1.
Polytechnic University of Milan
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The Politecnico di Milano is the largest technical university in Italy, with about 42,000 students. It offers undergraduate, graduate and higher education courses in engineering, architecture, founded in 1863, it is the oldest university in Milan. The central offices and headquarters are located in the campus of Città Studi in Milan. The university was ranked the best for Engineering and among the top big universities in Italy in the CENSIS-Repubblica Italian University rankings for 2014-2015. According to the QS World University Rankings, it is the 20th best technical university in the world, ranking 11th for Design, 24th for Engineering and its notable alumni include Giulio Natta, Nobel laureate in chemistry in 1963. The Politecnico was founded on 29 November 1863 by Francesco Brioschi, secretary of the Ministry of Education and it is the oldest university in Milan. Its original name was Istituto Tecnico Superiore and only Civil and Industrial Engineering were taught, Architecture, the second main line of study at Politecnico, was introduced in 1865 in cooperation with the Brera Academy. There were only 30 students admitted in the first year, over the decades, most of students were men, the first female graduate from the university was in 1913. In 1927 the Politecnico moved to piazza Leonardo da Vinci, in the now known as Città studi. At the time, it was named Regio Politecnico, the word Regio was removed as Italy was proclaimed a republic at the end of World War II. The historical building still in use today was designed and built by engineers, the present logo, based on a detail of the preparatory sketch of Raphaels School of Athens, was adopted in 1942. Until then, there was no official logo for the institution, in 1954, the first European centre of electronic computation was opened in Politecnico by Gino Cassinis and Ercole Bottani. In 1963 Giulio Natta received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research on crystalline polymers, in 1977, the satellite Sirio, jointly developed by Politecnico and other companies, was launched. Since the end of the 1980s, the Politecnico has begun a process of expansion that would have resulted in the opening of its satellite campuses in Lombardy. A university programme in industrial design was started in 1993, in April 2012, the university announced that, beginning in 2014, all graduate courses would be taught only in English. The University is spread over seven campuses, two campuses in Milan and another five satellite campuses across Lombardy and Emilia Romagna. Milan Leonardo is the oldest of the Politecnico campuses still in use, the first buildings on Piazza Leonardo da Vinci were inaugurated in 1927. Over the years, the complex has expanded and is now generally referred to as Città Studi, City of Studies
2.
Banca CR Firenze
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Banca Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze S. p. A. known as Banca CR Firenze, is an Italian bank. Once a listed company, the group now part of Intesa Sanpaolo since 2007, Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze was found on 30 March 1829. In 1992, due to Legge Amato, the banking operation, in 1992 the bank also formed a common holding company Casse Toscane for the Saving Bank of Florence, Livorno, Pisa, Pistoia–Pescia, San Miniato and Banca del Monte di Lucca. Ente Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze was the largest shareholders of the holding company, however, after 1996, the holding company contained only Florence, Pistoia–Pescia and San Miniato, as 4 members banks withdrew to form Casse del Tirreno. In 1998, the shares of Pistoia–Pescia and San Miniato also sold back to their banking foundations, but a year later, Florence Saving Bank bought 51% shares of Pistoia–Pescia Saving Bank. The significant interests of the banks of Civitavecchia and Orvieto was also acquired in late 1990s. After multiple deals, Banca CR Firenze reached 51% ownership of Civitavecchia and 51. 575% of Orvieto in 2000, in November 1999 the ente sold the shares of the bank to Sanpaolo IMI and BNP Paribas. In 2000 the bank became a company in Borsa Italiana. In 2000 the group acquired Cassa di Risparmio di Mirandola, which reached 99. 962% ownership in 2005, in June 2001 the group acquired a minority share holding of Cassa dei Risparmi di Forlì, which reached 12. 75% in December 2005. In August 2001 Credito Fondiario Toscano was absorbed into the group, in December 2001 the group increased the shares holding of Findomestic Banca from 35% to 50%. In 2003 the bank acquired Cassa di Risparmio della Spezia from Banca Intesa and Fondazione Carispezia by cash, the ownership ratio reached 80% in 2006. In March 2006 the group acquired Romanian bank Banca Daewoo S. A. in 2006 Mirandola was absorbed into Banca CR Firenze. However, in July 2007 the group was being acquired by Intesa Sanpaolo and that made Ente owned about 13. 3% interests on Banca CR Firenze directly and indirectly, but not in voting rights. Soon later the intermediate holding company Casse del Centro was dissolved, in 2012 the local saving banks were reorganized by selling relevant branches to matching subsidiaries, both within Banca CR Firenze and within Intesa Sanpaolo. On 26 November 2012 subsidiary Casse di Risparmio dellUmbria was formed by the merger of Foligno, Città di Castello, Terni e Narni and Spoleto saving banks, on 23 July 2012 CR Pistoia e Pescia was renamed to Cassa di Risparmio di Pistoia e della Lucchesia. On 12 November 2012 Ascoli Piceno was sold back to Intesa Sanpaolo after Banca CR Firenze acquired 100% shares. On 1 October 2012 Banca CR Firenze Romania S. A. was merged with Banca Comercialà Intesa Sanpaolo Romania S. A. which Banca CR Firenze hold 8. 18% of B. C, Intesa Sanpaolo Romania immediately after the deal. In 2015 subsidiaries CR Viterbo, Rieti and Civitavecchia were closed down, the shares of the saving banks were exchanged with the shares of Intesa Sanpaolo
3.
Olivetti
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Olivetti S. p. A. is an Italian manufacturer of typewriters, computers, tablets, smartphones, printers and other such business products as calculators and fax machines. Headquartered in Ivrea, in the Metropolitan City of Turin, the company has been part of the Telecom Italia Group since 2003, the first commercial programmable desktop computer, the Programma 101, was produced by Olivetti in 1964 and was a commercial success. The company was founded as a manufacturer by Camillo Olivetti in 1908 in Ivrea. The firm was mainly developed by his son Adriano Olivetti, Olivetti opened its first overseas manufacturing plant in 1930, and its Divisumma electric calculator was launched in 1948. Olivetti produced Italys first electronic computer, the transistorised Elea 9003, in 1959, in 1964 the company sold its electronics division to the American company General Electric. It continued to develop new computing products on its own, one of these was Programma 101, in the 1970s and 1980s they were the biggest manufacturer for office machines in Europe and 2nd biggest PC vendor behind IBM in Europe. In 1980 Olivetti is distributed in Indonesia through Dragon Computer & Communication, in 1952, the Museum of Modern Art held an exhibit titled Olivetti, Design in Industry, today, many Olivetti products are still part of the museums permanent collection. Another major show, mounted by the Musée des Arts Décoratifs in Paris in 1969, from the 1940s to the 1960s, Olivetti industrial design was led by Marcello Nizzoli, responsible for the Lexicon 80 and the portable Lettera 22. Later, Mario Bellini and Ettore Sottsass directed design, Bellini designed the Programma 101, Divisumma 18 and Logos 68 calculators and the TCV-250 video display terminal, among others. Sottsass designed the Tekne 3 typewriter, Elea 9003 computer, the Praxis 48 typewriter, the Valentine portable typewriter, michele De Lucchi designed the Art Jet 10 inkjet printer and the Gioconda calculator. During the 1970s Olivetti manufactured and sold two ranges of minicomputers, the A series started with the typewriter-sized A4 through to the large A8, and the desk-sized DE500 and DE700 series. George Sowden worked for Olivetti from 1970 until 1990, and designed their first desktop computer, Olivetti L1, in 1991, Sowden won the prestigious ADI Compasso dOro Award for the design of the Olivetti fax OFX420. Olivetti paid attention to more than the importance of design, graphic. Giovanni Pintori was hired by Adriano Olivetti in 1936 to work in the publicity department, Pintori was the creator of the Olivetti logo and many promotional posters used to advertise the company and its products. Those designers also created the Olivetti Synthesis office furniture series which mainly were used to be installed in Olivettis own headquarters, worldwide branch offices, Olivetti also produced some industrial production machinery, including metal working machines of the Horizon series. Olivetti began with mechanical typewriters when the company was founded in 1909, until the mid 1960s they were fully mechanical, and models such as the portable Olivetti Valentine were designed by Ettore Sottsass. With the Tekne/Editor series and Praxis 48, some of the first electromechanical typewriters were introduced, the Editor series was used for speed typing championship competition. The Editor 5 from 1969 was the top model of series, with proportional spacing
4.
Milan
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Milan is a city in Italy, capital of the Lombardy region, and the most populous metropolitan area and the second most populous comune in Italy. The population of the city proper is 1,351,000, Milan has a population of about 8,500,000 people. It is the industrial and financial centre of Italy and one of global significance. In terms of GDP, it has the largest economy among European non-capital cities, Milan is considered part of the Blue Banana and lies at the heart of one of the Four Motors for Europe. Milan is an Alpha leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, services, research, and tourism. Its business district hosts Italys Stock Exchange and the headquarters of the largest national and international banks, the city is a major world fashion and design capital, well known for several international events and fairs, including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair. The city hosts numerous cultural institutions, academies and universities, with 11% of the national total enrolled students, Milans museums, theatres and landmarks attract over 9 million visitors annually. Milan – after Naples – is the second Italian city with the highest number of accredited stars from the Michelin Guide, the city hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015. Milan is home to two of Europes major football teams, A. C. Milan and F. C. Internazionale, the etymology of Milan is uncertain. One theory holds that the Latin name Mediolanum comes from the Latin words medio, however, some scholars believe lanum comes from the Celtic root lan, meaning an enclosure or demarcated territory in which Celtic communities used to build shrines. Hence, Mediolanum could signify the central town or sanctuary of a Celtic tribe, indeed, the name Mediolanum is borne by about sixty Gallo-Roman sites in France, e. g. Saintes and Évreux. Alciato credits Ambrose for his account, around 400 BC, the Celtic Insubres settled Milan and the surrounding region. In 222 BC, the Romans conquered the settlement, renaming it Mediolanum, Milan was eventually declared the capital of the Western Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian in 286 AD. Diocletian chose to stay in the Eastern Roman Empire and his colleague Maximianus ruled the Western one, immediately Maximian built several monuments, such as a large circus 470 m ×85 m, the Thermae Herculeae, a large complex of imperial palaces and several other buildings. With the Edict of Milan of 313, Emperor Constantine I guaranteed freedom of religion for Christians, after the city was besieged by the Visigoths in 402, the imperial residence was moved to Ravenna. In 452, the Huns overran the city, in 539, the Ostrogoths conquered and destroyed Milan during the Gothic War against Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. In the summer of 569, a Teutonic tribe, the Lombards, conquered Milan, some Roman structures remained in use in Milan under Lombard rule. Milan surrendered to the Franks in 774 when Charlemagne took the title of King of the Lombards, the Iron Crown of Lombardy dates from this period
5.
Lancia Trevi
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The Lancia Trevi was a saloon car which was produced between 1980 and 1984. It had transversely mounted in-line four cylinder engines driving the front wheels and its engines had twin overhead camshafts and electronic ignition. The clutch was a dry plate with diaphragm and a five-speed gearbox was standard. The suspension consisted of MacPherson struts all round with coil springs, the wheels were fitted with 185/6514 inch tyres. The manufacturers estimated fuel consumption was 29.4 mpg at 75 mph for the 1600 manual and 28 mpg at 75 mph for the 2000 manual, the 2000 fitted with an automatic transmission had an official fuel consumption of 25.4 mpg at 75 mph. The Lancia Beta Trevi was presented at the Turin Auto Show in May 1980 and it was presented to the UK market at the Birmingham Motor show of November 1980. Much of the car was derived from the Lancia Beta, the most powerful version of the Trevi was introduced in 1982 - this Volumex version had a supercharger. The name stems from the Italian Tre Volumi, developed from the Lancia Beta, the Trevi was introduced in 1980. The review continued to say the Trevi was a conventional three-box saloon. it is a Beta under its skin but most the body panels, the sales literature explained that the designers set out to create a classic three-box notchback saloon. The Trevi was available initially with two engines, a 1600 and 2000, both fitted with Weber or Solex carburetors, in the UK automatic transmission was optional only on the larger engined cars. In 1981 Bosch electronic ignition was available on the 2000IE models. This allowed the engine to produce 122 bhp at 6,400 rpm, the Trevi Volumex was the last version of the car, introduced in 1982 at the Turin motor show and designed to improve performance without affecting fuel economy. Fitted with a twin scroll Roots-type supercharger, this output to 135 PS. This development meant the Trevi was the first car fitted with a supercharger in nearly five decades. It had revised front seats, a chin spoiler and plusher trim. As for the 2000IE, the Volumex also received a power steering from ZF as standard. Lancia UK did not import this version of the car to Great Britain, production of the Trevi was discontinued in 1984. In total 36,784 examples of the Trevi were produced, the Lancia Trevi was not met with a warm reception, drawing criticism from the UK press with only a few exceptions
6.
Royal Institute of British Architects
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After the grant of the royal charter it had become known as the Royal Institute of British Architects in London, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892. In 1934, it moved to its current headquarters on Portland Place, with the building being opened by King George V and it was granted its Royal Charter in 1837 under King William IV. Supplemental Charters of 1887,1909 and 1925 were replaced by a single Charter in 1971, any revisions to the Charter or Byelaws require the Privy Councils approval. The design of the Institutes Mycenean lions medal and the motto ‘Usui civium, decori urbium has been attributed to Thomas Leverton Donaldson and it was again redesigned in 1931 by Eric Gill and in 1960 by Joan Hassall. His School, Liverpool, was one of the twenty schools named for the purpose of constituting the statutory Board of Architectural Education when the 1931 Act was passed. The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History has a section on the Statutory registration of architects with an extending from a draft bill of 1887 to one of 1969. This led to proposals for reconstituting ARCUK, eventually, in the 1990s, before proceeding, the government issued a consultation paper Reform of Architects Registration. RIBA Visiting Boards continue to assess courses for exemption from the RIBAs examinations in architecture, under arrangements made in 2011 the validation criteria are jointly held by the RIBA and the Architects Registration Board, but unlike the ARB, the RIBA also validates courses outside the UK. The RIBA is an organisation, with 44,000 members. Chartered Members are entitled to call themselves chartered architects and to append the post-nominals RIBA after their name, formerly, fellowships of the institute were granted, although no longer, those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA. Members gain access to all the services and receive its monthly magazine. The RIBA has been recognised as a business Superbrand since 2008, RIBA is based at 66 Portland Place, London—a 1930s Grade II* listed building designed by architect George Grey Wornum with sculptures by Edward Bainbridge Copnall and James Woodford. Parts of the London building are open to the public, including the Library and it has a large architectural bookshop, a café, restaurant and lecture theatres. Rooms are hired out for events, the Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom, it opened its first regional office for the East of England at Cambridge in 1966. It employs over 250 staff, approximately 180 of whom are based in Newcastle and its services include RIBA Insight, RIBA Appointments, and RIBA Publishing. It publishes the RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal, in Newcastle is the NBS, the National Building Specification, which has 130 staff and deals with the building regulations and the Construction Information Service. RIBA Bookshops, which operates online and at 66 Portland Place, is part of RIBA Enterprises. The British Architectural Library, sometimes referred to as the RIBA Library, was established in 1834 upon the founding of the institute with donations from members
7.
National Gallery of Victoria
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The National Gallery of Victoria, popularly known as the NGV, is an art museum in Melbourne, Australia. Founded in 1861, it is Australias oldest, largest and most visited art museum, the St Kilda Road building, designed by Sir Roy Grounds, opened in 1968, and was redeveloped by Mario Bellini before reopening in 2003. It houses the international art collection and is on the Victorian Heritage Register. Designed by Lab Architecture Studio, the Ian Potter Centre opened in 2002, further money was set aside in the early 1860s for the establishment of the first National Gallery. On 24 May 1874, the first purpose built gallery, known as the McArthur Gallery, was opened in the McArthur room of the State Library, the undressed box was only ever intended as a temporary home until the much grander vision was to be realised. However such an edifice did not eventuate and the complex was instead developed incrementally over several decades, the National Gallery of Victoria Art School, associated with the gallery, was founded in 1867 and remained the leading centre for academic art training in Australia until about 1910. The Schools graduates went on to some of Australias most significant artists. In 1887, the Buvelot Gallery was opened, along with the Painting School studios, in 1892, two more galleries were added, Stawell and La Trobe. The gallerys collection was built from both gifts of works of art and monetary donations, the most significant, the Felton Bequest, was established by the will of Alfred Felton and from 1904, has been used to purchase over 15,000 works of art. £3 million was put forward in February 1960 and Roy Grounds was announced as the architect, in 1962, Roy Grounds split from his partners Frederick Romberg and Robin Boyd, retained the commission, and designed the gallery at 180 St Kilda Road. By 1967, the new $14 million complex began to take shape, and the gallery was finally relocated to the new building in the summer of 1967-1968. The new bluestone clad building was opened on Tuesday 20 August 1968 by Victorian premier Henry Bolte. In 1999, redevelopment of the building was proposed, with Mario Bellini chosen as architect, the proposal was to leave the original architectural fabric intact including the exterior facade and Leonard French stained glass ceiling, but to significantly modernise the spaces. During the redevelopment, many works were moved to a temporary external annex known as NGV on Russell, at the State Library with its entrance on Russell Street. NGV on Russell closed on 30 June 2002 to make way for the opening of the new St Kilda Road gallery. The Ian Potter Centre, NGV Australia was designed by Lab Architecture Studio, the NGVs Australian art collection encompasses Indigenous art and artefacts, Australian colonial art, Australian Impressionist art, 20th century, modern and contemporary art. The NGV houses many of the most recognisable Australian paintings, including Frederick McCubbins The Pioneer, phillips Fox, John Glover, Eugene von Guerard, Hans Heysen, George W. A large number of works were donated by Dr. Joseph Brown in 2004 which form the Joseph Brown Collection, in 2011 the NGV celebrated its 150th birthday and acquired an important painting by Correggio
8.
Taschen
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Taschen is an art book publisher founded in 1980 by Benedikt Taschen in Cologne, Germany. The company began as Taschen Comics, publishing Benedikt’s extensive comic collection, Taschen has been a noteworthy force in making lesser-seen art available to mainstream bookstores, including some fetishistic imagery, queer art, historical erotica, pornography and adult magazines. The company has also produced calendars, address books, and postcards of popular subjects, the company’s stated mission has been to publish innovative, beautifully designed art books at popular prices. The Icons series, for example, has several new volumes published a year, in 1985, Taschen introduced the highly successful Basic Art series with an inaugural title on Salvador Dalí. Further series followed, alongside an expansion into new themes like architecture, design, film, as an example, Taschen also publishes a Basic Architecture series in the same style as Basic Art that covers some of the most prominent architects in history, such as Frank Lloyd Wright. In the spring of 2014 Taschen’s Basic Art Series was criticised in Swedish public media for its focus on male artists, the series then consisted of 95 books, only 5 of which were about female artists. Malmö Konsthall in Sweden was the first institution to report the disparity highlighted by the artists Ditte Ejlerskov, in 1999, TASCHEN expanded to the luxury market with the international publishing sensation, the Helmut Newton SUMO. In 2014, Taschen opened their first art gallery in Los Angeles, the publishing house employs more than 250 staff members worldwide and many longtime freelance editors. Taschen Basic Art Taschen Basic Architecture Bernhard, Brendan, sex & Beauty, Art & Kitsch, The Exquisite Mayhem of Benedikt Taschen. Price Cutting and Oversupply Imperil Art Book Houses
9.
Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
10.
Netherlands Institute for Art History
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The Netherlands Institute for Art History or RKD is located in The Hague and is home to the largest art history center in the world. The center specializes in documentation, archives, and books on Western art from the late Middle Ages until modern times, all of this is open to the public, and much of it has been digitized and is available on their website. The main goal of the bureau is to collect, categorize, via the available databases, the visitor can gain insight into archival evidence on the lives of many artists of past centuries. The library owns approximately 450,000 titles, of which ca.150,000 are auction catalogs, there are ca.3,000 magazines, of which 600 are currently running subscriptions. Though most of the text is in Dutch, the record format includes a link to library entries and images of known works. The RKD also manages the Dutch version of the Art and Architecture Thesaurus, the original version is an initiative of the Getty Research Institute in Los Angeles, California. Their bequest formed the basis for both the art collection and the library, which is now housed in the Koninklijke Bibliotheek. Though not all of the holdings have been digitised, much of its metadata is accessible online. The website itself is available in both a Dutch and an English user interface, in the artist database RKDartists, each artist is assigned a record number. To reference an artist page directly, use the code listed at the bottom of the record, usually of the form, https, for example, the artist record number for Salvador Dalí is 19752, so his RKD artist page can be referenced. In the images database RKDimages, each artwork is assigned a record number, to reference an artwork page directly, use the code listed at the bottom of the record, usually of the form, https, //rkd. nl/en/explore/images/ followed by the artworks record number. For example, the record number for The Night Watch is 3063. The Art and Architecture Thesaurus also assigns a record for each term, rather, they are used in the databases and the databases can be searched for terms. For example, the painting called The Night Watch is a militia painting, the thesaurus is a set of general terms, but the RKD also contains a database for an alternate form of describing artworks, that today is mostly filled with biblical references. To see all images that depict Miriams dance, the associated iconclass code 71E1232 can be used as a search term. Official website Direct link to the databases The Dutch version of the Art and Architecture Thesaurus
11.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
