1.
Fort-de-France
–
Fort-de-France is the capital of Frances Caribbean overseas department of Martinique. It is also one of the cities in the Caribbean. Exports include sugar, rum, tinned fruit, and cacao, in 1638, Jacques Dyel du Parquet, nephew of Pierre Belain dEsnambuc and first governor of Martinique, decided to have Fort Saint Louis built to protect the city against enemy attacks. The fort was destroyed, and rebuilt in 1669, when Louis XIV appointed the Marquis of Baas as governor general. Under his orders and those of his successors, particularly the Count of Blénac, the name of Fort-Royal was changed to a short-lived Fort-La-Republique during the French Revolution, and finally settled as Fort-de-France sometime in the 19th century. The old name of Fort-Royal is still used today familiarly in its Creole language form of Foyal, the city had its share of disasters, being captured by a British expedition in 1762, partially destroyed by an earthquake in 1839 and devastated by fire in 1890. At the turn of the 20th century, however, Fort-de-France became economically important after the eruption of Mount Pelée destroyed the town of Saint-Pierre in 1902. Until 1918, when its commercial growth began, Fort-de-France had a water supply, was partly surrounded by swamps. Now the swamps are drained to make room for extensive suburbs, Fort-de-France, also known as the Fort of France, lies on Martiniques west coast at the northern entrance to the large Fort-de-France Bay, at the mouth of the Madame River. The city occupies a plain between the hills and the sea but is accessible by road from all parts of the island. Fort Saint Louis in Fort-de-France is a French naval base, as is Degrad des Cannes and it was vandalized in the 1990s, presumably by individuals who blamed her for supporting the reestablishment of slavery on the island. Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport is located in a suburb outside Fort-de-France and is accessible via the A1 autoroute, communes of the Martinique department Official website Mérimée database – Cultural heritage Fort Royal
Fort-de-France
–
A view from the ship arriving from
Les Trois-Îlets
Fort-de-France
–
Fort Saint Louis seen from the sea
2.
Le Lamentin
–
Le Lamentin is a French town, located in the Outre-Mer department of Martinique, in the French West Indies. With its 62,32 km², it is the town with the largest area of Martinique, Le Lamentin, with near to 40000 inhabitants, is the second most populated town of Martinique, after Fort-de-France. It is also the first industrial town and the heart of the islands economy, the town, incorporated in the region of Fort-de-France, is located in the center of the island of Martinique. Originally a giant swamp land and mangrove region, it is now a town, located by the sea in the Bay of Fort-de-France and crossed by the islands longest river. This low region of Martinique, with its mangroves and flooded lands, keeps in its name the memory of the pacific manatees, the river La Lézarde was frequently visited by Manatees, now extinct in the Lesser Antilles. The legend says that, once upon a time, a manatee was found dead on the banks and since then. Nowadays, a statue of a manatee rests in front of city hall. Le Lamentin is Martiniques economical and industrial center, specialized mainly in tertiary industries, it is home to five industrial zones and two joint development zones, an oil refinery named La Sara and the two largest shopping centers of the island. On the administrative aspect, Le Lamentin is home to groups such as the Caisse Générale de Sécurité Sociale, the Caisse dAllocations Familiales. It also houses the headquarters of various such as Société Martiniquaise des Eaux. The town of Le Lamentin is also home to the only international airport named after local author. The airport had, in 2011, a total passenger Traffic of 1,729,711 people and represents the 12th busiest airport in the Caribbean, just behind Guadeloupe and Curaçao
Le Lamentin
–
Aimé-Césaire International Airport in Le Lamentin
3.
Airline hub
–
Airline hubs or hub airports are used by one or more airliners to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations at a given airport. They serve as points to get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the hub-and-spoke system, an airline operates flights from several non-hub cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities need to connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve city-pairs that could not be economically served on a non-stop basis. This system contrasts with the point-to-point model, in there are no hubs. Hub airports also serve origin and destination traffic, the hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads, a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, in addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports. For the passenger, the system offers one-stop air service to a wide array of destinations. However, having to make connections en route to their final destination increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs, allowing them to increase fares. Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in several flights arrive. The banks may be known as peaks of activity at the hubs, banking allows for short connection times for passengers. In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank, instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a rolling hub in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day. This phenomenon is known as depeaking. While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub, American Airlines was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the September 11 attacks. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs, the hub-and-spoke system is also used by some cargo airlines. FedEx Express established its main hub in Memphis in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air industry in the United States
Airline hub
–
Frankfurt Airport serves as a hub city for
Lufthansa and receives flights from
Star Alliance carriers, among other airlines.
4.
Focus city
–
In the airline industry, a focus city is a destination from which an airline operates several point-to-point routes. Thus, a city primarily caters to the local market rather than to connecting passengers. However, with the terms expanded usage, a city may also function as a small-scale hub. Allegiant Air, JetBlue and Frontier Airlines are examples of airlines that consider some of their destinations to be focus cities
Focus city
–
Kuala Lumpur is
AirAsia 's hub, with
Kota Kinabalu,
Penang, and
Kuching as mini hubs or focus cities.
5.
Air Antilles Express
–
Air Antilles is a French airline based at Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport in Guadeloupe, France. It is an airline operating scheduled and seasonal services in the French Antilles. The airline began operations in December 2002 owned by Air Guyane and it is another title for Air Guyane Expresss Caribbean operations and both airlines share their call sign, IATA and ICAO codes. The airline uses as its Airline Reservations System Aeropack NG, developed by Travel Technology Interactive, in 2016, the airline changed its name to Air Antilles and introduced a new livery with the delivery of its first ATR 72-600. Antigua St. Johns - V. C. L
Air Antilles Express
–
Air Antilles Express
6.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
7.
Runway
–
According to the International Civil Aviation Organization, a runway is a defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. Runways may be a surface or a natural surface. Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally the magnetic azimuth of the heading in decadegrees. This heading differs from true north by the magnetic declination. A runway numbered 09 points east, runway 18 is south, runway 27 points west, when taking off from or landing on runway 09, a plane would be heading 90°. A runway can normally be used in both directions, and is named for each separately, e. g. runway 33 in one direction is runway 15 when used in the other. The two numbers usually differ by 18, Runway Zero Three Left becomes Runway Two One Right when used in the opposite direction. In some countries, if parallel runways are too close to each other, at large airports with four or more parallel runways some runway identifiers are shifted by 10 degrees to avoid the ambiguity that would result with more than three parallel runways. For example, in Los Angeles, this results in runways 6L, 6R, 7L. At Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, there are five parallel runways, named 17L, 17C, 17R, 18L, for clarity in radio communications, each digit in the runway name is pronounced individually, runway three six, runway one four, etc. A leading zero, for example in runway zero six or runway zero one left, is included for all ICAO, however, most U. S. civil aviation airports drop the leading zero as required by FAA regulation. This also includes some military airfields such as Cairns Army Airfield and this American anomaly may lead to inconsistencies in conversations between American pilots and controllers in other countries. It is very common in a such as Canada for a controller to clear an incoming American aircraft to, for example, runway 04. In flight simulation programs those of American origin might apply U. S. usage to airports around the world, for example, runway 05 at Halifax will appear on the program as the single digit 5 rather than 05. Runway designations change over time because the magnetic poles slowly drift on the Earths surface, depending on the airport location and how much drift takes place, it may be necessary over time to change the runway designation. As runways are designated with headings rounded to the nearest 10 degrees, for example, if the magnetic heading of a runway is 233 degrees, it would be designated Runway 23. If the magnetic heading changed downwards by 5 degrees to 228, if on the other hand the original magnetic heading was 226, and the heading decreased by only 2 degrees to 224, the runway should become Runway 22. Because the drift itself is slow, runway designation changes are uncommon
Runway
–
A runway at
Brussels Airport
Runway
–
Runway of
Chennai International Airport,
Chennai, India
Runway
–
Runways at
Stockholm-Arlanda Airport
Runway
–
Runway sign at
Madrid-Barajas Airport, Spain
8.
Asphalt
–
Asphalt, also known as bitumen is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in deposits or may be a refined product. Until the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used, the word is derived from the Ancient Greek ἄσφαλτος ásphaltos. The primary use of asphalt/bitumen is in construction, where it is used as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt, the terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt is the carefully refined residue from the process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called bitumen, geologists often prefer the term bitumen. Common usage often refers to forms of asphalt/bitumen as tar. Naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen is sometimes specified by the crude bitumen. Its viscosity is similar to that of cold molasses while the material obtained from the distillation of crude oil boiling at 525 °C is sometimes referred to as refined bitumen. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the reserves of natural bitumen, covering 142,000 square kilometres. Additionally, most natural bitumens contain organosulfur compounds, resulting in a sulfur content of up to 4%. Nickel and vanadium are found in the <10 ppm level, as is typical of some petroleum, the substance is soluble in carbon disulfide. It is commonly modelled as a colloid, with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase, and it is almost impossible to separate and identify all the different molecules of asphalt, because the number of molecules with different chemical structure is extremely large. Asphalt/bitumen can sometimes be confused with tar, which is a visually similar black. During the early and mid-20th century when town gas was produced, coal tar was a readily available byproduct, the addition of tar to macadam roads led to the word tarmac, which is now used in common parlance to refer to road-making materials. However, since the 1970s, when natural gas succeeded town gas, other examples of this confusion include the La Brea Tar Pits and the Canadian oil sands, both of which actually contain natural bitumen rather than tar. Pitch is another term used at times to refer to asphalt/bitumen
Asphalt
–
Natural asphalt/bitumen from the
Dead Sea
Asphalt
–
refined asphalt/bitumen
Asphalt
–
The University of Queensland
pitch drop experiment, demonstrating the
viscosity of asphalt/bitumen
Asphalt
–
Bituminous outcrop of the Puy de la Poix,
Clermont-Ferrand, France
9.
International airport
–
An international airport is an airport that offers customs and immigration facilities for passengers travelling between countries. International airports often also host domestic flights, some, such as Frankfurt Airport in Germany are very large, others such as Faaā International Airport in Tahiti, are quite small. Buildings, operations and management have become increasingly sophisticated since the mid 20th century, detailed technical standards have been developed to ensure safety and common coding systems implemented to provide global consistency. The physical structures that serve millions of passengers and flights are among the most complex. In August 1919, Hounslow Heath Aerodrome, in London, England was the first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services and it was closed and supplanted by Croydon Airport in March 1920. In the United States, Douglas Municipal Airport in Arizona became the first international airport of the Americas in 1928, the precursors to international airports were airfields or aerodromes. In the early days of international flights, there was limited infrastructure, four-engined land planes being unavailable for over-water operations to international destinations, thus/therefore flying boats became part of the solution. At the far end of the longest international route, on-water landing areas were found in such as Surabaya. In Sydney, Rose Bay, New South Wales, was chosen as the landing area. International airports sometimes serve military as well as commercial purposes and their viability is also affected by technological developments, other international airports, such as Kai Tak Airport in Hong Kong, have been decommissioned and replaced when they reached capacity or technological advances rendered them inadequate. Airports may also be regarded as emblematic of national pride and so the design may be architecturally ambitious, an example is the planned New Mexico City international airport, intended to replace an airport that has reached capacity. Airports can be towered or non-towered, depending on air traffic density, because of high capacity and busy airspace, many international airports have air traffic control located on site. Construction of the expressway included the construction of two bridges and the Ma Wan viaduct on Ma Wan island to connect the bridges, each bridge carries rail and automobile traffic. International airports have commercial relationships with and provide services to airlines, many also serve as hubs, or places where non-direct flights may land and passengers may switch planes, while others serve primarily direct point-to-point flights. This affects airport design factors, including the number and placement of terminals as well as the flow of passengers, an airport specializing in point-to-point transit can have international and domestic terminals, each in their separate building equipped with separate baggage handling facilities. In a hub airport, however, spaces and services are shared, technical standards for safety and operating procedures at international airports are set by international agreements. The International Air Transport Association, formed in 1945, is the association of the airline companies, the International Civil Aviation Organization is a body of the United Nations succeeding earlier international committees going back to 1903. These two organizations served to create regulations over airports which the airports themselves had no authority to debate and this eventually sparked an entire subject of air travel politics
International airport
–
An aerial photograph of
San Francisco International Airport at night, showing departure gates radiating out from the
terminal building,
aerobridges,
apron and parked planes (2005)
International airport
–
Qantas Empire Airways International flying boat services arriving at
Rose Bay, Sydney (c.1939)
International airport
–
Airports have to be designed to fit into the landscape (
Nouméa Magenta Airport)
International airport
–
A
flight information display system screen at
Charles de Gaulle Airport 's Terminal 2 showing flight arrivals
10.
Martinique
–
Like Guadeloupe, it is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. One of the Windward Islands, it is north of Saint Lucia, southeast of Puerto Rico, northwest of Barbados. As with the overseas departments, Martinique is one of the eighteen regions of France. As part of France, Martinique is part of the European Union, the official language is French, and virtually the entire population also speak Antillean Creole. Martinique owes its name to Christopher Columbus, who sighted the island in 1493, the island was then called Jouanacaëra-Matinino, which came from a mythical island described by the Tainos of Hispaniola. According to historian Sydney Daney, the island was called Jouanacaëra by the Caribs, when Columbus returned to the island in 1502, he rechristened the island as Martinica. The name then evolved into Madinina, Madiana, and Matinite, finally, through the influence of the neighboring island of Dominica, it came to be known as Martinique. The island was occupied first by Arawaks, then by Caribs, the Carib people had migrated from the mainland to the islands about 1201 CE, according to carbon dating of artifacts. They were largely displaced, exterminated and assimilated by the Taino, Martinique was charted by Columbus in 1493, but Spain had little interest in the territory. On 15 September 1635, Pierre Belain dEsnambuc, French governor of the island of St. Kitts, dEsnambuc claimed Martinique for the French King Louis XIII and the French Compagnie des Îles de lAmérique, and established the first European settlement at Fort Saint-Pierre. DEsnambuc died in 1636, leaving the company and Martinique in the hands of his nephew, in 1637, his nephew Jacques Dyel du Parquet became governor of the island. In 1636, the indigenous Caribs rose against the settlers to drive them off the island in the first of many skirmishes. The French successfully repelled the natives and forced them to retreat to the part of the island. When the Carib revolted against French rule in 1658, the Governor Charles Houël du Petit Pré retaliated with war against them, many were killed, those who survived were taken captive and expelled from the island. Some Carib had fled to Dominica or St. Vincent, where the French agreed to them at peace. They were quite industrious and became quite prosperous, from September 1686 to early 1688, the French crown used Martinique as a threat and a dumping ground for mainland Huguenots who refused to reconvert to Catholicism. Over 1,000 Huguenots were transported to Martinique during this period, usually under miserable and those that survived the trip were distributed to the island planters as Engagés under the system of serf peonage that prevailed in the French Antilles at the time. Many of them were encouraged by their Catholic brethren who looked forward to the departure of the heretics, by 1688, nearly all of Martiniques French Protestant population had escaped to the British American colonies or Protestant countries back home
Martinique
–
Saint-Pierre. Before the total destruction of Saint-Pierre in 1902 by a volcanic eruption, it was the most important city of Martinique culturally and economically, being known as "the Paris of the Caribbean".
Martinique
–
Flag
Martinique
–
The
attack on the French ships at Martinique in 1667
Martinique
–
The
Battle of Martinique between British and French fleets in 1779
11.
French West Indies
–
Pierre Belain dEsnambuc was a French trader and adventurer in the Caribbean, who established the first permanent French colony, Saint-Pierre, on the island of Martinique in 1635. Belain sailed to the Caribbean in 1625, hoping to establish a French settlement on the island of St. Christopher, in 1626 he returned to France, where he won the support of Cardinal Richelieu to establish French colonies in the region. Richelieu became a shareholder in the Compagnie de Saint-Christophe, created to accomplish this with dEsnambuc at its head, the company was not particularly successful and Richelieu had it reorganized as the Compagnie des Îles de lAmérique. In 1635 dEsnambuc sailed to Martinique with one hundred French settlers to land for sugarcane plantations. After six months on Martinique, dEsnambuc returned to St. Christopher and his nephew, Jacques Dyel du Parquet, inherited dEsnambucs authority over the French settlements in the Caribbean, in 1637 becoming governor of Martinique. He remained in Martinique and did not concern himself with the other islands, the French permanently settled on Martinique and Guadeloupe after being driven off Saint Kitts and Nevis by the British. Fort Royal on Martinique was a port for French battle ships in the region from which the French were able to explore the region. In 1638, Jacques Dyel du Parquet, nephew of Pierre Belain dEsnambuc and first governor of Martinique, the King would name the Governor General of the company, and the company the Governors of the various islands. However, by the late 1640s, in France Mazarin had little interest in colonial affairs, in 1651 it dissolved itself, selling its exploitation rights to various parties. The du Paquet family bought Martinique, Grenada, and Saint Lucia for 60,000 livres, the sieur dHouël bought Guadeloupe, Marie-Galante, La Desirade and the Saintes. The Knights of Malta bought Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin, which were made dependencies of Guadeloupe, in 1665, the Knights sold the islands they had acquired to the newly formed Compagnie des Indes occidentales. Dominica is a former French and British colony in the Eastern Caribbean, Christopher Columbus named the island after the day of the week on which he spotted it, a Sunday,3 November 1493. In the hundred years after Columbuss landing, Dominica remained isolated, at the time it was inhabited by the Island Caribs, or Kalinago people, and over time more settled there after being driven from surrounding islands, as European powers entered the region. In 1690, French woodcutters from Martinique and Guadeloupe begin to set up camps to supply the French islands with wood. France had a colony for years, they imported slaves from West Africa, Martinique. In this period, the Antillean Creole language developed, France formally ceded possession of Dominica to Great Britain in 1763. Great Britain established a colony on the island in 1805. In Trinidad, the occupying Spanish had contributed little towards advancements, because it was considered underpopulated, Roume de St
French West Indies
–
Les Salines in
Martinique.
French West Indies
–
Location of the modern territories of the French West Indies
12.
Mean sea level
–
Mean sea level is an average level of the surface of one or more of Earths oceans from which heights such as elevations may be measured. A common and relatively straightforward mean sea-level standard is the midpoint between a low and mean high tide at a particular location. Sea levels can be affected by factors and are known to have varied greatly over geological time scales. The careful measurement of variations in MSL can offer insights into ongoing climate change, the term above sea level generally refers to above mean sea level. Precise determination of a sea level is a difficult problem because of the many factors that affect sea level. Sea level varies quite a lot on several scales of time and this is because the sea is in constant motion, affected by the tides, wind, atmospheric pressure, local gravitational differences, temperature, salinity and so forth. The easiest way this may be calculated is by selecting a location and calculating the mean sea level at that point, for example, a period of 19 years of hourly level observations may be averaged and used to determine the mean sea level at some measurement point. One measures the values of MSL in respect to the land, hence a change in MSL can result from a real change in sea level, or from a change in the height of the land on which the tide gauge operates. In the UK, the Ordnance Datum is the sea level measured at Newlyn in Cornwall between 1915 and 1921. Prior to 1921, the datum was MSL at the Victoria Dock, in Hong Kong, mPD is a surveying term meaning metres above Principal Datum and refers to height of 1. 230m below the average sea level. In France, the Marégraphe in Marseilles measures continuously the sea level since 1883 and it is used for a part of continental Europe and main part of Africa as official sea level. Elsewhere in Europe vertical elevation references are made to the Amsterdam Peil elevation, satellite altimeters have been making precise measurements of sea level since the launch of TOPEX/Poseidon in 1992. A joint mission of NASA and CNES, TOPEX/Poseidon was followed by Jason-1 in 2001, height above mean sea level is the elevation or altitude of an object, relative to the average sea level datum. It is also used in aviation, where some heights are recorded and reported with respect to sea level, and in the atmospheric sciences. An alternative is to base height measurements on an ellipsoid of the entire Earth, in aviation, the ellipsoid known as World Geodetic System 84 is increasingly used to define heights, however, differences up to 100 metres exist between this ellipsoid height and mean tidal height. The alternative is to use a vertical datum such as NAVD88. When referring to geographic features such as mountains on a topographic map, the elevation of a mountain denotes the highest point or summit and is typically illustrated as a small circle on a topographic map with the AMSL height shown in metres, feet or both. In the rare case that a location is below sea level, for one such case, see Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
Mean sea level
–
This marker indicating sea level is situated between
Jerusalem and the
Dead Sea.
Mean sea level
–
Sea Level sign seen on cliff (circled in red) at
Badwater Basin,
Death Valley National Park
13.
Air Martinique
–
Air Martinique was an airline based in the island of Martinique in the Lesser Antilles. Its head office was on the grounds of Fort-de-France Airport, now Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport, Air Martinique was founded in 1974 as Compagnie Antillaise dAffretments Aériens-CAAA. The official operating name from the early 1980s was Societé Nouvelle Air Martinique, in July 2000, Air Martinique was merged with Air Guadeloupe, Air St Barthélémy and Air St Martin to form Air Caraïbes. L. Charles Airport SVD - St Vincent, St. Vincent And The Grenadines - E
Air Martinique
–
Contents
14.
Concorde
–
Aérospatiale/BAC Concorde is a British-French turbojet-powered supersonic passenger jet airliner that was operated until 2003. It had a speed over twice the speed of sound at Mach 2.04. First flown in 1969, Concorde entered service in 1976 and continued flying for the next 27 years and it is one of only two supersonic transports to have been operated commercially, the other is the Soviet-built Tupolev Tu-144, which was operated for a much shorter period. Concorde was jointly developed and manufactured by Aérospatiale and the British Aircraft Corporation under an Anglo-French treaty, twenty aircraft were built, including six prototypes and development aircraft. Air France and British Airways were the airlines to purchase. The aircraft was used by wealthy passengers who could afford to pay a high price in exchange for Concordes speed. In the UK, any or all of the type are known simply as Concorde, the type was retired in 2003 after the crash of Air France Flight 4590, in which all passengers and crew were killed. The general downturn in the aviation industry after the September 11 attacks in 2001. The group met for the first time in February 1954 and delivered their first report in April 1955, at the time it was known that the drag at supersonic speeds was strongly related to the span of the wing. The team outlined a baseline configuration that looked like an enlarged Avro 730 and this same short span produced very little lift at low speed, which resulted in extremely long take-off runs and frighteningly high landing speeds. In an SST design, this would have required enormous engine power to lift off from existing runways, based on this, the group considered the concept of an SST infeasible, and instead suggested continued low-level studies into supersonic aerodynamics. Soon after, Johanna Weber and Dietrich Küchemann at the RAE published a series of reports on a new wing planform, the vortex will lower the air pressure and cause lift to be greatly increased. This effect had been noticed earlier, notably by Chuck Yeager in the Convair XF-92, Weber suggested that this was no mere curiosity, and the effect could be deliberately used to improve low speed performance. Küchemanns and Webers papers changed the nature of supersonic design almost overnight. Although the delta had already used on aircraft prior to this point. Such a layout would still have good supersonic performance inherent to the span, while also offering reasonable take-off. It would also need to have landing gear to produce the required angle of attack while still on the runway. Küchemann presented the idea at a meeting where Morgan was also present, test pilot Eric Brown recalls Morgans reaction to the presentation, saying that he immediately seized on it as the solution to the SST problem
Concorde
–
Concorde
Concorde
–
Commemorative gold medallion by Albert de Jaeger, of the intention to build Concorde
Concorde
–
British Airways Concorde in early BA livery at
London-Heathrow Airport, in the 1980s
Concorde
–
Concorde's first visit to Heathrow Airport on 1 July 1972
15.
Boeing 747
–
The Boeing 747 is an American wide-body commercial jet airliner and cargo aircraft, often referred to by its original nickname, Jumbo Jet. Its distinctive hump upper deck along the part of the aircraft makes it among the worlds most recognizable aircraft. First flown commercially in 1970, the 747 held the passenger capacity record for 37 years, as of January 2017, the 747 has been involved in 60 hull losses, resulting in 3722 fatalities. The four-engine 747 uses a configuration for part of its length. It is available in passenger, freighter and other versions, the 747 was expected to become obsolete after 400 were sold, but it exceeded critics expectations with production passing the 1,000 mark in 1993. By February 2017,1,528 aircraft had been built, the 747-400, the most common passenger version in service, has a high-subsonic cruise speed of Mach 0. 85–0.855 with an intercontinental range of 7,260 nautical miles. The newest version of the aircraft, the 747-8, is in production, deliveries of the 747-8F freighter version began in October 2011, deliveries of the 747-8I passenger version began in May 2012. In 1963, the United States Air Force started a series of projects on a very large strategic transport aircraft. The payload bay had to be 17 feet wide by 13.5 feet high and 100 feet long with access doors at the front. Featuring only four engines, the design required new engine designs with greatly increased power and better fuel economy. After a downselect, Boeing, Douglas, and Lockheed were given study contracts for the airframe, along with General Electric. All three of the airframe proposals shared a number of features, as the CX-HLS needed to be able to be loaded from the front, a door had to be included where the cockpit usually was. In 1965 Lockheeds aircraft design and General Electrics engine design were selected for the new C-5 Galaxy transport, the nose door and raised cockpit concepts would be carried over to the design of the 747. The 747 was conceived while air travel was increasing in the 1960s, the era of commercial jet transportation, led by the enormous popularity of the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8, had revolutionized long-distance travel. In 1965, Joe Sutter was transferred from Boeings 737 development team to manage the design studies for a new airliner, Sutter initiated a design study with Pan Am and other airlines, to better understand their requirements. At the time, it was thought that the 747 would eventually be superseded by supersonic transport aircraft. Boeing responded by designing the 747 so that it could be adapted easily to carry freight, in the freighter role, the clear need was to support the containerized shipping methodologies that were being widely introduced at about the same time. Standard containers are 8 ft square at the front and available in 20 and 40 ft lengths and this meant that it would be possible to support a 2-wide 2-high stack of containers two or three ranks deep with a fuselage size similar to the earlier CX-HLS project
Boeing 747
–
Boeing 747
Boeing 747
–
An
Iran Air 747-200, showing the early-production 747 cockpit, located on the upper deck
Boeing 747
–
The
Pratt & Whitney JT9D high-bypass turbofan engine was developed for the 747.
Boeing 747
–
747 final assembly at the
Boeing Everett Factory
16.
Bonded warehouse
–
A bonded warehouse, or bond, is a building or other secured area in which dutiable goods may be stored, manipulated, or undergo manufacturing operations without payment of duty. It may be managed by the state or by private enterprise, in the latter case a customs bond must be posted with the government. This system exists in all developed countries of the world, upon entry of goods into the warehouse, the importer and warehouse proprietor incur liability under a bond. In the United States, goods may remain in the bonded warehouse up to five years from the date of importation, depending on the country or region, there are various options for the storage of goods in a bonded warehouse. Temporary storage premises offer the possibility of storing goods that enter the territory of the EU awaiting further customs-approved use or treatment. The type B customs warehouse is a customs warehouse. This means that the administrator can make the premises available to anyone that wants to store goods under customs control, a type C customs warehouse is a private customs warehouse. This means that only the administrator of the warehouse can store goods in it. These goods do not have to be his property, for that matter, in that case as well, the warehouse keeper will remain responsible to Customs for the goods kept in storage. The warehouse keeper is also the person that has to provide security to Customs, type D and E customs warehouses are private customs warehouses, which means that only the administrator is allowed to store goods in them. A Public Bonded Warehouse is a building or premises guarded and locked by Customs, within this building or these premises, anyone can store goods. Unlike a free warehouse, an economic zone is not a building or premises. This location is an area which has been carefully charted and recorded. Sometimes these areas are known as bonded logistics parks, the duty, having to be paid in a lump sum, raised the price of the goods by the amount of the interest on the capital required to pay the duty. Competition was stifled from the fact that large capital was required for the importation of the heavily taxed articles. To obviate these difficulties and to put a check upon frauds on the revenue, Robert Walpole proposed in his scheme of 1733. The proposal was unpopular, and it was not until 1803 that the system was actually adopted and that year, imported goods were to be placed in warehouses approved by the customs authorities, and importers were to give bonds for payment of duties when the goods were removed. The Customs Consolidation Act 1853 dispensed with the giving of bonds and these provisions are contained in the Customs Consolidation Act 1876, and the amending statutes, the Customs and Inland Revenue Act 1880, and the Revenue Act of 1883
Bonded warehouse
–
Mason Transfer and Grain Co., bonded warehouse on the South Texas Border. Taken by
Robert Runyon sometime between 1900 and 1920.
17.
Mortuary
–
A morgue or mortuary is used for the storage of human corpses awaiting identification or removal for autopsy or disposal by burial, cremation or other method. In modern times corpses have customarily been refrigerated to delay decomposition, the facilities contain 20-40 feet long containers where the bodies are refrigerated, but each of these cost a considerable amount of fuel to run and only have so much space to accommodate the body. Mortuary early 14c. of mori to die, meaning place where bodies are kept temporarily first recorded 1865, a euphemism for earlier English term deadhouse. Morgue from the French morgue, which means to look at solemnly, morgue is predominantly used in North American English, while mortuary is more common in British English, although both terms are used interchangeably. The euphemisms “Rose Cottage” and “Rainbow’s End” are sometimes used in British hospitals to enable discussion in front of patients, a person responsible for handling and washing bodies is now known as a diener, morgue attendant, or autopsy technician. There are two types of mortuary cold chambers, Positive temperature Bodies are kept between 2 °C and 4 °C, while this is usually used for keeping bodies for up to several weeks, it does not prevent decomposition, which continues at a slower rate than at room temperature. Negative temperature Bodies are kept at between −10 °C and −50 °C, usually used at forensic institutes, particularly when a body has not been identified. At these temperatures the body is frozen and decomposition is very much reduced. In some countries, the body of the deceased is embalmed before disposal, which makes refrigeration unnecessary. In many countries, the family of the deceased must make the burial within 72 hours of death and this is why some corpses are kept as long as one or two years at a hospital or in a funeral home. When the family has money to organize the ceremony, the corpse is taken from the cold chamber for burial. In some funeral homes, the morgue is in the room, or directly adjacent to, the specially designed ovens, known as retorts. Some religions dictate that, should a body be cremated, the family must witness its incineration, to honor these religious rites, many funeral homes install a viewing window, which allows the family to watch as the body is inserted into the retort. In this way, the family can honor their customs without entering the morgue, a waiting mortuary is a mortuary building designed specifically for the purpose of confirming that deceased persons are truly deceased. Prior to the advent of methods of verifying death, people feared that they would be buried alive. To alleviate such fears, the deceased were housed for a time in waiting mortuaries. The corpses would be allowed to decompose partially prior to burial, waiting mortuaries were most popular in 19th-century Germany, and were often large, ornate halls. A bell was strung to the corpses to alert attendants of any motion, morgue is used in some science fiction books as the name for the armory aboard ships, when they contain some form of powered armour
Mortuary
–
One of the entrances of the Victoria Public Mortuary (域多利亞公眾殮房), in
Hong Kong
Mortuary
–
The first morgue in
New York City, opened in 1866 at
Bellevue Hospital
18.
Meat
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Meat is animal flesh that is eaten as food. Humans have hunted and killed animals for meat since prehistoric times, the advent of civilization allowed the domestication of animals such as chickens, sheep, pigs and cattle. This eventually led to their use in production on an industrial scale with the aid of slaughterhouses. Meat is mainly composed of water, protein, and fat and it is edible raw, but is normally eaten after it has been cooked and seasoned or processed in a variety of ways. Unprocessed meat will spoil or rot within hours or days as a result of infection with and decomposition by bacteria, most often, meat refers to skeletal muscle and associated fat and other tissues, but it may also describe other edible tissues such as offal. The word meat comes from the Old English word mete, which referred to food in general, the term is related to mad in Danish, mat in Swedish and Norwegian, and matur in Icelandic and Faroese, which also mean food. The word mete also exists in Old Frisian to denote important food, differentiating it from swiets, paleontological evidence suggests that meat constituted a substantial proportion of the diet of even the earliest humans. Early hunter-gatherers depended on the hunting of large animals such as bison. Several breeds of sheep were established in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt by 3500–3000 BC, today, more than 200 sheep-breeds exist. Cattle were domesticated in Mesopotamia after settled agriculture was established about 5000 BC, modern domesticated cattle fall into the groups Bos taurus and Bos indicus, both descended from the now-extinct aurochs. The breeding of cattle, cattle optimized for meat production as opposed to animals best suited for draught or dairy purposes. Domestic pigs, which are descended from boars, are known to have existed about 2500 BC in modern-day Hungary and in Troy, earlier pottery from Jericho. Pork sausages and hams were of commercial importance in Greco-Roman times. Pigs continue to be bred intensively as they are being optimized to produce meat best suited for meat products. Other animals are or have raised or hunted for their flesh. The type of meat consumed varies much between different cultures, changes over time, depending on such as tradition and the availability of the animals. The amount and kind of meat consumed also varies by income, horses are commonly eaten in France, Italy, Germany and Japan, among other countries. Horses and other mammals such as reindeer were hunted during the late Paleolithic in western Europe
Meat
–
Varieties of meat
Meat
–
A typical shoulder cut of
lamb
Meat
–
A
Hereford bull, a breed of cattle frequently used in beef production.
Meat
–
Blade steaks are an example of "red" meat
19.
Courier
–
A courier is a person who delivers messages, packages, and mail. Courier services operate on all scales, from within specific towns or cities, large courier companies include DHL, OCS, FedEx, EMS International, TNT, UPS, and Aramex. These offer services worldwide, typically via a hub and spoke model, in ancient history, messages were hand-delivered using a variety of methods, including runners, homing pigeons and riders on horseback. Before the introduction of mechanized courier services, foot messengers physically ran miles to their destinations, xenophon attributed the first use of couriers to the Persian prince Cyrus the Younger. Famously, the Ancient Greek courier Pheidippides is said to have run 26 miles from Marathon to Athens to bring the news of the Greek victory over the Persians in 490 BCE, the long-distance race known as a marathon is named for this run. Starting at the time of Augustus, the ancient Greeks and Romans made use of a class of horse and chariot-mounted couriers called anabasii to quickly bring messages, the word anabasii comes from the Greek αναβασις. They were contemporary with the Greek hemeredromi, who carried their messages by foot, in Roman Britain, Rufinus made use of anabasii, as documented in Saint Jeromes memoirs, Idcircone Cereales et Anabasii tui per diversas provincias cucurrerunt, ut laudes meas legerent. In the Middle Ages, royal courts maintained their own messengers who were little more than common labourers. In cities, there are often bicycle couriers or motorcycle couriers but for consignments requiring delivery over greater distance networks, many companies who operate under a Just-In-Time or JIT inventory method often use on-board couriers. On-board couriers are individuals who can travel at a moments notice anywhere in the world, International courier services in China include TNT, EMS International, DHL, FedEx and UPS. These companies provide nominal worldwide service for both inbound and outbound shipments, connecting China to countries such as the USA, Australia, United Kingdom, and New Zealand. Of the international services, the Dutch company TNT is considered to have the most capable local fluency and efficacy for third-. EMS International is a unit of China Post, and as such is not available for shipments originating outside of China, domestic courier services include SF Express, YTO Express, E-EMS and many other operators of sometimes microscopic scales. E-EMS, is the product of a co-operative arrangement between China Post and Alipay, which is the online payment unit of Alibaba Group. It is only available for the delivery of purchases made using Alipay. Within the Municipality of Beijing, TongCheng KuaiDi, also a unit of China Post, during the late 1970s small provincial and regional companies were popping up throughout the country. Today, there are large companies offering next-day courier services, including DX Group, UKMail and UK divisions of worldwide couriers such as FedEx, DHL, UPS. There are many specialist couriers usually for the transportation of such as freight/palettes, sensitive documents
Courier
–
Courier or postman, Japan,
hand-coloured albumen print by
Felice Beato, between 1863 and 1877
Courier
–
Military courier
20.
Grantley Adams International Airport
–
Grantley Adams International Airport is the international airport of Barbados, located in Seawell, Christ Church. It is the designated port of entry for persons arriving and departing by air in Barbados. The airport has service to destinations in the United States, Canada, Central America, South America and Europe. In 2016, the airport was the 8th busiest airport in the Caribbean region, the airports former name was Seawell Airport before being dedicated posthumously in honour of the first Premier of Barbados, Sir Grantley Herbert Adams in 1976. The airports timezone is GMT −4 and is in World Area Code region No.246, Grantley Adams International Airport lies 12.9 km from the centre of the capital city Bridgetown, in an area officially known as Seawell. This is contrary to most information services stating the airport as being inside the capital, Grantley Adams Airport is the main air transportation hub for the Eastern Caribbean. The terrain is flat and quite suburban. The airport lies in the portion of parish of Christ Church. The airport has easy access to the ABC Highway/highway 7 heading towards the capital and locations to the north, the airport has recently undergone a multi-phase US$100 million upgrade and expansion by the government, which added a new arrivals hall adjacent to the prior arrivals/departures terminals. Construction was made more complicated because the airport has to remain open for up to 16 hours per day. Its current infrastructure is supposed to meet the needs of Barbados until at least 2015, the phase III construction project, which is yet to be completed will see changes made to the aeroplane parking configuration. At the time there was merely a grassy strip as the runway, the strip was paved some time later and in 1949 the first terminal was built on the site, to replace a shed that was being used. This ushered in the facility being known as the Seawell Airport. During the 1960s the eastern flight-range just south-east of the airport known as Paragon. This area became the base of a High Altitude Research Project known as Project HARP. Project HARP was jointly sponsored by McGill University in Canada and the United States military, in 1983, the US-sponsored invasion of Grenada prompted the United States to form another agreement with Barbados. As part of the deal, the US expanded a part of the current airport infrastructure and this prepared Grantley Adams Airport to be used as a base. As part of the plan to maintain for lasting stability in Grenada, the RSS was a security unit focused on providing security for the Eastern Caribbean
Grantley Adams International Airport
–
Grantley Adams International Airport
Grantley Adams International Airport
–
Barbados airport diagram
Grantley Adams International Airport
–
The airport
Grantley Adams International Airport
–
Seawell Airport during the 1960s.
21.
George F. L. Charles Airport
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George F. L. Charles Airport is the smaller of the two airports in Saint Lucia, the other being Hewanorra International Airport. It is located 2 km north of Castries, the capital city, George F. L. Charles Airport is managed by the Saint Lucia Air and Seaports Authority. Its runway runs parallel to a beach, Vigie Beach. The airport was renamed on 4 August 1997 in honor of Saint Lucia politician Sir George Frederick Lawrence Charles, on average, George F. L. Charles Airport handles 32,000 flights per year carrying 394,000 passengers. Most of these operate with turboprop aircraft such as the ATR 72-500 or the Bombardier Dash 8. The airport currently has no scheduled jet service, all jet service into St. Lucia, including transatlantic flights, operates via Hewanorra International Airport, on the southeast portion of the island. The airport offers an RNAV and NDB approach only on Runway 9, landings on Runway 27 are strictly visual. On 8 November 2015, a Beechcraft Model 99, registered N7994H, the sole occupant of the aircraft, the pilot, was not harmed. Following the incident, Hummingbird Air suspended all operations, and the Eastern Caribbean Civil Aviation Authority launched an investigation
George F. L. Charles Airport
–
George F. L. Charles Airport
George F. L. Charles Airport
–
Vigie Beach, immediately opposite the Airport Check-in and Departure lounge area
22.
Air Canada Rouge
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Air Canada Rouge, stylized Air Canada rouge, is the vacation and leisure airline subsidiary of Air Canada. Air Canada Rouge is fully integrated into the Air Canada mainline and Air Canada Express networks, the airline was launched in December 2012 and began services on July 1,2013 as part of the Air Canada Leisure Group. At the time of the launch it had a fleet of four aircraft,2 Airbus A319s and 2 Boeing 767s and its fleet expanded to 28 aircraft within 18 months and was expected to reach 16 Boeing 767s,20 Airbus A319s and 5 Airbus A321s by mid-2016. By early September 2016, the airline had expanded its Boeing 767 fleet to 19 aircraft, a seasonal service from Vancouver to Osaka/Kansai started in May 2015. Air Canada Rouge serves predominantly leisure destinations in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, South America, Central America, Mexico and the United States. Destinations in the Caribbean include Cuba, Jamaica, Curaçao, Haiti, the Bahamas, Grenada, Barbados, St. Maarten, destinations in Africa include Algiers and Casablanca. In December 2015 new routes were announced including Toronto to Miami, Fort Myers, Charlottetown, montreal to Miami will now be year round and Vancouver to San Diego and Mexico City and Calgary to Phoenix, which will now be year-round. The Air Canada Rouge fleet consists of the following registered aircraft, the Air Canada Rouge Airbus A319 has 16 more seats than a regular Air Canada Airbus A319 with 136 seats, the first four rows being for Rouge Plus and Premium Rouge passengers. The Air Canada Rouge Boeing 767-300ER carries 71 more passengers than most regular Air Canada Boeing 767-300ER aircraft, of these 223 are economy,35 Rouge Plus and 24 Premium Rouge. The 29-inch seat pitch is one of the smallest in North America, laptop use requires the Flash plug-in. IPads are available for rental to Economy Class passengers for a cost of $10 and are complimentary for Premium Rouge customers, the rental iPads are loaded with additional premium content on the Player Plus app. Baggage policy is the same as Air Canadas, and catering is complimentary on flights to/from Europe and Asia, Premium Rouge food and beverages are complimentary. Air Canadas mainline economy class fare services as well as full-fare, media related to Air Canada Rouge at Wikimedia Commons Official website
Air Canada Rouge
–
Air Canada rouge A319 at Montreal-Mirabel
23.
Orly Airport
–
Paris Orly Airport is an international airport located partially in Orly and partially in Villeneuve-le-Roi,7 NM south of Paris, France. Prior to the construction of Charles de Gaulle Airport, Orly was the airport of Paris. Orly Airport covers 15.3 square kilometres of land, originally known as Villeneuve-Orly Airport, the facility was opened in the southern suburbs of Paris in 1932 as a secondary airport to Le Bourget. Before this two huge airship hangars had been built there by the engineer Eugène Freyssinet from 1923 on, the 50th Fighter Group flew P-47 Thunderbolt fighter-bomber aircraft from the airport until September, then liaison squadrons used the airfield until October 1945. The USAAF diagram from March 1947 shows the 6140-foot 27/207 runway with 5170-foot 81/261 runway crossing it at its north end. The November 1953 Aeradio diagram shows four runways, all 197 feet wide, 03L7874 ft, 03R6069 ft, 08L5118 ft. The American United States Army Air Forces 1408th Army Air Force Base Unit was the operator at Orly Field until March 1947 when control was returned to the French Government. The Americans left in 1967 as a result of Frances withdrawal from NATOs integrated military command, in May 1958 Pan Am DC-7Cs flew to Los Angeles in 21 hr 56 min, TWA, Air France and Pan Am flew nonstop to New York in 14 hrs 10-15 min. Air France flew to Tokyo in 31 hr 5 min via Anchorage or 44 hr 45 min on a seven-stop 1049G via India, Air Frances ten flights a day to London were almost all Viscounts, the only other London flight was Alitalias daily DC-6B. Paris-Orly Airport features two passenger terminal buildings, Terminal Sud and Terminal Ouest, The brick-style southern terminal building consists of six floors. The airside area and departure gates are located on the upper level 1, the waiting area, which features several shops as well, houses gates A1-A10 and A40-A42 and is furthermore connected to the gate areas Hall A and Hall B to each side of the building. 15 of the departure gates are equipped with jet-bridges, some of them are able to handle wide-body aircraft. The western terminal has a different layout than Terminal Sud, consisting of two floors and a area of four fingers rather than a brick-style layout. The ground level 0 features the arrivals facilities including 8 baggage reclaim belts as well as several service facilities, the departures area is located on level 1 with more stores and restaurants located here. This central departures area is connected to four areas named halls 1-4 which contain departure gates 10A-10P, 20A-20L, 31A-31F. 23 stands at this terminal are equipped with jet-bridges, with several of them able to handle wide-body aircraft. AOM French Airlines had its office in Orly Airport Building 363 in Paray-Vieille-Poste. After AOM and Air Liberté merged in 2001, the new airline, Air Lib, Orly Airport is connected to the RER B train line at Antony train station by the Orlyval automatic shuttle
Orly Airport
Orly Airport
–
Paris Orly Airport Aéroport de Paris-Orly
Orly Airport
–
Terminal South at Orly Airport. Hundreds of photographs of people and the word Bienvenue (Welcome) covers the facade.
Orly Airport
–
Terminal South
24.
Air France
–
Air France, stylized as AIRFRANCE, is the French flag carrier headquartered in Tremblay-en-France. It is a subsidiary of the Air France–KLM Group and a member of the SkyTeam global airline alliance. The airlines global hub is at Charles de Gaulle Airport with Orly Airport, Air Frances corporate headquarters, previously in Montparnasse, Paris, are located on the grounds of Charles de Gaulle Airport, north of Paris. During the Cold War, from 1950 until 1990, it was one of the three main Allied scheduled airlines operating in Germany at West Berlins Tempelhof and Tegel airports. In 1990, it acquired the operations of French domestic carrier Air Inter and it served as Frances primary national flag carrier for seven decades prior to its 2003 merger with KLM. Between April 2001 and March 2002, the airline carried 43.3 million passengers and had a revenue of €12. 53bn. In November 2004, Air France ranked as the largest European airline with 25. 5% total market share, Air France operates a mixed fleet of Airbus and Boeing widebody jets on long-haul routes, and uses Airbus A320 family aircraft on short-haul routes. Air France introduced the A380 on 20 November 2009 with service to New York Citys JFK Airport from Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport, the carriers regional airline subsidiary, HOP. operates the majority of its regional domestic and European scheduled services with a fleet of regional jet aircraft. Of these airlines, SGTA was the first commercial company in France. The constituent members of Air France had already built extensive networks across Europe, to French colonies in North Africa, during World War II, Air France moved its operations to Casablanca. In 1936, Air France added French-built twin engine Potez 62 aircraft to its featuring a two compartment cabin that could accommodate 14 to 16 passengers. A high wing monoplane, it had a fuselage with composite coating while the wings were fabric covered with a metal leading edge. Equipped with Hispano-Suiza V-engines, they were used on routes in Europe, South America, on 26 June 1945 all of Frances air transport companies were nationalised. On 29 December 1945, a decree of the French Government granted Air France the management of the entire French air transport network, Air France appointed its first flight attendants in 1946. The same year the airline opened its first air terminal at Les Invalides in central Paris and it was linked to Paris Le Bourget Airport, Air Frances first operations and engineering base, by coach. At that time the network covered 160,000 km, claimed to be the longest in the world, Société Nationale Air France was set up on 1 January 1946. European schedules were initially operated by a fleet of Douglas DC-3 aircraft, on 1 July 1946, Air France started direct flights between Paris and New York via refuelling stops at Shannon and Gander. Douglas DC-4 piston-engine airliners covered the route in just under 20 hours, in September 1947 Air Frances network stretched east from New York, Fort de France and Buenos Aires to Shanghai
Air France
–
The inauguration of the Aérogare des Invalides on 21 August 1951
Air France
–
Air France
Douglas DC-3 at
Manchester Airport in 1952
Air France
–
Lockheed Super Constellation of Air France at London (Heathrow) Airport in April 1955
Air France
–
Passengers disembarking from a Sud-Est SE-161
25.
Miami International Airport
–
Miami International Airport, also known as MIA and historically Wilcox Field, is the primary airport serving the Miami area, United States. It is South Floridas main airport for international flights. Miami International is also one of only eight U. S. airports to accommodate the Airbus A380 jumbo jet and it is a focus airport for Avianca, Frontier Airlines, and LATAM, both for passengers and cargo operations. Miami International Airport has passenger and cargo flights to cities throughout the Americas, Europe and Western Asia, as well as cargo flights to East Asia. In the past, it has been a hub for Braniff International Airways, Eastern Air Lines, Air Florida, the original National Airlines, the original Pan Am, United Airlines, Iberia and Fine Air. In 2011 the airport ranked first in the United States by percentage of international flights and second by volume of international passengers, in 2016,44,901,753 passengers traveled through the airport, making the airport the 23rd-busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic. The airport also ranks as the 10th busiest airport in the United States by annual passenger count and is the busiest airport in the state of Florida, the airport also handled more international cargo than any other airport in the United States. For the World War II and United States Air Force Reserve use of the airport, Pan American World Airways opened an expanded facility adjacent to City Airport, Pan American Field, in 1928. Pan American Field was built on 116 acres of land on 36th Street and was the only airport in the eastern United States that had port of entry facilities. Its runways were located around the threshold of todays Runway 26R, Eastern Airlines began to serve Pan American Field in 1931, followed by National Airlines in 1936. National used a terminal on the side of LeJeune Road from the airport. In 1945 the City of Miami established a Port Authority and raised bond revenue to purchase Pan American Field and it merged with the Army airfield south of the railroad in 1949 and expanded further in 1951 when the railroad line was moved south to make room. The old terminal on 36th Street was closed in 1959 when the passenger terminal opened. Nonstop flights to Chicago and Newark started in late 1946, but nonstops didnt reach west beyond St. Louis, nonstop transatlantic flights began in 1970. In the late 1970s and early 1980s Air Florida had a hub at MIA, Air Florida ceased operations in 1982 after the crash of Air Florida Flight 90. British Airways flew a Concorde triweekly between Miami and London via Washington, D. C. from 1984 to 1991, in the midst of Easterns turmoil American Airlines CEO Bob Crandall sought a new hub in order to utilize new aircraft which AA had on order. AA studies indicated that Delta Air Lines would provide strong competition on most routes from Easterns hub at Atlanta, American announced that it would establish a base at MIA in August 1988. The effort quickly proved futile, and American purchased the routes in a liquidation of Eastern which was completed in 1990, later in the 1990s, American transferred more employees and equipment to MIA from its failed domestic hubs at Nashville and Raleigh–Durham
Miami International Airport
Miami International Airport
–
FAA airport diagram
Miami International Airport
–
Pan Am's first terminal consisted of a single hangar. The airport was the base of Pan Am's flights to Cuba, but fell into disuse when the airline switched to seaplanes at
International Pan American Airport in the mid-1930s.
Miami International Airport
–
MIA in 1999
26.
Toussaint Louverture International Airport
–
Toussaint Louverture International Airport is an international airport located in Tabarre, a commune of Port-au-Prince in Haiti. The airport is currently the busiest in Haiti, 1940s, A military and civil airfield, Bowen Field was established near Baie de Port-au-Prince providing passenger air service by Compagnie Haitienne de Transports Aériens. 1950s and 1960s, It served as an airbase for the U. S. military in Haiti,1986, Duvaliers son and successor Jean Claude Duvalier resigned. The airport was renamed Port-au-Prince International Airport,2003, President Jean Bertrand Aristide renamed the airport again as Toussaint Louverture International Airport, in honour of Toussaint Louverture, the Haitian revolutionary Leader. 12 January 2010, It was badly damaged by the 2010 Haiti earthquake,25 November 2012, President Michel Joseph Martelly opened the newly repaired arrival terminal. The main building of the works as the International Terminal. It consists of a concrete and glass structure. Lounges and a few stores are located on the second floor of the main building. Check-in counters, gates and immigration facilities are on the lower floor, the Guy Malary Terminal is used for domestic flights. There are further used for general aviation and cargo flights. The airport has 3 jet bridges, but most passengers walk onto aircraft from mobile stairs, the ramp area can handle 12 planes. The airport is to be re-designed completely by the year 2015, the re-making of the airport is to add 14 gates to the terminal and also the re-making will make the main passenger terminal bigger. As of June 15,2016, a taxiway is under construction to increase capacity as taxiing aircraft currently must use the active runway to taxi to their takeoff position. Work is being performed by China National Automation Control System Corporation which has large construction contracts with the Haitian government. The airport can be accessed by car or by National Bus Route 1, as of July 2011, Toussaint Louverture serves as operating hub for scheduled domestic airlines Salsa dHaiti and Tortug Air. Additionally, the charter airline Sunrise Airways is based out of the Port-au-Prince airport and it also serves as a hub for the brand new Haitian airline, Haiti Aviation. 3 March 1980, A Learjet operating on a charter flight on behalf of Merchant Bank crashed in the hills on arrival at airport. One passenger and two crew members died,12 July 1980, A Douglas C-47 crashed on approach, killing all three people on board
Toussaint Louverture International Airport
–
Toussaint L'Ouverture International Airport Aéroport International Toussaint L'Ouverture
Toussaint Louverture International Airport
–
Runway 10.
Toussaint Louverture International Airport
–
American Airlines
27.
Charles de Gaulle Airport
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Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport, also known as Roissy Airport, is the largest international airport in France. It is named after Charles de Gaulle, leader of the Free French Forces during the Second World War, founder of the French Fifth Republic, Charles de Gaulle Airport is located within portions of several communes 25 km to the northeast of Paris. The airport serves as the hub for Air France as well as a European hub for fellow SkyTeam alliance partner Delta Air Lines. In 2016, the airport handled 65,933,145 passengers and 472,950 aircraft movements, thus making it the worlds ninth-busiest airport and it is also the worlds tenth-busiest and it is Europes second-busiest airport in aircraft movements. In terms of traffic, the airport is the twelfth-busiest in the world. The incumbent director of the airport, Franck Goldnadel, was appointed to his position on 1 March 2011, Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport covers 32.38 square kilometres of land. Management of the airport lies solely on the authority of Paris Aéroport, which also manages Orly, Le Bourget, Marsa Alam in Egypt, the planning and construction phase of what was known then as Aéroport de Paris Nord began in 1966. On 8 March 1974 the airport, renamed Charles de Gaulle Airport, Terminal 1 was built in an avant-garde design of a ten-floors-high circular building surrounded by seven satellite buildings, each with six gates allowing sunlight to enter through apertures. The main architect was Paul Andreu, who was also in charge of the extensions during the following decades, the Frutiger typeface was commissioned for use in the airport and implemented on signs throughout the building in 1975. Initially called Roissy, it was renamed after its designer Adrian Frutiger, until 2005, every PA announcement made at Terminal 1 was preceded by a distinctive chime, nicknamed Indicatif Roissy and composed by Bernard Parmegiani in 1971. The chime can be heard in the Roman Polanski film Frantic, the chime was officially replaced by the Indicatif ADP chime. Charles de Gaulle Airport has three terminals, Terminal 1 is the oldest and situated opposite to Terminal 3, Terminal 2 is located at another side with 7 sub-terminal buildings. Terminal 2 was originally exclusively for Air France, since then it has been expanded significantly. Terminals 2A to 2F are interconnected by elevated walkways and situated next to each other, Terminal 2G is a satellite building connected by shuttle bus. Terminal 3 hosts charter and low-cost airlines, the CDGVAL light-rail shuttle connects Terminal 2 to Terminals 1/3 and their parking lots. Refer to Ground Transportation below for inter-terminal transfers and transport to central Paris, the first terminal, designed by Paul Andreu, was built in the image of an octopus. It consists of a terminal building which houses key functions such as check-in counters. Seven satellites with boarding gates are connected to the building by underground walkways
Charles de Gaulle Airport
Charles de Gaulle Airport
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Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport Aéroport Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle Roissy Airport
Charles de Gaulle Airport
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Aerial view of Terminal 1
Charles de Gaulle Airport
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Aerial view of Terminal 2A and 2B
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Air Transat
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Air Transat is a Canadian leisure airline based in Montreal, Quebec, operating scheduled and charter flights, serving 63 destinations in 30 countries. The airline is owned and operated by Transat A. T. Inc, Air Transat made its inaugural flight on November 14,1987, travelling from Montreal to Acapulco. Six years later, Air Transat assumed defunct Nationairs maintenance base, today, the company books over 3.5 million passengers a year. It is an owned subsidiary of Transat A. T. Inc. On February 13,2009, Transat A. T. announced a partnership with CanJet. Since 1 May 2009, Transat Tours Canada has chartered CanJets Boeing 737 aircraft flying from Canadian cities to various destinations and this replaced an agreement with Calgary based Westjet. Air Transat is one of Canadas largest airlines, after Air Canada, on February 13,2011, Air Transat Flight TS163 operated with their first all female flight crew from Cancun to Vancouver. The airline has won awards, including the 2012 Skytrax Worlds Best Leisure Airline Award. On September 13,2013, Air Transat struck a lease deal with Air France-KLM leisure carrier Transavia France. Air Transat specializes in charter flights from 19 Canadian cities to destinations, mainly to 15 countries in the south during winter. Also, some destinations are provided all year around by the airline and its main Canadian gateways are Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport, Toronto Pearson International Airport and Vancouver International Airport. The airline also has operations at Calgary International Airport, Edmonton International Airport, Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport, the aircraft safely landed at Lajes Air Base, on the island of Terceira. The aircraft was evacuated in 90 seconds, all 306 passengers on board survived. The part did not maintain adequate clearance between the lines and the fuel line, allowing vibration in the hydraulic lines to degrade the fuel line. The aircraft involved in the incident was repaired and remains in service with Air Transat, the incident went down in history as the longest non-powered flight and landing by a commercial airliner. The crew returned to Cuba, where they made a safe landing, the investigation that followed determined that the manufacturers inspection procedure for the composite rudder was not adequate. Inspection procedures for composite structures on airliners were changed because of this incident, media related to Air Transat at Wikimedia Commons Official website
Air Transat
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Air Transat
Lockheed L-1011 in 1995
Air Transat
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Air Transat
Air Transat
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Airbus A310-304(ET) (C-GTSF) in old livery
Air Transat
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Air Transat A310-308 (C-GLAT)
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Pearson International Airport
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The airport is named in honour of Toronto-born Lester B. Pearson, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate and 14th Prime Minister of Canada, Pearson Airport is the largest and busiest airport in Canada. Pearson handles more international passengers than any airport in North America other than John F. Kennedy International Airport, Pearson is the main hub for Air Canada. It is also a hub for passenger airline WestJet and cargo airline FedEx Express, Pearson Airport is operated by the Greater Toronto Airports Authority as part of Transport Canadas National Airports System. In 1952, the became the first in the world to provide facilities for United States border preclearance. An extensive network of domestic flights is operated from Pearson by several airlines to all major. As of 2017, over 75 airlines operate around 1,100 daily departures from Toronto Pearson to more than 180 destinations across all six of the inhabited continents. In 1937, the Government of Canada agreed to support the building of two airports for Toronto, one site was downtown, todays Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport. The other was to be outside the city, as a backup for the downtown field, a site near the town of Malton, northwest of Toronto, was chosen and the Toronto Harbour Commission purchased and acquired several farms to provide the land for the airfield. The first scheduled flight for the new Malton Airport was a Trans-Canada Air Lines DC-3 that landed on August 29,1939. During World War II, the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan operated No.1 Elementary Service Flying School, in 1958, the City of Toronto sold the Malton Airport to Transport Canada, who subsequently changed the name of the facility to Toronto International Airport. The airport was officially renamed Lester B. Pearson International Airport in 1984, Pearson, the fourteenth Prime Minister of Canada and recipient of the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize. The Greater Toronto Airports Authority assumed management, operation, and control of the airport in 1996, Toronto Pearson International Airport has two active terminals, Terminal 1 and Terminal 3. A third terminal, the Infield Terminal, is not used for regular operations at Pearson. Measuring over 567,000 square metres, Terminal 1 is the largest terminal at Pearson Airport and is among the largest buildings in the world by floor space, Air Canada and all other Star Alliance airlines that serve Toronto Pearson operate out of Terminal 1. The terminal is used by non-alliance airline Emirates. Terminal 1 was designed by a joint venture known as Airports Architects Canada, comprising Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP, Adamson Associates Architects and Moshe Safdie and Associates. It contains 58 gates, D1, D3, D5, D7-D12, D20, D22, D24, D26, D28, D31–D45, D51, D53, D55, D57, F60–F63, F64A–F64B, F65, F66A–F66B, F/E67–F/E81, F91, and F93
Pearson International Airport
Pearson International Airport
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Toronto Pearson International Airport Aéroport international Pearson de Toronto
Pearson International Airport
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Malton Airport in 1939. View looking north on Sixth Line, now Airport Road.
Pearson International Airport
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The Frank Chapman Farm House - the first terminal and office at Malton Airport
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