Marquess

A marquess (UK: /ˈmɑːrkwɪs/;^[1] French: marquis, [m ɑ ʁ k i ])^[2]^[a] is a nobleman of hereditary rank in various European peerages and in those of some of their former colonies. The term is also used to translate equivalent Asian styles, as in imperial China and Japan.

In the German lands, a margrave was a ruler of an immediate Imperial territory (examples include the Margrave of Brandenburg, the Margrave of Baden and the Margrave of Bayreuth), not simply a nobleman like a marquess or marquis in Western and Southern Europe. German rulers did not confer the title of marquis; holders of marquisates in Central Europe were largely associated with the Italian and Spanish crowns.

Etymology[edit]

A 17th-century engraving of a marquis in the robe worn during his creation ceremony.

The word "marquess" entered the English language from the Old French marchis ("ruler of a border area") in the late 13th or early 14th century. The French word was derived from marche ("frontier"), itself descended from the Middle Latin marca ("frontier"), from which the modern English words "march" and "mark" also descend. The distinction between governors of frontier territories and interior territories was made as early as the founding of the Roman Empire when some provinces were set aside for administration by the senate and more unpacified or vulnerable provinces were administered by the emperor. The titles "duke" and "count" were similarly distinguished as ranks in the late empire, with dux (literally, "leader") being used for a provincial military governor and the rank of comes (literally "companion," that is, of the Emperor) given to the leader of an active army along the frontier.

In the Duchy of Brabant and Kingdom of Belgium[edit]

Several marquesses (Markies/Marquis) lived in Belgium, still today this title exists.

the Marquess of Beauffort.
the Marquess of la Boëssière-Thiennes
the Marquess of Trazegnies d'Ittre
the Marquess du Parc.
the Marquess Imperiali.
the Marquess of Radiguès.
the Marquess of Ruffo de Bonneval de la Fare: count of Sinopoli di Calabria
the Marquess of Spontin
the Marquess of Assche
the Marquess of Yve.
the Marquess of Saint-Floris
the Marquess of Becelaere
the Marquess of Wemmel
the Marquess of Bergen op Zoom
the Marquess of Rode
the Marquess of Lede

In Spain[edit]

Currently in Spain the rank of Marquess (Marqués) still exists. 142 of them are Spanish Grandees. Normally a Marqués is addressed as "Your Illustrious Lordship" (Ilustrísimo Señor), or if he/she is a Grandee as "Your Excellency" (Excelentísimo Señor). Examples include Cristóbal Martínez-Bordiú, 10th Marquis of Villaverde

In the United Kingdom[edit]

The honorific prefix "The Most Honourable" is a form of address that precedes the name of a marquess or marchioness in the United Kingdom.^[3]

In Great Britain and historically in Ireland, the correct spelling of the aristocratic title of this rank is marquess (although for aristocratic titles on the European mainland, the French spelling of marquis is often used in English). In Scotland the French spelling is also sometimes used. In Great Britain and historically in Ireland, the title ranks below a duke and above an earl (see "Marquesses in the United Kingdom"). A woman with the rank of a marquess, or the wife of a marquess, is called a marchioness /ˌmɑːrʃəˈnɛs/^[4] in Great Britain and Ireland or a marquise /mɑːrˈkiːz/ elsewhere in Europe. The dignity, rank or position of the title is referred to as a marquisate or marquessate.

The coronet for a marquess in the British realms

The theoretical distinction between a marquess and other titles has, since the Middle Ages, faded into obscurity. In times past, the distinction between a count and a marquess was that the land of a marquess, called a march, was on the border of the country, while a count's land, called a county, often was not. As a result of this, a marquess was trusted to defend and fortify against potentially hostile neighbours and was thus more important and ranked higher than a count. The title is ranked below that of a duke, which was often restricted to the royal family and those that were held in high enough esteem to be granted such a title.

The rank of marquess was a relatively late introduction to the British peerage: no marcher lords had the rank of marquess, though some were earls. On the evening of the Coronation of Queen Victoria in 1838, the Prime Minister Lord Melbourne explained to her why (from her journals):

I spoke to Ld M. about the numbers of Peers present at the Coronation, & he said it was quite unprecedented. I observed that there were very few Viscounts, to which he replied "There are very few Viscounts," that they were an old sort of title & not really English; that they came from Vice-Comites; that Dukes & Barons were the only real English titles; — that Marquises were likewise not English, & that people were mere made Marquises, when it was not wished that they should be made Dukes.^[5]

Equivalent non-Western titles[edit]

The Marquess of Trazegnies

Like other major Western noble titles, marquess (and marquis) is sometimes used to render certain titles in non-Western languages with their own traditions, even though they are, as a rule, historically unrelated and thus hard to compare. However, they are considered "equivalent" in relative rank.

This is the case with:

In ancient China, 侯 (Hóu) was the second of five noble ranks 爵 (Jué) created by King Wu of Zhou and is generally translated as marquess or marquis. In imperial China, 侯 (Hóu) is generally, but not always, a middle-to-high ranking hereditary nobility title. Its exact rank varies greatly from dynasty to dynasty, and even within a dynasty. It is often created with different sub-ranks.
In Meiji Japan, 侯爵 (Kōshaku), a hereditary peerage (Kazoku) rank, was introduced in 1884, granting a hereditary seat in the upper house of the imperial diet just as a British peerage did (until the House of Lords Act 1999), with the ranks usually rendered as baron, viscount, count, marquis and duke/prince.^[6]
In Korea, the title of 현후 (縣侯; Hyeonhu), of which the meaning is "marquess of district", existed for the hereditary nobility in the Goryeo dynasty. It was equivalent to the upper fifth rank of nine bureaucratic orders, and was in the third rank of six nobility orders. In the Joseon dynasty, there was no title equivalent to marquess.
In Vietnam's Annamite realm / empire, hầu (侯) was a senior title of hereditary nobility, equivalent to marquis, for male members of the imperial clan, ranking under hoàng-đế (emperor), vương (king/prince), quốc-công (grand duke/duke of the nation), quận-công (provincial duke) and công (duke, rather like a German Fürst), and above bá (count), tử (viscount) and nam (baron).

Notes[edit]

^ Italian: marchese, Spanish: marqués, Portuguese: marquês

^ "English: Marquis". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
^ "French: Marquis". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
^ "Marquess and Marchioness". Debrett's. n.d. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
^ "Marchioness". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
^ Queen Victoria's Journals, Thursday 28th June 1838, Buckingham Palace, Princess Beatrice's copies, Volume:4 (1st June 1838–1st October 1838) p. 84, online, accessed May 25, 2013
^ Lebra, Takie Sugiyama (1993). Above the Clouds: Status Culture of the Modern Japanese Nobility. CA, USA: University of California Press. p. 51. ISBN 9780520911796.

References[edit]

The Chronological Peerage of England, hereditarytitles.com as of 2 March 2003; [1]; omits Normanby, misspells Hartington as Martington, places Marquess of Lorn and Kintyre in the peerage of England (Scotland is more probable).
EtymologyOnLine
Encyclopædia Britannica 1911: "Buckingham and Normanby, John Sheffield, 1st Duke of (1648-1721)" mentions the title Marquess of Normanby in the peerage of England.
RoyalArk on non-European dynasties, here China under the Manchu (last) Emperors, see also Glossary, and via Home look up other nations