1.
Knight Bachelor
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The appointment of Knight Bachelor is a part of the British honours system. It is the most basic and lowest rank of a man who has been knighted by the monarch, Knights Bachelor are the most ancient sort of British knight, but Knights Bachelor rank below knights of the various orders. There is no counterpart to Knight Bachelor. The lowest knightly honour that can be conferred upon a woman is Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire – which, also, foreigners are not created Knights Bachelor, instead they are generally made honorary KBEs. It is generally awarded for service, amongst its recipients are all male judges of Her Majestys High Court of Justice in England. Sir Patrick Stewart, and Sir Tom Jones are Officers of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, like other knights, Knights Bachelor are styled Sir. Since they are not knights of any order of chivalry, there is no post-nominal associated with the award. This style is adopted by Knights Bachelor who are also peers, baronets or knights of the various statutory orders, such as Sir William Boulton, Bt, Kt, or The Lord Olivier. Until 1926 Knights Bachelor had no insignia which they could wear, the Knights Bachelor badge may be worn on all such occasions upon the left side of the coat or outer garment of those upon whom the degree of Knight Bachelor has been conferred. In 1974, Queen Elizabeth II issued a warrant authorising the wearing on appropriate occasions of a neck badge, slightly smaller in size. In 1988 a new certificate of authentication, a knights only personal documentation, was designed by the College of Arms. The Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor was founded for the maintenance and consolidation of the Dignity of Knights Bachelor in 1908, the Society keeps records of all Knights Bachelor, in their interest
2.
Ashford, Kent
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Ashford is a town in the county of Kent, England. It lies on the River Great Stour at the edge of the North Downs. In the 2011 census, it had a population of 74,204, the name comes from the Old English æscet, indicating a ford near a clump of ash trees. It has been a town since the 13th century. Ashford has been a hub and has stood at the centre of five railway lines since the 19th century. The arrival of the railways became a source of employment and contributed to the towns growth, with the opening of the international passenger station it is now a European communications centre, with new lines running between London and the Channel Tunnel. The M20 motorway also links Ashford to those two destinations for road traffic, the town has been marked as a place for expansion since the 1960s and appeared on several Government plans for growth. Changes have included the County Square shopping centre, the redevelopment of the Templer Barracks at Repton Park, and the award-winning Ashford Designer Outlet. In the 1970s, a ring road scheme and construction of the multi storey Charter House building destroyed significant parts of the old town. St Marys Church in Ashford has been a landmark since the 13th century. Today, the functions in a dual role as a centre for worship. Ashford has two schools, the Norton Knatchbull School and Highworth Grammar School. There has been evidence of habitation around Ashford since the Iron Age. Two axes from the Lower Paleolithic period have been found near Ashford, during the construction of the Park Farm estate in the late 1990s, excavation in the area revealed tools from the Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic period dating back to the 7th century BC. A number of other Mesolithic tools were discovered during construction of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link through Ashford, during Roman Britain, iron ore was mined in the Weald and transported to Ashford where two ironworks processed the ore into a workable metal. Archaeological studies have revealed the existence of a Roman town to the north of the current centre, roughly at the junction of Albert Road and Wall Road. The present town originates from a settlement established in 893 AD by inhabitants escaping a Danish Viking raid. The name comes from the Old English æscet, indicating a ford near a clump of ash trees, at the time of the Domesday Book of 1086 it was still known by its original Saxon name of Essetesford
3.
Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
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The Royal Academy of Dramatic Art is a drama school in London, England. It is one of the oldest drama schools in the United Kingdom, RADA is an affiliate school of the Conservatoire for Dance and Drama. Its higher education awards are validated by Kings College London and its students graduate alongside members of the departments which form the Kings Faculty of Arts & Humanities and it is based in the Bloomsbury area of Central London, close to the Senate House complex of the University of London. Undergraduate students are eligible for government student loan through the Conservatoire for Dance, RADA also has a significant scholarships and bursaries scheme, offering financial assistance to many students at the Academy. The current director of the academy is Edward Kemp, the president is Sir Kenneth Branagh, the chairman is Sir Stephen Waley-Cohen and its vice-chairman was Alan Rickman until his death in 2016. RADA was founded in 1904 by Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree, an actor manager, in 1905, RADA moved to 52 Gower Street, and a managing council was set up to oversee the school. Its members included George Bernard Shaw, who donated his royalties from his play Pygmalion to RADA. In 1920, RADA was granted a Royal Charter, and in 1921, the Prince of Wales opened the theatre. The Gower Street buildings were torn down in 1927, and replaced with a new building, financed by George Bernard Shaw, in 1923, John Gielgud studied at RADA for a year. He later became President of the academy, and its first honorary fellow, a number of famous actors took on leading roles at RADA, such as Richard Attenborough, Oliver Neville, Nicholas Barter, and Alan Rickman. Other 1924 saw RADAs first government subsidy, a grant of £500, in 2001, RADA joined forces with the London Contemporary dance School to create the UKs first Conservatoire for Dance and Drama. The Rambert School of Ballet and Contemporary Dance joined this Conservatoire in 2005, in 2000 the Academy founded RADA Enterprises Ltd, which includes RADA in Business, providing training in communications and teambuilding that uses drama training techniques in a business context. The profits are fed back into the Academy to fund students training, RADA is based in the Bloomsbury area of Central London. The main RADA building is on Gower Street, with a second premises nearby in Chenies Street, the Goodge Street and Euston Square underground stations are both within walking distance. RADA has five theatres and a cinema, there is also a 150-seat cinema. In January 2012, RADA acquired the lease to the adjacent Drill Hall venue in Chenies Street, the Drill Hall is a Grade II listed building with a long performing arts history, and was where Nijinsky rehearsed with Diaghilev’s Ballet Russes in 1911. This venue has a 200-seat space, the Studio Theatre, and a 50-seat space, the RADA library contains around 30,000 items. The collection was started in 1904 with donations from actors and writers of the such as Sir Squire Bancroft, William Archer, Arthur Wing Pinero
4.
Shakespeare's Globe
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The original theatre was built in 1599, destroyed by fire in 1613, rebuilt in 1614, and then demolished in 1644. The modern Globe Theatre reconstruction is an approximation based on available evidence of the 1599 and 1614 buildings. It is considered realistic, though contemporary safety requirements mean that it accommodates only 1400 spectators compared to the original theatre’s 3000. Shakespeares Globe was founded by the actor and director Sam Wanamaker, built about 230 metres from the site of the theatre and opened to the public in 1997. The site also includes the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse, a theatre which opened in January 2014. This is a smaller, candle-lit space based on the indoor playhouses of Jacobean London, the Sackler Studios, an educational and rehearsal studio complex, is situated just around the corner from the main site. There is also an exhibition about Shakespeares life and work, and this inspired the founding of a number of Shakespeares Globe Centres around the world, an activity in which Wanamaker also participated. It was Wanamakers wish that the new building recreate the Globe as it existed during most of Shakespeares time there, that is, the 1599 building rather than its 1614 replacement. A study was made of what was known of the construction of The Theatre, for practical reasons, some features of the 1614 rebuilding were incorporated into the modern design, such as the external staircases. The design team consisted of architect Theo Crosby of Pentagram, structural and services engineer Buro Happold, the construction, building research and historic design details were undertaken by McCurdy & Co. The theatre opened in 1997 under the name Shakespeares Globe Theatre, Mark Rylance became the first artistic director in 1995 and was succeeded by Dominic Dromgoole in 2006. In January 2016, Emma Rice began her term as the Globes third Artistic Director, the theatre is located on Bankside, about 230 metres from the original site—measured from centre to centre. In addition, listed Georgian townhouses now occupy part of the original site, like the original Globe, the modern theatre has a thrust stage that projects into a large circular yard surrounded by three tiers of raked seating. The only covered parts of the amphitheatre are the stage and the seating areas, plays are staged during the summer, usually between May and the first week of October, in the winter, the theatre is used for educational purposes. Tours are available all year round, some productions are filmed and released to cinemas as Globe on Screen productions, and on DVD. The reconstruction was carefully researched so that the new building would be as faithful a replica of the original as possible. This was aided by the discovery of the remains of the original Rose Theatre, the building itself is constructed entirely of English oak, with mortise and tenon joints and is, in this sense, an authentic 16th century timber-framed building, as no structural steel was used. The seats are simple benches and the Globe has the first, the modern thatch is well protected by fire retardants, and sprinklers on the roof ensure further protection against fire
5.
Prospero's Books
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Prosperos Books is a 1991 British avant-garde film adaptation of William Shakespeares The Tempest, written and directed by Peter Greenaway. John Gielgud plays Prospero, the protagonist who provides the off-screen narration, stylistically, Prosperos Books is narratively and cinematically innovative in its techniques, combining mime, dance, opera, and animation. Edited in Japan, the film makes use of digital image manipulation, often overlaying multiple moving. Michael Nyman composed the score and Karine Saporta choreographed the dance. The film is notable for its extensive use of nudity. The nude actors and extras represent a cross-section of male and female humanity, Prosperos Books is a complex tale based upon William Shakespeares The Tempest. In the film, Prospero stands in for Shakespeare himself, and is writing and speaking the storys action as it unfolds. Ariel is played by four actors, three acrobats — a boy, an adolescent, and a youth — and a boy singer, the books of Prospero number 24 according to the production design which outlines each volumes content. The list is reminiscent of the lost books of Epicurus, the film was screened out of competition at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival. This was the last of the collaborations between director Peter Greenaway and composer Michael Nyman, most of the films music cues, are from an earlier concert, La Traversée de Paris and the score from A Zed & Two Noughts. The soundtrack album is Nymans sixteenth release and it is simply a work of original art, which Greenaway asks us to accept or reject on his own terms. Prosperos Books at the Internet Movie Database Prosperos Books at AllMovie
6.
Angels & Insects
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Angels & Insects is a 1995 romance drama film directed by Philip Haas. It was written by Philip and Belinda Haas with A. S. Byatt after her novella Morpho Eugenia, William Adamson, a brilliant naturalist, has recently returned to Victorian England, staying with the family of his wealthy benefactor, Sir Harold Alabaster. He is penniless after losing all of his possessions in a shipwreck returning from an expedition to the Amazon. William quickly becomes enamored with Sir Harolds eldest daughter, Eugenia, despite his impoverished circumstances, Eugenia proves receptive to his advances and accepts his proposal of marriage. Although Sir Harold grants his approval, Eugenias snobbish brother Edgar takes a dislike to William because of his humble origins. Soon after the marriage, Eugenia informs William that she is pregnant and she insists on naming the boy Edgar after her brother, frustrating William. Eugenias behavior alternates between coldness towards William, locking him out of her room at night, and moments of sexual passion. Over time the couple has four children, although William never warms to them. He instead spends much of his time with the Alabaster children and Matty and he forms a strong bond with Matty Crompton, who encourages his scientific activities and displays a strong intelligence of her own. They collaborate on a book about the colony, which is published in London. One day, during an excursion, William is summoned back to the house by a servant boy who claims that Eugenia wishes to speak to him. He walks into the bedroom, surprising Eugenia and Edgar while they are engaging in incestuous sex, Eugenia then confesses that she and Edgar had been having sex with each other for years and that her fiance committed suicide after discovering this. Eugenia also tells William that even though she knew it was wrong for her to have sex with her brother, William realizes that he has been used by Eugenia and that all of the children are Edgars. Matty reveals her knowledge of the affair to William during a Scrabble-like game by moving around letter tiles that spell INSECT to INCEST. Meeting in her room, she explains that the servants were also aware. William is initially reluctant for them both to go, despite his attraction to Matty, he does not feel that the rain forest is a place for a woman. After she assures him of her strength, and reveals that she loves him, before leaving, William meets with Eugenia one last time and tells her he intends never to return. He also promises to keep her secret, for fear of injuring her father with the news
7.
Institute Benjamenta
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Institute Benjamenta, or This Dream People Call Human Life, released in 1996, was the first feature-length film by the Brothers Quay, produced by Keith Griffiths and Janine Marmot. It is based on Jakob von Gunten, a written by Robert Walser. It stars Mark Rylance, Alice Krige, and Gottfried John, the plot follows Jakob, a young man who enters a school, run by brother and sister Herr and Lisa Benjamenta, which trains servants. The teachers emphasize to the students that they are unimportant people, Jakob finds the school to be an oppressive environment, and does not enjoy the lessons in subservience that he receives. He proceeds to challenge the Benjamentas and attempts to shift their perspectives, Lisa is attracted to Jakob and spends time with him, and shows him the secret labyrinth below the school. Lisa soon dies and after her death the institute closes, Herr Benjamenta and Jakob then leave together. Though the film follows the basic structure as the novel. The film does not depict the ending of the novel, in which Jakob travels to a nearby city, the film remains almost exclusively focused on the institute once Jakob arrives there. The Quays have characterized the film as a universe of the novel. The film sometimes makes figurative aspects of the novel into literal objects in the film, one reoccurring theme in the film is that many objects are seen vibrating, such as forks or bells. Parallels have been drawn between these vibrations and the frequent theme of music in Walsers writing. Also, in one passage of the book Jakob describes a member at the school as like a monkey. In addition, while Jakob wonders about the activities of Herr and Lisa Benjamenta in the novel, the conclusion of the film, however, differs from the book in a different manner. It shows Herr and Jakobs departure from the institute in surreal scene of the two in a bowl rather than Jakobs literal journey back to town in the book. The film has been described as similar to a fairy tale. Writing in the journal Adaptation, David Sorfa argues that many of the projects of the Brothers Quay discuss the idea that a metaphysical interior may exist. Sorfa argues that film does not attempt to reveal a hidden meaning. Stephen Quay has said that they sought to convey a sense of otherness through the actors as they had done through puppets in previous projects
8.
Intimacy (film)
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Intimacy is a 2001 British film directed by Patrice Chéreau, starring Mark Rylance and Kerry Fox. Intimacy is an international co-production among production companies in France, the U. K. Germany and it was written by Chéreau with Anne-Louise Trividic, based on stories by Hanif Kureishi. This mainstream-defined film contains an unsimulated fellatio scene by Fox on Rylance, a French-dubbed version features voice actors Jean-Hugues Anglade and Nathalie Richard. The film has been associated with the New French Extremity, Jay is a bartender who abandoned his family, because his wife lost interest in him and their relationship. Now living alone in a house, he has casual weekly sex with an anonymous woman. At first, their relationship is physical, but he eventually falls in love with her. Wanting to know more about her, Jay follows her across the streets of London to the suburbs where she lives. He then follows her to a pub theatre where she is working as an actress in the evenings, Jay learns that her name is Claire, and she has a husband and a son. Subsequently it is clear to Jay that Claire will not leave her family. They meet for a time, and have sex with an intimacy that has been missing during the illicit sex sessions of their previous encounters. Intimacy won the Golden Bear for Best Film and the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival in 2001, list of mainstream films with unsimulated sex#Films with unsimulated sexual activity Intimacy at the Internet Movie Database
9.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
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The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Walter Brennan was the first winner of award for his role in Come. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 72 actors. Brennan has received the most awards in this category with three awards, Brennan, Jeff Bridges, Robert Duvall, Arthur Kennedy, Jack Nicholson, and Claude Rains were nominated on four occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Mahershala Ali is the most recent winner in category for his role as Juan in Moonlight. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-1-55002-574-3. org The Academy Awards Database Oscar. com Complete Downloadable List of Academy Award Nominees
10.
Rudolf Abel
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Rudolf Ivanovich Abel, real name Vilyam Willie Genrikhovich Fisher, was a Soviet intelligence officer. He adopted his alias when arrested on charges of conspiracy by FBI agents in 1957 and he later served in an instructional role before taking part in intelligence operations against the Germans during World War II. After the war, he working for the KGB, which sent him to the United States where he worked as part of a spy ring based in New York City. He served just over four years of his sentence before he was exchanged for captured American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers, back in the Soviet Union, he lectured on his experiences. He died in 1971 at the age of 68, Fisher was born William August Fisher on July 11,1903, in Benwell, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom, the second son of Heinrich and Lyubov Fisher. Revolutionaries of the Tsarist era, his father was an ethnic German from Russia, Fishers father, a revolutionary activist, taught and agitated with Vladimir Lenin at Saint Petersburg Technological Institute. In 1896 he was arrested for sedition and sentenced to three years internal exile, while living in the United Kingdom, Fishers father, a keen Bolshevik, took part in gunrunning, shipping arms from the North East coast to the Baltic states to help the proletariat. Fisher and his brother, Henry, won scholarships to Whitley Bay High School, though Fisher was not as hard working as Henry, he showed aptitude for science, mathematics, languages, art and music, inherited in part from his fathers abilities. Encouraging their sons love of music, Fishers parents gave him piano lessons and it was during this period that Fisher developed an interest in amateur radio, constructing rudimentary spark transmitters and receivers. Fisher became a draughtsman at Swan Hunter, Wallsend. Though Fisher qualified for university, the costs prohibited him from attending, in 1921, following the Russian Revolution, the Fisher family left Newcastle upon Tyne to return to Moscow. Fluent in English, Russian, German, Polish and Yiddish, trained as a radio operator, he served in a Red Army radio battalion in 1925 and 1926. He then worked briefly in the research institute before being recruited by the OGPU. That year he married Elena Lebedeva, a student at Moscow Conservatoire. They would have one child together, a daughter named Evelyn who was born on October 8,1929, during his interview with the OGPU, it was determined he should adopt a Russian-sounding name and William August Fisher became Vilyam Genrikhovich Fisher. Following his recruitment, he worked for the OGPU as an operator in Norway, Turkey, the United Kingdom. He returned to the Soviet Union in 1936, as head of a school that trained radio operators destined for duty in illegal residences, one of these students was the British-born Russian spy Kitty Harris, who was later more widely known as The Spy With Seventeen Names. Despite his foreign birth and the accusation that his brother-in-law was a Trotskyite and he was, however, in 1938 dismissed from the NKVD, which in 1934 replaced the OGPU
11.
Bridge of Spies (film)
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Based on the 1960 U-2 incident during the Cold War, the film tells the story of lawyer James B. The name of the film refers to the Glienicke Bridge, which connects Potsdam with Berlin, the film was an international co-production of the United States and Germany. Bridge of Spies was shot under the title of St. James Place. Principal photography began on September 8,2014, in Brooklyn, New York City, the film was released by Touchstone Pictures on October 16,2015, in the United States and distributed by 20th Century Fox in other territories. It was a box office success, grossing $165 million worldwide, and received positive reviews, garnering praise for its direction, screenplay, acting, score, the film received six Academy Award nominations including Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay, and won Best Supporting Actor for Rylance. In 1957 New York City, Rudolf Abel is charged with spying for the Soviet Union, insurance lawyer James B. Donovan is prevailed upon to take on the unenviable task of defending Abel, so that Abels trial will be seen as fair. Donovan appeals the conviction to the Supreme Court based on the lack of a warrant for the seizure of Abel’s ciphers and photography equipment. For his principled stand Donovan and his family are harassed, including shots being fired at his home, meanwhile Gary Powers, a pilot in the CIAs top secret U-2 spy plane program, is shot down over the USSR. He is captured and sentenced in a trial to ten years confinement. Donovan receives a letter from East Germany, purportedly sent by Abels wife, thanking him and urging him to get in contact with their lawyer, the CIA think this is a back-channel message hinting that the USSR is willing to swap Powers for Abel. They ask Donovan to go to Berlin unofficially to negotiate the exchange, crossing in to East Berlin, he meets with a KGB officer in the Soviet Embassy and is then directed to Vogel, who represents the Attorney General of the German Democratic Republic. The CIA wants Donovan to forget about Pryor but he insists both Pryor and Powers should be swapped for Abel, in a message to the Attorney General he bluffs that they will either release Pryor with Powers or there will be no deal. As Abel and Powers are poised at opposite ends of the Glienicke Bridge, the next day, back in the United States, the government publicly acknowledges Donovan for negotiating the deal, rehabilitating his public image. During the end credits the audience learns that Donovan helped negotiate the release of fighters captured during the failed Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba. Bridge of Spies is an American-German co-production based on a written by the Coen Brothers. Studio Babelsberg co-produced and oversaw production services for the film, James Donovan wrote an account of the incident in 1964 under the title Strangers on a Bridge, The Case of Colonel Abel and Francis Gary Powers. Soviet intelligence officer Rudolf Abel, who lived and operated in Brooklyn Heights and his arrest and history were discussed by Truman Capote, another Heights resident at the time, in his book A House on the Heights. Matt Charman became interested in Donovans story after reading a footnote about him in An Unfinished Life, John F. Kennedy, after meeting with Donovans son in New York City, Charman pitched the story to several studios and DreamWorks bought it
12.
Steven Spielberg
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Steven Allan Spielberg, KBE, OMRI is an American director, producer, and screenwriter. He is considered one of the pioneers of the New Hollywood era. He is also one of the co-founders of DreamWorks Studios, in a career spanning more than four decades, Spielbergs films have spanned many themes and genres. His other films include Jurassic Park, A. I, artificial Intelligence, and War of the Worlds. Spielberg won the Academy Award for Best Director for Schindlers List and Saving Private Ryan, three of Spielbergs films—Jaws, E. T. the Extra-Terrestrial, and Jurassic Park—achieved box office records, originated and came to epitomize the blockbuster film. The unadjusted gross of all Spielberg-directed films exceeds $9 billion worldwide and his personal net worth is estimated to be more than $3 billion. Spielberg was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, to an Orthodox Jewish family and his mother, Leah Posner, was a restaurateur and concert pianist, and his father, Arnold Spielberg, was an electrical engineer involved in the development of computers. His paternal grandparents were immigrants from Ukraine who settled in Cincinnati in the first decade of the 1900s, in 1950, his family moved to Haddon Township, New Jersey when his father took a job with RCA. Three years later, the moved to Phoenix, Arizona. Spielberg attended Hebrew school from 1953 to 1957, in classes taught by Rabbi Albert L. Lewis, as a child, Spielberg faced difficulty reconciling being an Orthodox Jew with the perception of him by other children he played with. It isnt something I enjoy admitting, he said, but when I was seven, eight, nine years old, God forgive me. I was embarrassed by the perception of my parents Jewish practices. I was never really ashamed to be Jewish, but I was uneasy at times, Spielberg also said he suffered from acts of anti-Semitic prejudice and bullying, In high school, I got smacked and kicked around. His first home movie was of a wreck involving his toy Lionel trains. Throughout his early teens, and after entering school, Spielberg continued to make amateur 8 mm adventure films. In 1958, he became a Boy Scout and fulfilled a requirement for the merit badge by making a nine-minute 8 mm film entitled The Last Gunfight. Years later, Spielberg recalled to an interviewer, My dads still-camera was broken. He said yes, and I got an idea to do a Western, I made it and got my merit badge
13.
The BFG
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The BFG is a 1982 childrens book written by British novelist Roald Dahl and illustrated by Quentin Blake. It is an expansion of a story from Dahls 1975 book Danny. The book is dedicated to Dahls late daughter, Olivia, who died of encephalitis at the age of seven in 1962. As of 2009, the novel has sold 37 million copies in UK editions alone, an animated television adaptation was released in 1989 with David Jason providing the voice of the BFG and Amanda Root as the voice of Sophie. It has also adapted as a theatre performance. A theatrical live-action adaptation directed by Steven Spielberg was released in 2016, the story is about a young orphaned girl named Sophie, living in a girls orphanage run by the cantankerous and abusive Mrs. Clonkers. One night, Sophie sees a large, cloaked person blowing something via an object into a bedroom window down the street. She is discovered by the person, who carries her to his homeland of Giant Country. There, he himself as the Big Friendly Giant, who nightly blows bottled dreams into the bedrooms of children. Because the BFG refuses to eat people or steal food from humans and its like a cucumber with black strips. Sophie and the BFG quickly become friends, but Sophie is soon put in danger by the arrival of the man-eating giant Bloodbottler. When Sophie announces she is thirsty, the BFG treats her to a drink called frobscottle. Sophie later persuades him to approach the Queen of England toward imprisoning the other giants, because the dream included the knowledge of Sophies presence, the Queen believes her and speaks with the BFG. The said officers, though initially belligerent and skeptical, eventually agree to cooperate, a fleet of helicopters then follows Sophie and the BFG to the giants homeland, where the giants are tied up as they sleep. The man-eating giants are suspended under the helicopters and carried back to London where they are imprisoned in a deep pit where they are only fed snozzcumbers. Afterwards, a castle is built as the BFGs new house. Sophie, The imaginative and kind-hearted protagonist of the story who becomes a brave international heroine, portrayed by Amanda Root in the 1989 film, and Ruby Barnhill in the 2016 film. The BFG, A friendly, benevolent, gentle, sweet 24-foot-tall giant who has superhuman hearing abilities and his primary occupation is the collection and distribution of good dreams to children
14.
Roald Dahl
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Roald Dahl was a British novelist, short story writer, poet, screenwriter, and fighter pilot. His books have more than 250 million copies worldwide. He rose to prominence in the 1940s with works for children and adults and he became one of the worlds best-selling authors. He has been referred to as one of the greatest storytellers for children of the 20th century and his awards for contribution to literature include the 1983 World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement, and the British Book Awards Childrens Author of the Year in 1990. In 2008, The Times placed Dahl 16th on its list of The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 and his books champion the kind-hearted, and feature an underlying warm sentiment. Dahls works for children include James and the Giant Peach, Charlie and his adult works include Tales of the Unexpected. Roald Dahl was born in 1916 at Villa Marie, Fairwater Road, in Llandaff, Cardiff, Wales, to Norwegian parents, Harald Dahl, Dahls father had emigrated to the UK from Sarpsborg in Norway, and settled in Cardiff in the 1880s. His mother came over and married his father in 1911, Dahl was named after the Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen. His first language was Norwegian, which he spoke at home with his parents and his sisters Astri, Alfhild, Dahl and his sisters were raised in the Lutheran faith, and were baptised at the Norwegian Church, Cardiff, where their parents worshipped. In 1920, when Dahl was three years old, his sister, Astri, died from appendicitis. Weeks later, his father died of pneumonia at the age of 57, Dahl first attended the Cathedral School, Llandaff. This was known among the five boys as the Great Mouse Plot of 1924, a favourite sweet among British schoolboys between the two World Wars, Dahl would later refer to gobstoppers in his literary creation, Everlasting Gobstopper. Thereafter, he transferred to a school in England, St Peters in Weston-super-Mare. Roalds parents had wanted him to be educated at an English public school and, because of a regular ferry link across the Bristol Channel. His time at St Peters was an unpleasant experience for him and he was very homesick and wrote to his mother every week but never revealed to her his unhappiness. Only after her death in 1967 did he find out that she had saved every single one of his letters, in 2016, to mark the centenary of Dahls birth, his letters to his mother were abridged and broadcast as BBC Radio 4s Book of the Week. Dahl wrote about his time at St Peters in his autobiography Boy, from 1929, he attended Repton School in Derbyshire. There are echoes of these experiences in Dahls writings and his hatred of cruelty
15.
Christopher Nolan
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Christopher Edward Nolan is an English-American film director, screenwriter, producer, cinematographer and editor. He is one of the directors in history, and among the most successful. The acclaim garnered by his independent films gave Nolan the opportunity to make the thriller film Insomnia. His nine films have grossed over US$4.2 billion worldwide and garnered a total of 26 Oscar nominations, Nolan has co-written several of his films with his younger brother, Jonathan, and runs the production company Syncopy Inc. with his wife, Emma Thomas. Nolans films are rooted in philosophical, sociological and ethical concepts, exploring human morality, the construction of time, and his English father, Brendan James Nolan, was an advertising executive, and his American mother, Christina, worked as a flight attendant and an English teacher. His childhood was split between London and Evanston, Illinois, and he has both British and American citizenship and he has an older brother, Matthew Francis Nolan, a convicted criminal, and a younger brother, Jonathan. He began making films at age seven, borrowing his fathers Super 8 camera, growing up, Nolan was particularly influenced by Star Wars, and around the age of eight he made a stop motion animation homage called Space Wars. His uncle who worked at NASA, building systems for the Apollo rockets. I re-filmed them off the screen and cut them in, thinking no-one would notice, from the age of 11, he aspired to be a professional filmmaker. When Nolans family relocated to Chicago during his years, he started making films with Adrien. He has continued his collaboration with the brothers, receiving a credit for his assistance on their Oscar-nominated documentary Genghis Blues. Nolan also worked alongside Roko on documenting a safari across four African countries, Nolan was educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College, an independent school in Hertford Heath, Hertfordshire, and later read English literature at University College London. He chose UCL specifically for its facilities, which comprised a Steenbeck editing suite and 16 mm film cameras. Nolan was president of the Unions Film Society, and with Emma Thomas he screened 35 mm feature films during the school year, during his college years, Nolan made two short films. The first was the surreal 8 mm Tarantella, which was shown on Image Union, the second was Larceny, filmed over a weekend in black and white with a limited cast, crew, and equipment. Funded by Nolan and shot with the equipment, it appeared at the Cambridge Film Festival in 1996 and is considered one of UCLs best shorts. After graduation, Nolan worked as a reader, camera operator. He also made a short, Doodlebug, about a man chasing an insect around a flat with a shoe
16.
Ready Player One (film)
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Ready Player One is an upcoming American science fiction adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Ernest Cline, Eric Eason, and Zak Penn, based on Clines novel of the same name. The film stars Tye Sheridan, Olivia Cooke, Ben Mendelsohn, Mark Rylance, Simon Pegg, the film is scheduled to be released on March 30,2018. Cline was set to write the script for the film, which Donald De Line, Eric Eason rewrote Clines script, and Zak Penn was hired to rewrite the previous drafts by Cline and Eason. Village Roadshow Pictures came aboard to co-finance and co-produce the film with WB, Steven Spielberg signed on to direct and produce the film, which Kristie Macosko Krieger would also produce along with Line and Farah. Three actresses were top-runners for the role of Art3mis, Elle Fanning, Olivia Cooke, Ben Mendelsohn was cast in the film to play the villainous role as an executive for an Oasis designer Internet corporation. Tye Sheridan was confirmed for the role of Wade at the end of February 2016. In mid-March 2016, Simon Pegg entered final talks to join the cast in the role of Ogden Morrow, Mark Rylance joined the cast as James Halliday, the creator of Oasis. Production was slated to begin in July 2016, screenwriter Zak Penn tweeted on July 1,2016, that the first week of filming was completed. On June 9,2016, Variety stated that Spielbergs regular collaborator John Williams is planning to compose the films score, ready Player One was scheduled to be released on December 15,2017. The date was pushed back until March 30,2018 to avoid competition with Star Wars, ready Player One at the Internet Movie Database
17.
Ready Player One
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Ready Player One is a 2011 science fiction and dystopian novel by Ernest Cline and it is his first novel. In 2012, the received an Alex Award from the Young Adult Library Services Association division of the American Library Association and won the 2012 Prometheus Award. Cline sold the novel in June 2010, in a war to the Crown Publishing Group. The book was published on August 16,2011, an audiobook was released the same day, it was narrated by Wil Wheaton, who was mentioned briefly in one of the chapters. Ch. 20 A film adaptation, directed by Steven Spielberg, is currently in production, in the year 2044, the world has been gripped by an energy crisis from the depletion of fossil fuels and the consequences of global warming, causing widespread social problems and economic stagnation. To escape the decline their world is facing, people turn to the OASIS and it functions both as an MMORPG and as a virtual society, with its currency being the most stable in the real world. The story follows the adventures of Wade Watts, starting five years after the announcement. Teenager Wade Watts lives with his aunt in the stacks, a poverty-stricken district constructed of trailer homes piled on top of each other. One day he realizes that the location of the first key is on the world of his high school. Parzival completes the Copper Gate puzzles by playing through the Dungeons of Daggorath video game, Art3mis clears the gate shortly afterwards, as does his friend Aech. His fame enables him to make a living by endorsing virtual products, Wade lays low, taking up a fake persona Bryce Lynch, and a residence near IOI headquarters in Columbus, Ohio. He briefly considers an alliance with Aech, Art3mis, and two Japanese gunters Daito and Shoto who had figured out the puzzles. Instead, he and Art3mis progress in a friendship, but when he asks her out, IOI operatives called Sixers attempt to assassinate the two at the birthday party of OASIS co-founder Ogden Morrow but are unsuccessful. Five months after the finding of the Copper Key, no one has made progress on the next clue, when Art3mis finds the Jade Key, Wade/Parzival scrambles to planet Archiade, where he plays a perfect game of Pac-Man, but receives a quarter instead. Aech provides a hint leading him to the planet Frobozz where he solves the text adventure game Zork, Shoto tells Parzival that the Sixers infiltrated Daitos real-life apartment and threw him off the building. Parzival unlocks the Jade Gate, a Voight-Kampff machine in the Blade Runner universe, as he messages Art3mis, Aech, and Shoto with his solution, Sorrento publicizes the location of the Crystal Gate at Castle Anorak, but that he has an impenetrable force field around it. Wade is arrested and placed in indentured servitude in tech support, after escaping the corporation, he shares his information with his friends, and publicizes a gathering of avatars to storm the castle. They are interrupted by Ogden, who offers them a haven at his home in Oregon
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Citizens Theatre
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The Citizens Theatre is based in Glasgow, Scotland and is the principal producing theatre in the west of Scotland. The theatre includes a 500-seat Main Auditorium, and two theatres, the Circle Studio and the Stalls Studio. The Citizens Company was based at first in the Glasgow Athenaeum and it moved in 1945 to its present site, the then Royal Princesss Theatre, where it became the Citizens Theatre. While the Citizens Theatre building retains some of the original Victorian architectural features and it now includes the 500-seat main auditorium, and two studio theatres. The main auditorium contains the original proscenium arch stage, which is raked, the building contains the oldest original working understage machinery and paint frame in a working theatre in the United Kingdom. The paint frame is used for scenic painting and its original glass roof remains. As part of the theatres ongoing commitment to remain accessible, the Citizens endeavours to keep tickets reasonably priced. In 2008 over 900 children from the Gorbals and surrounding schools participated in a workshop in their school. Citizens Theatre Redevelopment The Citizens Theatre and TAG Theatre Company came together as one company in April 2007, TAG encompassed all of the work for children and young people. From September 2012, all the work for children and young people previously produced under the name of TAG will now be produced under the name of Citizens Theatre, dominic Hill was Artistic Director at the Traverse Theatre, Edinburgh for the last 3 years. Prior to the Traverse, he was Co-Artistic Director at Dundee Rep Theatre and he has received many accolades for his critically acclaimed productions, including numerous CATS Awards for amongst others, The Dark Things, Peer Gynt, and Scenes from an Execution. Hill took up post in October 2011, Jeremy Raison was the Artistic Director of the Citizens Theatre, Glasgow from 2003 until August 2010. After seven successful years Raison directed his final production A Clockwork Orange, raisons work for children and families in the Citizens includes The Borrowers, Charlottes Web, James and the Giant Peach, Peter Pan, Cinderella and Wee Fairy Tales. Guy Hollands became Artistic Director of the Citizens Theatre in 2006, after four successful years, Hollands is expected to assume a new role leading the Citizens Theatre companys creative learning portfolio in early 2011. Hollands work for children and families for TAG and on tour includes Yellow Moon, A Taste of Honey, King Lear, Knives in Hens, Liar, Museum of Dreams, Meep and Moop, the Citizens Theatre is the west of Scotlands major producing theatre. The production team includes stage management, lighting, sound, workshop, wardrobe, costumes, sets, lighting and sound are prepared by the Citizens backstage crew and the company produces several shows each year in the main auditorium, studio spaces and for touring. Welding, carpentry, sewing, painting and paper-mache may be used to create sets for productions, recently, Christmas shows have been fairy tales adapted by Alan McHugh and presented in highly theatrical productions offered as an alternative to pantomime. Guy Hollands founded the Citizens Community Company in 1999, with the first Community Performance Project Driving Out The Devil, short plays by Bertolt Brecht, directed by Guy Hollands
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West End theatre
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West End theatre is a common term for mainstream professional theatre staged in the large theatres of Theatreland in and near the West End of London. Along with New York Citys Broadway theatre, West End theatre is considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. Seeing a West End show is a common tourist activity in London, in 2013, ticket sales reached a record 14.4 million, making West End the largest English speaking audience in the world. Famous screen actors frequently appear on the London stage, helen Mirren received an award for her performance as the Queen on the West End stage, and then stated, theatre is such an important part of British history and British culture. Theatre in London flourished after the English Reformation, the first permanent public playhouse, known simply as The Theatre, was constructed in 1576 in Shoreditch by James Burbage. It was soon joined by The Curtain, both are known to have been used by William Shakespeares company. In 1599, the timber from The Theatre was moved to Southwark and these theatres were closed in 1642 due to the Puritans who would later influence the interregnum of 1649. After the Restoration, two companies were licensed to perform, the Dukes Company and the Kings Company, performances were held in converted buildings, such as Lisles Tennis Court. The first West End theatre, known as Theatre Royal in Bridges Street, was designed by Thomas Killigrew and built on the site of the present Theatre Royal and it opened on 7 May 1663 and was destroyed by a fire nine years later. It was replaced by a new designed by Christopher Wren and renamed the Theatre Royal. Outside the West End, Sadlers Wells Theatre opened in Islington on 3 June 1683. Taking its name from founder Richard Sadler and monastic springs that were discovered on the property, it operated as a Musick House, with performances of opera, as it was not licensed for plays. In the West End, the Theatre Royal Haymarket opened on 29 December 1720 on a site north of its current location. The Patent theatre companies retained their duopoly on drama well into the 19th century, by the early 19th century, however, music hall entertainments became popular, and presenters found a loophole in the restrictions on non-patent theatres in the genre of melodrama. Melodrama did not break the Patent Acts, as it was accompanied by music, initially, these entertainments were presented in large halls, attached to public houses, but purpose-built theatres began to appear in the East End at Shoreditch and Whitechapel. The West End theatre district became established with the opening of small theatres and halls. South of the River Thames, the Old Vic, Waterloo Road, the next few decades saw the opening of many new theatres in the West End. It abbreviated its name three years later, the theatre building boom continued until about World War I
20.
Much Ado About Nothing
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Much Ado About Nothing is a comedy by William Shakespeare thought to have been written in 1598 and 1599, as Shakespeare was approaching the middle of his career. The play was included in the First Folio, published in 1623, at the end, Benedick and Beatrice join forces to set things right, and the others join in a dance celebrating the marriages of the two couples. At Messina, a messenger brings news that Don Pedro, a prince from Aragon, will return that night from a successful battle, Beatrice, Leonatos niece, asks the messenger about Benedick and makes sarcastic remarks about his ineptitude as a soldier. Leonato explains that There is a kind of merry war betwixt Signior Benedick, upon the arrival of the soldiers, Leonato welcomes Don Pedro and invites him to stay for a month, Benedick and Beatrice resume their merry war, and Pedros illegitimate brother Don John is introduced. Claudios feelings for Hero, Leonatos only daughter, are rekindled upon seeing her, Benedick, who openly despises marriage, tries to dissuade his friend but Don Pedro encourages the marriage. Benedick swears that he will never get married, Don Pedro laughs at him and tells him that when he has found the right person he shall get married. A masquerade ball is planned in celebration of the end of the war, Don John uses this situation to get revenge on his brother Don Pedro by telling young Claudio that Don Pedro is wooing Hero for himself. A furious Claudio confronts Don Pedro, but the misunderstanding is quickly resolved, meanwhile, Benedick disguises himself and dances with Beatrice. Beatrice proceeds to tell this man that Benedick is the princes jester. Benedick, enraged by her words, swears he will have revenge, Don Pedro and his men, bored at the prospect of waiting a week for the wedding, harbour a plan to match-make between Benedick and Beatrice. They arrange for Benedick to overhear a conversation in which they declare that Beatrice is madly in love him but afraid to tell him. Meanwhile, Hero and her maid Ursula ensure Beatrice overhears them discuss Benedicks undying love for her, the tricks have the desired effect, both Benedick and Beatrice are delighted to think they are the object of unrequited love, and both accordingly resolve to mend their faults and reconcile. Meanwhile, Don Pedros brother Don John, the prince, plots to prevent the wedding, embarrass his brother and wreak misery on Leonato. He informs Don Pedro and Claudio that Hero is unfaithful, Claudio and Don Pedro are taken in, and Claudio vows to humiliate Hero publicly. At the wedding the day, Claudio denounces Hero before the stunned guests. Her humiliated father Leonato expresses the wish that she would die, the presiding friar intervenes, believing Hero to be innocent. He suggests the family fake Heros death in order to extract the truth, prompted by the days harrowing events, Benedick and Beatrice confess their love for each other. Beatrice then asks Benedick to slay Claudio as proof of his devotion, Benedick is horrified and at first, denies her request
21.
Jerusalem (play)
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Jerusalem is a play by Jez Butterworth that opened at the downstairs theatre of the Royal Court Theatre in London in 2009. The production starred Mark Rylance as Johnny Rooster Byron and Mackenzie Crook as Ginger, after receiving rave reviews its run was extended. In January 2010 it transferred to the Apollo Theatre and played on Broadway in the summer of 2011, on St. Georges Day, the morning of the local county fair, Johnny Rooster Byron, local waster and modern day Pied Piper, is a wanted man. Ginger – pathetic underdog of the group, he is older than the others who hang around with Johnny and he aspires to be a DJ, but is in fact an unemployed plasterer. The Professor – vague and whimsical, the elderly professor spouts philosophical nothings, davey – young teenage abbatoir worker who is best friends with Lee, and visits Rooster regularly for free drugs and alcohol. He cant stand the idea of leaving Wiltshire, troy Whitworth – local thug, the same age as Ginger, his stepdaughter, whom he sexually abuses, goes missing in the play, he badly beats Johnny up at the end of the play. Lee – young teenager, he enters the play having been hidden in the sofa asleep after about 15 minutes, he plans to emigrate to Australia the next day, pea and Tanya – two local girls who emerge from underneath Johnnys caravan, having fallen asleep drunk there. Dawn – Johnnys ex-girlfriend and mother to his child, though she disapproves of his lifestyle, having spent some time with him she relapses and kisses him, but there is no reconciliation. Wesley – the local pub landlord, he is involved in the festivities for St Georges Day and has roped in to doing the Morris Dancing. Linda Fawcett and Luke Parsons – the council officials, Rylance met Laye and modelled his performance on Layes mannerisms, he later gave Laye the Tony award he had received for his performance. Laye died of an attack while waiting for his local pub to open in December 2013. Though the location of events is not specified in the play, the community depicted is based on Pewsey, the play makes frequent allusions to William Blakes lyrics to the song Jerusalem, from which its title is derived. The premiere of the play was at the Royal Court Theatre in London, the staging involved live chickens, a live tortoise and goldfish and several real trees surrounding an onstage caravan. — The Daily Telegraph Jerusalem is a bold, ebullient and often hilarious State-of-England or State-of-Olde-England play, is a shrewd, bold, defiant, charismatic, even mesmeric man born out of his time. Imagine King Arthur reincarnated as a troll and you have something of the quality he brings to the debased pastoral he grittily, comically and finally mournfully inhabits, — The Times Jez Butterworths astonishing new play—an invigorating, yelping, defiant portrait of 21st century shires England. This resulted in its first negative review, tim Walker in the Sunday Telegraph wrote of the character of Rooster, With his chest out and his head back, lined up in a vertical line with his bottom, the actor does indeed resemble a rooster. Rylance went on to win the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor for his performance, Jerusalem opened on Broadway on 21 April 2011 at the Music Box Theatre, following previews from 2 April 2011. It was scheduled to play a season until 24 July 2011
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Broadway theatre
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Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
23.
Twelfth Night
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Twelfth Night, or What You Will is a comedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written around 1601–02 as a Twelfth Nights entertainment for the close of the Christmas season. The play centres on the twins Viola and Sebastian, who are separated in a shipwreck, Viola falls in love with Duke Orsino, who in turn is in love with the Countess Olivia. Upon meeting Viola, Countess Olivia falls in love with her thinking she is a man, the first recorded performance was on 2 February 1602, at Candlemas, the formal end of Christmastide in the years calendar. The play was not published until its inclusion in the 1623 First Folio, Illyria, the setting of Twelfth Night, is important to the plays romantic atmosphere. Illyria was an ancient region of the Western Balkans whose coast covered the coasts of modern-day Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and it included the city state of the Republic of Ragusa which has been proposed as the setting. Illyria may have suggested by the Roman comedy Menaechmi, the plot of which also involves twins who are mistaken for each other. Illyria is also referred to as a site of pirates in Shakespeares earlier play, Henry VI, the names of most of the characters are Italian but some of the comic characters have English names. Oddly, the Illyrian lady Olivia has an English uncle, Sir Toby Belch and it has been noted that the plays setting also has other English allusions such as Violas use of Westward ho. Viola is shipwrecked on the coast of Illyria and she comes ashore with the help of a captain and she loses contact with her twin brother, Sebastian, whom she believes to be drowned. Disguising herself as a man under the name Cesario, she enters the service of Duke Orsino through the help of the sea captain who rescues her. Duke Orsino then uses Cesario as an intermediary to profess his love before Olivia. Olivia, however, forgetting about the seven years in his case, falls in love with Cesario, in the comic subplot, several characters conspire to make Olivias pompous steward, Malvolio, believe that Olivia has fallen for him. This involves Olivias uncle, Sir Toby Belch, another suitor, a silly squire named Sir Andrew Aguecheek, her servants Maria and Fabian. Sir Toby and Sir Andrew engage themselves in drinking and revelry, thus disturbing the peace of Olivias house until late into the night, Sir Toby famously retorts, Dost thou think, because thou art virtuous, there shall be no more cakes and ale. Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, and Maria are urged to plan revenge on Malvolio and they convince Malvolio that Olivia is secretly in love with him by planting a love letter, written by Maria in Olivias handwriting. It asks Malvolio to wear yellow stockings cross-gartered, to be rude to the rest of the servants, Malvolio finds the letter and reacts in surprised delight. He starts acting out the contents of the letter to show Olivia his positive response, Olivia is shocked by the changes in Malvolio and leaves him to the contrivances of his tormentors. Pretending that Malvolio is insane, they lock him up in a dark chamber, Feste visits him to mock his insanity, both disguised as a priest and as himself
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Channel 4
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Channel 4 is a British public-service television broadcaster that began transmission on 2 November 1982. With the conversion of the Wenvoe transmitter group in Wales to digital on 31 March 2010, before Channel 4 and S4C, Britain had three terrestrial television services, BBC1, BBC2, and ITV. The Broadcasting Act 1980 began the process of adding a fourth, after some months of test broadcasts, it began scheduled transmissions on 2 November 1982. Indeed, television sets throughout the 1970s and early 1980s had a spare channel called ITV/IBA2. It was most likely politics which had the biggest impact in leading to a delay of almost three decades before the commercial channel became a reality. The campaign was taken so seriously by Gwynfor Evans, former president of Plaid Cymru, the result was that Channel 4 as seen by the rest of the United Kingdom would be replaced in Wales by Sianel Pedwar Cymru. Operated by a specially created authority, S4C would air programmes in Welsh made by HTV, since then, carriage on digital cable, satellite and digital terrestrial has introduced Channel 4 to Welsh homes where it is now universally available. The first programme to air on the channel was the game show Countdown. The first person to be seen on Channel 4 was Richard Whiteley with Ted Moult being the second, the first woman on the channel, contrary to popular belief, was not Carol Vorderman and was a lexicographer only ever identified as Mary. Whiteley opened the show with the words, On its first day, Channel 4 also broadcast controversial soap opera Brookside, which ran until 2003. On its launch, Channel 4 committed itself to providing an alternative to the existing channels, Channel 4 co-commissioned Robert Ashleys ground-breaking television opera Perfect Lives, which it premiered over several episodes in 1984. The channel often did not receive mass audiences for much of period, however. Channel 4 for many years had a poorer quality signal compared to other channels, Channel 4 also began the funding of independent films, such as the Merchant-Ivory docudrama The Courtesans of Bombay, during this time. In 1992, Channel 4 also faced its first libel case by Jani Allan, a South African journalist, who objected to her representation in the documentary The Leader, His Driver and the Drivers Wife. After control of the station passed from the Channel Four Television Company to the Channel Four Television Corporation in 1993, instead of aiming for the fringes of society, it began to focus on the edges of the mainstream, and the centre of the mass market itself. It began to show many US programmes in peak viewing time and it gave such shows as Friends and ER their UK premières. In the early 2000s, Channel 4 began broadcasting reality formats such as Big Brother and obtained the rights to broadcast mass appeal sporting events like cricket and this new direction increased ratings and revenues. In addition, the corporation launched a number of new channels through its new 4Ventures offshoot, including Film4, At the Races, E4
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Thomas Cromwell
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Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex KG PC was an English lawyer and statesman who served as chief minister to King Henry VIII of England from 1532 to 1540. Cromwell was one of the strongest and most powerful advocates of the English Reformation and he helped to engineer an annulment of the kings marriage to Queen Catherine of Aragon so that Henry could lawfully marry Anne Boleyn. Cromwell subsequently charted an evangelical and reformist course for the Church of England from the posts of vicegerent in spirituals. During his rise to power, Cromwell made many enemies, including his former ally Anne Boleyn and he played a prominent role in her downfall. He later fell from power, after arranging the marriage to German princess Anne of Cleves. Cromwell was arraigned under a bill of attainder and executed for treason, the king later expressed regret at the loss of his chief minister. Until the 1950s, historians discounted Cromwells role, calling him a doctrinaire hack who was more than the agent of the despotic King Henry VIII. Geoffrey Elton, however, featured him as the figure in the Tudor revolution in government in The Tudor Revolution. Elton portrayed Cromwell as the genius, much more so than the king, handling the break with Rome and creating the laws. Subsequent historians have agreed with Elton as to Cromwells importance, though not with his claims of revolution. Thomas Cromwell was born around 1485, in Putney, Surrey, as the son of Walter Cromwell, a blacksmith, fuller and cloth merchant, thomass mother, Katherine, was the aunt of Nicholas Glossop of Wirksworth in Derbyshire. She lived in Putney in the house of an attorney, John Welbeck. Cromwell had two sisters, the elder, Katherine, married Morgan Williams, a Welsh lawyer, the younger, Elizabeth, married a farmer, Katherine and Morgans son, Richard, was employed in his uncles service, and changed his name to Cromwell. Little is known about Cromwells early life and it is believed that he was born at the top of Putney Hill, on the edge of Putney Heath. The plot of ground here referred to is now covered by the Green Man public house, Cromwell declared to Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer that he had been a ruffian… in his young days. As a youth, he left his family in Putney, accounts of his activities in France, Italy and the Low Countries are sketchy and contradictory. It is alleged that he first became a mercenary, and marched with the French army to Italy, while in Italy, he entered service in the household of the Florentine banker Francesco Frescobaldi. Later, he visited leading mercantile centres in the Low Countries, living among the English merchants, at some point he returned to Italy
26.
BBC Two
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BBC Two is the second television channel operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It covers a range of subject matter, but tending towards more highbrow programmes than the more mainstream. Like the BBCs other domestic TV and radio channels, it is funded by the television licence and it is a comparatively well-funded public service network, regularly attaining a much higher audience share than most public service networks worldwide. Originally styled BBC2, it was the third British television station to be launched, a high-definition version of the channel launched on 26 March 2013, replacing BBC HD. British television at the time of BBC2s launch consisted of two channels, the BBC Television Service and the ITV network made up of regional companies. Both channels had existed in a state of competition since ITVs launch in 1955, the 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and that ITV lacked any serious programming. It therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC, prior to its launch, the new BBC2 was promoted on the BBC Television Service, the soon to be renamed BBC1. The animated adverts featured the campaign mascots Hullabaloo, a mother kangaroo, however, at around 18,45 a huge power failure, originating from a fire at Battersea Power Station, caused Television Centre, and indeed much of west London, to lose all power. BBC1 was able to continue broadcasting via its facilities at Alexandra Palace, associated-Rediffusion, the London weekday ITV franchise-holder, offered to transmit on the BBCs behalf, but their gesture was rejected. At 22,00 programming was officially postponed until the following morning, there was believed to be no recording made of this bulletin, but a videotape was discovered in early 2003. By 11,00 on 21 April, power had restored to the studios and programming began. The launch schedule, postponed from the night before, was successfully shown that evening. In reference to the cut, the transmission opened with a shot of a lit candle which was then sarcastically blown out by presenter Denis Tuohy. To establish the new identity and draw viewers to it. The production chosen was The Forsyte Saga, a adaptation of the novels by John Galsworthy, featuring well-established actors Kenneth More. Unlike BBC1 and ITV, BBC2 was broadcast only on the 625 line UHF system and this created a market for dual standard receivers which could switch between the two systems. On 1 July 1967, during the Wimbledon Championships, BBC2 became the first channel in Europe to begin broadcasts in colour. The thirteen part series Civilisation was created as a celebration of two millennia of western art and culture to showpiece the new colour technology, BBC1 and ITV later joined BBC2 on 625-line UHF band, but continued to simulcast on 405-line VHF until 1985
27.
Wolf Hall (miniseries)
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Wolf Hall is a British television serial first broadcast on BBC Two in January 2015. Wolf Hall was first broadcast in April 2015 in the United States on PBS, according to The Guardian £7 million was to be spent on the adaptation. BBC Two controller Janice Hadlow said it was fortunate to have the rights to the two novels and called Wolf Hall a great contemporary novel. Peter Kosminsky, the director of the series, said, This is a first for me, but it is an intensely political piece. It is about the politics of despotism, and how you function around an absolute ruler, I have a sense that Hilary Mantel wanted that immediacy. When I saw Peter Straughans script, only a first draft and it was the best draft I had ever seen. He had managed to distil 1,000 pages of the novels into six hours, hes a theatre writer by trade. The drama series features 102 characters and Kosminsky began casting the other parts in October 2013, the series was filmed in May to July 2014. The series, which was made in association with Masterpiece Entertainment and Playground Entertainment, Mantel called Straughans scripts a miracle of elegant compression and I believe with such a strong team the original material can only be enhanced. Kosminskys decision to film many of the scenes by candlelight led to the actors bumping into things. The Long Gallery doubled as Anne Boleyns chamber, callender said that lead performers Mark Rylance and Damian Lewis were eager to return. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the show a 100% rating based on 29 reviews with a rating of 8. 6/10. The critical consensus reads, Beautifully filmed and brilliantly acted, Wolf Hall masterfully brings Hilary Mantels award-winning novels to life, sam Wollaston in The Guardian called it sumptuous, intelligent, event television. Will Dean, writing for The Independent, gave it four out of five stars and he did not believe it compared favourably with the stage adaptation of the book, yet predicted it would secure a devoted following. James Walton in The Daily Telegraph gave the first episode five out of five, commenting. Audience figures did not reflect this, however, with a substantial fall between the first and second episode and complaints about the slow pacing, among Catholics, George Weigel has referred to the series as Upmarket Anti-Catholicism. Several American Catholic bishops have been similarly critical, elsewhere, several historians have expressed concerns about historical inaccuracy in the series. Constitutional historian David Starkey has said, To reach such a conclusion about More and Cromwell from the very difficult, both men believed in the idea of enforcing ideas on others by persecution and execution
28.
Emmy Award
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An Emmy Award, or simply Emmy, recognizes excellence in the television industry, and corresponds to the Academy Award, the Tony Award, and the Grammy Award. Because Emmy Awards are given in various sectors of the American television industry, Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year, recognizing excellence in local and statewide television. In addition, International Emmys are awarded for excellence in TV programming produced, each is responsible for administering a particular set of Emmy ceremonies. The Los Angeles-based Academy of Television Arts & Sciences established the Emmy Award as part of an image-building and public relations opportunity. The first Emmy Awards ceremony took place on January 25,1949, at the Hollywood Athletic Club, shirley Dinsdale has the distinction of receiving the very first Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Television Personality, during that first awards ceremony. In the 1950s, the ATAS expanded the Emmys into a national event, in 1955, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences was formed in New York City as a sister organization to serve members on the East Coast, and help to also supervise the Emmys. The NATAS also established regional chapters throughout the United States, with each one developing their own local Emmy awards show for local programming, the ATAS still however maintained its separate regional ceremony honoring local programming in the Los Angeles Area. Originally there was only one Emmy Awards ceremony held per year to honor shows nationally broadcast in the United States, in 1974, the first Daytime Emmy Awards ceremony was held to specifically honor achievement in national daytime programming. Other area-specific Emmy Awards ceremonies soon followed, also, the International Emmy Awards, honoring television programs produced and initially aired outside the U. S. was established in the early 1970s. Meanwhile, all Emmys awarded prior to the emergence of these separate, in 1977, due to various conflicts, the ATAS and the NATAS agreed to split ties. However, they agreed to share ownership of the Emmy statue and trademark. With the rise of television in the 1980s, cable programs first became eligible for the Primetime Emmys in 1988. The ATAS also began accepting original online-only web television programs in 2013, the Emmy statuette, depicting a winged woman holding an atom, was designed by television engineer Louis McManus, who used his wife as the model. The TV Academy rejected a total of forty-seven proposals before settling on McManus design in 1948. The statuette has become the symbol of the TV Academys goal of supporting and uplifting the art and science of television, The wings represent the muse of art. When deciding a name for the award, Academy founder Syd Cassyd originally suggested Ike, however, Ike was also the popular nickname of World War II hero and future U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the Academy members wanted something unique. Finally, television engineer and the third president, Harry Lubcke, suggested the name Immy. After Immy was chosen, it was feminized to Emmy to match their female statuette
29.
Golden Globe Award
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Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a part of the film industrys awards season. The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film, the 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, was held in January 1944, at the 20th Century-Fox studios. Subsequent ceremonies were held at venues throughout the next decade, including the Beverly Hills Hotel. In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish an honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as a figure within the entertainment industry. The official name of the award became the Cecil B. In 1963, the Miss Golden Globe concept was introduced, in its inaugural year, two Miss Golden Globes were named, one for film and one for television. The two Miss Golden Globes named that year were Eva Six and Donna Douglas, respectively, in 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned. It was unveiled at a conference at the Beverly Hilton prior to the show. The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards, telecast to 167 countries worldwide, generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars, gervais returned to host the 68th and 69th Golden Globe Awards the next two years. Tina Fey and Amy Poehler hosted the 70th, 71st and 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015, the Golden Globe Awards theme song, which debuted in 2012, was written by Japanese musician and songwriter Yoshiki Hayashi. On January 7,2008, it was announced due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. The ceremony was faced with a threat by striking writers to picket the event, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association was forced to adopt another approach for the broadcast. In acting categories, Meryl Streep holds the record for the most competitive Golden Globe wins with eight, however, including honorary awards, such as the Henrietta Award, World Film Favorite Actor/Actress Award, or Cecil B. DeMille Award, Barbra Streisand leads with nine, additionally, Streisand won for composing the song Evergreen, producing the Best Picture, and directing Yentl in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each, behind them are Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins. Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty, at the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred, a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama
30.
London International Festival of Theatre
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The London International Festival of Theatre is a biennial festival of theatre, performance and cultural events. The organisation also supports year-round activity in London, the organisation was founded by Rose Fenton and Lucy Neal, with the first festival in 1981 hoping to ‘challenge British theatre and open a window on the world’. LIFTs current artistic director is Mark Ball, Rose Fenton and Lucy Neal founded LIFT as young graduates from Warwick University. The first festival in 1981 saw artists from Brazil, Poland, Malaysia, Japan and Holland perform in venues across London, the performances presented in the festival had never been seen in the UK before and were experimental and political in nature. LIFT continued to grow as a festival and in significance with a biennial Festival programmed by Fenton, Fenton and Neal also first brought significant international theatre-makers such as Robert Lepage, Roberto Castellucci and De La Guarda to the UK for the first time. From 2001 they launched the LIFT Enquiry to open up spaces to discuss the purpose and possibilities of theatre, in 2004, after 25 years, Fenton and Neal announced they would be stepping down as directors of the Festival. Angharad Wynne-Jones was appointed director of the festival, and oversaw the LIFT2008 festival before Mark Ball was appointed director in 2009. Since then, LIFT has returned to its format with festivals in 2010,2012,2014. LIFT2016 will begin 1 June with a performance from Taylor Mac. The festival programme will include 25 productions,6 of which are commissions or co-commissions, one of these is Depart a Circa production involving circus artists, choral singers, designers and musicians which will take place in Tower Hamlets cemetery park. LIFT2010 was a presentation of theatre from the Middle East and North Africa, such as Aftermath in The Old Vic Tunnels, LIFT took part in Shubbak with two productions from Egypt and Lebanon. It also hosted 20 young festival producers from across Europe in a training academy as part of the Festlab initiative. Luke Jerram’s Sky Orchestra sent seven hot air balloons that took off at dawn, and also joined forces with Homo Novus in Riga, Latvia and Newcastle’s Wunderbar to create Distance, a roaming performance festival that explored the relationship with distancee. LIFT2012 included 21 productions from 15 different countries in a festival of international theatre. Whilst in Derry LIFT also worked with Boat Magazine to produce a limited edition version of their nomadic magazine about the people, culture. LIFT2014 was the 20th edition of LIFT, in the brochure for the 2014 Festival, Artistic Director Mark Ball wrote, LIFT2014 platforms a gorgeous diversity of work that wouldnt otherwise be seen in London. Without sounding overzealous, we believe that much of this work is political and engages with the big ideas of our times, freedom, justice, the festival which began on June 2 hosted 30 productions from 13 countries that played in 14 venues across London. The programme included The Roof a three-dimensional free-running performance and A Journey on Foot at Dusk which invited audiences to participate in a Haitian-inspired funeral procession, lIFTs first artist gathering was held in March 2015 at the Bernie Grants Arts Centre
31.
Stop the War Coalition
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The Stop the War Coalition is a British group established on 21 September 2001, shortly after the September 11 attacks, to campaign against what it believes are unjust wars. The coalition has campaigned against the wars that are part of the so-called War on Terror of the United States and it has campaigned against the war in Afghanistan and the Iraq War. The impetus to form the Stop the War Coalition came following the 11 September 2001 attacks in the United States, the Stop the War Coalition has been formed to encourage and mobilise the largest possible movement against the war, said the founding statement. Its aim is simple-to draw together everyone who wants to stop this madness, among the sponsors of the coalition were the Labour MPs George Galloway, Tam Dalyell and Jeremy Corbyn, in addition to Tariq Ali, Harold Pinter, Suresh Grover, and Andrew Murray. German became Convenor of the Coalition and a meeting on 28 October settled the Coalitions official aims and this meeting also elected a Steering Committee which consisted of representatives of Labour Left Briefing and the Communist Party of Britain. The Communist Party of Great Britain and Alliance for Workers Liberty failed to get elected, at this time, it was alleged that SWP dominated the organisation, although German, Rees and Nineham left the SWP in 2009. The involvement of George Galloway among the figures was criticised by Nick Cohen in The Observer because of his alleged support for every anti-American tyrant on the planet. In this early period, Stop the War had a broad base, ann Treneman wrote in The Times in January 2003 that the two most obvious strands of StWC support consisted of the Establishment and the grassroots. This makes for some very strange bedfellows, who include retired generals, old peaceniks, former ambassadors, anti-globalisation protesters, Labour activists, trade unions, the Coalition worked closely with the Muslim Association of Britain in organising its demonstrations. Nick Cohen in 2003 criticised the relationship of the StWC with organisations he considers reactionary such as the Muslim Association of Britain and he accused the coalition of ignoring the requests of secular trade unions and Kurds in Iraq. The largest demonstration organised by the Coalition was the mass protest on 15 February 2003 in London against the imminent invasion of Iraq. It is claimed to have been the largest ever event in the UK with estimates of attendance ranging between 750,000 and 2,000,000 people. The march was begun by police earlier than planned because of the number of people who had arrived at the two starting points, speakers at the rally in Hyde Park included Tony Benn, Jesse Jackson, Charles Kennedy, Ken Livingstone, Mo Mowlam and Harold Pinter. StWC had forecast at the end of January that about 500,000 protesters would be on the march, as the military build-up continued, StWC urged its local groups and supporters to organise actions on the day the invasion of Iraq began. As this date was unknown, it was dubbed Day X. Following the beginning of the war and the events of Day X, a march past parliament was organised climaxing in a rally in Trafalgar Square. A papier-mâché statue of Bush was toppled in a reminiscent of the much televised pulling down of a statue of Saddam Hussein in Baghdad by American soldiers. Speakers included politician George Galloway, then SNP leader Alex Salmond, the coalition estimated that 300,000 people were present at the demonstration, while the police put those attending at 100,000 people
32.
Time 100
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Time 100 is an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world assembled by the American news magazine Time. First published in 1999 as the result of a debate among American academics, politicians, and journalists, although appearing on the list is often seen as an honor, Time makes it clear that entrants are recognized for changing the world, regardless of the consequences of their actions. The final list of individuals is exclusively chosen by Time editors with nominations coming from the TIME100 alumni. Only the winner of the Readers Poll, conducted days before the official list is revealed, is chosen by the general public, included in the list eleven times, Barack Obama is the person who has been listed most often. The list was started with a debate at a symposium in Washington, the list was first published in 1999, when Time magazine named the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. Based on the popularity of the installment, in 2004, Time magazine decided to make it an annual issue and those recognized fall in one of five categories, Leaders & Revolutionaries, Builders & Titans, Artists & Entertainers, Scientists & Thinkers, Heroes & Icons. A record of 41 women are included in the edition, the highest number of personalities in the lists history. The annual gala was held on April 29,2014 in New York City and they are artists and activists, reformers and researchers, heads of state and captains of industry. Their ideas spark dialogue and dissent and sometimes even revolution, welcome to this years TIME100. The announcement was celebrated with an event in New York City on April 26,2011. The honorees were joined by A-list celebrities at Frederick P. Rose Hall, Time readers contributed to the selection by an online vote of over 200 finalists. The list included familiar global newsmakers such as U. S. President Barack Obama, the list included numerous figures representing the year of upheaval in the Middle East ranging from rebels, to political leaders to news correspondents. Although the events of what has been dubbed the Arab Spring were prominent, additionally, Prince William of Wales and Kate Middleton were part of the list during the week before their wedding. The list also included Katsunobu Sakurai, mayor of Minamisōma, Fukushima, list of individuals included in the TIME100 in 2010 In its online presentation, Time introduced the list as follows, In our annual TIME100 issue, we name the people who most affect our world. Oprah Winfrey continued her streak of having been included on every Time 100 list and was one of women on the list. The list included many expected names and some such as Scott Brown. Others who were considered surprise selections included Elton John, Ashton Kutcher, the announcement of the list was celebrated by a black tie gala at the Time Warner Center in New York City on May 4,2010. The list was published the following day, Time readers contributed to the selection by an online vote of over 200 finalists
33.
Kent
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Kent /ˈkɛnt/ is a county in South East England and one of the home counties. It borders Greater London to the north west, Surrey to the west and East Sussex to the south west, the county also shares borders with Essex via the Dartford Crossing and the French department of Pas-de-Calais through the Channel Tunnel. France can be clearly in fine weather from Folkestone and the White Cliffs of Dover. Hills in the form of the North Downs and the Greensand Ridge span the length of the county, because of its relative abundance of fruit-growing and hop gardens, Kent is known as The Garden of England. The title was defended in 2006 when a survey of counties by the UKTV Style Gardens channel put Kent in fifth place, behind North Yorkshire, Devon. Haulage, logistics, and tourism are industries, major industries in north-west Kent include aggregate building materials, printing. Coal mining has played its part in Kents industrial heritage. Large parts of Kent are within the London commuter belt and its transport connections to the capital. Twenty-eight per cent of the county forms part of two Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, the North Downs and The High Weald, the area has been occupied since the Palaeolithic era, as attested by finds from the quarries at Swanscombe. The Medway megaliths were built during the Neolithic era, There is a rich sequence of Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Roman era occupation, as indicated by finds and features such as the Ringlemere gold cup and the Roman villas of the Darent valley. The modern name of Kent is derived from the Brythonic word Cantus meaning rim or border and this describes the eastern part of the current county area as a border land or coastal district. Julius Caesar had described the area as Cantium, or home of the Cantiaci in 51 BC, the extreme west of the modern county was by the time of Roman Britain occupied by Iron Age tribes, known as the Regnenses. East Kent became a kingdom of the Jutes during the 5th century and was known as Cantia from about 730, the early medieval inhabitants of the county were known as the Cantwara, or Kent people. These people regarded the city of Canterbury as their capital, in 597, Pope Gregory I appointed the religious missionary as the first Archbishop of Canterbury. In the previous year, Augustine successfully converted the pagan King Æthelberht of Kent to Christianity, the Diocese of Canterbury became Britains first Episcopal See with first cathedral and has since remained Englands centre of Christianity. The second designated English cathedral was in Kent at Rochester Cathedral, in the 11th century, the people of Kent adopted the motto Invicta, meaning undefeated. This naming followed the invasion of Britain by William of Normandy, the Kent peoples continued resistance against the Normans led to Kents designation as a semi-autonomous county palatine in 1067. Under the nominal rule of Williams half-brother Odo of Bayeux, the county was granted powers to those granted in the areas bordering Wales
34.
Prisoner of war
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A prisoner of war is a person, whether combatant or non-combatant, who is held in custody by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict. The earliest recorded usage of the prisoner of war dates to 1660. The first Roman gladiators were prisoners of war and were named according to their ethnic roots such as Samnite, Thracian, typically, little distinction was made between enemy combatants and enemy civilians, although women and children were more likely to be spared. Sometimes, the purpose of a battle, if not a war, was to capture women, a known as raptio. Typically women had no rights, and were legally as chattel. For this he was eventually canonized, during Childerics siege and blockade of Paris in 464, the nun Geneviève pleaded with the Frankish king for the welfare of prisoners of war and met with a favourable response. Later, Clovis I liberated captives after Genevieve urged him to do so, many French prisoners of war were killed during the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. In the later Middle Ages, a number of religious wars aimed to not only defeat, in Christian Europe, the extermination of heretics was considered desirable. Examples include the 13th century Albigensian Crusade and the Northern Crusades, likewise, the inhabitants of conquered cities were frequently massacred during the Crusades against the Muslims in the 11th and 12th centuries. Noblemen could hope to be ransomed, their families would have to send to their captors large sums of wealth commensurate with the status of the captive. In feudal Japan there was no custom of ransoming prisoners of war, in Termez, on the Oxus, all the people, both men and women, were driven out onto the plain, and divided in accordance with their usual custom, then they were all slain. The Aztecs were constantly at war with neighbouring tribes and groups, for the re-consecration of Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan in 1487, between 10,000 and 80,400 persons were sacrificed. During the early Muslim conquests, Muslims routinely captured large number of prisoners, aside from those who converted, most were ransomed or enslaved. Christians who were captured during the Crusades, were either killed or sold into slavery if they could not pay a ransom. The freeing of prisoners was highly recommended as a charitable act, there also evolved the right of parole, French for discourse, in which a captured officer surrendered his sword and gave his word as a gentleman in exchange for privileges. If he swore not to escape, he could gain better accommodations, if he swore to cease hostilities against the nation who held him captive, he could be repatriated or exchanged but could not serve against his former captors in a military capacity. Early historical narratives of captured colonial Europeans, including perspectives of literate women captured by the peoples of North America. The writings of Mary Rowlandson, captured in the fighting of King Philips War, are an example
35.
Sommelier
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A sommelier, or wine steward, is a trained and knowledgeable wine professional, normally working in fine restaurants, who specializes in all aspects of wine service as well as wine and food pairing. The role in fine dining today is more specialized and informed than that of a wine waiter. It is opined by Sommeliers Australia that the role is strategically on a par with that of the chef de cuisine, a sommelier may be responsible for the development of wine lists, and books and for the delivery of wine service and training for the other restaurant staff. Working along with the team, they pair and suggest wines that will best complement each particular food menu item. This entails the need for a knowledge of how food and wine, beer, spirits. A professional sommelier also works on the floor of the restaurant and is in contact with restaurant patrons. The sommelier has a responsibility to work within the taste preference, the modern word is French, deriving from Middle French where it referred to a court official charged with transportation of supplies. This use of the dates to a period when pack animals would be used to transport supplies. The Middle French probably finds its origin in Old Provençal where a saumalier was a pack animal driver, sauma referred to a pack animal or the load of a pack animal. In Late Latin, sagma referred to a packsaddle, one can become a sommelier only through experience in the restaurant or wine industry as a qualification, though many choose to become certified or educated by one of the many certifying bodies. In France, the Union des Sommeliers was founded in 1907 to ensure protection for its members. The approach and role of the association developed throughout the years as it lost its autonomy by merging with the Mutualité Hôtelière in 1959, ten years later, sommeliers regained their independence as the Association des Sommeliers de Paris was founded in 1969. In Italy, the Italian Sommelier Association, AIS, being founded on July 7,1965, is one of the oldest sommelier associations of the world and it is officially recognised and legally acknowledged by the Italian government. Italian Sommelier Association is part and founding member of the Worldwide Sommelier Association and it is actually the largest sommelier association ever featuring over 33,000 members only in Italy, featuring either high curriculum level and high quality service standards. A Professional Sommelier qualification and diploma is issued by AIS after candidates career assessment for those sommeliers actually working in a food and beverage establishment. The Wine & Spirit Education Trust, often referred to as WSET, is a British organisation which arranges courses and exams in the field of wine and spirits. It was founded in 1969, is headquartered in London and is regarded as one of the worlds leading providers of wine education. Although WSET does not market itself as a certification and education body
36.
Connecticut
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Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area and it is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartford, and its most populous city is Bridgeport, the state is named for the Connecticut River, a major U. S. river that approximately bisects the state. The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river, Connecticut is the third smallest state by area, the 29th most populous, and the fourth most densely populated of the 50 United States. It is known as the Constitution State, the Nutmeg State, the Provisions State, and it was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States. Connecticuts center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, Connecticuts first European settlers were Dutch. They established a small, short-lived settlement in present-day Hartford at the confluence of the Park, initially, half of Connecticut was a part of the Dutch colony New Netherland, which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. The first major settlements were established in the 1630s by England, the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in North America. In 1662, the three colonies were merged under a charter, making Connecticut a crown colony. This colony was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution, the Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along the Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford. As of the 2010 Census, Connecticut features the highest per-capita income, Human Development Index, and median household income in the United States. Landmarks and Cities of Connecticut Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New York, on the north by Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The state capital and third largest city is Hartford, and other cities and towns include Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, Danbury, New Britain, Greenwich. Connecticut is slightly larger than the country of Montenegro, there are 169 incorporated towns in Connecticut. The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain in Salisbury in the northwest corner of the state, the highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York meet, on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts. At the opposite extreme, many of the towns have areas that are less than 20 feet above sea level. Connecticut has a maritime history and a reputation based on that history—yet the state has no direct oceanfront
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Wisconsin
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Wisconsin is a U. S. state located in the north-central United States, in the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous. The state capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee, the state is divided into 72 counties. Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline, Wisconsin is known as Americas Dairyland because it is one of the nations leading dairy producers, particularly famous for its cheese. Manufacturing, especially paper products, information technology, and tourism are major contributors to the states economy. The word Wisconsin originates from the given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian-speaking Native American groups living in the region at the time of European contact. French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River, arriving in 1673, subsequent French writers changed the spelling from Meskousing to Ouisconsin, and over time this became the name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling from Ouisconsin to Wisconsin when they began to arrive in numbers during the early 19th century. The legislature of Wisconsin Territory made the current spelling official in 1845, the Algonquin word for Wisconsin and its original meaning have both grown obscure. Interpretations vary, but most implicate the river and the red sandstone that lines its banks, other theories include claims that the name originated from one of a variety of Ojibwa words meaning red stone place, where the waters gather, or great rock. Wisconsin has been home to a variety of cultures over the past 12,000 years. The first people arrived around 10,000 BCE during the Wisconsin Glaciation and these early inhabitants, called Paleo-Indians, hunted now-extinct ice age animals such as the Boaz mastodon, a prehistoric mastodon skeleton unearthed along with spear points in southwest Wisconsin. After the ice age ended around 8000 BCE, people in the subsequent Archaic period lived by hunting, fishing, agricultural societies emerged gradually over the Woodland period between 1000 BCE to 1000 CE. Toward the end of period, Wisconsin was the heartland of the Effigy Mound culture. Later, between 1000 and 1500 CE, the Mississippian and Oneota cultures built substantial settlements including the village at Aztalan in southeast Wisconsin. The Oneota may be the ancestors of the modern Ioway and Ho-Chunk tribes who shared the Wisconsin region with the Menominee at the time of European contact, the first European to visit what became Wisconsin was probably the French explorer Jean Nicolet. He canoed west from Georgian Bay through the Great Lakes in 1634, pierre Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers visited Green Bay again in 1654–1666 and Chequamegon Bay in 1659–1660, where they traded for fur with local Native Americans. In 1673, Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet became the first to record a journey on the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway all the way to the Mississippi River near Prairie du Chien
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