1.
Basketball
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Basketball is a non-contact team sport played on a rectangular court by two teams of five players each. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches in diameter and 10 feet high that is mounted to a backboard at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, a team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket being defended by the opposition team during regular play. A field goal scores three points for the team if the player shoots from behind the three-point line. A team can also score via free throws, which are worth one point, the team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but additional time is mandated when the score is tied at the end of regulation. The ball can be advanced on the court by passing it to a teammate and it is a violation to lift, or drag, ones pivot foot without dribbling the ball, to carry it, or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling. The game has many techniques for displaying skill—ball-handling, shooting, passing, dribbling, dunking, shot-blocking. The point guard directs the on court action of the team, implementing the coachs game plan, Basketball is one of the worlds most popular and widely viewed sports. Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the Euroleague, the FIBA Basketball World Cup attracts the top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional competitions for teams, like EuroBasket. The FIBA Womens Basketball World Cup features the top womens basketball teams from continental championships. The main North American league is the WNBA, whereas the EuroLeague Women has been dominated by teams from the Russian Womens Basketball Premier League, in early December 1891, Canadian Dr. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied, after rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot elevated track. Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball and these laces could cause bounce passes and dribbling to be unpredictable. Eventually a lace-free ball construction method was invented, and this change to the game was endorsed by Naismith, dribbling was not part of the original game except for the bounce pass to teammates. Passing the ball was the means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a part of the game around the 1950s
2.
Harlem Globetrotters
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The Harlem Globetrotters are an exhibition basketball team that combines athleticism, theater, and comedy. Over the years they have played more than 26,000 exhibition games in 122 countries and territories, the teams signature song is Brother Boness whistled version of Sweet Georgia Brown. Their mascot is an anthropomorphized globe named Globie, the team plays over 450 live events worldwide each year. The team is owned by Herschend Family Entertainment. The executive offices for the team are located in suburban Atlanta, the Globetrotters originated in the south side of Chicago, Illinois, in the 1920s, where all the original players were raised. In 1928, several players left the team in a dispute and that autumn, several of the players, led by Tommy Brookins, formed a team called the Globe Trotters and toured Southern Illinois that spring. Abe Saperstein became involved with the team as its manager and promoter, by 1929, Saperstein was touring Illinois and Iowa with his basketball team called the New York Harlem Globe Trotters. In fact, the Globetrotters did not play in Harlem until 1968, the Globetrotters were perennial participants in the World Professional Basketball Tournament, winning it in 1940. In 1952, the Globetrotters invited Louis Red Klotz to create a team to them on their tours. This team, the Washington Generals, were the Globetrotters primary opponents up until 2015, the Generals were effectively stooges for the Globetrotters, with the Globetrotters handily defeating them in thousands of games. In 1959, the Globetrotters played nine games in Moscow after Saperstein received an invitation from Vasily Gricorevich, the team, which included Wilt Chamberlain, was welcomed enthusiastically by spectators and authorities, they met Premier Nikita Khrushchev and collectively received the Athletic Order of Lenin medal. However, according to one report, spectators were initially confused, A Soviet audience of 14,000 sat almost silently, as if in awe and it warmed up slightly in the second half when it realized the Trotters are more show than competition. The Globetrotters brought their own opponent—not the Washington Generals, but the San Francisco Chinese Basketeers, a review in Pravda stated, This is not basketball, it is too full of tricks but praised the Globetrotters skills and suggested that they have some techniques to show us. The American press—particularly Drew Pearson—made note of the fact that the Globetrotters were paid the equivalent of $4,000, which could be spent only in Moscow. The games were used as evidence that U. S. –Soviet relations were improving, that Moscow was backing off its criticism of race relations inside America, many famous basketball players have played for the Globetrotters. Greats such as Wee Willie Gardner, Connie The Hawk Hawkins, Wilt The Stilt Chamberlain, the Globetrotters signed their first female player, Olympic gold medalist Lynette Woodard, in 1985. The Globetrotters have featured 13 female players in their illustrious history, baseball Hall of Famers Ernie Banks, Bob Gibson, and Ferguson Jenkins also played for the team at one time or another. Because almost all of its players have been African American, and because of the involved in many of the Globetrotters skits
3.
Sand Springs, Oklahoma
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Sand Springs is a city in Osage and Tulsa counties in the U. S. state of Oklahoma. A suburb of Tulsa, it is located predominantly in Tulsa County, the population was 18,906 in the 2010 U. S. Census, an increase of 8.3 percent from 17,451 at the 2000 census. The city was founded in 1911, by Oklahoma philanthropist Charles Page and he helped found and develop Sand Springs as a model city that included all components of a total community. Wealthy businessman Charles Page bought 160 acres of land in Tulsa County, Oklahoma in 1908, the initial tent housing twenty seven children, abandoned by the Hook & Anchor Orphanage in Tulsa, was soon replaced by a frame building housing fifty children. In 1911, Page created the Sand Springs Railway, an interurban connecting Sand Springs to Tulsa, the townsite was laid out in 1911. Sand Springs was incorporated as a city in 1912, with a population of 400, Page built the Sand Springs Power Plant in 1911, on the southeast corner of Main Street and Morrow Road. It anchored an area that Page intended to use for industrial development, there were several significant additions to the facility, and it remained the sole source of electric power for Sand Springs until 1947. Some of the earliest manufacturing industries were, Kerr Glass Manufacturing, Commander Mills, Kerr, Hubbard and Kelley Lamp and Chimney, Southwest Box Company, Sand Springs became one center of glass production in Oklahoma. Kerr Glass Manufacturing moved to Sand Springs from Chicago in 1913, Kerr company, which made fruit jars, were the only glass companies remaining in business as recently as 1955. The Home that Charles Page started all those years ago is still there today, what used to be the Widows Colony now accepts single mothers with two or more children. An EF2 tornado hit Sand Springs on March 25,2015, killing one resident, Sand Springs is located at 36°8′23″N 96°6′32″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 21.0 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 17,451 people,6,564 households, the population density was 934.2 people per square mile. There were 6,979 housing units at a density of 373.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 85. 85% White,1. 85% African American,7. 13% Native American,0. 44% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 47% from other races, and 4. 25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 06% of the population,22. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the family size was 3.05. In the city, the population was out with 28. 4% under the age of 18,8. 3% from 18 to 24,28. 9% from 25 to 44,22. 2% from 45 to 64
4.
Charles Page High School
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Charles Page High School is a high school in Sand Springs, Oklahoma, named after the philanthropist Charles Page. It is the public high school in Sand Springs. Charles Page High School was built in 1959, constructed to replace Sand Springs High School, during construction, there was an accident and the roof collapsed. One of the workers fell 60 feet through the ceiling and died that tragic day and they compete in basketball, football, cross country, soccer, academic bowl, debate, forensics, wrestling, and competitive cheerleading and dance. In 2004 Charles Page High School garnered national attention with a controversy surrounding the creation of a Gay-Straight Alliance at the school, an openly gay student, Michael Shackelford, was the focus of a series of articles in the Washington Post which brought national attention to the school. This national attention caught the eye of radical preacher Fred Phelps of Topeka, Kansas Westboro Baptist Church who came, however the alliance was dismantled after those students graduated. The school mascot is the Minuteman, the towns black school, Booker T Washington, also had a football program, but records on it are hard to find. Ed Dubie was head coach from 1937-1938 and later had the schools field house named after him. Lester Secrest was head coach from 1944-1946 and lead the Sandites to their first district title in 1944. Maurice Hail took over in 1947 and led the Sandites to district titles in 1948 and 1951, in 1951, the Sandites made it to the state semi-finals and tied Ada 20-20, but victory was awarded to Ada due to more penetrations. In 1952 Cecil Hankins took over and led the Sandites to another district title, in 1954, Jerry Adair played QB on Hankins team. He went on to earn a spot in the Oklahoma State University Basketball Hall of Fame and he went on to play Major League Baseball for the Orioles. Charles Prigmore coached from 1957-1960 and was the first head coach at the new Charles Page High School. Travis Rhodes took up the reigns from 1961-1962 and led Charles Page to a season in 1962. Frank Tillery coached from 1964-1966 and in 1966 led them to their first, Quarterback Jackie Hill took them 12-0 and also landed a district title. On October 21, they upset the #1 ranked Broken Arrow and they settled their 1951 score against Ada with a 37-26 win, then confronted El Reno in the final round. The game was played at Taft Stadium in Oklahoma City on an icy field in December and it was so cold that day that the cheerleaders and fans were burning fires in trashcans for warmth. At one point, football player Arlie Christmas accidentally set his leg on fire, briefly, david Treadwell, however, was not without injury and left the game with a broken arm
5.
Langston University
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Langston University, abbreviated as LU, is a public university in Langston, Oklahoma, United States. It is the historically black college in the state. Though located in a rural setting 10 miles east of Guthrie, Langston also serves an urban mission, the university is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund. The school was founded in 1897 and was known as the Oklahoma Colored Agricultural and Normal University, from 1898 to 1916 its president was Inman E. Page. Langston University was created as a result of the second Morrill Act in 1890, the law required states with land-grant colleges to either admit African Americans, or provide an alternative school for them to attend as a condition of receiving federal funds. It was renamed Langston University in 1941, through the years Langston University has developed slowly but surely. Some of the most serious problems have been political influences, financial stress, during the 1960s the campus underwent a complete makeover. New buildings appeared, and additions were made to the library, tolson taught at Langston from 1947 until 1964. Tolson was portrayed by Denzel Washington in the film The Great Debaters, the university offers associates, bachelors, masters, and doctoral degrees in a variety of disciplines. It is known as a leader in the field of agricultural research, LU has nearly 3,000 students from several states, representing a diverse student body at an Oklahoma college. A total of 29 undergraduate and six graduate programs are offered at LU. The university offers the Edwin P. McCabe Honors Program for highly-motivated undergraduate students with exceptional academic records, the university was accredited with a Doctorate of Physical Therapy program in 2005. It is the only doctoral program and one of two in the state. Langston University is accredited by seven different college accreditation agencies, mens sports include basketball, cross country, football and track & field, while womens sports include basketball, cheerleading, cross country, softball, track & field and volleyball. The present athletic director is Donnita Rogers, the Lions won the 1939 and 1941 HBCU National Championships in football. Langston won two HBCU National Championships in basketball in 1944 and 1946, langstons marching band is known as the Marching Pride. As of 2016, the band has won three bids to the Honda Battle of the Bands in the Georgia Dome since the event in 2003. Public Radio Station 89.3 FM Official website Langston Athletics website
6.
Southern University
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Southern University and A&M College is a historically black university in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The campus is on Scott’s Bluff overlooking the Mississippi River in the section of the city. The campus encompasses 512 acres, with an experimental station on an additional 372-acre site. The university is the largest HBCU in Louisiana, a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund, at the 1879 Louisiana State Constitutional Convention, African-American political leaders P. B. S. Pinchback, Theophile T. Allain and Henry Demas proposed founding an education institution for the education of persons of color. Louisiana before the American Civil War had a class of free people of color. In April 1880, the Louisiana General Assembly chartered what was then called Southern College, Southern opened its doors on March 7,1881 with 12 students. The school was held for a time at the former Israel Sinai Temple on Calliope Street and it established an Agricultural and Mechanical department. Because of continued growth and a lack of land for expansion, in 1914 the university moved to Scotlandville, along Scotts Bluff facing the Mississippi River, now absorbed into the capital, this area is included as a historic destination of the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail. The first president of what is now known as Southern University at Baton Rouge was Dr. Joseph Samuel Clark, Clark, an African-American leader from Baton Rouge, presided over Baton Rouge College and the Louisiana Colored Teachers Association. Clark presided over Southern University during its resulting expansion, Student enrollment grew from 47 to 500, and many of the schools early buildings were built during this time. Clark presided until his retirement in 1938 and his son Dr. Felton Grandison Clark was appointed as president that year. He generated considerable expansion, with 33 of 114 current buildings erected during his 30 years of tenure, the student enrollment grew from 500 to nearly 10,000 students. In addition, the State School for the Negro Deaf and Blind was established here in 1938, in 1943, the university was visited by the First Lady, Eleanor Roosevelt. The Southern University Laboratory School System began operating in September 1922, the Laboratory School was first accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools in 1936 and has conferred more than 5,000 high school diplomas since its inception. Under the segregated state education, LSU Law School had refused to admit African Americans, a special Louisiana Convention established a law program, now Southern University Law Center, in 1947 at Southern University. During Clarks tenure, Southern University at New Orleans and Southern University at Shreveport were founded and they were incorporated into the Southern University System in 1974. In 1969, the university saw a changing of the guard, on November 16,1972, Denver Smith and Leonard Brown, two students involved with Students United, a student activist group, were shot and killed outside the Old Auditorium
7.
Jackie Robinson
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Jack Roosevelt Jackie Robinson was an American professional baseball second baseman who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball in the modern era. Robinson broke the color line when the Brooklyn Dodgers started him at first base on April 15,1947. The Dodgers, by signing Robinson, heralded the end of segregation in professional baseball that had relegated black players to the Negro leagues since the 1880s. Robinson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962, Robinson had an exceptional 10-year baseball career. Robinson played in six World Series and contributed to the Dodgers 1955 World Series championship, in 1997, MLB universally retired his uniform number,42, across all major league teams, he was the first pro athlete in any sport to be so honored. MLB also adopted a new tradition, Jackie Robinson Day, for the first time on April 15,2004. Robinsons character, his use of nonviolence, and his unquestionable talent challenged the basis of segregation which then marked many other aspects of American life. He influenced the culture of and contributed significantly to the Civil Rights Movement, Robinson also was the first black television analyst in MLB, and the first black vice president of a major American corporation, Chock full oNuts. In the 1960s, he helped establish the Freedom National Bank, in recognition of his achievements on and off the field, Robinson was posthumously awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and Presidential Medal of Freedom. Robinson was born on January 31,1919, into a family of sharecroppers in Cairo and he was the youngest of five children born to Mallie and Jerry Robinson, after siblings Edgar, Frank, Matthew, and Willa Mae. His middle name was in honor of former President Theodore Roosevelt, after Robinsons father left the family in 1920, they moved to Pasadena, California. The extended Robinson family established itself on a residential plot containing two small houses at 121 Pepper Street in Pasadena, Robinsons mother worked various odd jobs to support the family. Growing up in poverty in an otherwise affluent community, Robinson. As a result, Robinson joined a gang, but his friend Carl Anderson persuaded him to abandon it. In 1935, Robinson graduated from Washington Junior High School and enrolled at John Muir High School, recognizing his athletic talents, Robinsons older brothers Mack and Frank inspired Jackie to pursue his interest in sports. At Muir Tech, Robinson played several sports at the varsity level and lettered in four of them, football, basketball, track and he played shortstop and catcher on the baseball team, quarterback on the football team, and guard on the basketball team. With the track and field squad, he won awards in the broad jump and he was also a member of the tennis team. In late January 1937, the Pasadena Star-News newspaper reported that Robinson for two years has been the athlete at Muir, starring in football, basketball, track, baseball
8.
Caesar Felton Gayles
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Caesar Felton Zip Gayles was an American football and basketball coach. As the fourth coach of the football, he led the squad to a record of 1–2–3 in 1927. Some records list his name as Felton Gale at this time but other records confirm that Felton Gale, Gayles was the head football coach at the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff. He held that position for the 1928 and 1929 seasons and his coaching record at Arkansas-Pine Bluff was 8 wins,9 losses and 2 ties. Gayles coached for 35 years at Langston University, as the basketball coach from 1930 to 1965, his teams compiled a record of 571 wins and 281 losses. He also was the coach for 28 seasons from 1930 to 1957. His teams were National Negro champions twice in basketball and football. Caesar Felton Gayles at the College Football Data Warehouse
