1.
Marion Jones
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Marion Lois Jones, also known as Marion Jones-Thompson, is an American former world champion track and field athlete and a former professional basketball player for Tulsa Shock in the WNBA. She won three medals and two bronze medals at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, but was later stripped of the titles after admitting to steroid use. Jones did retain her three gold medals as a champion from 1997 and 1999. At the time of her admission and subsequent guilty plea, Marion Jones was one of the most famous athletes to be linked to the BALCO scandal. The case against BALCO covered more than 20 top level athletes, including Joness ex-husband, shot putter C. J. Hunter, and 100 m sprinter Tim Montgomery, Marion Jones was born to African-American George Jones and his Belizean wife, Marion, in Los Angeles, California. She holds dual citizenship with the United States and Belize and her parents split when she was very young, and Joness mother remarried a retired postal worker, Ira Toler, three years later. Toler became a dad to Jones and her older half-brother, Albert Kelly. Jones turned to sports as an outlet for her grief, running, pickup basketball games, by the age of 15 she was routinely dominating California high school athletics both on the track and the basketball court. Jones is a 1997 graduate of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, while there, she met and began dating one of the track coaches, shot putter C. J. Hunter. Hunter voluntarily resigned his position at UNC to comply with the requirements of university rules prohibiting coach–athlete dating, Jones and Hunter were married October 3,1998, and trained for the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics. In the run-up to the 2000 Olympics, Jones declared that she intended to win medals in all five of her competition events at Sydney. Joness husband, C. J. Hunter, had withdrawn from the competition for a knee injury, though he was allowed to keep his coaching credentials. Hunter was immediately suspended from taking any role at the Sydney games, as late as 2004, Hunter was still denying the charges and was attempting to gain access to the results to see if they could be analyzed further. Jones would later write in her autobiography, Marion Jones, Life in the Fast Lane, on June 28,2003, Jones gave birth to a son with then-boyfriend Tim Montgomery, a world class sprinter himself. Because of her pregnancy, Jones missed the 2003 World Championships, on February 24,2007, Jones married Barbadian sprinter and 2000 Olympic 100m bronze medalist Obadele Thompson. Their first child together, a son named Ahmir, was born in June 2007 and she gave birth to daughter Eva-Marie on June 28,2009. In 2010, Jones released a book, On the Right Track, From Olympic Downfall to Finding Forgiveness and the Strength to Overcome and Succeed, published by Simon & Schuster. In high school, Jones won the CIF California State Meet in the 100 m sprint four years in a row and she was successfully defended by attorney Johnnie Cochran on charges of doping during her high school track career
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Gold Hill, Nevada
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Gold Hill is an unincorporated community in Storey County, Nevada, located just south and downhill of Virginia City. Incorporated December 17,1862, in order to prevent its annexation by its larger neighbor, prosperity was sustained for a period of 20 years between 1868 and 1888 by mining the Comstock Lode, a major deposit of gold and silver ore. Mines such as the Yellow Jacket, Crown Point, and Belcher brought in over $10 million each in dividends, the Gold Hill post office remained in operation until 1943. Today Gold Hill exists as a shell of its former self and it is part of the Reno–Sparks Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population of Gold Hill was largely Cornish and was one of their settlements in the Comstock area. Just under a million dollars worth of ore was extracted after 1930. Active mining has returned to lower Gold Hill, with the start of production at Comstock Minings Lucerne, Hartford and he laid track on that right of way and began operating a steam-powered tourist railroad. Today Gold Hill is a stop on this tourist railroad, which operates steam trains attracting thousands of tourists each year. Gold Hill is the birthplace of Marion Jones Farquhar, Olympic bronze medal winner, picture of Gold Hill as a sprawling town circa 1875 The Virginia and Truckee Railroad and its history. Gold Hill Hotel 360 Walk through - The Haunted Explorers
4.
Nevada
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Nevada is a state in the Western, Mountain West, and Southwestern regions of the United States of America. Nevada is the 7th most extensive, the 34th most populous, nearly three-quarters of Nevadas people live in Clark County, which contains the Las Vegas–Paradise metropolitan area where three of the states four largest incorporated cities are located. Nevada is officially known as the Silver State because of the importance of silver to its history and economy. It is also known as the Battle Born State, because it achieved statehood during the Civil War, as the Sage-brush State, for the plant of the same name. Nevada borders Oregon to the northwest, Idaho to the northeast, California to the west, Arizona to the southeast, Nevada is largely desert and semi-arid, much of it located within the Great Basin. Areas south of the Great Basin are located within the Mojave Desert, while Lake Tahoe, about 86% of the states land is managed by various jurisdictions of the U. S. federal government, both civilian and military. Before European contact, Native Americans of the Paiute, Shoshone, the first Europeans to explore the region were Spanish. They called the region Nevada because of the snow covered the mountains in winter. The area formed part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, the United States annexed the area in 1848 after its victory in the Mexican–American War, and it was incorporated as part of Utah Territory in 1850. The discovery of silver at the Comstock Lode in 1859 led to a boom that became an impetus to the creation of Nevada Territory out of western Utah Territory in 1861. Nevada became the 36th state on October 31,1864, as the second of two added to the Union during the Civil War. Nevada has a reputation for its libertarian laws, in 1940, with a population of just over 110,000 people, Nevada was by far the least-populated state, with less than half the population of the next least-populated state. However, legalized gambling and lenient marriage and divorce laws transformed Nevada into a major tourist destination in the 20th century, Nevada is the only U. S. state where prostitution is legal, though it is illegal in Clark County, Washoe County and Carson City. The tourism industry remains Nevadas largest employer, with mining continuing as a sector of the economy. The name Nevada comes from the Spanish nevada, meaning snow-covered, most Nevadans pronounce the second syllable of their state name using the vowel of trap. Many from outside the Western United States pronounce it with the vowel of father, although the latter pronunciation is closer to the Spanish pronunciation, it is not the pronunciation preferred by most Nevadans. State Assemblyman Harry Mortenson proposed a bill to recognize the alternate pronunciation of Nevada, though the bill was not supported by most legislators, the Nevadan pronunciation is the de facto official one, since it is the one used by the state legislature. Nevada is almost entirely within the Basin and Range Province, and is broken up by many mountain ranges
5.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
6.
International Tennis Hall of Fame
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The International Tennis Hall of Fame is located in Newport, Rhode Island, United States. It honors players and contributors to the sport of tennis and includes a museum, grass courts, an indoor tennis facility. By the 1950s, the retreat was struggling financially and was in danger of being demolished for modern retail space, in 1954, Jimmy Van Alen established the Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum in the Casino. The combination of matches and the museum allowed the building to be saved. It is an example of Victorian Shingle Style architecture, Van Alen intended the facility to be a shrine to the ideals of the game, and was elected president of the hall in 1957. The International Tennis Hall of Fame was officially sanctioned by the United States Tennis Association on its foundation in 1954, the first Hall of Fame members were inducted in 1955, as of 2010, there are 218 inductees from 19 countries. Martina Hingis became the first Global Ambassador for the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2015, the collection is displayed year-round in the museums 13,000 square feet of exhibit space. For a description of each award and a list of its recipients, part of the mens ATP World Tour, the tournament is the only grass court event in North America. Top male players come to Newport directly from Wimbledon to compete for the Van Alen Cup at the International Tennis Hall of Fame, past champions include Americans John Isner, and Mardy Fish, as well as two-time champion Fabrice Santoro of France. For a list of inductees—alphabetically, by country, and by year of induction—see footnote, note, Inductees are listed below in two categories. Tenniseum Official website 11 Intriguing Items at the International Tennis Hall of Fame article International Tennis Hall of Fame article
7.
The Championships, Wimbledon
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The Championships, Wimbledon, commonly known simply as Wimbledon, is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and is widely considered the most prestigious. It has been held at the All England Club in Wimbledon, London, Wimbledon is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, the others being the Australian Open, the French Open and the US Open. Since the Australian Open shifted to hardcourt in 1988, Wimbledon is the only major still played on grass. The tournament takes place two weeks in late June and early July, culminating with the Ladies and Gentlemens Singles Final. Five major, junior, and invitational events are each year. Wimbledon traditions include a dress code for competitors and Royal patronage. The tournament is notable for the absence of sponsor advertising around the courts. In 2009, Wimbledons Centre Court was fitted with a roof to lessen the loss of playing time due to rain. The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club is a club founded on 23 July 1868. Its first ground was off Worple Road, Wimbledon, in 1876, lawn tennis, a game devised by Major Walter Clopton Wingfield a year or so earlier and originally given the name Sphairistikè, was added to the activities of the club. In spring 1877, the club was renamed The All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club, a new code of laws, replacing the code administered by the Marylebone Cricket Club, was drawn up for the event. Todays rules are similar except for such as the height of the net and posts. The inaugural 1877 Wimbledon Championship started on 9 July 1877 and the Gentlemens Singles was the event held. It was won by Spencer Gore, an old Harrovian rackets player, about 200 spectators paid one shilling each to watch the final. The lawns at the ground were arranged so that the court was in the middle with the others arranged around it. The name was retained when the Club moved in 1922 to the present site in Church Road, however, in 1980 four new courts were brought into commission on the north side of the ground, which meant the Centre Court was once more correctly defined. The opening of the new No.1 Court in 1997 emphasised the description, by 1882, activity at the club was almost exclusively confined to lawn tennis and that year the word croquet was dropped from the title. However, for reasons it was restored in 1899
8.
US Open (tennis)
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The United States Open Tennis Championships is a hardcourt tennis tournament. The tournament is the version of one of the oldest tennis championships in the world. The US Open is held annually, starting on the last Monday in August, the main tournament consists of five event championships, mens and womens singles, mens and womens doubles, and mixed doubles, with additional tournaments for senior, junior, and wheelchair players. Since 1978, the tournament has played on acrylic hard courts at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, Queens. The US Open is owned and organized by the United States Tennis Association, net proceeds from ticket sales, sponsorships, and television deals are used to promote the development of tennis in the United States. The US Open is the only Grand Slam that employs tiebreakers in every set of a match, the first edition was won by Richard Sears, who went on to win seven consecutive singles titles. In the first years of the U. S. National Championship only men competed and this was followed by the introduction of the U. S. Womens National Doubles Championship in 1899 and the U. S. The womens tournament used a system from 1888 through 1918. This view was opposed by another group of players which included eight former national singles champions, the contentious issue was brought to a vote at the annual USNLTA meeting on February 5,1915 and with 128 votes in favor and 119 against it was decided to relocate. From 1921 through 1923, the tournament was played at the Germantown Cricket Club in Philadelphia and it returned to Forest Hills in 1924 following the completion of the newly constructed 14,000 seat concrete Forest Hills Stadium. Though regarded unofficially by many as a major championship beforehand, the tournament was officially designated as one of the tournaments by the ILTF commencing in 1924. At the 1922 U. S. National Championships the draw for the first time included seeded players in order to avoid leading players drawing against each other in the early rounds. Open era The open era began in 1968 when all five events were merged into the US Open, the 1968 combined tournament was open to professionals for the first time. That year,96 men and 63 women entered the event, from 1970 to 1974 the US Open used a best-of-nine point, sudden death tiebreaker before moving to the ITF best-of-twelve point system. In 1973 the US Open became the first Grand Slam tournament to award equal prize money to men and women with that years singles champions John Newcombe, another US Open innovation came in 1975 when floodlights enabled night play for the first time. In 1978 the tournament moved from the West Side Tennis Club, Forest Hills, Queens to the larger USTA National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows, Queens, three miles to the north. In the process, the tournament switched the court surface from clay, jimmy Connors is the only individual to have won US Open singles titles on all three surfaces, while Chris Evert is the only woman to win on two surfaces. The US Open is the only Grand Slam tournament that has played every year since its inception
9.
Tennis at the Summer Olympics
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After two appearances as a demonstration sport in 1968 and 1984, it returned as a full medal sport at the 1988 Summer Olympics and has been played at every edition of the Games since then. In 1896,1900,1904,1988, and 1992, in all other years, a playoff match for the bronze medal was staged. A player who wins an Olympic gold medal and all four Grand Slam events is said to have won a Golden Slam, the playing surface of the court varies between Olympic Games. It has been on court for every game since 1984 except for the 1992 Olympics. The changing playing surface gives certain players different advantages and disadvantages not seen in most other Olympic sports, = demonstration event List of Olympic venues in tennis Tennis at the Mediterranean Games Tennis at the Pan American Games List of Olympic medalists in tennis Olympic Tennis Event website
10.
1900 Summer Olympics
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No opening or closing ceremonies were held, competitions began on May 14 and ended on October 28. The Games were held as part of the 1900 Worlds Fair, in total,997 competitors took part in 19 different sports. Women took part in the games for the first time and sailor Hélène de Pourtalès became the first female Olympic champion, at the Sorbonne conference of 1894, Pierre de Coubertin proposed that the Olympic Games should take place in 1900 in Paris. The delegates to the conference were unwilling to wait six years, a decision was made to hold the first Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens and that Paris would host the second celebration. Most of the winners in 1900 did not receive medals, but were given cups or trophies, professionals competed in fencing and Albert Robert Ayat, who won the épée for amateurs and masters, was awarded a prize of 3000 francs. This was also the only Olympic Games in history to use live animals as targets during the shooting event, the 1900 Games were held as part of the 1900 Exposition Universelle. The director of the Exposition Universelle, Alfred Picard, thought holding an ancient sport event at the Exposition Universelle was an absurd anachronism, after thanking de Coubertin for his plans, Picard filed them away and nothing more came of it. A committee was formed for the organization of the Games, consisting of some of the more able sports administrators of the day, British and Irish sports associations announced a desire to compete, as did a number of powerful American universities and sports clubs. Competitors from Russia and Australia also confirmed their intentions to travel to Paris, on November 9,1898, the Union des Sociétés Françaises de Sports Athlétiques put out an announcement that it would have sole right to any organised sport held during the Worlds Fair. It was an empty threat but Viscount Charles de La Rochefoucauld, the IOC ceded control of the Games to a new committee which was to oversee every sporting activity connected to the 1900 Exposition Universelle. Alfred Picard appointed Daniel Mérillon, the head of the French Shooting Association, between May and October 1900, the new organizing committee held an enormous number of sporting activities alongside the Paris Exposition. The sporting events rarely used the term of Olympic, indeed, the term Olympic Games was replaced by Concours internationaux dexercices physiques et de sport in the official report of the sporting events of the 1900 Exposition Universelle. The press reported competitions variously as International Championships, International Games, Paris Championships, World Championships, de Coubertin commented later to friends, Its a miracle that the Olympic Movement survived that celebration. Hélène de Pourtalès became the first female Olympic champion as part of the team in the 1-2 ton sailing event. Charlotte Cooper was the first woman to win an individual Olympic event after winning the singles tennis competition. She later went on to win the doubles tournament. In the coxed pairs and eights events in rowing, crews replaced adult coxswain with children, the identities and ages of these boys were not recorded but they are believed to have been amongst the youngest of all Olympic competitors. 85 events in 20 disciplines, comprising 19 sports, were part of the Olympic program in Paris, weightlifting and wrestling had been dropped since the 1896 Summer Olympics, while 13 new sports were added
11.
Tennis
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Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent or between two teams of two players each. Each player uses a racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net. The object of the game is to play the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return, the player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point, while the opposite player will. Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society, the sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket, including wheelchair users. The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham, England, in the late 19th century as lawn tennis and it had close connections both to various field games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport of real tennis. The rules of tennis have changed little since the 1890s, two exceptions are that from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times, and the adoption of the tiebreak in the 1970s. Tennis is played by millions of players and is also a popular worldwide spectator sport. Historians believe that the ancient origin lay in 12th century northern France. Louis X of France was a player of jeu de paume, which evolved into real tennis. Louis was unhappy with playing tennis outdoors and accordingly had indoor, in due course this design spread across royal palaces all over Europe. Because of the accounts of his death, Louis X is historys first tennis player known by name. Another of the enthusiasts of the game was King Charles V of France. It wasnt until the 16th century that rackets came into use, and the game began to be called tennis, from the French term tenez, an interjection used as a call from the server to his opponent. It was popular in England and France, although the game was played indoors where the ball could be hit off the wall. Henry VIII of England was a big fan of this game, during the 18th century and early 19th century, as real tennis declined, new racket sports emerged in England. This in turn led to the codification of rules for many sports, including lawn tennis, most football codes, lawn bowls. In 1872, along with two doctors, they founded the worlds first tennis club in Leamington Spa. Evans, turfgrass agronomist, Sports historians all agree that deserves much of the credit for the development of modern tennis, according to Honor Godfrey, museum curator at Wimbledon, Wingfield popularized this game enormously
12.
John P. Jones
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John Percival Jones was an American politician who served for 30 years as a Republican United States Senator from Nevada. He made a fortune in mining and was a co-founder of the town of Santa Monica. John P. Jones, one of thirteen children of Thomas Jones and Mary A. Jones, was born in Herefordshire, the family immigrated to the United States and settled in Cleveland, Ohio in 1831. Thomas Jones purchased property, and established himself in business as a marble manufacturer, in 1849 John P. Jones went to California to participate in the Gold rush. He settled in Trinity County, California where he engaged in mining and farming and he served as county sheriff, and was a member of the California state senate from 1863 to 1867. In 1867 he was the nominee of the Republican party for Lieutenant-Governor, in 1868, Jones moved to Gold Hill, Nevada where he was superintendent of the Crown Point silver mine which was part of the Comstock Lode. When a body of ore was stuck in 1870, Jones. In 1873 he was elected by the Nevada state legislature to the United States Senate, in which he served five terms from 1873 to 1903. He served as chairman of the Senate Committee on Auditing the Contingent Expenses from 1877 to 1881 and from 1883 to 1893, Jones was involved with the minting of the Twenty-cent piece silver coin. Like many Republicans from the western United States, Jones left the party in 1896 over the issue of bimetalism and he caucused with the Silver Republicans and later rejoined the Republican Party, but decided not to run for re-election to the Senate in 1902. In 1874, Jones and fellow Nevada senator, William M. Stewart, invested in the Panamint silver mines near Independence, Inyo County, Jones planned to build a railroad from the mines to the ocean at Santa Monica. By 1877, the Panamint mines were exhausted and closed, Jones visited Los Angeles in 1874 and bought a three quarter interest in Colonel Robert S. Baker’s ranch in Santa Monica. In 1875, Jones and Baker laid out the town of Santa Monica, Jones built the first railroad from Los Angeles to Santa Monica. Due to financial pressures, Jones was forced to sell the railroad to Southern Pacific in 1877, in 1903 Jones retired to his 1889 home, Miramar, in Santa Monica where he continued to oversee his businesses. Shortly before the Senator died, Miramar was sold to King Gillette, the mansion was demolished in 1938, leaving as the oldest structure, the six story Palisades wing built in 1924. The Moreton Bay Fig Tree, given to the Jones’ by the bartender in 1889, the site is now the home of the Fairmont Miramar Hotel. Jones married the widow Hannah Cornelia Greathouse, in 1861, and they had one son, Hannah died in 1871, and Jones married Georgina Frances Sullivan in 1875. They had three daughters, Alice, Marion and Georgina, Jones died in 1912 in Los Angeles, California and was buried in Laurel Hill Cemetery in San Francisco, California
13.
Santa Monica, California
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Santa Monica is a beachfront city in western Los Angeles County, California, United States. The Census Bureau population for Santa Monica in 2010 was 89,736, due in part to an agreeable climate, Santa Monica became a famed resort town by the early 20th century. The city has experienced a boom since the late 1980s through the revitalization of its core, significant job growth. The Santa Monica Pier remains a popular and iconic destination, Santa Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people. Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language, the first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolà, who camped near the present-day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3,1769. Named after the Christian saint Monica, there are two different accounts of how the name came to be. One says it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica, another version says it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs, that were reminiscent of the tears Saint Monica shed over her sons early impiety. In Los Angeles, several battles were fought by the Californios, following the Mexican–American War, Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which gave Mexicans and Californios living in state certain unalienable rights. US government sovereignty in California began on February 2,1848, in the 1870s the Los Angeles and Independence Railroad, connected Santa Monica with Los Angeles, and a wharf out into the bay. The first town hall was a modest 1873 brick building, later a beer hall and it is Santa Monicas oldest extant structure. By 1885, the towns first hotel was the Santa Monica Hotel, around the start of the 20th century, a growing population of Asian Americans lived in and around Santa Monica and Venice. A Japanese fishing village was near the Long Wharf while small numbers of Chinese lived or worked in Santa Monica, the two ethnic minorities were often viewed differently by White Americans who were often well-disposed towards the Japanese but condescending towards the Chinese. The Japanese village fishermen were an economic part of the Santa Monica Bay community. Donald Wills Douglas, Sr. built a plant in 1922 at Clover Field for the Douglas Aircraft Company, in 1924, four Douglas-built planes took off from Clover Field to attempt the first aerial circumnavigation of the world. Two planes returned after covering 27,553 miles in 175 days, the Douglas Company kept facilities in the city until the 1960s. The Great Depression hit Santa Monica deeply, one report gives citywide employment in 1933 of just 1,000. Hotels and office building owners went bankrupt, in the 1930s, corruption infected Santa Monica. The federal Works Project Administration helped build several buildings, most notably City Hall, the main Post Office and Barnum Hall were also among other WPA projects
14.
Juliette Atkinson
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Juliette Paxton Atkinson Buxton was an American female tennis player. She was born in Rahway, New Jersey, United States, Atkinson was the daughter of a Brooklyn, New York physician. Championships doubles titles in a row with three different partners, both natives of Maplewood, New Jersey, she and her sister Kathleen Atkinson partnered to win the last two titles. Also the sisters twice faced each other in the finals of the singles competition. She won three mixed doubles titles with Edwin P. Fischer, in both 1899 and 1901, Atkinson won the doubles title and reached the singles final at the tournament now known as the Cincinnati Masters. She won the 1899 doubles title with Myrtle McAteer and the 1901 doubles title with Marion Jones Farquhar, in 1896 and 1898 she won the Niagara International Tennis Tournament. She won the Canadian Championships three times in a row,1896,1897 and 1898, in 1918 she married George B. She was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1974, juliette Atkinson at the International Tennis Hall of Fame
15.
Robert D. Farquhar
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Robert David Farquhar was an architect working in California from 1905 to 1940. Farquhar was born in Brooklyn, the son of David Webber Farquhar and he attended Phillips Exeter and Harvard. He returned to New York and worked in the office of Hunt & Hunt, Farquhar moved to Los Angeles in 1905 and practised architecture there. He was appointed a member of the commission of the Panama-Pacific Exposition, held in San Francisco in 1915. He went to Italy with the American Red Cross in 1918 and he worked with chief architect George Edwin Bergstrom on design of the Pentagon in 1941. The archives of his studies and drawings are maintained at the UCLA Department of Special Collections. Farquhar married Marion Jones in New York City, in 1903 and they had three children, David Farquhar, John Percival Farquhar and Colin Farquhar. The family lived first in Santa Monica, then moved to Pasadena in 1929, Farquhar retired in 1953 and lived with his half brother Francis P. Farquhar in Berkeley
16.
Greenwich Village
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Greenwich Village, often referred to by locals as simply the Village, is a neighborhood on the west side of Lower Manhattan, New York City. Greenwich Village has been known as a haven, the Bohemian capital, the cradle of the modern LGBT movement. Groenwijck, one of the Dutch names for the village, was Anglicized to Greenwich, two of New Yorks private colleges, New York University and the New School, are located in Greenwich Village. The neighborhoods surrounding it are the East Village and NoHo to the east, SoHo to the south, the East Village was formerly considered part of the Lower East Side and never associated with Greenwich Village. The western part of Greenwich Village is known as the West Village, some believe it starts at Seventh Avenue and its southern extension, a border to the west of which the neighborhood changes substantially in character and becomes heavily residential. The Far West Village is another sub-neighborhood of Greenwich Village that is bordered on its west by the Hudson River and on its east by Hudson Street. Greenwich Village is located in New Yorks 10th congressional district, New Yorks 25th State Senate district, New Yorks 66th State Assembly district, encyclopaedia Britannicas 1956 article on New York states that the southern border of the Village is Spring Street, reflecting an earlier understanding. The newer district of SoHo has since encroached on the Villages historic border, many of the neighborhoods streets are narrow and some curve at odd angles. This is generally regarded as adding to both the character and charm of the neighborhood. In addition, as the meandering Greenwich Street used to be on the Hudson River shoreline, much of the neighborhood west of Greenwich Street is on landfill, but still follows the older street grid. When Sixth and Seventh Avenues were built in the early 20th century, they were built diagonally to the street plan. Unlike the streets of most of Manhattan above Houston Street, streets in the Village typically are named rather than numbered, while some of the formerly named streets are now numbered, they still do not always conform to the usual grid pattern when they enter the neighborhood. The Districts convoluted borders run no farther south than 4th Street or St. Lukes Place, redevelopment in that area is severely restricted, and developers must preserve the main façade and aesthetics of the buildings during renovation. In the 16th century, Native Americans referred to its farthest northwest corner, by the cove on the Hudson River at present-day Gansevoort Street, the land was cleared and turned into pasture by Dutch and freed African settlers in the 1630s, who named their settlement Noortwyck. In the 1630s, Governor Wouter van Twiller farmed tobacco on 200 acres here at his Farm in the Woods, sir Peter Warren began accumulating land in 1731 and built a frame house capacious enough to hold a sitting of the Assembly when smallpox rendered the city dangerous in 1739. The building was designed by Joseph-François Mangin, who would later co-design New York City Hall, by 1821, the prison, designed for 432 inmates, held 817 instead, a number made possible only by the frequent release of prisoners, sometimes as many as 50 a day. The oldest house remaining in Greenwich Village is the Isaacs-Hendricks House, when the Church of St. Luke in the Fields was founded in 1820 it stood in fields south of the road that led from Greenwich Lane down to a landing on the North River. In 1822, a fever epidemic in New York encouraged residents to flee to the healthier air of Greenwich Village
17.
Elisabeth Moore
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Elisabeth Bessie Holmes Moore was an American tennis champion who was active at the beginning of the 20th century. Moore won the title at the U. S. She was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1971, elisabeth Moore was born on March 5,1876 in Brooklyn, the daughter of George Edward Moore, an affluent cotton broker, and Sarah Z. Orr. She was raised and schooled in Ridgewood, Bergen County, New Jersey and she learned to play tennis at age twelve. In the final years of the 19th century she had a rivalry with Juliette Atkinson, indoor Womens Singles Championship in 1907, defeating Marie Wagner in the final in three sets. The following year,1908, she won the inaugural indoor doubles title. Elisabeth Moore died on January 22,1959 in Starke, Florida from congestive heart failure, elisabeth Moore at the International Tennis Hall of Fame
18.
Myrtle McAteer
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Myrtle McAteer was an American tennis player around the turn of the 20th century. At the U. S. National Championships, McAteer won the title in 1900. She also was a singles finalist in 1901, a doubles finalist in 1900, and she was also the first singles champion of the storied event in Cincinnati. She knocked off future International Tennis Hall of Famer Juliette Atkinson in the final in 1899 to take the title. In all, she reached 10 finals in Cincinnati, and in addition to her singles title in 1899 she won titles in 1900 and 1904. Her other finalist appearances came in singles in 1903 and 1905, at the U. S. Clay Court Championships in 1915, she was a singles quarterfinalist and a mixed doubles semifinalist. She died in Los Angeles, California in 1952
19.
Carrie Neely
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Carrie Neely was an American tennis player from the beginning of the 20th century. Carrie Neely was educated at the Dearborn Seminary, Chicago, Neely won the Niagara International Tennis Tournament in 1902. In 1907, she reached the womens singles All Comers final of the U. S. Womens National Championship and she also won the mixed doubles in 1898, and won the womens doubles on three occasions
20.
Raymond D. Little
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Raymond Demorest Little was an American tennis player. He was ranked in the U. S, top 10 eleven times between 1900 and 1912, his highest ranking coming in 1907 when he was ranked No.4. He played on the United States Davis Cup team, and also won the intercollegiate tennis title for Princeton University in 1900, Little was born on January 5,1880. In those 12 finals appearances, his loss came in the singles final of 1903 when he was defeated by Kreigh Collins. Little won the 1900 American intercollegiate singles tennis championship as a student at Princeton University, at the U. S. National Championships he paired with Gus Touchard to win the 1911 doubles title and reach the 1912 doubles final. He also reached the final in 1900,1904 and 1908. He committed suicide on July 29,1932, Raymond D. Little at the Davis Cup Raymond D. Little at the International Tennis Federation
21.
Ancestry.com
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Ancestry. com LLC is a privately held Internet company based in Lehi, Utah, United States. The largest for-profit genealogy company in the world, it operates a network of genealogical and historical record websites focused on the United States, as of June 2014, the company provided access to approximately 16 billion historical records and had over 2 million paying subscribers. User-generated content tallies to more than 70 million family trees, and subscribers have added more than 200 million photographs, scanned documents, and written stories. Ancestrys brands include Ancestry, AncestryDNA, AncestryHealth, AncestryProGenealogists, Archives. com, Family Tree Maker, Find a Grave, Fold3, Newspapers. com, and Rootsweb. Under its subsidiaries, Ancestry. com operates foreign sites that provide access to services and these include Australia, Canada, China, Japan, Brazil, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and several other countries in Europe and Asia. In 1990, Paul B. Allen and Dan Taggart, two Brigham Young University graduates, founded Infobases and began offering Latter-day Saints publications on floppy disks, in 1988, Allen had worked at Folio Corporation, founded by his brother Curt and his brother-in-law Brad Pelo. Infobases chose to use the Folio infobase technology, which Allen was familiar with, Infobases first products were floppy disks and compact disks sold from the back seat of the founders car. In 1994, Infobases was named among Inc. magazines 500 fastest-growing companies and their first offering on CD was the LDS Collectors Edition, released in April 1995, selling for $299.95, which was offered in an online version in August 1995. Ancestry officially went online with the launched Ancestry. com in 1996, with its roots as a genealogy newsletter started in 1983 by John Sittner, and became an established publishing company in 1984. Ancestry was relaunched as a magazine in January 1994, and went online in 1996, on January 1,1997, Infobases parent company, Western Standard Publishing, purchased Ancestry, Inc. publisher of Ancestry magazine and genealogy books. Western Standard Publishings CEO was Joe Cannon, one of the owners of Geneva Steel. In July 1997, Allen and Taggart purchased Western Standards interest in Ancestry, at the time, Brad Pelo was president and CEO of Infobases, and president of Western Standard. Less than six months earlier, he had been president of Folio Corporation, in March 1997, Folio was sold to Open Market for $45 million. The first public evidence of the change in ownership of Ancestry Magazine came with the July/August 1997 issue and that issues masthead also included the first use of the Ancestry. com web address. More growth for Infobases occurred in July 1997, when Ancestry, Inc. purchased Bookcraft, Infobases had published many of Bookcrafts books as part of its LDS Collectors Library. Pelo also announced that Ancestrys product line would be expanded in both CDs and online. Alan Ashton, an investor in Infobases and founder of WordPerfect, was its chairman of the board. Allen and Taggart began running Ancestry, Inc. independently from Infobases in July 1997, included in the sale were the rights to Infobases LDS Collectors Library on CD
22.
HathiTrust
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HathiTrust was founded in October 2008 by the thirteen universities of the Committee on Institutional Cooperation and the University of California. The partnership includes over 60 research libraries across the United States, Canada, and Europe, costs are shared by the participating libraries and library consortia. The repository is administered by Indiana University and the University of Michigan, the Executive Director of HathiTrust is Mike Furlough. In October 2015, HathiTrust comprised over 13.7 million volumes, HathiTrust provides a number of discovery and access services, notably, full-text search across the entire repository. In 2016 over 6.17 million users located in the United States, in September 2011, the Authors Guild sued HathiTrust, alleging massive copyright violation. A federal court ruled against the Authors Guild in October 2012, Hathi, pronounced hah-tee, is the Hindi word for elephant, an animal famed for its long-term memory. Hathi is also the name of an elephant in Rudyard Kiplings The Second Jungle Book, an Elephant Backs Up Googles Library. HathiTrust, A Research Library at Web Scale, matthew Miller, Gilok Choi, and Lindsay Chell. Comparison of three digital library interfaces, open library, Google books, and Hathi Trust, in Proceedings of the 12th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, pp. 367–368. Official website HathiTrust adds new members, goes global Major Library Partners Launch HathiTrust Shared Digital Repository
23.
All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club
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The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, also known as the All-England Club, based at Church Road, Wimbledon, London, England, is a private members club. It is best known as the venue for the Wimbledon Championships, initially an amateur event that occupied club members and their friends for a few days each summer, the championships have become far more prominent than the club itself. However, it operates as a members tennis club, with many courts in use all year round. To become a full or temporary member, an applicant must obtain letters of support from four existing full members, the name is then added to the Candidates List. Honorary Members are elected from time to time by the clubs Committee, membership carries with it the right to purchase two tickets for each day of the Wimbledon Championships. The patron of the club is Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, and the President is The Duke of Kent. The Club was founded by six gentlemen at the offices of The Field on 23 July 1868 at the height of a croquet craze as the All England Croquet Club and its original ground was situated off Worple Road, Wimbledon. Croquet was very popular there until the then-infant sport of lawn tennis was introduced in 1875, the first tennis Gentlemens Championship in Singles was held in July 1877, when the Club changed its name to The All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club. That year at Wimbledon service was underarm, the champion, Spencer Gore, opined that Lawn tennis will never rank among our great games. In 1878 the height of the net was altered to 4 feet 9 inches at the posts and 3 feet at the centre, in 1882, croquet was dropped from the name, as tennis had become the main activity of the Club. But in 1899 it was restored to the Clubs name for reasons. In 1884, the Club added Ladies Singles and Gentlemens Doubles, for the 1908 Summer Olympics, the venue hosted the Grass Courts tennis events. The early Club colours were found to be almost identical to those of the Royal Marines, so they were changed in 1909 to the present Club colours of dark green, the current Centre Court dates from that year. It has been improved and extended on several occasions, most recently a sliding roof was added in time for the 2009 Championships. In 1924 the old No.1 Court opened on the west side of Centre Court, at 5,20 p. m. on October 11,1940, five 500 pound German bombs struck the grounds, demolishing 1,200 seats in Centre Court. The old No.1 Court was replaced with the current No.1 Court in 1997, shortly afterwards, the Millennium Building, which houses facilities for players, press, officials and members, was built on the site of the old No.1 Court. The Church Road site initially extended only as far north as Centre Court, in 1967 the All England Club purchased 11 acres to the north. This was leased to the New Zealand Sports and Social Club and it is most commonly known as Henman Hill because of the popularity of former British tennis player, Tim Henman
24.
The Philadelphia Inquirer
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The Philadelphia Inquirer is a morning daily newspaper that serves the Philadelphia metropolitan area of the United States. The newspaper was founded by John R. Walker and John Norvell in June 1829 as The Pennsylvania Inquirer and is the third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the United States. Owned by Philadelphia Media Network, The Inquirer has the eighteenth largest average weekday U. S. newspaper circulation and has won nineteen Pulitzer Prizes and it is the newspaper of record in the Delaware Valley. The paper has risen and fallen in prominence throughout its history, the Inquirer first became a major newspaper during the American Civil War when its war coverage was popular on both sides. The papers circulation dropped after the war, then rose by the end of the 19th century, by the end of the 1960s, The Inquirer trailed its chief competitor, the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, and lacked modern facilities and experienced staff. In the 1970s, new owners and editors turned the newspaper one of the countrys most prominent. Stan Wischnowski is Vice President of News Operations, the Philadelphia Inquirer was founded as The Pennsylvania Inquirer by printer John R. Walker and John Norvell, former editor of Philadelphias largest newspaper, the Aurora & Gazette. Founded on June 1,1829, The Philadelphia Inquirer is the third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the United States, however, in 1962, an Inquirer-commissioned historian traced The Inquirer to John Dunlaps The Pennsylvania Packet, which was founded on October 28,1771. In 1850, The Packet was merged with another newspaper, The North American, after Harding acquired The Pennsylvania Inquirer, it was briefly published as an afternoon paper before returning to its original morning format in January 1830. Under Harding, in 1829, The Inquirer moved from its location between Front and Second Streets to between Second and Third Streets. When Harding bought and merged the Morning Journal in January 1830, Ten years later The Inquirer again was moved, this time to its own building at the corner of Third Street and Carters Alley. Harding expanded The Inquirers content and the paper grew into a major Philadelphian newspaper. The expanded content included the addition of fiction, and in 1840, at the time the common practice was to pay little or nothing for the rights of foreign authors works. Harding retired in 1859 and was succeeded by his son William White Harding, William Harding changed the name of the newspaper to its current name, The Philadelphia Inquirer. Harding, in an attempt to increase circulation, cut the price of the paper, in 1859, circulation had been around 7,000, by 1863 it had increased to 70,000. Part of the increase was due to the interest in news during the American Civil War, the Philadelphia Inquirer supported the Union, but Harding wanted their coverage to remain neutral. Confederate generals often sought copies of the paper, believing that the war coverage was accurate. Inquirer journalist Uriah Hunt Painter was at the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861, initial reports from the government claimed a Union victory, but The Inquirer went with Painters firsthand account
25.
The Broadway League
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Founded in 1930 primarily to counter ticket speculation and scalping, the Broadway League has expanded its mission and programs over time. The Broadway League has more than 700 members representing the Broadway theatre industry in New York, the League was founded in 1930 as the League of New York Theatres and Producers. It was founded by Broadway theatre operators to further common interests, with the purpose of fighting ticket speculation. In the following years the League expanded its charter several times, in 1938, the League became the official collective bargaining unit representing the theatre owners and producers on Broadway to negotiate labor agreements with unions such as Actors Equity. With the decline of Broadway in the 1980s the League changed its name to the League of American Theatres and Producers, on December 18,2007 the League changed its name to the current name, The Broadway League. The Broadway League also works with the Dramatists Guild of America, a composed of playwrights, composers. Disney Theatrical Group, which owns the New Amsterdam Theatre, also negotiates labor agreements independently, the most recent strike on Broadway occurred in November 2007, when the Broadway League and the stagehands union, Local One of IATSE, failed to come to agreement after months of negotiation. Local One was joined by other Broadway unions such as AEA and SDC and this marked the first strike on Broadway in Local One’s 120-year history, and the strike lasted for 19 days, recording the longest strike on Broadway since 1975. The economic impact of the strike spread beyond the Broadway shows, to restaurants, hotels, gift shops. According to the New York City comptroller’s office, the resulted in $2 million in lost revenue per day in addition to the lost ticket sales. The main conflict in the negotiation was the rules regarding load-ins. However, because the workload differs everyday, many stagehands often just stayed in the theatres with nothing to do, the new contract set the daily minimum during the load-in to 17 stagehands, allowing the producers to hire stagehands based on daily workload. The Local 802 of AFM, the representing the musicians on Broadway, entered into a strike in March 2003 and was joined by other Broadway unions such as AEA. The strike lasted from Friday, March 7,2003, to early Tuesday morning, the focus of the negotiation was the minimum number of musicians required to be employed in Broadway theatres. The labor agreement required 24 to 25 musicians to be employed in largest theatres, under the new agreement, the minimums were reduced to 18 to 19. As a result of lobbying initiatives by the Broadway League, in February 2015, Sen. Charles Schumer and Sen. Under Section 181 of the tax code, U. S. -based film and TV productions are able to immediately expense up to $15 million, the Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Theatre, more commonly known as the Tony Awards, recognize achievement in live American theatre. The Tony Awards are presented by the Tony Award Productions, a joint venture of American Theatre Wing, the awards were founded by the Wing in 1947, and the League started co-presenting them in 1967
26.
International Tennis Federation
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The International Tennis Federation is the governing body of world tennis, wheelchair tennis, and beach tennis. It was founded in 1913 as the International Lawn Tennis Federation by twelve national associations, the ITF partners with the Womens Tennis Association and the Association of Tennis Professionals to govern professional tennis. The ITF sanctions the Grand Slam tennis tournaments as well as circuits which span age ranges as well as disciplines, in addition to these circuits, the ITF also maintains rankings for juniors, seniors, wheelchair, and beach tennis. Duane Williams, an American who lived in Switzerland, is recognized as the initiator. Three other countries could not attend but had requested to become a member, voting rights were divided based on the perceived importance of the individual countries with Great Britains Lawn Tennis Association receiving the maximum six votes. France received permission to stage the World Hard Court Championships until 1916, the USLTA joined in 1923 on the basis of two compromises, the title World Championships would be abolished and wording would be for ever in the English language. In 1924, the ILTF became the officially recognised organisation with authority to control lawn tennis throughout the world, in 1939 the ILTF had 59 member nations. Its funds were moved to London, England during World War II and it was based at Wimbledon until 1987, when it moved to Barons Court, next door to Queens Club. It then moved again in 1998 to the Bank of England Sports Ground, Roehampton, in 1977 the word Lawn was dropped from the name of the organization, in recognition of the fact that most tennis events were no longer played on grass. Its official annual is The ITF Year, describing the activities of the ITF over last 12 months and this replaced World of Tennis, which was the ITF official annual from 1981 through 2001. In addition it publishes an official magazine ITFWorld three times a year, as of 2016, there are 211 national associations affiliated with the ITF, of which 148 are voting members and 63 are associate members. For example, France garners 12 votes, Canada has 9, Egypt has 5, Pakistan has 3, regional associations were created in July 1975 as six supra-national associations with the aim to decrease the gap between the ILTF and the national associations. Candidates are nominated by the associations, and may serve up to twelve years. The ITF is the governing body for the sport of tennis. By its own constitution, the ITF guarantees that the official Rules of Tennis shall be for ever in the English language, a committee within the ITF periodically makes rule amendment recommendations to the Board of Directors. The Rules of Tennis encompass the manner of play and scoring, in-game coaching, the Rules cover tennis, wheelchair tennis, and beach tennis. Through the Tennis Anti-Doping Program, the ITF implements the World Anti-Doping Code for tennis, National associations must implement the code within its national jurisdiction, report violations up to the ITF and WADA, and report annually about all testing conducted. The Tennis Anti-Doping Program began in 1993, and applies to all players who play in ITF-sanctioned competitions, as well as tournaments on the ATP Tour and WTA Tour
27.
Sports Reference
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Sports Reference, LLC is a company which operates several sports-related websites including Baseball-Reference. com, Pro-Football-Reference. com, Basketball Reference, and Hockey Reference. The site also includes sections on football, college basketball and, until December 2016. The sites attempt a comprehensive approach to sports data, for example, Baseball-Reference. com contains more than 100,000 box scores and Pro-Football-Reference. com contains data on every scoring play in the National Football League since 1941. The company, which is based in Philadelphia, was founded as Sports Reference in 2004 and was incorporated as Sports Reference LLC in 2007
28.
Ellen Hansell
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Ellen Forde Hansell Allerdice was a female tennis player from the United States who is best known for being the first womens singles champion of the U. S. She was also a losing finalist to Bertha Townsend the next year, Hansell was born on September 18,1869 in Philadelphia, USA, the daughter of Samuel Rob Hansell, an upholstery manufacturer, and Jane Martin. She battled anemia as a child and started playing tennis on advice of her doctor and she joined the Belmont Club in Philadelphia when she was 16 where she played, among others, with Margarette Ballard and Bertha Townsend. In 1887 Hansell took part in the inaugural U. S. Womens National Singles Championship, the event was played on the outdoor grass courts of the Philadelphia Cricket Club and started on 27 September. She was one seven contestants who all came from the greater Delaware Valley area, Hansell, playing in a full over-draped skirt with long sleeves and her customary red hat, won her opening round against Jessie Harding for the loss of just one game. In the semifinal she lost the first set against Helen Day Harris, the final against Laura Knight was a one-sided affair which Hansell won in straight sets to become the first U. S. womens champion. According to a report she employed sidearm serves, sliced ground strokes and never, the tournament used a challenge system whereby the defending champion automatically qualified for the next years final in which she would play the winner of the all-comers tournament. This meant that Hansell did not have to play through the 1888 tournament and she played Bertha Townsend who had won the all-comers event against Marion Wright in the final, and Townsend won the match in straight sets. Hansell did not win another tournament and retired from the game in 1890 and she married Taylor Allerdice and the couple had six children. Hansell was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1965, ellen Hansell at the International Tennis Hall of Fame
29.
Bertha Townsend
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Bertha Louise Townsend Toulmin was a female tennis player from the United States. She is best remembered for being the first repeating womens singles champion at the U. S. Championships and she was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1974. Bertha Townsend at the International Tennis Hall of Fame
30.
Ellen Roosevelt
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Ellen Crosby Roosevelt was an American tennis player. She was the daughter of John Aspinwall Roosevelt, an estate proprietor and she started playing tennis with her sister Grace in 1879 when her father installed a tennis court at their mansion Rosedale. She won the singles title at the 1890 U. S. Championships defeating the 1888 and 1889 champion Bertha Townsend in the final in two straight sets and that year she also won the doubles title with her sister. They were the first pair of sisters to win the U. S, championships and remained the only pair to do so until the Williams sisters equalled their achievement in 1999. Championships she won the doubles title partnering Oliver Campbell. A first cousin of Franklin D. Roosevelt, she was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1975, Ellen Roosevelt at the International Tennis Hall of Fame
31.
Mabel Cahill
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Born 2 April 1863, Ballyragget, County Kilkenny, Ireland, Cahill won the Orange Club ladies championship in 1890 and 1891. Cahill became the first foreign woman to win a tournament when she defeated Ellen Roosevelt in the 1891 US Championships womens final at the Philadelphia Cricket Club. She successfully defended her womens title in 1892 and also won the womens doubles title with Adeline McKinlay. She did not defend her titles in 1893 and she died on 1 January 1905 in Ireland. In 1976 she was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame, mabel Cahill at the International Tennis Hall of Fame
32.
Marion Jones Farquhar
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Marion Jones Farquhar was an American tennis player. She won the singles titles at the 1899 and 1902 U. S. Championships. She was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2006, Jones was the daughter of Nevada Senator John Percival Jones, co-founder of the town of Santa Monica, and Georgina Frances Sullivan. Marion Jones was the first Californian to reach the finals at the women’s U. S, Tennis Championships in 1898 where she had a championship point against Juliette Atkinson but lost in five sets. She won the U. S. women’s tennis title in 1899 and 1902, at the 1900 Summer Olympics, she was the first American woman to win an Olympic medal. Her sister, Georgina also competed in the 1900 Olympic tennis events, in 1900, Jones was the first non-British woman to play at Wimbledon where she reached the quarterfinals in which she was eliminated by G. E. She was mainly a player who possessed a solid back-. She married architect Robert D. Farquhar in New York City and they had three children, David Farquhar, John Percival Farquhar and Colin Farquhar. From 1920 until 1961, Marion Jones Farquhar lived in Greenwich Village and she also translated opera librettos and for a short time was head of the New York Chamber Opera. In 1961 she moved back to Los Angeles, where she lived until her death, Marion Jones Farquhar at the International Tennis Hall of Fame Marion Jones Farquhar at the International Tennis Federation Marion Jones Farquhar at Sports Reference
33.
May Sutton
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May Godfrey Sutton was a female American tennis champion who was active during the first decades of the 20th century. At age 17 she won the title at the U. S. National Championships. May Sutton was born on September 25,1886 in Plymouth, England, the youngest daughter of Adolphus DeGrouchy Sutton, when she was six years old, Suttons family moved to a ranch near Pasadena, California. It was there that she and her sisters played tennis on a built by her father. As young ladies, May and her sisters, Violet Sutton, Florence Sutton, in addition to being accomplished tennis players, the girls were excellent basketball players. May, Florence and Violet were all on the Pasadena High School basketball team, in 1904 at age 17, May Sutton won the singles title at the U. S. Championships. She also teamed with Miriam Hall to win the doubles title. She was unable to defend her U. S. title as she traveled to England in May 1905 to compete in the Wimbledon Championships, in June she won the grass court Northern Tournament in Manchester, defeating Hilda Lane in the final. She did it while shocking the British audience by rolling up her sleeves to bare her elbows, for the next two years, she and Chambers met in the final, with Chambers recapturing the title in 1906 and Sutton winning it back in 1907. May Sutton was the 1908 Rose Parade Queen in Pasadena, on December 11,1912, she married Tom Bundy, who was a three-time winner of the mens doubles title at the U. S. Championships, and semi-retired to raise a family. However, in 1921 at the age of 35, she made a comeback, in 1925, she was a womens doubles finalist at the U. S. Championships and, although almost forty years of age, her game was enough to be selected for Americas Wightman Cup team. She was a Wimbledon quarterfinalist in 1929 at the age of 42, in 1928 and 1929, she and her daughter Dorothy Cheney became the only mother/daughter combination to be seeded at the U. S. Championships. Her nephew, John Doeg, won the U. S, Championships in 1930, and in 1938 daughter Dorothy won the Australian Championships. In 1956, Sutton was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame and she never stopped playing tennis and was still playing regularly well into her late eighties. Sutton died in 1975 and was interred in the Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery in Santa Monica, eight-time U. S. National Championship winner Molla Bjurstedt Mallory indicated that Sutton was the best player she had met. Her drive was the fastest and the, to handle, because it dove suddenly to the ground and then jumped up unexpectedly with queer curves. When she could keep her drives near the baseline, they forced me back farther than I had been accustomed to play or compelled me to make errors
34.
Maud Barger-Wallach
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Maud Barger-Wallach was an American tennis player of the early 1900s. She was the daughter of Samuel F. Barger, a lawyer and director of the New York Central Railroad, in June 1890 she married sportsman Richard Wallach. She only began playing tennis when she was about 30 years old, in 1908 Barger-Wallach became the oldest U. S. Open champion at the age of 38. She was a baseline player with an accurate but soft forehand. She had a playing style characterized by an underhand serve, accurate placements as well as tennis intelligence. Barger-Wallach was inducted in the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1958, maud Barger-Wallach at the International Tennis Hall of Fame Sportspundit. com profile
35.
Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman
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Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman was an American tennis player and founder of the Wightman Cup, an annual team competition for British and American women. She dominated American womens tennis before World War I, and won 45 U. S. titles during her life, Wightman was born Hazel Virginia Hotchkiss in Healdsburg, California to William Joseph and Emma Lucretia Hotchkiss. In February 1912, at the age of 25, she married George William Wightman of Boston and her father-in-law, George Henry Wightman, was a leader in the steel industry, as an associate of Andrew Carnegie, and one of the countrys foremost pioneers of amateur tennis. She became a member of Kappa Kappa Gamma at the University of California-Berkeley, Wightman was the mother of five children. She died at her home in the village of Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, Wightman dominated American womens tennis before World War I and had an unparalleled reputation for sportsmanship. Wightman won a total of 45 U. S. titles. She won 16 titles overall at the U. S. Championships, nine of her titles at the U. S. Championships came in 1909–11, when she swept the singles, womens doubles, the Cup was first held in 1923 and continued through 1989. She played five years on the American team and was the captain of the American team from inception of the competition through 1948, the Cup was composed of five singles and two doubles matches. The cup itself was donated in 1923 by Wightman in honor of her husband, the first contest, at Forest Hills, New York on August 11 and 13,1923, was won by the United States. Born during the days of American tennis, Wightman was a frail. Her doctor recommended that she take up a sport to strengthen herself and her brother suggested tennis as it was considered a genteel sport. Wightman learned to play at the courts of the University of California. Her rivalry with fellow Californian, May Sutton, shaped a new womens game, Wightman devoted herself to teaching young people, opening her home near Bostons Longwood Cricket Club to aspiring champions. In recognition of Wightmans contributions to tennis, the USTA Service Bowl was donated in her honor, in 1973 Wightman was appointed as an honorary Commander of the Order of the British Empire. Indoor Championships,1919,1927 Won womens doubles title at the U. S, indoor Championships,1919,1921,1924, 1927–1931,1933,1943 Runner-up in womens doubles at the U. S. Indoor Championships,1923,1926,1932,1941,1946 Won mixed doubles title at the U. S, indoor Championships,1923,1924, 1926–1928 Won doubles title at the U. S. Grass Court Championships, 1940–1942,1944, 1946–1950,1952,1954 U. S. Wightman Cup team member,1923,1924,1927,1929,1931 U. S
United States
Juliette Atkinson