1.
Camberwell
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Until 1889 it was part of the County of Surrey. In 1900 the original became the Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell. Then in 1965 most of the Borough of Camberwell was merged into the London Borough of Southwark, to the west part of both West Dulwich and Herne Hill come under the London Borough of Lambeth. Camberwell appears in the Domesday Book as Cambrewelle, the name may derive from the Old English Cumberwell or Comberwell, meaning Well of the Britons, referring to remaining Celtic inhabitants of an area dominated by Anglo-Saxons. Springs and wells are known to have existed on the slope of Denmark Hill. It was already a settlement with a church when mentioned in the Domesday Book. It was held by Haimo the Sheriff and its domesday assets were,6 hides and 1 virgate,1 church,8 ploughs,63 acres of meadow, woodland worth 60 hogs. Up to the century, Camberwell was visited by Londoners for its rural tranquillity. Like much of inner South London, Camberwell was transformed by the arrival of the railways in the 1860s, Camberwell St Giles formed an ancient, and later civil, parish in the Brixton hundred of Surrey. The parish covered 4,570 acres in 1831 and was divided into the liberty of Peckham to the east, the width of the parish tapered in the south to form a point at what is now known as the Crystal Palace area. In 1801 the population was 7,059 and by 1851 this had risen to 54,667, in 1889 the board was replaced by the London County Council and Camberwell was removed from Surrey, to form part of the County of London. In 1900 the area of the Camberwell parish became the Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell, in 1965 the metropolitan borough was abolished and its former area became the southern part of the London Borough of Southwark in Greater London. The western part of the area is situated in the adjacent London Borough of Lambeth, Camberwell today is a mixture of relatively well preserved Georgian and 20th-century housing, including a number of tower blocks. Camberwell Grove, Grove Lane and Addington Square have some of Londons most elegant, the Salvation Armys William Booth Memorial Training College, designed by Giles Gilbert Scott, was completed in 1932, it towers over South London from Denmark Hill. Camberwell is home to one of Londons largest teaching hospitals, Kings College Hospital with associated medical school the Guy’s King’s, the Maudsley Hospital, an internationally significant psychiatric hospital, is located in Camberwell along with the Institute of Psychiatry. Early music halls in Camberwell were in the hall of public houses. One, the Father Redcap still stands by Camberwell Green, but internally, in 1896, the Dan Leno company opened the Oriental Palace of Varieties, on Denmark Hill. This successful venture was replaced with a new theatre, designed by Ernest A. E
2.
British Academy Film Awards
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The British Academy Film Awards are presented in an annual award show hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts to honour the best British and international contributions to film. Between 2008 and 2016, the ceremony was held in central London at the Royal Opera House, the 70th British Academy Film Awards were held on 12 February 2017 at the Royal Albert Hall in London. British Academy of Film and Television Arts was founded in 1947 as The British Film Academy, by David Lean, Alexander Korda, Carol Reed, Charles Laughton, Roger Manvell and others. BAFTA stated charitable purpose is to support, develop and promote the art forms of the image, by identifying and rewarding excellence, inspiring practitioners. In addition to awards ceremonies BAFTA runs a year-round programme of educational events including film screenings. BAFTA is supported by a membership of about 6,000 people from the film, television, the Academys awards are in the form of a theatrical mask designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe, which was commissioned by the Guild of Television Producers in 1955. The ceremony previously took place in April or May and since 2002 it takes place in February in order to precede the Oscars. The awards are open to all nationalities, though there is an award for Outstanding British Film. Only UK films are eligible for the categories of The British Short Film, the Awards ceremony is delayed broadcast on British television the same evening, and across the world for example its shown on BBC America in the United States. It has been broadcast in colour since 1970, the award ceremony is held in London. From 2000 to 2007 the ceremonies took place at the flagship Odeon cinema in Leicester Square, between 2008 and 2016, the ceremonies took place at the Royal Opera House. The 70th Awards in 2017 were held at the Royal Albert Hall, until 2012, the mobile network Orange sponsored the awards and starting in 2013 Oranges parent company, EE, began sponsorship. British Academy of Film and Television Arts British Academy Television Awards Official website BAFTA Awards database Museum of Broadcast Communications, BAFTA IMDB, BAFTA
3.
Golden Globe Award
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Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a part of the film industrys awards season. The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film, the 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, was held in January 1944, at the 20th Century-Fox studios. Subsequent ceremonies were held at venues throughout the next decade, including the Beverly Hills Hotel. In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish an honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as a figure within the entertainment industry. The official name of the award became the Cecil B. In 1963, the Miss Golden Globe concept was introduced, in its inaugural year, two Miss Golden Globes were named, one for film and one for television. The two Miss Golden Globes named that year were Eva Six and Donna Douglas, respectively, in 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned. It was unveiled at a conference at the Beverly Hilton prior to the show. The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards, telecast to 167 countries worldwide, generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars, gervais returned to host the 68th and 69th Golden Globe Awards the next two years. Tina Fey and Amy Poehler hosted the 70th, 71st and 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015, the Golden Globe Awards theme song, which debuted in 2012, was written by Japanese musician and songwriter Yoshiki Hayashi. On January 7,2008, it was announced due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. The ceremony was faced with a threat by striking writers to picket the event, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association was forced to adopt another approach for the broadcast. In acting categories, Meryl Streep holds the record for the most competitive Golden Globe wins with eight, however, including honorary awards, such as the Henrietta Award, World Film Favorite Actor/Actress Award, or Cecil B. DeMille Award, Barbra Streisand leads with nine, additionally, Streisand won for composing the song Evergreen, producing the Best Picture, and directing Yentl in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each, behind them are Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins. Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty, at the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred, a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama
4.
Easky
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Easky or Easkey is a village in County Sligo, Ireland. It is on the Atlantic coast,26 miles from Sligo and 15 miles from Ballina, the village name derives from the Irish language term for fish and Iascaigh literally means abounding in fish, due to the Easky River that lies adjacent to the village itself. Easky, as a parish, was originally called Imleach Iseal, the area is a popular tourist destination due to its scenery and water sport options. The parish of Easky is part of the barony of Tireragh, Tireragh is a corruption of Tír Fhíacrach Múaidhe in Irish, meaning the land of Fiachra of the Moy. This tuath was founded by the Uí Fiachrach Muaidhe, who were, themselves, Easky was originally named Imleach Iseal/Isil which means the low imleach, or low land verging on the water. The first settlements in the area seem to have taken residence in Castletown, geologists have become increasingly interested in the rugged coastline around Easky, as it holds fossil structures that date back for millions of years. In ODonovans book, Easky is also mentioned through the reference, To Iasca, of the land of the white-blossomed apple-trees. This is a reference to a clan known – in modern parlance – as the OMuldoons. They held the seat in Castletown and were defenders of the area at large. Limestone, which abounds with fossils, is found on the sea shore, the glebe-house, on a glebe of nine acres, was built by a gift of £300, and a loan of £500 from the late Board of First Fruits, in 1815. The church is a building with a square tower, erected by aid of a loan of £1342, from the same Board. The R. C. parish is co-extensive with that of the Established Church, here is also a place of worship for Baptists. About 600 children are educated in five schools, and at Killenduff is a school supported by Col. Irwin, who built the school-house. There are several Danish forts, and on the lands of Townamodagh is a cromlech, seven feet high, the shores of the parish are bold and rocky, and abound with curiosities. At Alternan is a station, holy well, and saints bed, named after St. Ernanus, and much frequented by pilgrims, near Fortland is a chalybeate spring. ODowd Castle Built in 1207, the castle home to the ODowd chieftains of Tireragh. The castle was built for Oliver McDonnell who came to the area to marry an ODowd widow. A dominant landmark in West Sligo, the castle is beside Easky pier, much of the original structure of the castle has been lost over time, yet the main body of the castle remains
5.
Connemara
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Connemara is a cultural region in County Galway, Ireland. The most common definition of the area is that it consists of West Galway, that is to say the part of the county west of Lough Corrib, contained by Killary Harbour, Galway Bay and it has a strong association with traditional Irish culture. More restrictive definitions of Connemara define it as the territory of Conmhaícne Mara, just the far northwest of County Galway. The area contains a vast part of the Connacht Irish-speaking Gaeltacht, the term Connemara is the northern area of County Galway west of Lough Corrib. It is also used to describe the Gaeltacht of western County Galway, some also argue that it is not correct to say that Connemaras eastern boundary ends around Barna just on the outskirts of Galway City or at Maam Cross. Connemara derives from the tribal name Conmacne Mara, which designated a branch of the Conmacne, since this particular branch of the Conmacne lived by the sea, they became known as the Conmacne Mara. The area in the east of what is now Connemara was called Delbhna Tír Dhá Locha, the coast of Connemara is made up of multiple penisulas. The peninsula of Iorras Ainbhtheach in the south is the largest and contains the villages of Carna and Kilkieran. The peninsula of Errismore consists of the area west of the village of Ballyconneely, errisbeg peninsula lies to the south of the village of Roundstone. The Errislannan peninsula lies just south of the town of Clifden, the peninsulas of Kingstown, Coolacloy, Aughrus, Cleggan and Renvyle are found in the north-west of Connemara. Of the numerous islands off the coast of Connemara, Inishbofin is the largest, other islands include Omey, Inishark, High Island, Friars Island, Feenish and Maínis. Connemara lies in the territory of Iar Connacht, West Connacht, Connemara was traditionally divided into North Connemara and South Connemara. The mountains of the Twelve Bens and the Owenglin River, which flows into the sea at An Clochán/Clifden, Connemara is bounded on the west, south and north by the Atlantic Ocean. Connemaras land boundary with the rest of County Galway is marked by the Invermore River otherwise known as Inbhear Mór, Loch Oorid, in the north of the mountains, the boundary meets the sea at Killary, a few miles west of Leenaun. Connemara is composed of the Catholic parishes of Carna, Clifden, Ballynakill, Roundstone, the latter had fled into Iar Connacht from Maigh Seola during the English invasion of Connacht in the early 13th century. Like the Ó Cadhla clan, the Mac Conghaile clan was also a branch of the Conmhaicne Mara, the main town of Connemara is Clifden. The area around the town is rich with megalithic tombs, the famous Connemara Green marble is found outcropping along a line between Streamstown and Lissoughter. It was a trade treasure used by the inhabitants of the prehistoric time and it continues to be of great value today. It is available in large dimensional slabs suitable for buildings as well as for smaller pieces of jewellery and it is used for the pendant for the Scouting Ireland Chief Scouts Award, the highest award in Irish Scouting
6.
Galway
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Galway is a city in the West of Ireland in the province of Connacht. Galway City Council is the authority for the city. Galway lies on the River Corrib between Lough Corrib and Galway Bay and is surrounded by County Galway and it is the fourth most populous urban area in the Republic of Ireland and the sixth most populous city in the island of Ireland. According to the 2016 Irish Census, Galway city has a population of 79,504, however, Galway will be European Capital of Culture in 2020, alongside Rijeka, Croatia. The citys name is from the Irish name for Abhainn na Gaillimhe, historically, the name was Anglicised as Galliv, which is closer to the Irish pronunciation as is the citys name in Latin, Galvia. The city also bears the nickname The City of the Tribes because of the fourteen merchant families called the tribes of Galway led the city in its Hiberno-Norman period. The term tribes was a one, because the merchants saw themselves as Anglo-Irish and were loyal to the King during the English Civil War. They later adopted the term as a badge of honour and pride in defiance of the towns Cromwellian occupier, residents of the city refer to themselves as Galwegians. Dún Bhun na Gaillimhe was constructed in 1124, by the King of Connacht, eventually, a small settlement grew up around this fort. During the Norman invasion of Connacht in the 1230s, Galway fort was captured by Richard Mor de Burgh, as the de Burghs eventually became Gaelicised, the merchants of the town, the Tribes of Galway, pushed for greater control over the walled city. This led to their complete control over the city and to the granting of mayoral status by the English crown in December 1484. Galway endured difficult relations with its Irish neighbours, a notice over the west gate of the city, completed in 1562 by Mayor Thomas Óge Martyn, stated From the Ferocious OFlahertys may God protect us. A by-law forbade the native Irish unrestricted access into Galway, saying neither O’ nor Mac shall strutte nor swagger through the streets of Galway without permission, during the Middle Ages, Galway was ruled by an oligarchy of fourteen merchant families. These were the The Tribes of Galway, the city thrived on international trade, and in the Middle Ages, it was the principal Irish port for trade with Spain and France. The most famous reminder of days is ceann an bhalla, now known as the Spanish Arch. In 1477 Christopher Columbus visited Galway, possibly stopping off on a voyage to Iceland or the Faroe Islands, seven or eight years later, he noted in the margin of his copy of Imago Mundi, Men of Cathay have come from the west. During the 16th and 17th centuries Galway remained loyal to the English crown for the most part, even during the Gaelic resurgence, however, by 1642 the city had allied itself with the Catholic Confederation of Kilkenny during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. During the resulting Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, Cromwellian forces captured the city after a nine-month siege, the great families of Galway were ruined
7.
John Michael McDonagh
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John Michael McDonagh is an English/Irish screenwriter and film director. He wrote and directed The Guard and Calvary, both films starring Brendan Gleeson and he was born in London in 1967. He is the brother of playwright and filmmaker Martin McDonagh. McDonagh made his first foray into writing and directing with The Second Death, next McDonagh adapted Robert Drewes 1991 novel Our Sunshine into the screenplay for the 2003 film Ned Kelly, which was directed by Gregor Jordan. McDonagh gained considerable attention in 2011, with the release of his feature film directorial debut The Guard. The film received acclaim, with a 95% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes. In 2014, McDonagh released Calvary, a blackly comic Irish drama about a good priest tormented by his community, Brendan Gleeson plays the main character. McDonagh returned to the comedy genre for his 2016 feature, War on Everyone. The film follows a paraplegic ex-policeman in London who has developed a hatred for able-bodied people and he has stated that it will be the final one in the trilogy and will be an amalgamation of The Guard and Calvary. In 2011 McDonagh discussed developing other projects, one was War on Everyone, which had its world premiere at the 2016 Berlin Film Festival. Another was The Bonnot Gang, a gangster film based on the true story of a group of French anarchist bank robbers who operated before World War I. McDonagh has described this film as a cross between The Wild Bunch and Le Samourai, and another was Chaos Inc, a television series about a Buddhist private investigator based in Las Vegas. John Michael McDonagh at the Internet Movie Database
8.
County Galway
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County Galway is a county in Ireland. In the West of Ireland, it is part of the province of Connacht and is named after the city of Galway, there are several Irish-speaking areas in the west of the county. The population of the county is 258,552 according to the 2016 census, while it is named after the city of Galway, a different authority governs that territory. The county proper is administered by Galway County Council, the first inhabitants in the Galway area arrived over 7000 years ago. Shell middens indicate the existence of people as early as 5000 BC, the county originally comprised several kingdoms and territories which predate the formation of the county. These kingdoms included Aidhne, Uí Maine, Maigh Seóla, Conmhaícne Mara, Soghain, County Galway became an official entity around 1569 AD. In modern times, a number of inhabited islands are administered by the county. With the arrival of Christianity many monasteries were built in the county, monasteries kept written records of events in the area and of its people. These were followed by a number of law-tracts, genealogies, annals, extant manuscripts containing references to Galway include, Nearly 20% of the population of County Galway live in the Gaeltacht. County Galway is home to the largest Gaeltacht Irish-speaking region in Ireland, there are over 48,907 people living within this region which extends from Galway city westwards through Connemara. The region consists of the following Irish speaking areas, Galway City Gaeltacht, Gaeltacht Cois Fharraige, Conamara Theas, Aran Islands, all schools within the Gaeltacht use the Irish language for classroom instruction. There is also a constituent college of NUIG called Acadamh na hOllscolaíochta Gaeilge in Carraroe. Spiddal is the largest town in the region, Galway city is also home to Irelands only Irish-language theatre Taibhdhearc na Gaillimhe. There is a strong Irish-language media presence in this area too, the Aran Islands are also part of the Galway Gaeltacht. There are about 30,000 -40,000 Irish speakers in County Galway, there are 3,006 attending the ten Gaelscoil and three Gaelcholáiste outside of the Galway Gaeltacht. According to the Irish Census 2006 there are 10,788 in the county who identify themselves as being daily Irish speakers outside of the education system. Prior to the enactment of the Local Government Act 2001, the county was a whole despite the presence of two local authorities. Since that time, the administrative re-organisation has reduced the extent of the county by the extent of the area under the jurisdiction of Galway City Council
9.
Leenaun
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Leenaun, also Leenane, is a village and 1,845 acre townland in County Galway, Ireland. It is on the shore of Killary Harbour, on the edge of Connemara. The village is at the junction of the N59 and R336 roads in a valley between the mountains of Munterowen West and Devilsmother, with a view of Ben Gorm mountain to the north. The village is on the shore of Killary Harbour fjord, the ancient woods at Maam Valley are nearby, as is the Delphi Valley in County Mayo. The World famous Kylemore Abbey and the scenic Renvyle peninsula are situated some miles to the south, following torrential rain on 18 July 2007, the only river bridge in the village was swept away, cutting the town in half. It was part of the N59 national secondary road and had there for 182 years. A permanent replacement bridge was constructed with increased traffic capacity, leenaun was the setting for the film The Field and of Martin McDonaghs plays The Beauty Queen of Leenane and The Lonesome West. Mac ind Óclaich Connemara List of towns and villages in Ireland
10.
The Beauty Queen of Leenane
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The Beauty Queen of Leenane is a 1996 black comedy by Irish playwright Martin McDonagh which was premiered by the Druid Theatre Company in Galway, Ireland. It also enjoyed runs at Londons West End, Broadway and Off-Broadway. The play received its premiere when the Druid Theatre Company opened the production at the Town Hall Theatre. It then toured Ireland, stopping off in Longford, Kilkenny and it transferred to Londons West End, where it opened at the Royal Court Theatre on 29 February 1996. The Druid production then returned to Ireland to embark on a national tour, playing in Galway, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, Fermanagh, Donegal. The play returned to London where it was revived at the Duke of Yorks Theatre on 29 November 1996 for several months, the play received its American premiere opening Off-Broadway on 11 February 1998, presented by the Atlantic Theatre Company at the Linda Gross Theater. It transferred to the Walter Kerr Theater on Broadway where it opened on 14 April 1998. It received six Tony Award nominations, winning four, Best Supporting Actor, Best Actress, Best Supporting Actress, and Best Director, the play was produced in Australia in 1998 and again in 1999. The 1999 production was a tour by the Royal Court Theatre Company, appearing at the Adelaide Festival Centre and Wharf 1, the production returned to Ireland in 2000 as part of a final national tour. The play was revived in July 2010 at the Young Vic Theatre in the West End, the production transferred to Dublins Gaiety Theatre where Linehan reprised her role opposite Derbhle Crotty. It then returned to the Young Vic for another run, closing in September 2011, the Druid Theatre Company presented a revival in 2016-2017. Directed by Garry Hynes, the cast stars Marie Mullen as Mag, Aisling OSullivan as Maureen, Aaron Monaghan as Ray and Marty Rea as Pato. The production started in Ireland in Galway at the Town Hall Theatre in September 2016, and then toured to The Everyman, Cork, the Lime Tree Theatre, Limerick, the play then toured in the US starting in November 2016. The play ran at the Mark Taper Forum, Los Angeles, the play opens at the Brooklyn Academy of Music, running from January 11,2017 to February 5. The production will then return to Ireland, playing at The Gaiety Theatre from 28 March to 15 April 2017. Maureen Folan, a 40-year-old spinster, lives in the Irish village of Leenane, Connemara, in the early 1990s with her 70-year-old mother Mag, for whom she acts as caretaker. While Maureen is out, the Folan home is visited by Ray Dooley, a young man, when it seems Mag is incapable of remembering this message, Ray writes it down for Maureen. As soon as he leaves, Mag destroys the note in the furnace, upon Maureens return, she admonishes her mother for depending on her as if she were an invalid, despite her bad back and burnt hand, Maureen thinks Mag is capable of doing more for herself
11.
The Lonesome West
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The Lonesome West is a play by contemporary Irish playwright Martin McDonagh, part of his Connemara trilogy, which includes The Beauty Queen of Leenane and A Skull in Connemara. All three plays depict the shocking and murderous goings-on in the Western Ireland town of Leenane, the Lonesome West features the persistently arguing brothers Coleman and Valene, whose father has just died in a shotgun accident. Valene is only interested in his religious ornaments, and drinking poteen, Coleman is only interested in eating, and attends funerals to collect free sausage rolls and vol au vents. Valene goes out to drag the body of Garda Thomas Hanlon out of the lake with Father Welsh. Coleman pretends to follow, delaying to tie his shoelace, despite the fact that he was wearing loafers, while alone in the house, he destroys all of Valenes plastic figurines, by placing them in Valenes new stove. Only Father Welsh, the parish priest, attempts to fix their relationship. It is revealed later in the play that Coleman had shot his father because he insulted his new haircut, Valene agreed to provide a false alibi for Coleman, stating that their fathers death was accidental. In exchange, he demanded Colemans share of the inheritance money, neither of the brothers show any grief or remorse at their fathers death. The two brothers fight over everything and anything, Valene attacks Coleman over eating his crisps, and they fight over whose turn it is to read the magazine, and who left the top off Valenes pen. Father Welsh, depressed because of the hatred between the brothers, and with a low self-esteem, writes a letter begging the brothers to get along, asserting that he will stake his soul on it, Father Welsh then proceeds to drown himself in the lake. This act is significant, as there has already been a discussion about suicide in the play. The characters believe that damnation follows suicide for the victims, Coleman loses his temper when Valene admits to shoving a pencil down the throat of a Colemans old girlfriend, causing her to then fall in love with the doctor that removed it. In a fit of rage, Coleman proceeds to smash Valenes new collection of ceramic religious figurines, after Coleman calms down, Valene says Try and top that one for yourself. Coleman does, however, deliver a more terrible confession. He reveals that he cut the ears of Valenes dog two years previously, presenting the evidence of severed dogs ears in a paper bag. With this, Valene flies into a rage, and a fight scene ensues. It becomes clear that the two brothers can never have a good relationship and they agree that fighting is actually good for them, and that Father Welshs soul will be fine. The play premiered in June 1997 at the Druid Theatre Company in Galway, the play transferred to the Royal Court Theatre, London on 26 July 1997
12.
Aran Islands
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The Aran Islands or The Arans are a group of three islands located at the mouth of Galway Bay, on the west coast of Ireland, with a total area of about 46 square kilometers. They constitute the barony of Aran in County Galway, Ireland, from west to east the islands are, Inishmore, the largest, Inishmaan, the second-largest, and Inisheer, the smallest. The 1,200 inhabitants primarily speak Irish, the used in local placenames. All islanders are also fluent in English, the approaches to the bay between the Aran Islands and the mainland are as follows, North Sound / An Súnda ó Thuaidh lies between Inishmore and Lettermullen, County Galway. Gregorys Sound / Súnda Ghríoghóra lies between Inishmore and Inishmaan, foul Sound / An Súnda Salach lies between Inishmaan and Inisheer. South Sound / An Súnda ó Dheas lies between Inisheer and County Clare, Ferries operate to all three islands from Rossaveal in Co. Flights operated by Aer Arann Islands also operate from Inverin, the islands geology is mainly karst limestone, related to the Burren in County Clare, not the granites of Connemara to the north. This is most obvious in the construction of the walls around the fields, glaciation following the Namurian facilitated greater denudation. The result is that the Aran Islands are one of the finest examples of a Glacio-Karst landscape in the world, the effects of the last glacial period are most in evidence, with the islands overrun by ice during this glaciation. The impact of earlier karstification has been eliminated by the last glacial period, any karstification now seen dates from approximately 11,000 years ago and the island karst is thus recent. Solutional processes have widened and deepened the grykes of the limestone pavement, pre-existing lines of weakness in the rock contribute to the formation of extensive fissures separated by clints. The rock karstification facilitates the formation of subterranean drainage, the islands have an unusually temperate climate. Average air temperatures range from 15 °C in July to 6 °C in January, the soil temperature does not usually drop below 6 °C. Since grass will grow once the temperature rises above 6 °C, this means that the island has one of the longest growing seasons in Ireland or Britain, late May is the sunniest time and also likely the best time to view flowers, with the gentians and avens peaking. The islands supports arctic, Mediterranean and alpine plants side-by-side, due to the unusual environment, like the Burren, the Aran islands are renowned for their remarkable assemblage of plants and animals. The grikes provide moist shelter, thus supporting a range of plants including dwarf shrubs. Where the surface of the pavement is shattered into gravel, many of the hardier Arctic or alpine plants can be found, but when the limestone pavement is covered by a thin layer of soil, patches of grass are seen, interspersed with plants like the gentian and orchids. On the cliff tops, ancient forts such as Dún Aonghasa on Inishmór, a lacework of ancient stone walls across all three islands encloses networks of small fields to contain local livestock
13.
The Cripple of Inishmaan
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The Cripple of Inishmaan is a dark comedy by Martin McDonagh who links the story to the real life filming of the documentary Man of Aran. Cripple Billy Claven, eager to escape the gossip, poverty and boredom of Inishmaan, vies for a part in the film, and to everyones surprise, the Cripple of Inishmaan opened on 12 December 1996 at Royal National Theatre in London. In April 1998, it opened Off-Broadway at the Joseph Papp Public Theater, in the same year, Frederick Koehler played Billy in Los Angeles. The play was produced Off-Broadway by the Atlantic Theater Company in conjunction with The Druid Theatre Company of Galway, Ireland, opening on 21 December 2008. Directed by Garry Hynes, the cast featured Kerry Condon, Andrew Connolly, Laurence Kinlan, Dearbhla Molloy, Aaron Monaghan, Marie Mullen, Patricia OConnell, David Pearse and John C. In 2013 the play returned to the West End for a sold-out run starring Daniel Radcliffe as Cripple Billy, in spring 2014, this production transferred to Broadway at the Cort Theatre for a limited run, with Opening Night on 20 April 2014. Martin McDonagh said of his play, I hope someday they’ll be regarded as true Irish stories and it will take a long time for the baggage of me being a Londoner to be in the past. ISBN 0-375-70523-6 The Cripple of Inishmaan at the Internet off-Broadway Database The Cripple of Inishmaan at the Internet off-Broadway Database
14.
The Lieutenant of Inishmore
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The Lieutenant of Inishmore is a black comedy by playwright Martin McDonagh, first produced by the Royal Shakespeare Company in London in 2001. So instead of slicing off Jamess right nipple, as planned, but when he arrives at the family home, he discovers that Wee Thomas isnt sick, but has had his brains squeezed out like toothpaste. Padraic, a man considered too mad for the IRA and sorely trying the patience of his INLA comrades, is intent on revenge, just as hes about to put a bullet through Dads head, theres an unexpected knock at the door. The plot is set in 1993 on the island of Inishmore, County Galway, Davey, a pudgy, long-haired teenager, has brought his middle-aged neighbor Donny the corpse of Donnys cat, Wee Thomas, which he has found lying in the road. The cat has been mangled, its brains fall out as they examine it. Donny accuses Davey of running it over with his mothers bicycle, Donny reveals, to Daveys horror, that Wee Thomas did not belong to him but to his son, Padraic. The cat had been his friend for fifteen years. Davey pleads with Donny to not involve him, as Padraic, Donny agrees to keep it secret, but only if Davey admits he killed the cat. Davey half-heartedly confesses to, although due to Donnys insistence. Donny then plans to call Padraic, who is working in Northern Ireland blowing up chip shops, Davey does not understand the purpose of the call, so Donny explains that he is letting his son down easy, planning to tell him later that the cat died. Davey agrees and leaves as Donny begins to phone Padraic, a warehouse in Northern Ireland, where Padraic has James, a drug dealer, hung upside down from the ceiling. Padraic has removed two of James toenails, James insults Padraic after being lectured on the evils of distributing marijuana to good Catholic children. Abruptly, Padraic decides to cut off one of James nipples, just before he starts cutting, Padraic gets the call from Donny saying that Wee Thomas is doing poorly and off his food. Padraic breaks down into tears and screams that he will be on the first boat back to Inishmore and he then shoots his mobile phone to pieces. James suggests that Wee Thomas may have ringworm and suggests ringworm tablets in some cheese, when he realizes that James loves his cat, Padraic releases him after extracting a promise not to sell more marijuana, and gives him money for the bus to the hospital. Davey is tinkering with his bicycle when his younger sister Mairead shoots him in the cheek with her air rifle for hurting Wee Thomas, Davey attempts to explain his innocence and accuses Mairead of being mad for shooting the eyes out of ten cows in an earlier incident. Mairead, who is 16, explains it was her version of terrorism against the meat industry and she continues to accuse Davey of the death of Wee Thomas. In the discussion, it clear that she is in love with Padraic
15.
The Pillowman
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The Pillowman is a 2003 play by Irish playwright Martin McDonagh. It received its first public reading in a version at the Finborough Theatre, London. The play received the 2004 Olivier Award for Best New Play, the 2004-5 New York Drama Critics Circle Award for Best New Foreign Play and it was nominated for the 2004 Evening Standard Award for Best New Play. Katurian, a writer of stories that often depict violence against children, has been arrested by two detectives, Ariel and Tupolski, because some of his stories resemble recent child murders. When he hears that his brother Michal has confessed to the murders and implicated Katurian, he himself to his execution. Katurian, A writer of short stories often involving children. His disturbed imagination was the result of having heard his brother being abused when they were younger, consequently, he killed his parents and looked after his brother. He is shocked by his arrest, Michal, Katurians brother, who is slow to get things following his years of abuse at the hands of his parents. He is also taken into jail along with Katurian, Tupolski, The lead detective and the good cop in the interrogation. Cold and uncaring, he himself as detached from the people he aims to save. Ariel, A brutal and violent detective who has a vendetta against anyone who commits crimes against children because of abuse in his own past and he ends up being more sympathetic towards Katurian and his stories than Tupolski. Minor characters include the parents, The Little Jesus. Scene 1, Ariel and Tupolski interrogate Katurian in a police room, at first Katurian does not know why he is being questioned, and thinks he is under suspicion of running political messages against the totalitarian dictatorship through his stories. The detectives and Katurian discuss grisly stories involving children, Ariel leaves the room, and soon after Michal is heard screaming in the next room. Ariel returns, his hand covered in blood from apparently torturing Michal, the first two children were murdered according to the patterns of the stories The Little Apple Men and The Tale of the Town on the River. Katurian denies the allegations, stating that although his stories are gruesome it is the job of a storyteller to tell a story, scene 2, Katurian was raised by loving parents, who encouraged him to write, and for many years he wrote very happy stories. However, at night he began to hear sounds of torture from the next room, and as a result he began to write more disturbing stories. One night, a note is slipped under the door, claiming that Katurians brother has been tortured nightly for seven years as part of an experiment to get Katurian to become a great writer
16.
Royal National Theatre
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The Royal National Theatre in London is one of the United Kingdoms three most prominent publicly funded performing arts venues, alongside the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Royal Opera House. Internationally, it is known as the National Theatre of Great Britain, from its foundation in 1963 until 1976, the company was based at the Old Vic theatre in Waterloo. The current building is located next to the Thames in the South Bank area of central London, in addition to performances at the National Theatre building, the National Theatre company tours productions at theatres across the United Kingdom. Since 1988, the theatre has been permitted to call itself the Royal National Theatre, the theatre presents a varied programme, including Shakespeare and other international classic drama, and new plays by contemporary playwrights. Each auditorium in the theatre can run up to three shows in repertoire, thus widening the number of plays which can be put on during any one season. In June 2009, the theatre began National Theatre Live, a programme of simulcasts of live productions to cinemas, first in the United Kingdom, the programme began with a production of Phèdre, starring Helen Mirren, which was screened live in 70 cinemas across the UK. NT Live productions have since been broadcast to over 1,000 venues in 35 countries around the world, the NT had an annual turnover of approximately £87 million in 2012–13, of which earned income made up 80%. Support from Arts Council England provided 20% of income, and the remaining 7% came from a mixture of companies, individuals, trusts, in 1847, a critic using the pseudonym Dramaticus published a pamphlet describing the parlous state of British theatre. Production of serious plays was restricted to the patent theatres, at the same time, there was a burgeoning theatre sector featuring a diet of low melodrama and musical burlesque, but critics described British theatre as driven by commercialism and a star system. There was a demand to commemorate serious theatre, with the Shakespeare Committee purchasing the playwrights birthplace for the nation demonstrating a recognition of the importance of serious drama, the following year saw more pamphlets on a demand for a National Theatre from London publisher Effingham William Wilson. The situation continued, with a renewed call every decade for a National Theatre, attention was aroused in 1879 when the Comédie-Française took a residency at the Gaiety Theatre, described in The Times as representing the highest aristocracy of the theatre. This still left the capital without a national theatre and this work was interrupted by World War I. The play was part of the campaign to build a National Theatre. Still, the Government tried to apply unacceptable conditions to save money, attempting to force the amalgamation of the publicly supported companies. In July 1962, with agreements reached, a board was set up to supervise construction. The National Theatre Company opened on 22 October 1963 with Hamlet, the current building was designed by architects Sir Denys Lasdun and Peter Softley and structural engineers Flint & Neill and contains three stages, which opened individually between 1976 and 1977. The construction work was carried out by Sir Robert McAlpine, the Company was to remain at the Old Vic until 1977, when construction of the Olivier was complete. The National Theatre building houses three separate auditoria, additionally, a temporary structure was added in April 2013 and closed in May 2016
17.
Christopher Walken
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He was nominated for the same award and won BAFTA and Screen Actors Guild Awards for his performance as Frank Abagnale Sr. in Catch Me If You Can. Walkens films have grossed more than $1 billion in the United States and he has also played the lead in the Shakespeare plays Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet and Coriolanus. He is a popular guest-host of Saturday Night Live, having hosted seven times as of April 2008, Walken debuted as a film director and scriptwriter with the short film Popcorn Shrimp in 2001. He also wrote and acted the role in a play about his idol Elvis Presley, titled Him. Named after actor Ronald Colman, Walken was born Ronald Walken on March 31,1943 in Astoria, Queens, New York City. He is the son of Rosalie, a British emigrant from Glasgow, Scotland, and Paul Wälken and his father owned and operated Walkens Bakery in Astoria. Influenced by their mothers own dreams of stardom, he and his brothers, Kenneth, at age 15, when a girlfriend showed him a magazine photo of Elvis, Walken said, This guy looked like a Greek god. Then I saw him on television and he changed his hairstyle to imitate Elvis and hasnt changed it since. As a teenager, he worked as a lion tamer in a circus, Walken initially trained as a dancer in music theatre at the Washington Dance Studio before moving on to dramatic roles in theatre and then film. As a child, Walken appeared on screen as an extra in numerous anthology series, after appearing in a sketch with Martin and Lewis on The Colgate Comedy Hour, Walken decided to become an actor. He landed a role in the 1953 television show The Wonderful John Acton as the shows narrator. During this time, he was credited as Ronnie Walken, over the next two years, he appeared frequently on television and had a thriving career in theatre. From 1954 to 1956, Walken and his brother Glenn originated the role of Michael Bauer on the soap opera The Guiding Light, in 1963, he appeared as a character named Chris in an episode of Naked City, starring Paul Burke. In 1966, Walken played the role of King Philip of France in the Broadway premiere of The Lion in Winter, in 1969, Walken guest-starred in Hawaii Five-O as Navy SP Walt Kramer. He prefers to be known informally as Chris instead of Christopher, Walken made his feature film debut with a small role opposite Sean Connery in Sidney Lumets The Anderson Tapes. In 1972s The Mind Snatchers a. k. a, the Happiness Cage, Walken played his first starring role. In this science fiction film, which deals with control and normalization. Paul Mazurskys 1976 film Next Stop, Greenwich Village had Walken, under the name Chris Walken, playing fictional poet, in Woody Allens 1977 film Annie Hall, Walken played the homicidal and borderline crazy brother of Annie Hall
18.
Tom Waits
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Thomas Alan Tom Waits is an American singer-songwriter, composer, and actor. He has worked as a composer for movies and musicals and has acted in supporting roles in films, including Paradise Alley and he also starred in Jim Jarmuschs 1986 film Down by Law. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his work on One from the Heart. Waits lyrics frequently present atmospheric portraits of grotesque, often seedy characters and places and he has a cult following and has influenced subsequent songwriters despite having little radio or music video support. His songs are best-known through cover versions by more artists, Jersey Girl, performed by Bruce Springsteen, Ol 55, by the Eagles. Although Waits albums have met with mixed success in his native United States. He has been nominated for a number of music awards and has won Grammy Awards for two albums, Bone Machine and Mule Variations. In 2011, Waits was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and he is also included among the 2010 list of Rolling Stones 100 Greatest Singers, as well as the 2015 list of Rolling Stones 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time. Waits lives in Sonoma County, California, with his wife Kathleen Brennan, Waits was born at Park Avenue Hospital in Pomona, the son of schoolteachers Alma Fern McMurray and Jesse Frank Waits. After his parents divorced in 1960, he lived with his mother in Whittier, Waits, who taught himself how to play the piano on a neighbors instrument, often took trips to Mexico with his father, who taught Spanish. He would later say that he found his love of music during these trips through a Mexican ballad that was probably a Ranchera, you know, on the car radio with my dad. By 1965, while attending at Hilltop High School in Chula Vista and he later admitted that he was not a fan of the 1960s music scene, stating, I wasnt thrilled by Blue Cheer, so I found an alternative, even if it was Bing Crosby. Five years later, he was working as a doorman at the Heritage nightclub in San Diego, where artists of every genre performed, when he did his first paid gig for $6. A fan of Bob Dylan, Lord Buckley, Jack Kerouac, Louis Armstrong, Howlin Wolf, in 1971, Waits moved to the Echo Park neighborhood of L. A. and signed with Herb Cohen at the age of 21. From August to December 1971, Waits made a series of recordings for Zappa and Cohens Bizarre/Straight label. These early tracks were released 20 years later on The Early Years, Volume One, Waits signed to Asylum Records in 1972, and after numerous abortive recording sessions, his first record—the jazzy, folk-tinged Closing Time—was released in 1973. Lee Hazlewood became one of the first major artists to cover a Tom Waits song, using the title variation Those Were Days Of Roses on his album for Capitol, Poet, Fool, or Bum. Also in 1973, Tim Buckley released the album Sefronia, which contained another version of Waits song Martha from Closing Time
19.
Atlantic Theater Company
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Atlantic Theater Company is an Off-Broadway non-profit theater, whose mission is to produce great plays simply and truthfully utilizing an artistic ensemble. The company was founded in 1985 by David Mamet, William H. Macy, Atlantic believes that the story of a play and the intent of its playwright are at the core of the creative process. In February 2017, Mamets play The Penitent started its previews at the Atlantic Theater Company leading to its premiere at the end of February, the company operates two theaters in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. And second, the 99-seat black-box theater, Stage 2 at 330 West 16th Street, Stage 2, which opened in June 2006, is the home of Atlantic’s new play development program which includes the commissioning of new works, readings, workshops, and fully staged productions. The latter two were transferred to Broadway. Other Mamet productions by Atlantic include his adaptation of Chekhovs Three Sisters, revenge of the Space Pandas, The Poet and the Rent, Vermont Sketches, Reunion, Sexual Perversity in Chicago, The Duck Variations, The Water Engine, Home, School, and Keep Your Pantheon. In February 2017, Mamets play The Penitent started its previews leading to its premiere at the end of February. In other recent productions, Atlantic has produced Farragut North by Beau Willimon on its mainstage, the Cripple of Inishmaan by Martin McDonagh was presented in collaboration with the Druid Theatre Company, and a co-produced revival of Mamet’s Speed-the-Plow played on Broadway. The Atlantic Acting School operates as both a private conservatory and a program in conjunction with the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University. The Atlantic Acting School fosters new generations of artists by creating a student ensemble that allows actors to hone their craft. Atlantic is committed to preparing its students for all aspects of a performing arts career, culture of New York City List of Manhattan neighborhoods Atlantic Theater Company website Linda Gross Theater at the Internet off-Broadway Database
20.
Man of Aran
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Man of Aran is a 1934 Irish fictional documentary film directed by Robert J. Flaherty about life on the Aran Islands off the western coast of Ireland. Some situations are fabricated, such as one scene in which the fishermen are almost lost at sea in a sudden gale. Additionally, the members shown are not actually related, having been chosen from among the islanders for their photogenic qualities. Man of Aran is Flahertys re-creation of culture on the edges of modern society and it is impressive, however, for its drama, for its spectacular cinematography of landscape and seascape, and for its concise editing. The film opens with a boy crab fishing and we then observe three fishermen landing a flimsy holed curragh in the force of the wind and the huge waves. Some contend that Man of Aran is more valuable as a documentary of Robert Flaherty’s vision of life than it is of life itself, others see it as a betrayal of documentary’s mission, “to tell it like it is”. And yet, according to Richard Barsam, Flaherty is one of the innovators of the documentary form…creating a nonfiction genre all of his own. According to anthropologist John Messenger there are one hundred factual errors in the film. Among the most notable is the hunting sequence, which dominates the latter half of the story. Kimball says this practice had disappeared so long ago that the islanders didnt know how to make or use the harpoons and had to be taught the skills of the hunt. Messenger who visited Islands between 1958 and 1968 goes further, claiming that the Islanders had never engaged in shark hunting then, Flaherty brought fisherman from Scotland to teach the locals how it is done. “Flaherty…created new customs, such as fishing, and seriously distorted numerous indigenous ones in order to make the Man of Aran fit his preconceptions. Other falsehoods include creating the Aran family who were unrelated cast members handpicked by Flaherty to play the roles of mother, father, in another sequence Flaherty shows the mother buffeted by a storm as she carries seaweed along the Inishmore cliffs. What appears to be an activity carried out by Aran women is a fabrication. The seaweed is collected for fertilization and is gathered from the low lying shores twice a month, and Kimball points out that religion which is deeply rooted in the Islanders lives, even among the locally recruited actors, is entirely absent. Flaherty also exposed the Islanders to great risk asking them to perform the most astonishing feats in stormy seas despite the fact none of the Islanders could swim. As Flaherty says, “looking back I should have shot for what I asked these superb people to do for the film…for the enormous risks…and all for the sake of a keg of porter and five pound a piece. ”The full extent of Man of Aran’s deceptions was revealed at the 1978 Ethnographic Film Conference in Canberra. The conference had gathered, in part, to praise direct cinema which in contrast to the classic tradition promised a new level of realistic interpretation
21.
The Public Theater
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It is headquartered at 425 Lafayette Street in the former Astor Library in the East Village section of Lower Manhattan. The venue opened in 1967, mounting the world-premiere production of the musical HAIR as its first show and it is led by Artistic Director Oskar Eustis and Executive Director Patrick Willingham. The Public also operates the Delacorte Theater in Central Park, where it presents Shakespeare in the Park, New York natives and visitors alike have been enjoying free Shakespeare in Central Park since performances began in 1954. In addition to each season of full-scale theatrical productions, The Public also produces a number of different series, festivals, in 2008, The Public presented its inaugural Public LAB series, an annual series of new plays presented in collaboration with LAByrinth Theater Company. With each Public LAB show, corresponding speaker series are presented as after-show talkbacks to discuss prominent themes, ideas, the premiere production of Public LAB SHAKESPEARE was Timon of Athens in March 2011, featuring Richard Thomas in the title role. Past venues include Rikers Island, Borden Avenues Veterans Shelter, the Public also launched its inaugural Public Works production in 2013. Past Public Works productions include The Tempest, The Winters Tale, the Public Forum, begun in 2010, is an exciting series of lectures, debates and conversations that showcase leading voices in the arts, politics and the media. Curated by Jeremy McCarter, a writer at Newsweek, Public Forum events explore issues raised by plays in The Publics season. In keeping with the best traditions of The Public, the Forum hosts a diversity of views. Notable participants in the series include Stephen Sondheim, Tony Kushner, Arianna Huffington, Alec Baldwin, the Public hosts the annual Under the Radar Festival, a festival tracking new theater from around the world. Over the last 12 years, The Public’s Under the Radar Festival has presented over 194 companies from 40 countries. These artists provide a snapshot of theater today, richly distinct in terms of perspectives, aesthetics, and social practice, the Public serves as the home of the Emerging Writers Group, which seeks to target playwrights at the earliest stages in their careers. In so doing, The Public hopes to create a home for a diverse. The Public Writers Initiative creates a community and fosters a web of supportive artistic relationships across generations. The Emerging Writers Group is a component of The Public Writers Initiative, the Public also fosters Public Studio, a performance series dedicated to developing the works of new and emerging theater artists. The Public Theater invests in education, training classical actors through the annual summer acting intensive known as the Shakespeare Lab. The Public also educates through its Shakespeare Spring Break, Summer ShakeUP, suzan-Lori Parks, Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright and Master Writer Chair of The Public, debuted her performance piece Watch Me Work as part of the 2011 Under The Radar Festival. As of April 2011, Parks continues to perform the piece in the lobby of The Public Theater
22.
Irish National Liberation Army
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The Irish National Liberation Army is an Irish republican socialist paramilitary group formed in December 1974, during the Troubles. It seeks to remove Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom and create a socialist republic encompassing all of Ireland and it is the paramilitary wing of the Irish Republican Socialist Party. The INLA was founded by members of the Official IRA who opposed that groups ceasefire. It was initially known as the Peoples Liberation Army or Peoples Republican Army, the INLA waged a paramilitary campaign against the British Army and Royal Ulster Constabulary in Northern Ireland. It was also active to an extent in the Republic of Ireland. High-profile attacks carried out by the INLA include the Droppin Well bombing, the 1994 Shankill Road killings, However, it was smaller and less active than the main republican paramilitary group, the Provisional IRA. It was also weakened by feuds and internal tensions, after a 24-year armed campaign, the INLA declared a ceasefire on 22 August 1998. In August 1999, it stated that There is no political or moral argument to justify a resumption of the campaign, in October 2009, the INLA formally vowed to pursue its aims through peaceful political means and began decommissioning its weapons. The party supports a No First Strike policy, that is allowing people to see the failure of the peace process for themselves without military actions. The INLA is a Proscribed Organisation in the United Kingdom under the Terrorism Act 2000, the INLA was founded on 8 December 1974 in the Spa Hotel in Lucan, Dublin by former members of the Official IRA. The groups political wing, the IRSP was founded on the same day, the IRSPs foundation was made public but the INLAs was kept a secret until the group could operate effectively. The group was formed due to dissatisfaction with the Official IRA ceasefire in 1972, shortly after it was founded, the INLA came under attack from their former comrades in the OIRA, who wanted to destroy the new grouping before it could get off the ground. On 20 February 1975, Hugh Ferguson, an INLA member, one of the first military operations of the INLA was the shooting of OIRA leader Sean Garland in Dublin on 1 March. Although shot six times, he survived, after several more shootings a truce was arranged, but fighting started again. The most prominent victim of the feud was Billy McMillen. His murder was unauthorised and was condemned by Costello and this was followed by several more assassinations on both sides, the most prominent victim being Seamus Costello, who was shot dead on the North Strand Road in Dublin on 6 October 1977. Costellos death was a blow to the INLA, as he was their most able political. The Officials had denied involvement at the time of the killing and had blamed it on the Provisionals
23.
Brothers Grimm
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Their first collection of folk tales, Childrens and Household Tales, was published in 1812. The brothers spent their formative years in the German town of Hanau and their fathers death in 1796 caused great poverty for the family and affected the brothers for many years after. They both attended the University of Marburg where they developed a curiosity about German folklore, which grew into a dedication to collecting German folk tales. The rise of romanticism during the 19th century revived interest in folk stories. With the goal of researching a scholarly treatise on folk tales, between 1812 and 1857, their first collection was revised and republished many times, growing from 86 stories to more than 200. The popularity of the Grimms best folk tales has endured well, Jacob Ludwig Carl Grimm was born on 4 January 1785 and his brother Wilhelm Carl Grimm on 24 February 1786. They were the second- and third-eldest surviving siblings in a family of nine children, in 1791, the family moved to the countryside town of Steinau, when Philipp was employed there as district magistrate. The family became prominent members of the community, residing in a home surrounded by fields. Biographer Jack Zipes writes that the brothers were happy in Steinau, the children were educated at home by private tutors, receiving strict instruction as Lutherans that instilled in both a lifelong religious faith. In 1796, Philipp Grimm died of pneumonia, plunging his family into poverty, Dorothea depended on financial support from her father and sister, first lady-in-waiting at the court of William I, Elector of Hesse. Jacob was the eldest living son, and he was forced at age 11 to assume adult responsibilities for the two years. The two boys adhered to the advice of their grandfather, who continually exhorted them to be industrious, the brothers left Steinau and their family in 1798 to attend the Friedrichsgymnasium in Kassel, which had been arranged and paid for by their aunt. By then, they were without a provider, forcing them to rely entirely on each other. The two brothers differed in temperament, Jacob was introspective and Wilhelm was outgoing, sharing a strong work ethic, they excelled in their studies. In Kassel, they became aware of their inferior social status relative to high-born students who received more attention. Still, each brother graduated at the head of his class, Jacob in 1803, after graduation from the Friedrichsgymnasium, the brothers attended the University of Marburg. The university was small with about 200 students and there they became aware that students of lower social status were not treated equally. They were disqualified from admission because of their standing and had to request dispensation to study law
24.
Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965
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The Murder Act 1965 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It abolished the death penalty for murder in Great Britain, the Act replaced the penalty of death with a mandatory sentence of imprisonment for life. The Act was introduced to Parliament as a members bill by Sydney Silverman MP. The legislation contained a clause, which stated that the Act would expire on 31 July 1970 unless Parliament by affirmative resolutions of both Houses otherwise determines. This was done in 1969 and the Act was made permanent, the Act overlooked four other capital offences, high treason, piracy with violence, arson in royal dockyards and espionage, as well as other capital offences under military law. The death penalty was not finally abolished in the United Kingdom until 1998 by the Human Rights Act, however the last executions in the United Kingdom were in 1964, for murder. Death penalty Murder in English law Capital punishment in the United Kingdom Brian P. Block, hanging in the balance, a history of the abolition of capital punishment in Britain. Text of the Murder Act 1965 as in force today within the United Kingdom, from legislation. gov. uk
25.
Hans Christian Andersen
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Hans Christian Andersen (/ˈhɑːnz ˈkrɪstʃən ˈændərsən/, Danish, often referred to in Scandinavia as H. C. Although a prolific writer of plays, travelogues, novels, and poems, Andersens popularity is not limited to children, his stories, called eventyr in Danish, express themes that transcend age and nationality. Some of his most famous fairy tales include The Emperors New Clothes, The Little Mermaid, The Nightingale, The Snow Queen, The Ugly Duckling, Thumbelina and his stories have inspired ballets, animated and live-action films and plays. Hans Christian Andersen was born in the town of Odense, Denmark, Andersens father, also Hans, considered himself related to nobility. His paternal grandmother had told his father that their family had in the past belonged to a social class. A persistent theory suggests that Andersen was a son of King Christian VIII. Andersens father, who had received an education, introduced Andersen to literature. Andersens mother, Anne Marie Andersdatter, was uneducated and worked as a washerwoman following his fathers death in 1816, she remarried in 1818. Andersen was sent to a school for poor children where he received a basic education and was forced to support himself, working as an apprentice for a weaver and, later. At 14, he moved to Copenhagen to seek employment as an actor, having an excellent soprano voice, he was accepted into the Royal Danish Theatre, but his voice soon changed. A colleague at the theatre told him that he considered Andersen a poet, taking the suggestion seriously, Andersen began to focus on writing. Jonas Collin, director of the Royal Danish Theatre, felt a great affection for Andersen and sent him to a school in Slagelse. Andersen had already published his first story, The Ghost at Palnatokes Grave, though not a keen pupil, he also attended school at Elsinore until 1827. He later said his years in school were the darkest and most bitter of his life, at one school, he lived at his schoolmasters home. There he was abused and was told that it was to improve his character and he later said the faculty had discouraged him from writing in general, causing him to enter a state of depression. A very early fairy tale by Andersen, called The Tallow Candle, was discovered in a Danish archive in October 2012, the story, written in the 1820s, was about a candle who did not feel appreciated. It was written while Andersen was still in school and dedicated to a benefactor, in 1829, Andersen enjoyed considerable success with the short story A Journey on Foot from Holmens Canal to the East Point of Amager. Its protagonist meets characters ranging from Saint Peter to a talking cat, Andersen followed this success with a theatrical piece, Love on St. Nicholas Church Tower, and a short volume of poems
26.
Bomb (magazine)
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Bomb is a quarterly magazine edited by artists and writers. It is composed, primarily, of interviews between creative people working in a variety of disciplines — visual art, literature, music, film, theater and architecture. In addition to interviews, Bomb issues feature new fiction and poetry, several 500-word Artist on Artist essays, Bomb is published by New Art Publications, Inc. a 501 non-profit organization. The name Bomb is a reference to both Wyndham Lewiss Blast and the fact that the original editors expected the publication to bomb after one or two issues. Shortly after its founding, Bomb formed a 501 non-profit organization, New Art Publications, in 2005, the Bomb offices moved from the SoHo neighborhood of New York City, New York, to Fort Greene, Brooklyn. By June 2007, Bomb had published 100 issues, chris Abani Kathy Acker Martin Amis John Ashbery Matthew Barney Roberto Bolaño Edwidge Danticat Arthur C. Participants include Edward_Clark_, Kara Walker & Larry Walker, Wangechi Mutu, Gerald Jackson, Adger Cowans, Jeanne Moutoussamy-Ashe, Melvin Edwards, Terry Adkins, Eldzier Cortor, list of literary magazines Caterina Verde, contributing artist Official website JSTOR archive. BOMB, The Author Interviews published by Soho Press
27.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
28.
Six Shooter (film)
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Six Shooter is an Irish / British 2004 live action short film starring Brendan Gleeson and Rúaidhrí Conroy. The film earned several awards, including the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film, as the movie opens, a doctor informs Donnelly that his wife died at 3 oclock in the morning. Donnelly spends a few last moments talking awkwardly to his wife and brings her a photo of David, Donnelly goes home on the train. He sits opposite a chain-smoking kid, who reveals himself to be a manic foul-mouth, in his forlorn state, Donnelly tolerates the kid, allowing himself to be engaged in some inane conversations. Less accepting of the kids abrasive manners are a couple sitting across the aisle, after some animated exchanges, the kid leaves to get something from the buffet cart. At this time, Donnelly inquires, and finds out that the couple had just lost their son from a cot death, the kid comes back after the couple had left their seats. Donnelly tells the kid of the babys death, the kid seems surprised, and immediately asks, Did they kill it. When Donnelly explains that it was cot death, the kid asserts that they must have banged it on something, upon the couples return, things heat up again. The two almost come to blows, but Donnelly steps in, Donnelly goes to the buffet cart to get a drink. The man comes out to get tea and engages Donnelly in a brief conversation, with her husband gone, the woman is left alone with the kid, who quickly moves over to harass her as she clutches a picture of her dead baby. He accuses her of bang it on something, because the baby was ugly, aghast, the woman steps on the table to get away from him, only to trip, fall, and tear the photo. Moments later, the kid, back in his own seat, is startled by a thump at the window and he goes to investigate, to find an open gate, and the torn picture of the baby on the floor. Donnelly and the come back. The kid nonchalantly informs the husband that his wife has jumped off the train, the man takes this as a joke, and sets out to look for her. When Donnelly turns to see the blood on the window, he pulls the emergency stop, the police arrive and the man learns of his wifes suicide. Donnelly and the kid are questioned by a policeman, who asks the kid, as the train departs, the policeman sees the kid wildly waving goodbye, and realises that the kid is someone they want. He orders the train stopped, and tell the boys to get the guns out, on their way again, the kid tries to get Donnelly to take his side. When he gets no sympathy, the kid reveals that HIS mother was murdered last night, Donnelly tells the kid that his wife just died as well, and begins to weep
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Brendan Gleeson
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Brendan Gleeson is an Irish actor. He is the recipient of three IFTA Awards, two BIFA Awards, one Emmy Award and has been nominated twice for a BAFTA Award and he won an Emmy Award in 2009 for his portrayal of Winston Churchill in the television film Into the Storm. He is also the father of actors Domhnall Gleeson and Brian Gleeson, Gleeson was born in Dublin, the son of Pat and Frank Gleeson. Gleeson has described himself as having been a reader as a child. He received his second level education at St. Josephs CBS in Fairview, after training as an actor, he worked for several years as a secondary school teacher of Irish and English at the now defunct Catholic Belcamp College in North County Dublin, which closed in 2004. He was working simultaneously as an actor while teaching, doing semi-professional and professional productions in Dublin and he left the teaching profession to commit full-time to acting in 1991. In an NPR interview to promote Calvary, he revealed that he was abused by a Christian Brother, saying and it wasn’t very traumatic and it wasn’t at all sustained, it was just one of these things where something odd happened. As a member of the Dublin-based Passion Machine, Gleeson appeared in several of the companys early and highly successful plays such as Wasters, Brownbread. He has also written three plays for Passion Machine, The Birdtable and Breaking Up, both of which he directed, and Babies and Bathwater in which he acted, among his other Dublin theatre work are Patrick Süskinds one-man play The Double Bass and John B. Keanes The Year of the Hiker, Gleeson started his film career at the age of 34. He first came to prominence in Ireland for his role as Michael Collins in The Treaty, a film broadcast on RTÉ One. He has acted in films as Braveheart, I Went Down, Michael Collins, Gangs of New York, Cold Mountain,28 Days Later, Troy, Kingdom of Heaven, Lake Placid. Artificial Intelligence, Mission, Impossible II, and The Village and he won critical acclaim for his performance as Irish gangster Martin Cahill in John Boormans 1998 film The General. In 2003, Gleeson was the voice of Hugh the Miller in an episode of the Channel 4 animated series Wilde Stories, Gleeson later went on to portray Winston Churchill in Into the Storm. Gleeson won an Emmy Award for his performance, Gleeson played Hogwarts professor Mad-Eye Moody in the fourth, fifth and seventh Harry Potter films. His son Domhnall played Bill Weasley in the seventh film, Gleeson starred in the short film Six Shooter in 2006, which won an Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film. This film was written and directed by Martin McDonagh who also wrote, the film, and Gleesons performance, enjoyed huge critical acclaim, earning Gleeson several award nominations, including his first Golden Globe nomination. In the movie, Gleeson plays a figure for Colin Farrells hitman
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Wicklow
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Wicklow is the county town of County Wicklow and the capital of the Mid-East Region in Ireland. Located south of Dublin on the east coast of the island, the town is to the east of the N11 route between Dublin and Wexford. Wicklow is also linked to the network, with Dublin commuter services now extending to the town. Additional services connect with Arklow, Wexford and Rosslare Europort, a ferry port. There is also a port, mainly importing timber and textiles. The River Vartry is the river which flows through the town. Wicklow town forms a semicircle around Wicklow harbour. To the immediate north lies The Murrough, a popular walking area beside the sea. The eastern coastal strip includes Wicklow bay, a crescent shaped stone beach approximately 10 km in length, Ballyguile Hill is to the southwest of the town. Much of the developments of the 1970s and 1980s occurred in this area. The land rises into rolling hills to the west, going on to meet the Wicklow Mountains in the centre of the county, the dominant feature to the south is the rocky headlands of Brides Head and Wicklow Head, the easternmost mainland point of the Republic of Ireland. On a very clear day it is possible to see the Snowdonia mountain range in Wales, similar to much of the rest of northwestern Europe, Wicklow experiences a maritime climate with cool summers, mild winters, and a lack of temperature extremes. The average maximum January temperature is 9.2 °C, while the average maximum August temperature is 21.2 °C, on average, the sunniest month is May. The wettest month is October with 118.9 mm of rain, with the exceptions of October and November, rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year with rainfall falling within a relatively narrow band of between 60 and 86 mm for any one month. However, a spike occurs in October and November each of which records almost double the typical rainfall of April. Wicklow is sheltered locally by Ballyguile hill and, more distantly by the Wicklow mountains and this sheltered location makes it one of the driest and warmest places in Ireland. It receives only about 60% the rainfall of the west coast, in addition because Wicklow is protected by the mountains from southwesterly and westerly winds, it enjoys higher average temperatures than much of Ireland. Its average high in August of 21.2 °C is a full 1 °C higher than the highest average month in Dublin, while its location is favorable for protection against the prevailing winds that is common to much of Ireland, Wicklow is particularly exposed to easterly winds
31.
Waterford
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Waterford is a city in Ireland. It is in the South-East Region, Ireland and is part of the province of Munster, the city is situated at the head of Waterford Harbour. It is the oldest and the fifth most populous city in the Republic of Ireland and it is the eighth most populous city on the island of Ireland. Waterford City and County Council is the government authority for the city. Waterford is known for Waterford Crystal, a legacy of the citys former glass-making industry, according to the 2011 Census,65,928 people live in the Waterford Metropolitan District, however this figure does not include its suburbs in County Kilkenny and County Wexford. There are over 80,000 people within a 15 km radius of the city centre, with a population of 51,519, Waterford is the fifth most populous city in the State and the 32nd most populous area of local government. Following the Local Government Reform Act 2014, Waterford City and County Council is the government authority for the city. The authority came into operation on 1 June 2014, prior to this the city had its own local council, Waterford City Council. The new Council is the result of a merger of Waterford City Council, the Council has 32 representatives who are elected from five electoral areas. The city itself forms three of the electoral areas – which when combined form the Metropolitan District of Waterford –, residents in these areas are restricted to voting for candidates located in their ward for local elections. The office of the Mayor of Waterford was established in 1377, a mayor is then elected by the councillors from the two electoral areas of the Metropolitan District of Waterford every year, and there is no limit to the number of terms an individual may serve. Mary OHalloran who was mayor during 2007–2008 was the first woman to hold the post, the current mayor is Adam Wyse. The constituency elects four deputies to Dáil Éireann, there are no such ward restrictions for these elections and voters are entitled to vote for any candidate throughout the city and county. The name Waterford comes from Old Norse Veðrafjǫrðr, meaning ram fjord, the Irish name is Port Láirge, meaning Lárags port. Viking raiders first established a settlement near Waterford in 853 and it and all the other longphorts were vacated in 902, the Vikings having been driven out by the native Irish. Among the most prominent rulers of Waterford was Ivar of Waterford, in 1167, Diarmait Mac Murchada, the deposed King of Leinster, failed in an attempt to take Waterford. He returned in 1170 with Cambro-Norman mercenaries under Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, together they besieged, in furtherance of the Norman invasion of Ireland, King Henry II of England landed at Waterford in 1171. Waterford and then Dublin were declared cities, with Dublin also declared capital of Ireland
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Rosslare Strand
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Rosslare Strand, or simply Rosslare, is a village and seaside resort in County Wexford, Ireland. The name Rosslare Strand is used to distinguish it from the community of Rosslare Harbour. Rosslare has been a tourist resort for at least 100 years and it prides itself on being the sunniest spot in Ireland, and records bear this out, Rosslare receives 300 hours more sunshine each year than the average place in Ireland. The long sandy strand is a Blue Flag beach so it attracts swimmers and families, the Dublin to Rosslare Europort railway serves the village. Rosslare has a few hotels and a few good restaurants. The village has seen an amount of building in recent years, as a result, there are large housing estates of holiday homes near the strand. A long sandspit stretching north from Rosslare separates Wexford Harbour from the Irish Sea, until the early 1920s, this spit stretched for many miles north, almost touching the Raven Point and giving a very narrow mouth to Wexford Harbour. At the end of the spit was a fort called Rosslare Fort. In the winter of 1924-25 a storm breached the spit and it was washed away. The fort was abandoned and now all that is left is an island at low tide, most maps of Ireland, however, still show the long spit of sand. Rosslare is commonly known in Ireland as being in the Sunny South-East, and in 1959 Rosslare recorded 1,996.4 hours of sunshine, however, it is not the warmest or driest place in Ireland. Rosslare has a climate with cool and foggy days for most of the year. The average annual precipitation is 905 mm, and that falls on 125 days, as mentioned above the average annual sunshine hours in Rosslare are 1,600, the highest in Ireland. Rosslare Strand railway station opened on 24 June 1882, the village is served by Bus Éireann routes 370 &385. The 370 links it to Wellingtonbridge, New Ross and Waterford, Wexford Bus operate a bus route to Wexford via Killinick and Johnstown Castle. List of towns and villages in Ireland
