There was an uneasy peace around Manila, with the American forces controlling the city, in June 1899, the nascent First Philippine Republic formally declared war against the United States. The Philippines would not become an internationally recognized independent state until 1946, the main influx of revolutionary ideas came at the start of the 19th century, when the Philippines was opened for world trade. In 1809, the first English firms were established in Manila, the Philippines had been governed from Mexico since 1565, with colonial administrative costs sustained by subsidies from the galleon trade. Increased competition with foreign traders brought the trade to an end in 1815. After its recognition of Mexican independence in 1821, Spain was forced to govern the Philippines directly from Madrid, at this point, post-French Revolution ideas entered the country through literature, which resulted in the rise of an enlightened principalia class in the society. The 1868 Spanish Revolution brought the rule of Queen Isabella II to an end. The autocratic government was replaced by a government led by General Francisco Serrano
5.
Bulacan
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Bulacan is a province in the Philippines, located in the Central Luzon Region in the island of Luzon,11 kilometres north of Manila, and part of the Metro Luzon Urban Beltway Super Region. Bulacan was established on August 15,1578 and it has 569 barangays from 21 municipalities and three component cities. Bulacan is located north of Metro Manila. Bordering Bulacan are the provinces of Pampanga to the west, Nueva Ecija to the north, Aurora and Quezon to the east, Bulacan also lies on the north-eastern shore of Manila Bay. In the 2015 census, Bulacan had a population of 3,292,071 people, the highest in Region III, Bulacans most populated city is San Jose del Monte, the most populated municipality is Santa Maria while the least populated is Doña Remedios Trinidad. In 1899, the historic Barasoain Church in Malolos was the birthplace of the First Constitutional Democracy in Asia, pre colonial Bulacan is not much documented as others in the Visayas region. It was said that Bulacan were administered by the Royal Natives from Tondo ruled by Lakandulas, in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription mentioned some settlements such as Gatbuka, Paila, Binaungan. Other pre colonial accounts on Bulacan was the ancient village called by Chinese traders Lihan as mentioned by Ferdinand Blumentritt is the present day Malolos, the Conquest of Bulacan traces to the first years of the Spanish in the Philippines. Upon the defeat of the Macabebe and Hagonoy natives led by Bambalito in the Battle of Bangkusay in June 3,1571 that caused Martin de Goiti to move up north first to Lubao in September 1571. In April 5,1572, the Encomiendas of Calumpit and Malolos were unified co-administered by Moron, also on that year Alcaldia de Calumpit was formed which the areas of Macabebe, Candaba, Apalit in Pampanga and the settlements of Meyto, Panducot, Meysulao and Malolos. And in December 28,1575 Governor - General Francisco Sande order to include Hagonoy in Calumpit and it was gone and recreated in 1997 upon the re-establishment of the Roman Catholic Parish of Our Lady of Presentacion in Malolos. In April 30,1578 Bulakan town was established by the Augustinians with Fray Diego Vivar as its first prior. It was reported that the part of the present-day Bulacan was to be very well populated. No exact date and year when Alcaldia de Calumpit was dissolved and it was only documented that Malolos were first to be appeared as part of Alcaldia de Bulacan was in 1582. It may assumed that reorganization of encomiendas has been occurred between 1580-1582 at the time of Governor General Gonzalo Ronquillo de Penalosa, however, the establishment and development of southern part of the present-day Bulacan was not simultaneous and identified with the West. It was because this part of the Province was established by group of missionaries. In 1578 Order of Friars Minor headed by Juan de Plasencia and Diego Oropesa arrived in the area called Toril, also in 1578 Plasencia established the Town of Meycauayan. Where in fact Bulacan the town was already a visita of Tondo in 1575 and Calumpit where Malolos and it was the towns of Bocaue, Polo, San Jose del Monte, Santa Maria de Pandi, Obando and Marilao)
6.
Colegio de San Juan de Letran
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Colegio de San Juan de Letran, is a Private Roman Catholic Dominican institution of learning located in Intramuros, Manila, in the Philippines. The college was founded in 1620, Colegio de San Juan de Letran has the distinction of being the oldest college in the Philippines and the oldest secondary institution in Asia. It is owned and administered by the friars of the Order of Preachers of the Philippine Dominican Province, the schools patron saint is St. John the Baptist while its patroness is Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary. Letran has programs in Business, Management, Marketing, Entrepreneurship, Information Technology, Digital Arts, Communication Arts, Accountancy, the Colegio has successful athletic programs, particularly in basketball, football, volleyball, taekwondo, and tennis. Letran is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. Letran remains in its campus in Intramuros, Manila and is a member of the Intramuros Consortium. The name San Juan de Letran is derived from the Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome, early in the history of the colegio, its chapel was granted many of the privileges enjoyed by the major basilica. Saint John the Baptist, for whom the basilica is named, is the saint of the Colegio. The college was founded by Don Juan Geromino Guerrero in 1620, the school was intended to educate and mold orphans to be good Christian citizens. Around the month of May in 1632, Fray Diego de Santa Maria, domingo convent from Spain via Mexico. He was officially assigned to this convent on April 23,1633 and was given the task of conventual porter. He founded the Colegio de Huerfanos de San Pedro y San Pablo, in 1738, six scholarships were granted by the king of Spain for Chinese, Japanese, and Tongkinese students. Vicente Liem de la Paz, Letrans foremost alumnus and heavenly patron, was among the students who enjoyed this scholarship, logo The Colegio’s seal bears the Maltese Cross dating back between 1696 and 1716. The Maltese Cross is the eight point cross of Amalfi, a town in Italy whose merchants founded a hostel for the pilgrims of Jerusalem. The group became the Knights of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem and they became known as the Knights of Malta from then on and because of their pious works they earned for themselves a place of honor within the Church. Undoubtedly, Don Juan Geronimo Guerrero, one of the fathers of Letran was a Knight of Malta. The silver cross on a blue and red field encircled by the wreath of green represents the pattern of perfection of which all minds that come to Letran are molded. Its silver bespeaks of the purity which must be attained, the blue and red field indicates Letran, the battleground where the vile things are fought against the daunted and where ultimately the consummate ideal of the cross is accomplished
7.
University of Santo Tomas
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The university is run by the Order of Preachers. The patron of the university is St. Thomas Aquinas, while St. Catherine of Alexandria is the patroness, the university is composed of several autonomous faculties, colleges, schools and institutes, each conferring undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate degrees, and the basic education units. Several degree programs have been accredited by the Commission on Higher Education as Centers of Excellence, moreover, it was awarded with an Institutional Accreditation by the CHED through the Federation of Accrediting Agencies of the Philippines. Prominent Thomasians include saints, Philippine presidents, heroes, artists, scientists, professionals, and religious figures, the athletic teams are the Growling Tigers, who are members of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines and are consistent winners of the Overall Championship. The foundation of the University is ascribed to Miguel de Benavides and he came to the Philippines with the first Dominican mission in 1587. He went on to bishop of Nueva Segovia, and was promoted archbishop of Manila in 1601. Upon his death in July 1605, Benavides bequeathed his library, Bernardo de Santa Catalina carried out Benavides’s wishes and was able to secure a building near the Dominican church and convent in Intramuros for the College. In 1609, permission to open the College was requested from King Philip III of Spain, on April 28,1611, notary Juan Illian witnessed the signing of the act of foundation by Baltasar Fort, OP, Bernardo Navarro, OP, and Francisco Minayo, OP. Fort, appointed that year to the post of Father Provincial, the Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario was established on April 28,1611, from the Benavidess library. Later renamed Colegio de Santo Tomás, it was elevated by Pope Innocent X to a university on November 20,1645 in his brief and this makes the institution the first in the islands to be formally elevated to the status of university. Its complete name is The Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas and this makes the UST the first and only formally declared royal and pontifical university in the Philippines. The university was located within the city of Intramuros in Manila. The first courses offered by the Colegio de Santo Tomás were canon law, theology, philosophy, logic, grammar, the arts, in 1871, it began offering degrees in Medicine and Pharmacy, the first in colonized Asia. Also that year, it began accepting female enrollees, in the last four decades, the university grew into a full-fledged institution of higher learning, conferring degrees in law, medicine, and various academic letters. The university has graduated Philippine national heroes, presidents, and even saints, the Medicine and Civil Law courses were retained in Intramuros at that time. During World War II, the Japanese forces converted the Sampaloc campus into an internment camp for aliens, mostly Americans. The original Intramuros campus was destroyed in 1944 by an arson created by the Japanese Kempeitai, more than 4,000 foreigners survived under difficult conditions in the internment camp for 37 months from January 1942 until February 1945 when the camp was liberated by American soldiers. In its long history, the university has been under the leadership of more than 90 Rectors, uSTs first Filipino rector was Fr
8.
Complutense University of Madrid
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The Complutense University of Madrid is a public research university located in Madrid, and one of the oldest universities in the world. The university enrolls over 86,000 students, and consistently ranks as one of the top universities in Spain, according to the Spanish newspaper El Mundo, the university is widely regarded as the most prestigious academic institution in Spain. In the course of seven centuries, the University of Madrid has provided invaluable contributions in the sciences, fine arts. Alumni include renowned philosophers, writers, scientists, historians, military leaders, foreign leaders, in the year 1785, the University of Madrid became one of the first Universities in the world to grant a Doctorate degree to a female student. By Royal Decree of 1857, the University of Madrid was the institution in Spain authorized to grant doctorates throughout the Spanish Empire. On 13 April 1499, Cardinal Cisneros secured from Pope Alexander VI a Papal bull to expand Complutense into a full university and this Papal Bull conferred official recognition throughout Christendom to all degrees granted by the University. It also renamed the institution Universitas Complutensis, after Complutum, which was the Latin name of Alcalá de Henares, in the 1509–1510 school year, the Complutense University already operated with five major schools, Arts and Philosophy, Theology, Canon law, Philology and Medicine. During the 16th and 17th centuries, Complutense University became one of the greatest centers of Academic excellence in the world, many of the leading figures in science, arts and politics of that Age studied or taught in Complutenses classrooms. Special colleges were created for students of foreign origin, such as Flemish or Irish, in 1785, Complutense became one of the first Universities in the world to grant a Doctorate to a female student, María Isidra de Guzmán y de la Cerda. In comparison, University of Oxford did not accept female scholars until the year 1920, in 1824, Francisco Tadeo Calomarde further expanded Complutense by merging it with the University of Sigüenza. The University would be known under this name until its name of Complutense was restored in the 1970s. The University of Madrid awarded Albert Einstein a Doctor of Science degree Honoris Causa on 28 February 1923 and this was the first Doctor of Science degree Honoris Causa that Albert Einstein accepted from a European University. However, as the situation began to deteriorate throughout Europe. The University greatly expanded during the 19th century, and its accommodations in central Madrid proved to be increasingly inadequate. This situation changed in 1927, when by royal decree King Alfonso XIII officially ceded state-held lands in the proximity of the Palace of La Moncloa to establish space for the University of Madrid. A council appointed by King Alfonso XIII had decided that the new University of Madrid would require the innovative architecture and planning. Indeed, the buildings, exemplary amongst them the Schools of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, are an homage to structural functionalism. The city of Alcalá de Henares decided to open a university within the campus buildings
9.
Marcelo H. del Pilar
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Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitán, better known by his pen name Plaridel, was a Filipino writer, lawyer, journalist, and freemason. Del Pilar, along with José Rizal and Graciano López Jaena, del Pilar was born and brought up in Bulacán, Bulacan. At an early age, he became a critic of the rule in the country. He was suspended at the Universidad de Santo Tomás and jailed in 1869 after he, in the 1880s, he expanded his anti-friar movement from Malolos to Manila. He went to Spain in 1888 after an order of banishment was issued against him, twelve months after his arrival in Barcelona, he succeeded López Jaena as editor of the La Solidaridad. Publication of the newspaper stopped in 1895 due to lack of funds, losing hope in reforms, he planned to lead a revolution against Spain. He was on his way home in 1896 when he contracted tuberculosis in Barcelona and he later died in a public hospital and was buried in a paupers grave. The recommendations were submitted to Department of Education Secretary Ricardo T, no action has been taken for these recommended historical figures. In 2009, this issue was revisited in one of the proceedings of the 14th Congress, Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitan was born on August 30,1850 in Cupang, Bulacán, Bulacan. He was baptized Marcelo Hilario on September 4,1850, the surname of his grandmother, del Pilar, was added to comply with the decree issued by Governor-General Narciso Clavería in 1849. Del Pilar’s parents owned several rice and sugarcane farms, some fish ponds, and his father, Julián Hilario del Pilar, was a well known Tagalog grammarian, poet, and speaker. He was a three time gobernadorcillo of his pueblo, Julián later held the position of oficial de mesa of the alcalde mayor. Blasa Gatmaitán, del Pilar’s mother, was a descendant of the noble Gatmaitáns and she was known as Doña Blasica. The ninth of ten children, del Pilars siblings were, Toribio, Fernando, Andrea, Dorotea, Estanislao, Juan, Hilaria, Valentín, the share of the inheritance of each child was very small and del Pilar renounced his share in favor of his siblings. Del Pilar learned to play the piano, violin, and flute at an early age and he learned his first letters from his paternal uncle Alejo del Pilar, the clerk of the court of Quiapo in 1860. He began his studies in the school of Sr. Hermenigildo Flores and he later transferred at the Colegio de San José in Manila. After obtaining his Bachiller en Artes, he pursued law at the Universidad de Santo Tomás, in 1869, del Pilar acted as a padrino or godfather at a baptism in San Miguel, Manila. Since he was not a resident of the area, he questioned the excessive baptismal fee charged by the parish priest, the parish priest was outraged by his action
10.
Cortes Generales
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The Cortes Generales is the legislature of Spain. It is a parliament, composed of the Congress of Deputies. The Cortes has power to any law and to amend the constitution. Moreover, the house has the power to confirm and dismiss the President of the Government. The system of Cortes arose in the Middle Ages as part of feudalism, a Corte was an advisory council made up of the most powerful feudal lords closest to the king. The Cortes of León was the first parliamentary body in Western Europe, from 1230, the Cortes of Leon and Castile were merged, though the Cortes power was decreasing. Prelates, nobles and commoners remained separated in the three estates within the Cortes, with the reappearance of the cities near the 12th century, a new social class started to grow, people living in the cities were neither vassals nor nobles themselves. Furthermore, the nobles were experiencing very hard times due to the Reconquista, so now the bourgeoisie had the money. So the King started admitting representatives from the cities to the Cortes in order to get money for the Reconquista. The frequent payoffs were the Fueros, grants of autonomy to the cities, at this time the Cortes already had the power to oppose the Kings decisions, thus effectively vetoing them. In addition, some representatives were permanent advisors to the King, isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, the Catholic Monarchs, started a specific policy to diminish the power of the bourgeoisie and nobility. They greatly reduced the powers of the Cortes to the point where they simply rubberstamped the monarchs acts, one of the major points of friction between the Cortes and the monarchs was the power of raising and lowering taxes. The role of the Cortes during the Spanish Empire was mainly to rubberstamp the decisions of the ruling monarch, however, they had some power over economic and American affairs, especially taxes. This allowed the Cortes to become influential, even when they did not directly oppose the Kings decisions. The abolition in the realms of Aragon was completed by 1716, Cortes existed in each of Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia and Navarre. It is thought that these legislatures exercised more power over local affairs than the Castilian Cortes did. Executive councils also existed in each of these realms, which were tasked with overseeing the implementation of decisions made by the Cortes. Thus, the Cortes in Spain did not develop towards a system as in the British case
