1.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
2.
National Historic Landmark
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A National Historic Landmark is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Of over 85,000 places listed on the countrys National Register of Historic Places, a National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties. Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed, prior to 1935, efforts to preserve cultural heritage of national importance were made by piecemeal efforts of the United States Congress. The first National Historic Site designation was made for the Salem Maritime National Historic Site on March 17,1938. In 1960, the National Park Service took on the administration of the data gathered under this legislation. Because listings often triggered local preservation laws, legislation in 1980 amended the procedures to require owner agreement to the designations. On October 9,1960,92 properties were announced as designated NHLs by Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton, more than 2,500 NHLs have been designated. Most, but not all, are in the United States, there are NHLs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Three states account for nearly 25 percent of the nations NHLs, three cities within these states all separately have more NHLs than 40 of the 50 states. In fact, New York City alone has more NHLs than all but five states, Virginia, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, there are 74 NHLs in the District of Columbia. Some NHLs are in U. S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states. There are 15 in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U. S. commonwealths and territories,5 in U. S. -associated states such as Micronesia, over 100 ships or shipwrecks have been designated as NHLs. About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned, the National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. A friends group of owners and managers, the National Historic Landmark Stewards Association, works to preserve, protect, if not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs, american Water Landmark List of U. S
3.
California Historical Landmark
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California Historical Landmarks are buildings, structures, sites, or places in the state of California that have been determined to have statewide historical landmark significance. Historical significance is determined by meeting at least one of the criteria listed below, The first, last, only, associated with an individual or group having a profound influence on the history of California. California Historical Landmarks of #770 and above are listed in the California Register of Historical Resources. By contrast, a site, building, feature, or event that is of local significance may be designated as a California Point of Historical Interest. List of California Historical Landmarks by county National Historic Sites National Register of Historic Places listings in California — with links to list articles by county, los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments San Francisco Designated Landmarks Johnson, Marael. A Guide to California Roadside Historical Markers, official OHP—California Office of Historic Preservation website OHP, California Historical Sites searchpage — links to lists by county
4.
San Rafael, California
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San Rafael is a city and the county seat of Marin County, California, United States. The city is located in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, as of the 2010 census the citys population is 57,713. What is now San Rafael was once the site of several Coast Miwok villages, Awani-wi, near downtown San Rafael, Ewu, near Terra Linda,14,1817, four years before Mexico gained independence from Spain. Mission San Rafael Arcángel was located a donkeys day walk to the mission below it, the mission and the city are named after the Archangel Raphael, the Angel of Healing. The mission was planned as a hospital site for Central Valley American Indians who had become ill at the cold San Francisco Mission Dolores. Father Luis Gil, who spoke several Native American languages, was put in charge of the facility, in part because of its ideal weather, San Rafael was later upgraded to full mission status in 1822. The mission had 300 converts within its first year, and 1,140 converts by 1828, the Mexican government took over the California missions in 1834, and Mission San Rafael was abandoned in 1844, eventually falling into ruin. The current mission was built in 1949 in the style of the original, the San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad reached San Rafael in 1879 and was linked to the national rail network in 1888. The United States Navy operated a San Pablo Bay degaussing range from San Rafael through World War II, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 22.4 square miles. 16.5 square miles of it is land and 6.0 square miles of it is water, south of the county is San Francisco. Peacock Gap Golf Course which is open to the public, there are several public parks in the city. The San Rafael shoreline has been filled to a considerable extent to accommodate land development. At certain locations such as Murphys Point, the sandstone or shale rock outcrops through the mud, San Rafael has a wide diversity of natural habitats from forests at the higher elevations to marshland and estuarine settings. Its marshes are home to the endangered species Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse, there are also riparian areas including the San Rafael Creek and Miller Creek corridors. San Rafael has a Mediterranean climate, with winter lows seldom reaching the freezing mark. The National Weather Service reports that August is usually the warmest month with a high of 80. 1°, December, the coldest month, has an average high of 55. 1° and an average low of 41. 0°. The highest temperature on record is 110°, recorded in June 1961, the highest temperature in recent years, 108°, occurred on July 23,2006. The record lowest temperature was 20° on December 22,1990, there are an average of 17.9 days annually with a high of 90° or more and 1.2 days with a high of 100° or more
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Frank Lloyd Wright
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Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect, interior designer, writer, and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures,532 of which were completed. Wright believed in designing structures that were in harmony with humanity and its environment and this philosophy was best exemplified by Fallingwater, which has been called the best all-time work of American architecture. Wright was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture and developed the concept of the Usonian home and his creative period spanned more than 70 years. In addition to his houses, Wright designed original and innovative offices, churches, schools, skyscrapers, hotels, museums and he often designed interior elements for these buildings as well, including furniture and stained glass. Wright wrote 20 books and many articles and was a lecturer in the United States. His colorful personal life made headlines, most notably for the 1914 fire. Wright was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as the greatest American architect of all time, Frank Lloyd Wright was born Frank Lincoln Wright in the farming town of Richland Center, Wisconsin, United States, in 1867. His father, William Carey Wright, was an orator, music teacher, occasional lawyer, William Wright met and married Anna Lloyd Jones, a county school teacher, the previous year when he was employed as the superintendent of schools for Richland County. Originally from Massachusetts, William Wright had been a Baptist minister, Anna was a member of the large, prosperous and well-known Lloyd Jones family of Unitarians, who had emigrated from Wales to Spring Green, Wisconsin. One of Annas brothers was Jenkin Lloyd Jones, who would become an important figure in the spread of the Unitarian faith in the Western United States, both of Wrights parents were strong-willed individuals with idiosyncratic interests that they passed on to him. According to his biography, his mother declared when she was expecting that her first child would grow up to build beautiful buildings and she decorated his nursery with engravings of English cathedrals torn from a periodical to encourage the infants ambition. In 1870 the family moved to Weymouth, Massachusetts, where William ministered to a small congregation, in 1876, Anna visited the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia where she saw an exhibit of educational blocks created by Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel. The blocks, known as Froebel Gifts, were the foundation of his innovative kindergarten curriculum, Anna, a trained teacher, was excited by the program and bought a set with which young Wright spent much time playing. The blocks in the set were geometrically shaped and could be assembled in various combinations to form three-dimensional compositions, the Wright family struggled financially in Weymouth and returned to Spring Green, Wisconsin, where the supportive Lloyd Jones clan could help William find employment. They settled in Madison, where William taught music lessons and served as the secretary to the newly formed Unitarian society, although William was a distant parent, he shared his love of music, especially the works of Johann Sebastian Bach, with his children. Soon after Wright turned 14, his parents separated, Anna had been unhappy for some time with Williams inability to provide for his family and asked him to leave. The divorce was finalized in 1885 after William sued Anna for lack of physical affection, William left Wisconsin after the divorce and Wright claimed he never saw his father again. At this time he changed his name from Lincoln to Lloyd in honor of his mothers family
7.
Modern architecture
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Modern architecture or modernist architecture is a term applied to a group of styles of architecture which emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II. The revolution in materials came first, with the use of cast iron, plate glass, the cast plate glass process was invented in 1848, allowing the manufacture of very large windows. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an example of iron and plate glass construction, followed in 1864 by the first glass. These developments together led to the first steel-framed skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, the iron frame construction of the Eiffel Tower, then the tallest structure in the world, captured the imagination of millions of visitors to the 1889 Paris Universal Exposition. French industrialist François Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete, in 1853 Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four story house in the suburbs of Paris. Another important technology for the new architecture was electric light, which reduced the inherent danger of fires caused by gas in the 19th century. This break with the past was particularly urged by the architectural theorist, for each function its material, for each material its form and its ornament. This book influenced a generation of architects, including Louis Sullivan, Victor Horta, Hector Guimard, at the end of the 19th century, a few architects began to challenge the traditional Beaux Arts and Neoclassical styles that dominated architecture in Europe and the United States. The Glasgow School of Art 1896-99) designed by Charles Rennie MacIntosh, had a facade dominated by large bays of windows. The Art Nouveau style was launched in the 1890s by Victor Horta in Belgium and Hector Guimard in France, it introduced new styles of decoration, based on vegetal and floral forms. In 1903-1904 in Paris Auguste Perret and Henri Sauvage began to use reinforced concrete, previously used for industrial structures. Between 1910 and 1913, Auguste Perret built the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, because of the concrete construction, no columns blocked the spectators view of the stage. Otto Wagner, in Vienna, was another pioneer of the new style, in his book Moderne Arkchtekture he had called for a more rationalist style of architecture, based on modern life. Wagner declared his intention to express the function of the building in its exterior, the reinforced concrete exterior was covered with plaques of marble attached with bolts of polished aluminum. The interior was purely functional and spare, an open space of steel, glass. The Viennese architect Adolf Loos also began removing any ornament from his buildings and his Steiner House, in Vienna, was an example of what he called rationalist architecture, it had a simple stucco rectangual facade with square windows and no ornament. The fame of the new movement, which known as the Vienna Secession spread beyond Austria. Josef Hoffmann, a student of Wagner, constructed a landmark of early modernist architecture and this residence, built of brick covered with Norwegian marble, was composed of geometric blocks, wings and a tower
8.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
9.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
10.
U.S. Route 101
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U. S. Route 101, or U. S. Highway 101 is a north–south United States Numbered Highway that runs through the states of California, Oregon, and Washington, on the West Coast of the United States. It is also known as El Camino Real where its route along the southern and central California coast approximates the old trail which linked the Spanish missions, pueblos and it merges at some points with California State Route 1. US101 is a major parallel freeway or highway between Los Angeles and San Francisco, and is an alternative to the Interstate for most of its length, in 1964, California truncated US 101s southern terminus in Los Angeles, as I-5 replaced it. The old road is known as County Route S21 or Historic Route 101 in northern San Diego County, the southern terminus of US101 is in Los Angeles at the East Los Angeles Interchange, the worlds busiest freeway interchange. However, the principal routes were assigned numbers ending in 1. Thus, US101 is treated as a primary, two-digit route with a first digit of 10, rather than a spur of US1, thus US101, not US99, is the westernmost north-south route in the U. S. Highway System. US101 is called the Oregon Coast Highway in Oregon, and it is also called The 101 by Southern Californians or simply 101 by residents of Northern California, Oregon, and Washington. From north of San Francisco and continuing almost to Oregon it is signed as the Redwood Highway though not often spoken of as such outside organizations responsible for tourism marketing. Urban portions of the route in Southern California are named the Santa Ana Freeway, Hollywood Freeway, in 2003, the portion of US101 in Ventura County was named Screaming Eagles Highway in honor of the US Army 101st Airborne Division. Urban portions of the route in the Bay Area are called the James Lick Freeway, Bayshore Freeway, a portion of the route between Cochrane Road in Morgan Hill and SR85 in San Jose is named the Sig Sanchez Freeway. The section of highway between SR-85 in Mountain View and Embarcadero Road in Palo Alto is officially known as the Fredrick E. Terman Highway, Street routings in San Francisco are more commonly referred to by their street names rather than the route number. Portions of the route between Southern California and the Bay Area are named El Camino Real or El Camino Real Freeway, but such names are used colloquially. In Northern California the section of US101 between Sonoma and Marin counties is referred to as the Novato Narrows because of the reduction from four lanes to two. The route is the Santa Ana Freeway from East Los Angeles to Downtown Los Angeles and it becomes the Hollywood Freeway north of Downtown Los Angeles through the Cahuenga Pass, before turning west and becoming the Ventura Freeway. It is one of two major routes connecting the South Bay and Silicon Valley with San Francisco and the North Bay. It serves as an urban alternative to the rural I-280, as US101 runs through Peninsula cities closer to the Bay and I-280 runs closer to the Santa Cruz Mountains. Through northern San Francisco, US101 remains routed on congested city streets due to freeway revolts and it then departs the immediate coast and continues through wine country and Redwood forests until it re-emerges coast-side at Eureka. In areas where US101 turns inland, SR1 branches off to serve the coastal communities, unlike Washington, California does not sign the long east–west section of US101 between Gaviota and its junction with SR134 and SR170 in North Hollywood as west and east
11.
Broadacre City
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Broadacre City was an urban or suburban development concept proposed by Frank Lloyd Wright throughout most of his lifetime. He presented the idea in his book The Disappearing City in 1932, a few years later he unveiled a very detailed twelve by twelve foot scale model representing a hypothetical four square mile community. The model was crafted by the student interns who worked for him at Taliesin and it was initially displayed at an Industrial Arts Exposition in the Forum at the Rockefeller Center starting on April 15,1935. After the New York exposition, Kaufmann arranged to have the model displayed in Pittsburgh at an exposition titled New Homes for Old, the exposition opened on June 18 on the 11th floor of Kaufmanns store. Wright went on to refine the concept in later books and in articles until his death in 1959, many of the building models in the concept were completely new designs by Wright, while others were refinements of old ones, some of which had been rarely seen. Broadacre City was the antithesis of a city and the apotheosis of the newly born suburbia, in a sense it was the exact opposite of transit-oriented development. There is a station and a few office and apartment buildings in Broadacre City. All important transport is done by automobile and the pedestrian can exist safely only within the confines of the one acre plots where most of the population dwells, more recently, the development of the edge city is like an unplanned, incomplete version of Broadacre city. The R. W. Lindholm Service Station in Cloquet, Minnesota shows some of Wrights ideas for Broadacre City, list of planned cities Krohe, James Jr. Also in digital form on the Web, Frank Lloyd Wright & Broadacre City. In M. Pimlotts Without and within, Essays on territory, New York, W. F. Payson,1932 Wright, Frank Lloyd. University of Chicago Press,1945 Wright, Frank Lloyd, illustrations Photograph of Broadacre City model Plan of Broadacre City model
12.
Anodizing
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Anodizing is an electrolytic passivation process used to increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer on the surface of metal parts. The process is called anodizing because the part to be treated forms the anode electrode of an electrical circuit, anodizing increases resistance to corrosion and wear, and provides better adhesion for paint primers and glues than bare metal does. Anodizing is also used to prevent galling of threaded components and to make films for electrolytic capacitors. Anodic films are most commonly applied to aluminium alloys, although processes also exist for titanium, zinc, magnesium, niobium, zirconium, hafnium. Carbon flakes or nodules in iron or steel with carbon content may cause an electrolytic potential. Ferrous metals are commonly anodized electrolytically in nitric acid or by treatment with red fuming nitric acid to form hard black ferric oxide and this oxide remains conformal even when plated on wire and the wire is bent. Anodizing changes the texture of the surface and the crystal structure of the metal near the surface. Thick coatings are normally porous, so a process is often needed to achieve corrosion resistance. Anodized aluminium surfaces, for example, are harder than aluminium but have low to moderate wear resistance that can be improved with increasing thickness or by applying suitable sealing substances. Anodic films are much stronger and more adherent than most types of paint and metal plating. This makes them likely to crack and peel from aging and wear. Anodizing was first used on a scale in 1923 to protect Duralumin seaplane parts from corrosion. This early chromic acid–based process was called the Bengough–Stuart process and was documented in British defence specification DEF STAN 03-24/3 and it is still used today despite its legacy requirements for a complicated voltage cycle now known to be unnecessary. Variations of this soon evolved, and the first sulfuric acid anodizing process was patented by Gower. Sulfuric acid soon became and remains the most common anodizing electrolyte, oxalic acid anodizing was first patented in Japan in 1923 and later widely used in Germany, particularly for architectural applications. Anodized aluminium extrusion was an architectural material in the 1960s and 1970s. The phosphoric acid processes are the most recent major development, so far only used as pretreatments for adhesives or organic paints, aluminium alloys are anodized to increase corrosion resistance and to allow dyeing, improved lubrication, or improved adhesion. However, anodizing does not increase the strength of the aluminium object, aluminium alloys typically form a thicker oxide layer, 5–15 nm thick, but tend to be more susceptible to corrosion
13.
Taliesin Associated Architects
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Taliesin Associated Architects was an architectural firm founded by Frank Lloyd Wright to carry on his architectural vision after his death in 1959. It was headquartered at Taliesin West and had up to 14 principals who had all worked under Wright, one of their first major projects was the Rocky Mountain National Park Administration Building, part of Mission 66 for the National Park Service. Along with original work such as the Kaden Tower, the firm completed several of Wrights unbuilt designs, the first managing principal was Wrights protégé and son-in-law William Wesley Peters, until his death in 1991. Other TAA architects included Charles Montooth and John Rattenbury
14.
George Izenour
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George Charles Izenour, MPhys, AIEEE was an author, educator, designer and leading innovator in the field of theatrical design and technology. Born in New Brighton, Pennsylvania, before moving to Ambridge in 1917, in 1918 Izenours father moved the family to Mansfield, Ohio. Because of a known as keratoconus, a non-spherical deformation of the cornea of the eye. His mother taught him English and Latin and his father history, George did not begin his formal schooling until the age of six in Mansfield. While still living in Mansfield, he appeared in all of the Mansfield Senior High School plays and he painted the scenery for them and became increasingly interested in the technical aspects of theatre. Izenour attended Wittenberg College in Springfield, Ohio, where he obtained a masters degree in physics. His thesis was the embodiment of what would become the first electronic theatre lighting dimming system. George married Hildegard Hilt, a classmate from Wittenberg, after graduation, shortly after moving to California, George met Hallie Flanagan, the national director of the Federal Theatre Project. Eventually, he became the director of the project. While in California, Izenour designed the theatre at the Golden Gate International Exposition in San Francisco in 1939, with his Rockefeller grant, George Izenour gained a position at Yale University, with the mandate to establish a laboratory dedicated to the advancement of theatre technology. During World War II, Dr. Izenour worked on antisubmarine warfare and countermeasures for proximity fuses at a government lab in Long Island and his son Steven Izenour, a world-renowned architect and artist, was born in New Haven in July 1940. He built and installed several dimming systems out of the squash court, century Lighting became interested in the system, however Izenour refused to sell the patents he had acquired. Century took a license to produce the dimming systems that would be known as the Century-Izenour System, prior to the development of Izenours control system, adjusting theatrical lighting was done though bulky control panels located on-stage. For large, complex productions several people would generally be required to operate these control panels, the Century-Izenour control system allowed a single operator, located in the house to control all of the stage lighting remotely. George Izenours first theatre consultation began with being contacted by McGeorge Bundy, then Dean of the College of Arts, Bundy was building a new theatre, that would eventually become the Loeb Drama Center in Cambridge, Mass. based on a program from Archibald MacLeish. Mr. MacLeish wanted the theatre to convert from proscenium to thrust because these were, according to Mr. MacLeish, the two great forms of theatre which had to do with western culture. Izenour designed a theater that could be converted from one type to the other by a process, part manual and part electronic. This convertible design was celebrated in architectural world and became known as an Izenour theatre, today Izenour theatres exist across the United States, as well as in Canada, Venezuela and Israel
15.
AECOM
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AECOM is an American multinational engineering firm that provides design, consulting, construction, and management services to a wide range of clients. AECOM has approximately 95,000 employees, and is number 156 on the 2016 Fortune 500 list, Fortune named AECOM as one of 2015 Worlds Most Admired Companies, and again in 2016 &2017. Engineering News-Record ranked AECOM as Number 1 Global Design Firm, the companys official name from 1990 to early January 2015 was AECOM Technology Corporation. Today, it is simply as AECOM. The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol ACM and he gained control of some 200,000 acres and formed Swiss Oil Company in Lexington. In 1924 Miles launched an operation called Ashland Refining Company. In 1966 Ashland acquired Warren Brothers and became involved in the construction and construction materials business. The company was now able to take advantage of refinery byproducts used to produce asphalt. Ashland grew into one of the nations major road-construction firms and laid a foundation for AECOM. In the 1970s Ashland Oil & Refining became Ashland Oil, Inc, five years later the company consolidated its construction assets into a construction division and also formed a coal subsidiary, indicative of a changing focus at Ashland. Although it generated more than $1 billion a year in sales, by 1980 Ashland sold off its production assets, and a year later was reorganized as a modified holding company. A new corporate strategy was implemented as Ashland now focused on refining and marketing, in 1984 Ashland acquired Daniel, Mann, Johnson & Mendenall, a global provider of transportation-related engineering services. Originally focused on projects, after World War II it had become one of the first integrated engineering. The acquisition of DMJM also included its president, Richard G. Newman, AECOMs future chief executive, in 1985 DMJM became part of a new subsidiary, Ashland Technology Corporation. Two years later Newman was named its new president, architects Ellerbe Becket and Davis Langdon, the quantity surveyors and construction consultants. AECOM went public during May 2007 with a public offering on the NYSE. On January 8,2008 AECOM acquired The Services Group, Inc. a provider of consulting services to the US Agency for International Development and other multi-lateral donor organizations. On July 28,2008, AECOM completed its purchase of Earth Tech Inc. a consulting and engineering firm, from Tyco International for $510 million
16.
Train station
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A train station, railway station, railroad station, or depot is a railway facility where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers or freight. It generally consists of at least one platform and a station building providing such ancillary services as ticket sales. If a station is on a line, it often has a passing loop to facilitate traffic movements. The smallest stations are most often referred to as stops or, in parts of the world. Stations may be at level, underground, or elevated. Connections may be available to intersecting rail lines or other modes such as buses. In British usage, the station is commonly understood to mean a railway station unless otherwise qualified. In the United States, the most common term in contemporary usage is train station, Railway station and railroad station are less frequent. Outside North America, a depot is place where buses, trains, or other vehicles are housed and maintained and from which they are dispatched for service. The two-storey Mount Clare station in Baltimore, Maryland, which survives as a museum, first saw service as the terminus of the horse-drawn Baltimore. The oldest terminal station in the world was Crown Street railway station in Liverpool, built in 1830, as the first train on the Liverpool-Manchester line left Liverpool, the station is slightly older than the Manchester terminal at Liverpool Road. The station was the first to incorporate a train shed, the station was demolished in 1836 as the Liverpool terminal station moved to Lime Street railway station. Crown Street station was converted to a goods station terminal, the first stations had little in the way of buildings or amenities. The first stations in the modern sense were on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, manchesters Liverpool Road Station, the second oldest terminal station in the world, is preserved as part of the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. It resembles a row of Georgian houses, dual-purpose stations can sometimes still be found today, though in many cases goods facilities are restricted to major stations. In rural and remote communities across Canada and the United States, such stations were known as flag stops or flag stations. Many stations date from the 19th century and reflect the architecture of the time. Countries where railways arrived later may still have such architecture, as later stations often imitated 19th-century styles, various forms of architecture have been used in the construction of stations, from those boasting grand, intricate, Baroque- or Gothic-style edifices, to plainer utilitarian or modernist styles
17.
Santa Venetia, California
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Santa Venetia is a census-designated place in Marin County, California, United States. Santa Venetia is located 1.5 miles north of downtown San Rafael, the population was 4,292 at the 2010 census. Santa Venetia is located at 37°59′55″N 122°31′31″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.7 square miles, of which,3.7 square miles of it is land and 0. 51% is water. Santa Venetia was envisioned in the early 1900s as a little Venice so canals were built and it was a vacation spot for the wealthy for a brief period of time in the 1920s. The plan of building a little Venice was abandoned, in the 1960s, houses were built along North San Pedro Road. The main road of this neighborhood is North San Pedro Road. The road goes through China Camp State Park, along the bay through Peacock Gap, Santa Venetia has an open space preserve for its marsh as it borders San Pablo Bay, the northern part of the San Francisco Bay estuary. The 2010 United States Census reported that Santa Venetia had a population of 4,292, the population density was 1,166.3 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Santa Venetia was 3,335 White,88 African American,27 Native American,306 Asian,16 Pacific Islander,350 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 815 persons. The Census reported that 4,080 people lived in households,65 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 87 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 21 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 455 households were made up of individuals and 228 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.47. There were 1,030 families, the family size was 2.97. The median age was 47.7 years, for every 100 females there were 90.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.1 males, there were 1,706 housing units at an average density of 463.6 per square mile, of which 1,188 were owner-occupied, and 467 were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1. 1%, the vacancy rate was 2. 1%. 2,925 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 1,155 people lived in housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,298 people,1,646 households, the population density was 1,143.0 people per square mile. There were 1,667 housing units at a density of 443.3 per square mile
18.
Richard Neutra
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Richard Joseph Neutra was an Austrian-American architect. Living and building for the majority of his career in Southern California, Neutra was born in Leopoldstadt, the 2nd district of Vienna, Austria Hungary, on April 8,1892 into a wealthy Jewish family. His Jewish-Hungarian father Samuel Neutra was a proprietor of a metal foundry, Richard had two brothers who also emigrated to the United States, and a sister who married in Vienna. Neutra attended the Sophiengymnasium in Vienna until 1910, and he studied under Adolf Loos at the Vienna University of Technology and he was a student of Max Fabiani and Karl Mayreder. In 1912 he undertook a trip to Italy and Balkans with Ernst Ludwig Freud. In June 1914, Neutras studies were interrupted when he was ordered to Trebinje and he took a leave in 1917 to return to the Technische Hochschule to take his final examinations. After World War I Neutra went to Switzerland where he worked with the landscape architect Gustav Ammann, in 1921 he served briefly as city architect in the German town of Luckenwalde, and later in the same year he joined the office of Erich Mendelsohn in Berlin. Neutra contributed to the competition entry for a new commercial centre for Haifa, Palestine. He married Dione Niedermann, the daughter of an architect, in 1922 and they had three sons, Frank L, Dion an architect and his fathers partner and Raymond Richard a physician and environmental epidemiologist. Neutra moved to the United States by 1923 and became a citizen in 1929. In California, he celebrated for rigorously geometric but airy structures that symbolized a West Coast variation on the mid-century modern residence. Clients included Edgar J. Kaufmann, Galka Scheyer, and Walter Conrad Arensberg, in the early 1930s, Neutras Los Angeles practice trained several young architects who went on to independent success, including Gregory Ain, Harwell Hamilton Harris, and Raphael Soriano. In 1932, he tried to move to the Soviet Union, to design workers housing that could be easily constructed. In 1932, Neutra was included in the seminal MoMA exhibition on architecture, curated by Philip Johnson. In 1949 Neutra formed a partnership with Robert E. Alexander that lasted until 1958, in 1955, the United States Department of State commissioned Neutra to design a new embassy in Karachi. In 1965 Neutra formed a partnership with his son Dion Neutra, between 1960 and 1970, Neutra created eight villas in Europe, four in Switzerland, three in Germany, and one in France. Prominent clients in this period included Gerd Bucerius, publisher of Die Zeit, Neutra died in Wuppertal, Germany, on April 16,1970, at the age of 78. Neutra sometimes used detailed questionnaires to discover his clients needs, much to their surprise and his domestic architecture was a blend of art, landscape, and practical comfort
19.
American Legion
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In addition to organizing commemorative events, volunteer veterans operating through The American Legion support activities and provide assistance at Veterans Administration hospitals and clinics. The Legion is active in issue-oriented United States politics and its primary political activity is lobbying on behalf of interests of veterans and service members, including support for veterans benefits such as pensions and the Veterans Health Administration. The veterans organization has historically promoted Americanism and opposed communism in the United States. American veterans who served at least one day of active duty during wartime. Members must have been discharged or still serving honorably. United States Merchant Marines who served from December 7,1941, Veterans who served during the following wars are eligible, Veterans of World War I were also eligible during their lifetimes, the last American World War I veteran, Frank Buckles, died in 2011. Membership peaked for The American Legion right after World War II, after the Korean War, there were 2.5 million Legionnaires. As baby boomers joined, membership increased to 3.1 million in 1992, however, membership has slowly been decreasing since then. In 2013, the Legion reported 2.3 million members, the aftermath of two American wars in the second half of the 19th century had seen the formation of several ex-soldiers organizations. In Southern politics the UCV maintained a more dominant position as a bulwark of the Democratic Party which dominated there. The conclusion of the brief Spanish–American conflict of 1898 ushered in another soldiers organization and they lobbied government to strengthen the military. Its officers were at 10 Bridge Street, New York City, in 1917, when war was declared the legion had 23,000 members skilled in 77 professions pledged to fight. Their pledge cards were shared with the government and ultimately used to two regiments of air mechanics. The legion was discorporated in 1917, the need for an organization for former members of the AEF was pressing and immediate. Cautionary voices were raised about an apparent correlation between disaffected and discharged troops and the Bolshevik uprisings taking place in Russia, Finland, Germany and this situation was a particular matter of concern to Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. eldest son of the 26th President. One day in January 1919, Roosevelt had a discussion at General Headquarters with a mobilized National Guard officer named George A. White, Roosevelt and White advocated ceaselessly for this proposal until ultimately they found sufficient support at headquarters to move forward with the plan. General John J. Pershing issued orders to a group of 20 non-career officers to report to the YMCA headquarters in Paris on February 15,1919, the selection of these individuals had been made by Roosevelt. They were joined with a number of regular Army officers Pershing selected himself, the session of reserve and regular officers was instructed to provide a set of laws to curb the problem of declining morale
20.
Olgivanna Lloyd Wright
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Olgivanna Lloyd Wright was the third and final wife of Frank Lloyd Wright and had significant influence in his life and work, due in part to her extensive Theosophical associations. While her language, cultural background and upbringing were almost exotically alien to his own, Gurdjieff, a man whom he alternately despised and admired. She is a character in T. C. She was born as Olga Ivanovna Lazović in Montenegro on December 27,1898, to Ivan Lazović and Milica Miljanova and she was the granddaughter of a famous Montenegrin writer, tribe leader of Kuči, Montenegrin duke, and hero Marko Miljanov. A long-time pupil and devotee of G. I, Gurdjieff, she was also a nurse to Katherine Mansfield on her deathbed at Gurdjieffs Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man at the Prieuré des Basses Loges on January 9,1923. She had begun her career with Gurdjieff as a student of sacred dance and she was married first to Vlademar Hinzenberg, a Russian architect. Wright and Olgivanna married August 1928 in Rancho Santa Fe, California, Olgivanna continued to run Wrights Taliesin Fellowship long after his death, from April 9,1959, until her own death in Scottsdale, Arizona, in 1985. Embroiled in scandal and controversy from the beginning of their relationship, josephs Hospital in Phoenix—objected to the desecration, Iovanna sent him a terse telegram, The heritage of Taliesin is not for the likes of you. Iovanna Lloyd Wright was Olgivannas only child with Wright, Olgivannas only other daughter, Svetlana Hinzenberg, adopted the surname Wright. She married one of Wrights apprentices, Fellowship member William Wesley Wes Peters, Wes helped Wright ward off creditors and bankruptcy. Svetlana Peters died in a car crash in 1946 with her and Wes Peters youngest son, Daniel, leaving Wes Peters widowed to raise their remaining child, in 1970 Olgivanna invited Svetlana Alliluyeva to Taliesin West, the winter compound of the Taliesin Fellowship. Alliluyeva and Wes Peters married three weeks after they met and she had to be adored and worshipped and flattered as often as possible, flowers send by mail and presented by hand she enjoyed and encouraged. She gave advice to the architects, guided a drama circle, a dance group, without her strength of character and organizational skills, it is questionable whether the Taliesin Fellowship could have grown as strong as it did. Her matriarchal strength was seen by her admirers as a counterbalance to her husbands wildly creative. The Faraway Music by Svetlana Allilueva Edition, 1st ed, N encyclopedia study of the projects planned and/or built by these students, who eagerly embraced Wrights ethic of organic design. Taliesin Reflections, My Years Before, During and After Living with Frank Lloyd Wright by Earl Nisbet,2006, Frank Lloyd Wright, His Life, His Work, His Words by Olgivanna Lloyd Wright. Frank Lloyd Wright – A film by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick, PBS Home Video, August 28,2001. Partner to Genius, A Biography of Olgivanna Lloyd Wright, PBS Home Video, VHS, May 13,1997
21.
Lloyd Wright
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Frank Lloyd T. Wright, Jr. commonly known as Lloyd Wright, was an American landscape architect and architect, active primarily in Los Angeles and Southern California. His name is frequently confused with that of his famous father, Frank Lloyd J. Wright, Sr. Lloyd Wrights mother was Frank Lloyd J. Wright, Sr. s first wife. He was the eldest son of the couple, and grew up in the surroundings of the 1889 Wright home, Lloyd briefly attended the University of Wisconsin in Madison, before leaving for a job at the Boston-based landscape architecture firm of the Olmsted Brothers. Specializing in botany and horticulture, he continued to pursue the interrelation of landscape and he settled in Southern California around 1911, followed by his younger brother John Lloyd T. Wright. The Olmsteds had sent him to assist with the design of the 1915 Panama-California Exposition in San Diego with architects Irving Gill, Bertram Goodhue. The expositions principal buildings and gardens remain in Balboa Park. Landscape design led him to work with Los Angeles architect William J. Dodd and in San Diego with Irving Gill, the house was commissioned by the oil heiress and philanthropist Aline Barnsdall. Wright began his independent career in 1920, in 1922 he was a production designer at Paramount Studios, responsible for the extensive castle and 12th-century village sets for the Douglas Fairbanks version of Robin Hood. From 1923 through 1926 the younger Wright was drawn into the realization of these four houses, the first was the 1923 Millard House in Pasadena, where Lloyd designed the grounds, and contributed an adjacent studio building in 1926. Lloyd served as manager for the other three, the Storer House, the Samuel Freeman House, and the Ennis House. By all accounts Lloyds work was difficult as he shuttled back, Wright designed and built a number of houses in the Hollywood and Los Feliz districts of Los Angeles in the mid- to late 1920s. His first important house there was for the mother of his second wife Helen Taggart, the Taggart House, another significant project was the hillside house for the manager of film star Ramón Novarro, and then a renovation and enlargement when Novarro himself acquired the residence. The dramatic and theatrical Mayan-inspired John Sowden House has become his most iconic structure and is regarded as his best work. He also designed and built his own home with a ground floor studio and second residence, using concrete blocks. He also designed the second and third band shells at the Hollywood Bowl, the original 1926 shell, designed by the Allied Architects group, was considered unacceptable both visually and acoustically. Wrights 1927 shell had a shape and a design reminiscent of southwest American Indian architecture. Its acoustics generally were regarded as the best of any shell in Bowl history, but its appearance was considered too avant-garde, or perhaps only ugly, and it was demolished at the end of the season. His 1928 wooden shell had the now-familiar concentric ring motif, covered a 120-degree arc, unfortunately it was neglected and ruined by water damage, making way for the 1929 Allied Architects shell, which stood until the end of the 2003 season
22.
Eric Lloyd Wright
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Eric Lloyd Wright is an American architect, son of Frank Lloyd Wright, Jr and the grandson of the famed Frank Lloyd Wright. Wright was born in Los Angeles on November 9,1929 to Helen Taggart and he received his license as an architect in 1967. Before establishing his own firm Eric Lloyd Wright Architects and Planners in 1978 and he lived in Topanga, California before moving to his present residence above Malibu. He worked in his fathers firm in Hollywood, California, until 1978 when his father died, then he began his own firm of architects and planners. Eric Lloyd Wright Architects and Planners does design and building, the firms focus is on residences, often working with other architecture firms for final construction. He has worked on projects, including the Sunset Community High School. He follows the concept put forth by his grandfather, termed Organic Architecture and this “organic” concept not only predates the green-building trend of the past decade but also established the ideas that would come to be accepted as common sense concepts of smart design. The nonprofit Center provides educational programs on the grounds, which include his home. The 24-acre site was purchased by his father in 1956, Wright inherited the land from his father, and he has developed it slowly over the years, first as an office, and beginning in 1984, as his home. Most of Wrights work is in the United States, in 1995 he worked on housing in Japan, and in 1993 he helped established Chi-Am Group Incorporated and Chi-Am Consortium, two Chinese-American architectural firms. Many of his personal and architectural records were burned in a 1993 fire at his home and he donated the papers and records of his father and grandfather to the University of California at Los Angeles prior to that, where they are safe from fires. He lives with his wife Mary, a watercolor artist and they met in 1950 in Los Angeles
23.
Marin Independent Journal
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The Marin Independent Journal is the main newspaper of Marin County, California. The paper is owned by California Newspapers Partnership which is in turn owned by MediaNews Group. The Independent Journal was formed from the merger of the Marin Journal, the weekly Journal, one of the states oldest newspapers, had been established in 1861 as the Marin County Journal. The Journal was published in San Rafael on Saturdays by Jerome A. Barney, the Independent had been started by Harry Granice in 1900 as the weekly San Rafael Independent, which became a daily by 1903 under the management of his daughter, Celeste Granice Murphy. The merged paper was called the San Rafael Independent-Journal. Gannett acquired the paper from the Brown family in 1980, MediaNews Group acquired the paper from Gannett in 2000. In 2002, former President George H. W. Bush described American Taliban John Walker Lindh as some misguided Marin County hot-tubber. His comment prompted criticism among readers of the Marin Independent Journal, until Bush sent the paper a letter of apology, Call off the dogs, I am chastened and will never use hot tub and Marin county in the same sentence again. Staff of the Marin Independent Journal have won the recent awards. Freedom of Information General Award - First place for Freedom of Information for battling in court for years to get Marin County government to release county payroll information. The payroll data is available in a database at http, //www. marinij.25 Sunday, Official website Media Resources in Marin Official Twitter site Official Facebook page
24.
Marin County courthouse incident
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The resulting shootout left four men dead, including both Jackson and Judge Haley. Davis owned the weapons used in the incident, in the summer of 1969, W. L. Nolen, an inmate at Soledad prison who had been convicted in 1963 for robbery, began circulating a petition to file a lawsuit against the prisons superintendent. He stated further that officials were creating and maintaining situations that creates and poses dangers to the plaintiff. On January 13,1970, three prisoners were shot dead at Soledad by corrections officer Opie G. Miller. Nolen was among the slain, along with Cleveland Edwards, then 21, who had convicted in 1967 of assaulting a police officer, and Alvin Miller, then 23. According to Ellsworth Ferguson, an assistant to Fitzharris at the time. During the conflict, two white inmates among the group were beaten to the ground and Miller was reportedly fearful that several might be hurt or killed. Officials later stated that it was surmised that the fight was racial in nature, officer Miller, an expert marksman, shouted and blew a whistle but gave no warning shot before firing on Nolen, Edwards and Alvin Miller. White inmate Billy D. Harris, then 23, who was serving time for assault, the congregation of the 15 men in the prison yard had been the first integrated exercise period in several months. Then I started forward with tears in my eyes, expecting to be shot down every minute, Opie Miller was exonerated of the deaths of prisoners a few days later by an all-white Monterey County grand jury. None of the black inmates present for the shootings were asked to testify, on January 17,1970, four days after the shootings, prison guard John Vincent Mills, was beaten, dragged up three flights of stairs and tossed to his death. A note found beside his body read One down, two to go, three black inmates were charged with this murder and were transferred to San Quentin to await trial. The three defendants, Fleeta Drumgo, John Clutchette and George Jackson, eventually came to be known as the Soledad Brothers, following the January 13 shootings and the death of John Mills, racial tensions grew increasingly violent at Soledad. On March 16,1970, white guards William Monagan and Wallace Coffman were held hostage for approximately forty-five minutes by five inmates before tear gas was deployed to free them, the incident was reported in The Bulletin. On July 23,1970, a guard, William H. Shull. Forty different wounds were found on his body, six days later, the body of a white convicted robber, Roy William Turner, aged twenty-two, was found shoved under his prison cell cot. In 1970, ex-UCLA professor Angela Davis and Soledad Brothers founder George Jackson allegedly organized an assault on the Marin County courthouse to demand the immediate release of Jackson
25.
Black Panther Party
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In 1969, community social programs became a core activity of party members. The party enrolled the largest number of members and made the greatest impact in the Oakland-San Francisco Bay Area, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Seattle, Federal Bureau of Investigation Director J. The program was accused of assassinating Black Panther members. Black Panther Party membership reached a peak in 1970, with offices in 68 cities and thousands of members, after being vilified by the mainstream press, public support for the party waned, and the group became more isolated. In-fighting among Party leadership, caused largely by the FBIs COINTELPRO operation, by 1972 most Panther activity centered on the national headquarters and a school in Oakland, where the party continued to influence local politics. Though under constant police surveillance, the Chicago chapter remained active, the Seattle chapter lasted longer than most, with a breakfast program and medical clinics that continued even after the chapter disbanded in 1977. Party contractions continued throughout the 1970s, and by 1980 the Black Panther Party had just 27 members, the history of the Black Panther Party is controversial. Other commentators have described the Party as more criminal than political, the sweeping migration of black families out of the South during World War II transformed Oakland and cities throughout the West and the North. But not much changed in the cities of the North and West, Police departments were almost all white. In 1966, only 16 of Oaklands 661 police officers were African American, insurgent civil rights practices proved incapable of redressing these conditions, and the organizations that had led much of the nonviolent civil disobedience such as SNCC and CORE went into decline. Young black people in Oakland and other cities developed a rich ferment of study groups and political organizations, in late October 1966, Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party. In formulating a new politics, they drew on their experiences working with a variety of Black Power organizations, Newton and Seale first met in 1962 when they were both students at Merritt College. They joined Donald Warden’s Afro-American Association, where they read widely, debated, dissatisfied with the failure of these organizations to directly challenge police brutality and appeal to the brothers on the block, Huey and Bobby sought to take matters into their own hands. After the police killed Matthew Johnson, a young black man in San Francisco. He had an epiphany that would distinguish the Black Panther Party from the multitude of organizations seeking to build Black Power. Newton saw the explosive rebellious anger of the ghetto as a force, inspired by Robert F. Williams armed resistance to the KKK, Newton studied California gun law until he knew it better than many police officers. Like the Community Alert Patrol in Los Angeles after the Watts Rebellion, but with a crucial difference, his patrols would carry loaded guns. According to Bobby Seale, they would sell the books, make the money, buy the guns, well protect a mother, protect a brother, and protect the community from the racist cops
26.
George Jackson (activist)
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George Lester Jackson was an African-American activist, Marxist, author, a member of the Black Panther Party, and co-founder of the Black Guerrilla Family while incarcerated. Jackson achieved fame as one of the Soledad Brothers and was shot dead by guards in San Quentin Prison following an unsuccessful escape attempt. Born in Chicago, Jackson was the son of Lester. He spent time in the California Youth Authority Corrections facility in Paso Robles due to several juvenile convictions including armed robbery, assault, in 1961, he was convicted of armed robbery and sentenced to serve one year to life in prison. During his first years at San Quentin State Prison, Jackson became involved in revolutionary activity, such behavior, in turn, was used to justify his continued incarceration on an indeterminate sentence. He was described by prison officials as egocentric and anti-social, in 1966, Jackson met and befriended W. L. Nolen who introduced him to Marxist and Maoist ideology, the two founded the Black Guerrilla Family in 1966 based on Marxist and Maoist political thought. In speaking of his transformation, Jackson remarked I met Marx, Lenin, Trotsky, Engels. As Jacksons disciplinary infractions grew he spent more time in solitary confinement and he amassed a following of inmates, including some whites and Hispanics, but most enthusiastically with other black inmates. According to David Horowitz, Jackson joined the Black Panther Party after meeting Huey P. Newton in jail, in January 1969, Jackson and Nolen were transferred from San Quentin to Soledad prison. On January 13,1970, Nolen and two black inmates were shot to death by corrections officer Opie G. Miller during a yard riot with members of the Aryan Brotherhood. ”Mills was purportedly killed in retaliation for the shooting deaths of three inmates by Miller, the previous year. Miller was not convicted of any crime, a grand jury ruling his actions to be justifiable homicide, on August 7,1970, George Jacksons 17-year-old brother Jonathan Jackson burst into a Marin County courtroom with an automatic weapon, freed prisoners James McClain, William A. Christmas and Ruchell Magee, and took Judge Harold Haley, Deputy District Attorney Gary Thomas, Haley, Jackson, Christmas and McClain were killed as they attempted to drive away from the courthouse. Eyewitness testimony suggests Haley was hit by fire discharged from a shotgun that had been fastened to his neck with adhesive tape by the abductors. Thomas, Magee and one of the jurors were wounded, angela Davis, accused of buying the weapons, was later acquitted of conspiracy, kidnapping, and murder. A possible explanation for the gun connection is that Jonathan Jackson was her bodyguard, Magee, the sole survivor among the attackers, eventually pleaded guilty to aggravated kidnapping and was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1975. Magee is currently imprisoned in Corcoran State Prison and has lost numerous bids for parole, on August 21,1971, Jackson met with attorney Stephen Bingham on a civil lawsuit Jackson had filed against the California Department of Corrections. After the meeting, Jackson was escorted by officer Urbano Rubico back to his cell when Rubico noticed an object in Jackson’s hair, later revealed to be a wig
27.
Angela Davis
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Angela Yvonne Davis is an American political activist, academic, and author. Davis was prosecuted for conspiracy involving the 1970 armed take-over of a Marin County, California, courtroom and she was acquitted in a federal trial. She was a professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz, in its History of Consciousness Department and her research interests are feminism, African-American studies, critical theory, Marxism, popular music, social consciousness, and the philosophy and history of punishment and prisons. She co-founded Critical Resistance, a working to abolish the prison-industrial complex. Daviss membership in the CPUSA led California Governor Ronald Reagan in 1969 to attempt to have her barred from teaching at any university in the State of California, during the 1980s, she was twice a candidate for Vice President on the CPUSA ticket. She supported the governments of the Soviet Bloc for several decades, Angela Davis was born in Birmingham, Alabama. Davis occasionally spent time on her uncles farm and with friends in New York City and her family included brothers Ben and Reginald and sister Fania. Ben played defensive back for the Cleveland Browns and Detroit Lions in the late 1960s, Davis attended Carrie A. Tuggle School, a segregated black elementary school, later she attended Parker Annex, a middle-school branch of Parker High School in Birmingham. During this time Davis mother, Sallye Bell Davis, was an officer and leading organizer of the Southern Negro Youth Congress. It was trying to build alliances among African Americans in the South, consequently, Davis grew up surrounded by communist organizers and thinkers who significantly influenced her intellectual development. Davis was involved in her church as a child, she was a member in her church youth group. Davis attributes much of her involvement to her involvement as a young girl in Birmingham with the Girl Scouts of the United States of America. She earned many badges and certificates, she participated in Girl Scouts 1959 national roundup in Colorado. As a Girl Scout she marched and picketed to protest racial segregation in Birmingham, by her junior year in high school, Davis had applied to and was accepted at an American Friends Service Committee program that placed black students from the South in integrated schools in the North. She chose Elisabeth Irwin High School in Greenwich Village, there she was introduced to socialism and communism, and recruited by a Communist youth group, Advance. Davis was awarded a scholarship to Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts and she initially felt alienated by the isolation of the campus, but she soon made friends with foreign students. She encountered the Frankfurt School philosopher Herbert Marcuse at a rally during the Cuban Missile Crisis, in a 2007 television interview, she said, Herbert Marcuse taught me that it was possible to be an academic, an activist, a scholar, and a revolutionary. She worked part-time to earn money to travel to France and Switzerland before she attended the eighth World Festival of Youth and Students in Helsinki
28.
Weather Underground
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The Weather Underground Organization, commonly known as the Weather Underground, was an American militant radical left-wing organization founded on the Ann Arbor campus of the University of Michigan. Originally called Weatherman, the became known colloquially as the Weathermen. Weatherman organized in 1969 as a faction of Students for a Democratic Society composed for the most part of the national leadership of SDS. Their goal was to create a revolutionary party for the overthrow of the U. S. Government. The Days of Rage, their first public demonstration on October 8,1969, was a riot in Chicago timed to coincide with the trial of the Chicago Seven. In 1970 the group issued a Declaration of a State of War against the United States government, the bombing campaign targeted mostly government buildings, along with several banks. The group stated that the government had been exploiting other nations by waging war as a means of solidifying America as a greater nation, Most were preceded by evacuation warnings, along with communiqués identifying the particular matter that the attack was intended to protest. No people were killed in any of their acts of property destruction, for the bombing of the United States Capitol on March 1,1971, they issued a communiqué saying that it was in protest of the U. S. invasion of Laos. For the bombing of the Pentagon on May 19,1972, for the January 29,1975 bombing of the United States Department of State building, they stated that it was in response to the escalation in Vietnam. The Weathermen grew out of the Revolutionary Youth Movement faction of SDS and it took its name from Bob Dylans lyric, You dont need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows, from the song Subterranean Homesick Blues. You Dont Need a Weatherman to Know Which Way the Wind Blows was the title of a paper that they distributed at an SDS convention in Chicago on June 18,1969. The Weathermen began to disintegrate after the United States reached an accord in Vietnam in 1973. By 1977, the organization was defunct, the Weathermen emerged from the campus-based opposition to the Vietnam War, and from the Civil Rights Movements of the 1960s. One of the factors contributed to the radicalization of SDS members was the Economic Research. This project was aimed at creating a movement of the poor that would mobilize for full and fair employment or guaranteed annual income. Their goal was to create a democratic society which guarantees political freedom, economic and physical security, abundant education. While the initial phase of the SDS involved campus organizing, phase two involved community organizing, in the late 1960s, United States military action in Southeast Asia escalated, especially in Vietnam. In the U. S. the anti-war sentiment was particularly pronounced during the 1968 U. S. presidential election, klonskys document reflected the philosophy of the National Office and was eventually adopted as official SDS doctrine
29.
George Lucas
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George Walton Lucas Jr. is an American filmmaker and entrepreneur. He is best known as the creator of the Star Wars and Indiana Jones franchises, as well as the founder of Lucasfilm and he was the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Lucasfilm, before selling it to The Walt Disney Company in 2012. Upon graduating from the University of Southern California in 1967, Lucas co-founded American Zoetrope with fellow filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola, Lucas wrote and directed THX1138, based on his earlier student short Electronic Labyrinth, THX1138 4EB, which was a critical success but a financial failure. His next work as a writer-director was the film, American Graffiti, inspired by his teen years in early 1960s Modesto, California, the film was critically and commercially successful, and received five Academy Award nominations including Best Picture. Following the first Star Wars film, Lucas produced and co-wrote the following installments in the trilogy, The Empire Strikes Back, along with Steven Spielberg, Lucas co-created and wrote the Indiana Jones films Raiders of the Lost Ark, Temple of Doom, and The Last Crusade. Lucas also produced and/or wrote a variety of films through Lucasfilm in the 1980s and 1990s, Lucas also returned to directing with the Star Wars prequel trilogy, consisting of The Phantom Menace, Attack of the Clones, and Revenge of the Sith. He later collaborated on the story for the Indiana Jones sequel Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, five of Lucass seven features are among the 100 highest-grossing movies at the North American box office, adjusted for ticket-price inflation. Lucas is one of the American film industrys most financially successful filmmakers, Lucas is considered a significant figure in the New Hollywood era. Lucas was born and raised in Modesto, California, the son of Dorothy Ellinore Lucas and George Walton Lucas and he is of German, Swiss-German, English, Scottish, and distant Dutch and French descent. Growing up, Lucas had a passion for cars and motor racing, on June 12,1962, while driving his souped-up Autobianchi Bianchina, another driver broadsided him, flipping over his car, nearly killing him, causing him to lose interest in racing as a career. He attended Modesto Junior College, where he studied anthropology, sociology and he also began shooting with an 8 mm camera, including filming car races. At this time, Lucas and his friend John Plummer became interested in Canyon Cinema, screenings of underground, avant-garde 16 mm filmmakers like Jordan Belson, Stan Brakhage, and Bruce Conner. Lucas and Plummer also saw classic European films of the time, including Jean-Luc Godards Breathless, François Truffauts Jules et Jim, thats when George really started exploring, Plummer said. Through his interest in racing, Lucas met renowned cinematographer Haskell Wexler, another race enthusiast. Wexler, later to work with Lucas on several occasions, was impressed by Lucas talent, George had a very good eye, and he thought visually, he recalled. Lucas then transferred to the University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts, USC was one of the earliest universities to have a school devoted to motion picture film. During the years at USC, Lucas shared a room with Randal Kleiser. Along with classmates such as Walter Murch, Hal Barwood, and John Milius and he also became good friends with fellow acclaimed student filmmaker and future Indiana Jones collaborator, Steven Spielberg
30.
THX 1138
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THX1138 is a 1971 American social science fiction film directed by George Lucas in his feature film directorial debut. THX1138 was developed from Lucass student film Electronic Labyrinth, THX1138 4EB, the feature film was produced in a joint venture between Warner Bros. and Francis Ford Coppolas production company, American Zoetrope. A novelization by Ben Bova was published in 1971, emotions, coitus, and the concept of family are a taboo. Everyone is clad in uniforms and has shaven heads to emphasize equality, except the police androids. Instead of names, people have designations – reminiscent of licence plates – with three letters and four digits, shown on an identity badge worn at all times. At their jobs in central video CCTV control centers, SEN5241, LUH has a male roommate, THX1138, who works in a factory producing android police officers. On the way home, he stops at a booth in a row of many. A soothing voice greets THX, and OMM ends every confession with a salutation, You are a true believer, blessings of the State. Work hard, increase production, prevent accidents and be happy, at home, THX takes his drugs, and watches holo-broadcasts while engaging with a masturbatory device. LUH secretly substitutes pills in her possession for THXs medications, whereupon THX eventually suffers physical discomfort along with mental/emotional changes, the drug substitution also leads to LUH and THX becoming involved romantically, resulting in the two engaging in intercourse. THX later is confronted by SEN, who arranges THX as his new roommate, without drugs in his system, THX falters during a critical and hazardous phase of his job, and a control center engages a mind lock on THX which raises the level of danger. After the release of the lock, THX makes the necessary correction to that work phase. THX enjoys a reunion with LUH, disrupted shortly after she reveals her pregnancy. At THXs trial, THX is sentenced to prison, alongside SEN, most of the prisoners seem uninterested in escape, but eventually THX and SEN find an exit, they are later joined by hologram SRT5752, who starred in the holo-broadcasts. During the escape, THX and SRT are separated from SEN, SEN eventually escapes to an area reserved for the monks of OMM, where a lone monk notices that SEN has no identification badge. SEN attacks him and later wanders into an area, strikes up a conversation with children. THX and SRT steal two cars, but SRT crashes his into a concrete pillar, pursued by two police androids on motorcycles, THX flees to the limits of the city and escapes into a ventilation shaft. It is then revealed that the city is entirely underground, from the 1969 incarnation of American Zoetrope
31.
Philip K. Dick
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Philip Kindred Dick was an American writer, who published works mainly belonging to the genre of science fiction. Born in Illinois before moving to California, Dick began publishing science fiction stories in the 1950s and his 1962 alternate history novel The Man in the High Castle earned Dick early acclaim, including a Hugo Award for Best Novel. He followed with science fiction such as Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep. His 1974 novel Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said won the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for best novel, a collection of his non-fiction writing on these themes was published posthumously as The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick. He died in 1982 of a stroke, aged 53, in addition to 44 published novels, Dick wrote approximately 121 short stories, most of which appeared in science fiction magazines during his lifetime. A variety of films based on his works have been produced, including Blade Runner, Total Recall, Minority Report, A Scanner Darkly, Paycheck, Next. In 2005, Time magazine named Ubik one of the hundred greatest English-language novels published since 1923, in 2007, Dick became the first science fiction writer to be included in The Library of America series. The death of Jane six weeks later, on January 26,1929, profoundly affected Philips life and his family later moved to the San Francisco Bay Area. When Philip was five, his father was transferred to Reno, Nevada, both parents fought for custody of Philip, which was awarded to the mother. Dorothy, determined to raise Philip alone, took a job in Washington, D. C. Philip was enrolled at John Eaton Elementary School, completing the second through fourth grades. His lowest grade was a C in Written Composition, although a teacher remarked that he shows interest and he was educated in Quaker schools. In June 1938, Dorothy and Philip returned to California, Dick stated that he read his first science fiction magazine, Stirring Science Stories in 1940 at the age of twelve. Dick attended Berkeley High School in Berkeley, California and he and fellow science fiction author Ursula K. Le Guin were members of the graduating class but did not know each other at the time. After graduation, he attended the University of California, Berkeley. Dick did not declare a major and took classes in history, psychology, philosophy and this question from his early studies persisted as a theme in many of his novels. Dick dropped out because of ongoing anxiety problems, according to his third wife Annes memoir and she also says he disliked the mandatory ROTC training. At Berkeley, Dick befriended poet Robert Duncan and poet and linguist Jack Spicer, Dick claimed to have been host of a classical music program on KSMO Radio in 1947
32.
Naboo
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Humans of Naboo have an electoral monarchy and maintain a peaceful culture that defends education, the arts, environmental protection and scientific achievements. The main capital of Naboo is Theed, located in the Chommell sector, Naboo is the home planet of Padmé Amidala and Jar Jar Binks, as well as Senator Palpatine. In Star Wars, Episode I – The Phantom Menace, it was the site of a blockade by the Trade Federation and the Battle of Naboo between the Federation and the native inhabitants. Naboo is seen in four films in the Star Wars series, theeds architecture, while referencing Ancient Rome and other classical traditions, was heavily inspired by the Frank Lloyd Wright-designed Marin County Civic Center in California. The Naboo System is located in the Chommel sector, a region in the galactic Mid-Rim, planet Naboo is the third planet of the star system that shares the same name. The Naboo system comprises five planets, namely Moth, Erep, Naboo, Widow, the planet Naboo has three moons, Ohma Dun, Rori and Tasia. Tasia, an ice moon, is the only Naboo moon to be seen in the entire Star Wars saga, Ohma Dun is a water moon and Rori is a brownish swamp moon. Naboo is described as having a porous, plasma-rich interior without a molten core—a rare phenomenon among the planets in the Star Wars universe, the surface of Naboo is covered by dense swamps, rolling grass plains, and verdant hills. The largest mountain chain, the Gallo Mountains, bisect the singular continent, south of the Lianorm Swamp is Paonga Sea, where at the bottom lies the Gungan city of Otoh Gunga. Underneath the planets surface is a maze of passages and caves, home to immense aquatic animals. Gungans dominate these underwaterways, using them as a highway of sorts between their surface Holy Places and their underwater cities, one gungan civilization was known as Otoh Gunga, where Jar-Jar leads Obi-Wan Kenobi and Qui-Gon Jinn. It is not known if the aquatic Gungans are the inhabitants of Naboo. What is known is that a pre-Gungan humanoid civilization did live on the tens of thousands of years ago, leaving monuments. The largest of these ruins, located on the edge of the Lianorm Swamp, was identified as the Gungan Sacred Place. Gungans view these ruins as sacred, and their builders as the Elders of the planet, eventually both Gungan and Human Naboo scientists agree that the end of the Elder civilization may be the result of the Elders not living in harmony with nature. Gungans dominated Naboo for a time, though largely keeping to the swamps and waterways. In 3951 BBY, human refugees began fleeing violent revolution on their core world planet of Grizmallt, the Grizmallt leader, Queen Elsinore den Tasia, sponsored a fleet of three ships to colonize new worlds, commanded by the explorer Kwilaan. Elsinore den Tasia had the Naboo moon of Tasia named in her honour, kwilaans fleet eventually found and crash landed on the planet of Naboo in approximately 3900 BBY, where they permanently settled in the mountains and great grass plains
33.
Star Wars
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Star Wars is an American epic space opera franchise, centered on a film series created by George Lucas. It depicts the adventures of characters a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away. The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars and it was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, which received mixed-to-negative reactions, a sequel trilogy began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars, The Force Awakens. All seven films were nominated for Academy Awards and have been successes, with a combined box office revenue of over $7.5 billion. Spin-off films include Star Wars, The Clone Wars and Rogue One, Star Wars also holds a Guinness World Records title for the Most successful film merchandising franchise. In 2015, the value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at USD $42 billion. In 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm for $4.06 billion and earned the rights to all subsequent Star Wars films. Walt Disney Studios owns digital distribution rights to all the Star Wars films, the events depicted in the Star Wars franchise take place in an unnamed fictional galaxy at an undetermined point in the distant past. Many species of creatures are depicted. Robotic droids are also commonplace and are built to serve their owners. Space travel is common, and many planets in the galaxy are members of a single galactic government. In the prequel trilogy, this is depicted in the form of the Galactic Republic, at the end of the trilogy and throughout the original trilogy. Preceding and during the trilogy, this government is the New Republic. One of the prominent elements of Star Wars is the Force and it is described in the first produced film as an energy field created by all living things surrounds us, penetrates us, binds the galaxy together. While the Force can be used for good, known as the side, it also has a dark side that, when pursued, imbues users with hatred, aggression. The sequel trilogy introduces the Knights of Ren, an order of practitioners of the side of the Force aligned with the First Order. The first film in the series, Star Wars, was released on May 25,1977 and this was followed by two sequels, The Empire Strikes Back, released on May 21,1980, and Return of the Jedi, released on May 25,1983
34.
Gattaca
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Gattaca is a 1997 American science fiction film written and directed by Andrew Niccol. It stars Ethan Hawke and Uma Thurman, with Jude Law, Loren Dean, Ernest Borgnine, Gore Vidal, and Alan Arkin appearing in supporting roles. The film centers on Vincent Freeman, played by Hawke, who was conceived outside the eugenics program, the movie draws on concerns over reproductive technologies which facilitate eugenics, and the possible consequences of such technological developments for society. It also explores the idea of destiny and the ways in which it can, characters in Gattaca continually battle both with society and with themselves to find their place in the world and who they are destined to be according to their genes. The films title is based on the first letters of guanine, adenine, thymine, and cytosine and it was a 1997 nominee for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score. The film flopped at the box office, but it received positive reviews and has since gained a cult following. In the not-too-distant future, eugenics is common, a genetic registry database uses biometrics to classify those so created as valids while those conceived by traditional means and more susceptible to genetic disorders are known as in-valids. Genetic discrimination is illegal, but in practice genotype profiling is used to identify valids to qualify for employment while in-valids are relegated to menial jobs. Vincent Freeman is conceived without the aid of genetic selection, his genetics indicate a probability of several disorders. His parents, regretting their decision, use genetic selection to give birth to their next child, growing up, the two brothers often play a game of chicken by swimming out to sea with the first one returning to shore considered the loser, Vincent always loses. Vincent dreams of a career in space travel but is reminded of his genetic inferiority, one day Vincent challenges Anton to a game of chicken and bests him before Anton starts to drown. Vincent saves Anton and then leaves home, Vincent works as an in-valid, cleaning office spaces including that of Gattaca Aerospace Corporation, a space-flight conglomerate. He gets a chance to pose as a valid by using hair, skin, blood and urine samples from a donor, Jerome Eugene Morrow, who is a former swimming star paralyzed due to a car accident. With Jeromes genetic makeup, Vincent gains employment at Gattaca, and is assigned to be navigator for a trip to Saturns moon Titan. To keep his identity hidden, Vincent must meticulously groom and scrub down daily to remove his own genetic material, Gattaca becomes embroiled in controversy when one of its administrators is murdered a week before the flight. The police find a fallen eyelash of Vincents at the scene, an investigation is launched to find the murderer, Vincent being the top suspect. Through this, Vincent becomes close to a co-worker, Irene Cassini, though a valid, Irene has a higher risk of heart failure that will prevent her from joining any deep space Gattaca mission. Vincent also learns that Jeromes paralysis is by his own hand, after coming in place in a swim meet
35.
Peter Frampton
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Peter Kenneth Frampton is an English-American rock musician, singer, songwriter, producer, and guitarist. He was previously associated with the bands Humble Pie and The Herd, 1972-1976 Framptons Camel which at the end of his group career was Framptons international breakthrough album his live release, Frampton Comes Alive. The album sold more than eight million copies in the United States alone, since then he has released several major albums. He has also worked with David Bowie and both Matt Cameron and Mike McCready from Pearl Jam, among others. Frampton is best known for hits as Breaking All the Rules, Show Me the Way, Baby, I Love Your Way, Do You Feel Like We Do, and Im in You. He has also appeared as himself in shows such as The Simpsons. Frampton is known for his work as a player and particularly with a Talkbox. Peter Kenneth Frampton was born in Bromley, UK and he attended Bromley Technical High School, at which his father, Owen Frampton, was a teacher and the head of the Art department. He first became interested in music when he was seven years old, upon discovering his grandmothers banjolele in the attic, he taught himself to play, and later taught himself to play guitar and piano as well. At age eight he started taking music lessons. Early influences were Cliff Richard & the Shadows and American rockers Buddy Holly and Eddie Cochran, and then The Ventures, Jimi Hendrix and his father introduced him to the recordings of Belgian gypsy jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt. By the age of 12, Frampton played in a band called The Little Ravens, both he and David Bowie, who was three years older, were pupils at Bromley Technical School. The Little Ravens played on the bill at school as Bowies band, George. Peter and David would spend time together at lunch breaks, playing Buddy Holly songs, at the age of 14, Peter was playing with a band called The Trubeats followed by a band called The Preachers, produced and managed by Bill Wyman of The Rolling Stones. He became a child singer, and in 1966 he became a member of The Herd. He was the lead guitarist and singer, scoring several British pop hits, Frampton was named The Face of 1968 by teen magazine Rave. In 1968, when Frampton was 18 years old, he joined with Steve Marriott of Small Faces to form Humble Pie, during the Harrison session, pedal steel player Pete Drake introduced him to the talk box that was to become one of his trademark guitar effects. After four studio albums and one album with Humble Pie, Frampton left the band and went solo in 1971
36.
Frampton Comes Alive!
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Frampton Comes Alive. is a double live album by English rock musician Peter Frampton released in 1976. It is one of the live albums in the United States. Following four solo albums with little success, Frampton Comes Alive. was a breakthrough for the artist. Released on January 6,1976, it debuted on the charts at 191, the album reached number one on the Billboard 200 the week ending April 10,1976, and was in the top spot for a total of 10 weeks. It was the album of 1976, selling over 8 million copies in the US and becoming one of the best-selling live albums to date. Frampton Comes Alive. was voted Album of the year in the 1976 Rolling Stone readers poll and it stayed on the chart for 97 weeks and was still No.14 on Billboards 1977 year-end album chart. In January 2001, a 25th Anniversary Deluxe Edition of the album was released, the track sequence is also significantly different, to more accurately reflect the set list used in the original concerts. The Winterland recordings were recorded on a 24 track master recorder, other concerts were recorded on a 16 track recorder. Recordings from four different shows were used for the original album, master tapes were recorded at 15 inches per second using professional Dolby A noise reduction. The live album had intended to be a single LP disc, but at the suggestion of A&M Records additional shows were recorded. During the concerts, Frampton principally used a black custom Gibson Les Paul electric guitar. The double album was released in the US with a reduced list price of $7.98. The album was pressed in automatic sequence, with one and four on one record. This arrangement was intended to make it easier to listen through the album in sequence on automatic record changers. Three hit singles were released from the album, Baby, I Love Your Way, Do You Feel Like We Do, the talk box guitar effect became strongly associated with Frampton when it was heard on the latter two singles. The Do You Feel Like We Do single version was edited to 7,19 from the 14,15 album version. But even at just over 7 minutes, it is twice the length of the average hit single. The B-side of Do You Feel Like We Do, the acoustic instrumental Penny for Your Thoughts, was the shortest song on Frampton Comes Alive at just 1,23, all songs written by Peter Frampton except as noted
37.
Grateful Dead
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The Grateful Dead was an American rock band formed in 1965 in Palo Alto, California. Their music, writes Lenny Kaye, touches on ground that most other groups dont even know exists and these various influences were distilled into a diverse and psychedelic whole that made the Grateful Dead the pioneering Godfathers of the jam band world. The band was ranked 57th by Rolling Stone magazine in its The Greatest Artists of All Time issue, the Grateful Dead have sold more than 35 million albums worldwide. The Grateful Dead was founded in the San Francisco Bay Area amid the rise of the counterculture of the 1960s, the founding members were Jerry Garcia, Bob Weir, Ron Pigpen McKernan, Phil Lesh, and Bill Kreutzmann. Members of the Grateful Dead had played together in various San Francisco bands, including Mother McCrees Uptown Jug Champions, Lesh was the last member to join the Warlocks before they became the Grateful Dead, he replaced Dana Morgan Jr. who had played bass for a few gigs. Drummer Mickey Hart and nonperforming lyricist Robert Hunter joined in 1967, with the exception of McKernan, who died in 1973, and Hart, who took time off from 1971 to 1974, the core of the band stayed together for its entire 30-year history. The other official members of the band are Tom Constanten, John Perry Barlow, Keith Godchaux, Donna Godchaux, Brent Mydland, pianist Bruce Hornsby was a touring member from 1990 to 1992, as well as guesting with the band on occasion before and after the tours. After the death of Jerry Garcia in 1995, former members of the band, along with musicians, toured as the Other Ones in 1998,2000, and 2002, and the Dead in 2003,2004. In 2015, the four surviving core members marked the bands 50th anniversary in a series of concerts that were billed as their last performances together. There have also been several spin-offs featuring one or more members, such as Dead & Company, Furthur, the Rhythm Devils, Phil Lesh & Friends, RatDog. The Grateful Dead began their career as the Warlocks, a group formed in early 1965 from the remnants of a Palo Alto, the bands first show was at Magoos Pizza located at 639 Santa Cruz Avenue in suburban Menlo Park, California, on May 5,1965. They were initially known as the Warlocks, coincidentally, the Velvet Underground was also using that name on the East Coast, the show was not recorded but the set list has been preserved. Gigging as a bar band, the group changed its name after finding out that another band of the same name had signed a recording contract. The first show under the new name Grateful Dead was in San Jose, California on December 4,1965, at one of Ken Keseys Acid Tests. Earlier demo tapes have survived, but the first of over 2,000 concerts known to have recorded by the bands fans was a show at the Fillmore Auditorium in San Francisco on January 8,1966. Later that month, the Grateful Dead played at the Trips Festival, the name Grateful Dead was chosen from a dictionary. According to Phil Lesh, in his autobiography, picked up an old Britannica World Language Dictionary. In that silvery elf-voice he said to me, Hey, man, the definition there was the soul of a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial
38.
In the Dark (Grateful Dead album)
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In the Dark is the 12th studio album by the Grateful Dead. It was recorded in one week in January 1987, and originally released on July 6,1987, in the Dark was the bands first album in six years, and its first studio album since 1980s Go to Heaven. It became unexpectedly popular, achieving double platinum certification in the U. S and it reached #6 on the Billboard 200 chart, the Grateful Deads only top ten album. The peppy Touch of Grey peaked at #9 on the Billboard Hot 100, hell in a Bucket and Throwing Stones also achieved significant album-oriented rock radio airplay. Most of the songs had been played by the Dead since 1982 or 1983, after the critically panned Go to Heaven, which contained songs that were mostly under a year old, the maturity of In the Dark was significantly more appreciated. The album title represents how the band compiled the album, the Dead are well known for their striving for that perfect sound as well as their experimental episodes. Since live music is their forte, they decided to try to capture a live sound for this album. The idea was to capture the feel they had for the songs as if they were playing them to a live audience and this was done at Marin Veterans Memorial Auditorium in San Rafael, California. Drummer Bill Kreutzmann reminisced, We ran all the instruments through amplifiers in the basement, in isolation rooms. Everything was fed to a truck parked outside the venue. Everybody played their parts in time, together. When we took breaks, wed go into the wings by the door and sit there. It really put us in a good spot, garcia spoke about the recording in an interview, Marin Vets turns out to be an incredibly nice room to record in. Theres something about the atmosphere in there that makes us work. When we set up at Front Street to work, a lot of times we just sort of dissolve into hanging out, going in Marin Vets without an audience and playing just to ourselves was in the nature of an experiment. In the Dark was released on CD in 1987 by Arista Records before being re-released in 2000 by BMG International and it was then remastered, expanded, and released with new cover art as part of the Beyond Description 12-CD box set in October 2004. The remastered version was released separately on CD, on April 11,2006. The cover art for the album was designed by Randy Tuten, the lettering forms the shape of an eye
39.
I Need a Doctor
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I Need a Doctor is a single by American rappers Dr. Dre and Eminem and recording artist Skylar Grey. The song is produced by British record producer Alex da Kid, mixed by Dr. Dre, musically, I Need a Doctor is predominantly a rap song, backed by a spacey, drum-heavy production, with extra piano keys featured in the introduction and the chorus. Lyrically, the song is largely about Dr. Dre and Eminems close friendship, Dres second highest peaking song on the chart ever, and also peaking in the upper regions of many national charts. As of October 2011, it has sold over 2,206,000 digital copies in the United States alone and this makes it Dr. Dres first song to reach this point. The official version premiered through Dres official website, in an interview with MTV News, Kid simply described his experience of working with Dr. Dre as amazing, Hes one of my favorite producers of all time. Everybody knows how much of a perfectionist he is, Hes been working on his album for 11 years. For him to bring me in, trust me, not micro-manage me and she said that came to the studio with the hook and the track prepared, loved it. Eminem had then went into the backroom, and came out two hours later, and said that he was writing his verses. In the song Eminem raps two verses about his mentor, thanking Dre for believing in him in his days and returning the favor. The video I Need A Doctor was shot with Allen Hughes, the video was premiered on February 24,2011. The video begins with an introduction of Dr. Dres music career, such as when he, there are also scenes of Dr. Dre and his family, such as him hugging his daughter and son and getting married. There are also snippets from past music videos and it includes many rappers such as Eazy-E, 2Pac, The D. O. C, Snoop Dogg, Warren G, Eminem, Xzibit and all the rest of the members from N. W. A. The video then features Dr. Dre driving down Pacific Coast Highway in a Ferrari 360, with flashbacks of his life, crashing his car, then he is transported to a medical facility. The date at the beginning of the video is February 18,2001 and they fast-forward to present day ten years later, where he has been hospitalized and is on life support. The Marin County Civic Center stands in for the medical facility, Skylar Grey herself appears as one of the doctors in the video, but never actually appears singing her part. A ticking clock is heard midway through the video, the music video received complaints of being an act of advertising for a variety of product placements, such as Ferrari, G-Shock, HP, Gatorade, and Dr. Dres signature headphones, Beats by Dr. Dre. On August 17,2012 the music video was VEVOCertified after receiving more than 100,000,000 views on YouTube. Dr. Dre, Eminem and Rihanna performed the song at the 2011 Grammy Awards as part of a medley with Love the Way You Lie performed by Rihanna, Adam Levine, Eminem performed the first verse at the 2012 Coachella festival
40.
Dr. Dre
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Andre Romelle Young, better known by his stage name Dr. Dre, is an American rapper, record producer, and entrepreneur. He is the founder and current CEO of Aftermath Entertainment and Beats Electronics, Dre was previously the co-owner of, and an artist on, Death Row Records. He has produced albums for and overseen the careers of many rappers, including 2Pac, Snoop Dogg, Eminem, Xzibit, Knoc-turnal,50 Cent, The Game and Kendrick Lamar. He is credited as a key figure in the popularization of West Coast G-funk, in 1996, he left Death Row Records to establish his own label, Aftermath Entertainment. He produced an album titled Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath in 1996. During the 2000s, he focused on production for other artists, Dr. Dre signed Eminem in 1998 and 50 Cent in 2002 to his record label respectively, while contributing production on their albums. He has won six Grammy Awards, including Producer of the Year, Dr. Dre has also had acting roles in movies such as Set It Off, The Wash and Training Day. Rolling Stone ranked Dre at 56 on their list of 100 Greatest Artists of All-Time, Young was born in Compton, California, the first child of Theodore and Verna Young. His middle name, Romelle, is derived from his fathers amateur R&B singing group and his parents married in 1964, separated in 1968, and divorced in 1972. His mother later remarried and had three children, sons Jerome and Tyree and daughter Shameka, in 1976, Young began attending Vanguard Junior High School in Compton, but due to gang violence, he transferred to the safer suburban Roosevelt Junior High School. Young is the cousin of producer Sir Jinx and he attended Centennial High School in Compton during his freshman year in 1979, but transferred to Fremont High School in South Central Los Angeles due to poor grades. Young attempted to enroll in a program at Northrop Aviation Company. Thereafter, he focused on his life and entertainment for the remainder of his high school years. Young fathered a son with Cassandra Joy Greene named Curtis, Curtis was brought up by his mother and first met his father 20 years later, when Curtis became rapper Hood Surgeon. Inspired by the Grandmaster Flash song The Adventures of Grandmaster Flash on the Wheels of Steel, he attended a club called Eve After Dark to watch many DJs. He subsequently became a DJ in the club, initially under the name Dr. J, based on the nickname of Julius Erving, at the club, he met aspiring rapper Antoine Carraby, later to become member DJ Yella of N. W. A. Soon afterwards he adopted the moniker Dr. Dre, a mix of previous alias Dr. J and his first name, Eve After Dark had a back room with a small four-track studio. In this studio, Dre and Yella recorded several demos, in their first recording session, they recorded a song entitled Surgery, with the lyrics calling Dr. Dre to surgery serving as the chorus to the song
41.
Marin Transit
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Marin Transit is a public bus agency in Marin County, California, in the United States. Originally formed in 1964 as Marin County Transit District, Marin Transit was re-branded on 30 July 2007 and now provides a variety of fixed-route and demand-response services using 4 contractors. Marin Transit was formed by a vote of the people of Marin County in 1964 and was given the responsibility for providing local service within Marin County. It has since played a key role in providing local service within the county through various funding sources. For a history of Marin Transit service in relation to Golden Gate Transit, Marin Transit serves all major cities, towns, and communities within Marin County except Muir Beach, Nicasio, and Peacock Gap. Route information listed below is current as of 12 June 2016, see Golden Gate Transit for information on Regional and Commute bus routes serving Marin County, which have no affiliation with Marin Transit. Note, Italicized locations are served on select trips only, west Marin Stagecoach routes do not operate on Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Years Day. Supplemental routes operate on school days only, Marin Transit provides two services that do not operate on fixed routes. The Novato Dial-a-Ride provides curb-to-curb demand-response service within the City of Novato by reservation only, reservations for weekday service are allowed up to seven days in advance, with same-day service available as space permits. Only same-day reservations are permitted for weekend service, no service is provided on holidays. Complementary paratransit service mandated by the Americans with Disabilities Act is operated within Marin County using the Marin Access name, service is available to eligible passengers by advance reservation. All Marin Transit fares, except the 6-month and yearly passes, are also valid on Golden Gate Transit bus routes within Marin County. The Muir Woods Shuttle has special fares, which are described below, note, Clipper is not available on the Muir Woods Shuttle. The fares and payment policy on the Muir Woods Shuttle differ from other Marin Transit routes, the adult round-trip fare is $5.00 and is collected at the Muir Woods Visitor Center in addition to the park entrance fee. A receipt must be shown upon boarding the bus for the return trip, the Marin Access fare is $2.00 or $2.50, depending upon the origin and destination of the trip. Youth Passes are available to youths ages 5 through 18, the pass allows unlimited rides on any Marin Transit route. However, unlike other Marin Transit fare media, the passes are not valid on any Golden Gate Transit bus routes, Golden Gate Transit San Rafael Transit Center
