1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Dougherty County, Georgia
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Dougherty County is a county located in the southwestern portion of the U. S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 94,565, the county seat and sole incorporated city is Albany. Dougherty County is included in the Albany, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area, the county was created by the Georgia General Assembly on December 15,1853, from a part of Baker County and was named after Charles Dougherty, a respected judge and lawyer from Athens, Georgia. In 1854 and 1856 small areas were added from Worth County, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 335 square miles, of which 329 square miles is land and 5.9 square miles is water. The majority of Dougherty County is located in the Lower Flint River sub-basin of the ACF River Basin, the northeastern corner of the county, northeast of Albany, is located in the Middle Flint River sub-basin of the same ACF River basin. A very small portion of Dougherty County, north of Albany, is located in the Kinchafoonee-Muckalee sub-basin of the larger ACF River Basin, the remaining western portion of the county is located in the Ichawaynochaway Creek sub-basin of the same ACF River Basin. The population density was 292 people per square mile, there were 39,656 housing units at an average density of 120 per square mile. 1. 34% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, the largest European ancestry groups in Dougherty County are English, Irish, American, German and Scots-Irish. 26. 80% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.13. In the county, the population was out with 27. 70% under the age of 18,12. 20% from 18 to 24,27. 60% from 25 to 44,20. 90% from 45 to 64. The median age was 32 years, for every 100 females there were 87.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.30 males, the median income for a household in the county was $30,934, and the median income for a family was $36,655. Males had an income of $30,742 versus $22,254 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,645, about 19. 60% of families and 24. 80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35. 30% of those under age 18 and 17. 20% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 94,565 people,36,508 households, the population density was 287.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 40,801 housing units at a density of 124.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 67. 1% black or African American,29. 6% white,0. 8% Asian,0. 2% American Indian,0. 1% Pacific islander,1. 0% from other races, and 1. 2% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 2. 2% of the population, in terms of ancestry,6. 1% were English,6. 0% were American, and 5. 3% were Irish
3.
Albany, Georgia
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Albany is a city in the U. S. state of Georgia, and is the seat of Dougherty County. Located in southwest Georgia, it is the city of the Albany. The population was 77,434 at the 2010 U. S. Census, the area where Albany is located was formerly inhabited by the Creek Indians, who called it Thronateeska after their word for flint because of the mineral flint that was found near the river. The Creeks used this flintstone to make tools and weapons such as arrowheads, American settlement began with Nelson Tift, from Groton, Connecticut, who took land along the Flint River in October 1836 after Indian removal. The Creek were forced to relocate to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River, Tift named his new town Albany after the capital of New York, both were located at the navigable heads of rivers. Alexander Shotwell laid out the town in 1836 and it was incorporated as a city by an act of the General Assembly of Georgia on December 27,1838. Tift for decades was the citys leading entrepreneur, an ardent booster, he promoted education, business, and railroad construction. During the Civil War he provided naval supplies and helped build two ships and he opposed Radical Reconstruction inside the state and in Congress, and was scornful of the Yankee carpetbaggers who came in. John Fair concludes that Tift became more Southern than many natives and his pro-slavery attitudes before the war and his support for segregation afterward made him compatible with Georgias white elite. The area was developed by planters using slave labor for clearing land, by 1840, Dougherty Countys majority population was black, composed overwhelmingly of slaves. The market center for cotton plantations, Albany was in a location for shipping cotton to markets by steamboats on the river. In 1858, Tift hired Horace King, a slave and bridge builder. Kings bridge toll house still stands, already important as a shipping port, Albany later became an important railroad hub in southwestern Georgia. Seven lines were constructed to the town, an exhibit on trains is located at the Thronateeska Heritage Center in the former railroad station. While integral to the life of the town, the Flint River has flooded regularly. There was extensive property damage in 1841 and 1925, some late twentieth-century floods were extreme. In 1994, a flood was caused by rainfall from Tropical Storm Alberto, it killed 14 people. The state supported a $150 million renovation of the Albany State University campus to repair storm damage, New housing was built on the south side of town to replace what had been destroyed
4.
United States Marine Corps
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The U. S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U. S. Department of Defense and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the military officer in the U. S. Armed Forces, is a Marine Corps general, the Marine Corps has been a component of the U. S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834, working closely with naval forces for training, transportation, and logistics. The USMC operates posts on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world, two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting for independence both at sea and on shore. The role of the Corps has since grown and evolved, expanding to aerial warfare and earning popular titles such as, Americas third air force, and, second land army. By the mid-20th century, the U. S. Marine Corps had become a major theorist of and its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises gives it a strong role in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy. As of 2016, the USMC has around 182,000 active duty members and it is the smallest of the U. S. The USMC serves as an expeditionary force-in-readiness and this last clause, while seemingly redundant given the Presidents position as Commander-in-chief, is a codification of the expeditionary responsibilities of the Marine Corps. It derives from similar language in the Congressional acts For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps of 1834, in 1951, the House of Representatives Armed Services Committee called the clause one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps. In addition to its duties, the Marine Corps conducts Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure operations, as well as missions in direct support of the White House. The Marine Band, dubbed the Presidents Own by Thomas Jefferson, Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in Marine Barracks, Washington, D. C. The Executive Flight Detachment also provides transport to Cabinet members. The relationship between the Department of State and the U. S. Marine Corps is nearly as old as the corps itself, for over 200 years, Marines have served at the request of various Secretaries of State. After World War II, an alert, disciplined force was needed to protect American embassies, consulates, in 1947, a proposal was made that the Department of War furnish Marine Corps personnel for Foreign Service guard duty under the provisions of the Foreign Service Act of 1946. A formal Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Department of State and the Secretary of the Navy on December 15,1948, during the first year of the MSG program,36 detachments were deployed worldwide. Continental Marines manned raiding parties, both at sea and ashore, the Advanced Base Doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships, Marine detachments served in their traditional duties as a ships landing force, manning the ships weapons and providing shipboard security. Marines would develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II, during World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships
5.
Ground support equipment
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Ground Support Equipment is the support equipment found at an airport, usually on the ramp, the servicing area by the terminal. This equipment is used to service the aircraft between flights, as the name suggests, ground support equipment is there to support the operations of aircraft whilst on the ground. The role this equipment plays generally involves ground power operations, aircraft mobility, many airlines subcontract ground handling to an airport or a handling agent, or even to another airline. Ground handling addresses the many requirements of a passenger aircraft between the time it arrives at a terminal gate and the time it departs for its next flight. Speed, efficiency, and accuracy are important in ground handling services in order to minimize the turnaround time, small airlines sometimes subcontract maintenance to a much larger and reputable carrier, as it is a short-term cheaper alternative to setting up an independent maintenance base. Some airlines may enter into a Maintenance and Ground Support Agreement with each other, most ground services are not directly related to the actual flying of the aircraft, and instead involve other service tasks. Cabin services ensure passenger comfort and safety and they include such tasks as cleaning the passenger cabin and replenishment of on-board consumables or washable items such as soap, pillows, tissues, blankets, and magazines. Security checks are made to make sure no threats have been left on the aircraft. Airport GSE comprises a range of vehicles and equipment necessary to service aircraft during passenger and cargo loading and unloading, maintenance. The wide range of associated with aircraft ground operations lead to an equally wide-ranging fleet of GSE. Airlines employ specially designed GSE to support all these operations, Dollies for loose baggage are used for the transportation of loose baggages, oversized bags, mail bags, loose cargo carton boxes, etc. between the aircraft and the terminal or sorting facility. Dollies for loose baggage are fitted with a system which blocks the wheels from moving when the connecting rod is not attached to a tug. Most dollies for loose baggage are completely enclosed except for the sides which use plastic curtains to protect items from weather, in the US, these dollies are called Baggage Cart, but in Europe Baggage Cart means passenger baggage trolleys. Since ULD/pallet rest on ball bearings, these dollies are equipped with hinge/locks to secure the position of the ULD/pallet on them during tugging transportation, also, the ULD/pallets have stringent dimensional standard following the aircraft cargo bay dimension. Therefore, these dollies are custom designed to complement the ULD/pallets dimension, hinge/fixture position, weak overall physical strength, advanced dollies for ULD and pallets, such as those used on an airport apron, may have the following specialized facilities. Rollers - Dollies have built-in rollers or balls bearings on the deck to assist in the moving of containers or pallets, advance dollies have two sets of power driven rollers, one set moves the container forward and backward, and the other move it left and right. The precise movement is needed to align the center of gravity of the container to the center of the deck, in addition, the containers or pallets on dollies are secured with built-in locks. Some revolving platforms are power assisted, no explicit manual locking/unlocking action by the operator is needed
6.
Marine Corps Logistics Base Barstow
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Marine Corps Logistics Base Barstow is a United States Marine Corps supply and maintenance installation located in the Mojave Desert east of Barstow, in San Bernardino County, Southern California. Its mission is to rebuild and repair ground-combat and combat-support equipment, today, one of MCLB Barstow’s most important facilities is the Marine Corps Logistics Bases’ Maintenance Center. The only other facility of this kind is located at MCLB Barstow’s sister installation, the base is located on Interstate 40,3.5 miles east of the city of Barstow. The base lies at the junction of three major systems of I-15, I-40, and SR58. It is approximately 98 miles from the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms, the base is within 150 miles of the two major seaports of Los Angeles and San Diego. In 1954, the Commanding General, Marine Corps Depot of Supplies, moved his flag from San Francisco to Barstow and since then the base has grown in stature, strength and size. In March 1961, the importance of MCLB Barstow increased dramatically with the establishment of the Depot Maintenance Activity, in November 1978, the base was redesignated to its present title of Marine Corps Logistics Base to emphasize its broad logistics support mission. In the early 1980s, MCLB Albany and Headquarters Marine Corps worked aggressively to integrate support for the Fleet Marine Force. The command was redesignated again in 2003 as a result of the merging of Material Command MATCOM, the transition from a Provost Marshal Office to a Marine Corps Police Department ended in 2007. As of late 2007, the department became the first police department in the Marine Corps to consist of all civilian officers, in 2010, the department became a blended force again with military police. The base comprises three sites, Nebo Annex, Yermo Annex, and a third 2,438 acres site serving as rifle. The Nebo Annex encompasses 1,879 acres and functions as headquarters and is the main facility for administration, storage, recreational activities, shopping. The Nebo annex had a population of 1,174 as of the 2000 Census, 54% of the population is male. 65. 6% of the population is between the ages of 18 and 64, and 34. 2% are under 18, geological Survey Geographic Names Information System, Marine Corps Logistics Base Barstow
7.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
8.
Barstow, California
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Barstow is a city in San Bernardino County, California, United States. The population was 22,639 at the 2010 census, Barstow is located 55 miles north of San Bernardino. Barstow is a transportation center for the Inland Empire. Several major highways including Interstate 15, Interstate 40, California State Route 58 and it is the site of a large rail classification yard, belonging to the BNSF Railway. The Union Pacific Railroad also runs through town using trackage rights on BNSFs main line to Daggett 10 miles east, from where it heads to Salt Lake City, Barstow is about 62 miles from Baker, California and 111 miles from Primm, Nevada. Barstow is almost exactly midway between Los Angeles, California and Las Vegas, Nevada, Barstow is home to Marine Corps Logistics Base Barstow and is the closest city to the Fort Irwin National Training Center. The settlement of Barstow began in the late 1830s in the Mormon Corridor, every fall and winter, as the weather cooled, the rain produced new grass growth and replenished the water sources in the Mojave Desert. People, goods and animal herds would move from New Mexico and later Utah to Los Angeles, along the Old Spanish Trail from Santa Fe, or after 1848, trains of freight wagons traveled back to Salt Lake City and other points in the interior. Barstows roots also lie in the mining history of the Mojave Desert following the discovery of gold and silver in the Owens Valley. Due to the influx of miners arriving in Calico and Daggett, railroads were constructed to transport goods, the Southern Pacific built a line from Mojave, California through Barstow to Needles in 1883. In 1884, ownership of the line from Needles to Mojave was transferred to the Santa Fe Railroad, paving the major highways through Barstow led to further development of the city. Much of its economy depends on transportation, before the advent of the interstate highway system, Barstow was an important stop on both Routes 66 and 91. The two routes met in downtown Barstow and continued west together to Los Angeles, Barstow is named after William Barstow Strong, former president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. Some early Barstow names were Camp Sugarloaf, Grapevine, and Waterman Junction, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 107.2 km2,99. 98% land and 0. 02% water. Summer days are hot, with highs typically exceeding 100 °F. Winter, in contrast, is characterized by cold mornings. Daily temperature ranges are large as a result of the low atmospheric moisture, in January, the normal high temperature is 61 °F with a low of 37 °F. In July, the high temperature is 105 °F with a low of 74 °F. There are an average of 140 days with highs of 90 °F or higher, an average of 82 days with highs of 100F degrees or higher, the average annual precipitation is 4.12 inches, with nearly 70% of rain typically falling during the cooler months
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